abstract for online doctor appointment system

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Abstract of Doctor Appointment and Consultation System

The capstone project entitled “Doctor Appointment and Consultation System” was designed and developed in PHP, MySQL and Bootstrap. The purpose of the study is to implement an online database system that caters the doctor appointment scheduling, reservation and records management of consultation for a hospital or clinic. In this era of pandemic, medical clinic and hospital imposed strict guidelines on the number of person who can enter their facility. Consultations to doctors are also very limited and can facilitate a limited number of patients. The online system for appointment and consultation is one of the solutions that can be used in order to give the people a way on how to contact their doctors and reserve an appointment for consultation. The implementation of the said project will help hospital and clinic provide better client management while ease and comfort is the advantage on the patient end. The analysis and implementation result shows that the project is feasible and implementation is highly recommended by the researchers.

Keywords: Doctor Appointment and Consultation System, Appointment Scheduling System, Online Appointment System

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Web-Based Medical Appointment Systems: A Systematic Review

Affiliations.

• 1 Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
• 2 Department of Health Management and Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
• 3 Vizient, Center for Advanced Analytics & Informatics, Chicago, IL, United States.
• 4 Trinity Health, Livonia, MI, United States.
• PMID: 28446422
• PMCID: PMC5425771
• DOI: 10.2196/jmir.6747

Background: Health care is changing with a new emphasis on patient-centeredness. Fundamental to this transformation is the increasing recognition of patients' role in health care delivery and design. Medical appointment scheduling, as the starting point of most non-urgent health care services, is undergoing major developments to support active involvement of patients. By using the Internet as a medium, patients are given more freedom in decision making about their preferences for the appointments and have improved access.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the benefits and barriers to implement Web-based medical scheduling discussed in the literature as well as the unmet needs under the current health care environment.

Methods: In February 2017, MEDLINE was searched through PubMed to identify articles relating to the impacts of Web-based appointment scheduling.

Results: A total of 36 articles discussing 21 Web-based appointment systems were selected for this review. Most of the practices have positive changes in some metrics after adopting Web-based scheduling, such as reduced no-show rate, decreased staff labor, decreased waiting time, and improved satisfaction, and so on. Cost, flexibility, safety, and integrity are major reasons discouraging providers from switching to Web-based scheduling. Patients' reluctance to adopt Web-based appointment scheduling is mainly influenced by their past experiences using computers and the Internet as well as their communication preferences.

Conclusions: Overall, the literature suggests a growing trend for the adoption of Web-based appointment systems. The findings of this review suggest that there are benefits to a variety of patient outcomes from Web-based scheduling interventions with the need for further studies.

Keywords: Internet; appointments and schedules; hospital information systems; no-show patients; patient-centered care; smartphone.

©Peng Zhao, Illhoi Yoo, Jaie Lavoie, Beau James Lavoie, Eduardo Simoes. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 26.04.2017.

Publication types

• Systematic Review
• Appointments and Schedules*
• Costs and Cost Analysis
• Internet / economics
• Internet / statistics & numerical data*
• Needs Assessment
• Patient Participation* / economics
• Patient Participation* / trends
• Patient Satisfaction
• Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / economics

Grants and funding

• P30 DK092950/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States

Online Appointment Management System in Hospitals Using Distributed Resource Allocation Algorithm

• Conference paper
• First Online: 26 October 2021
• Cite this conference paper

• B. Jency A. Jebamani 18 ,
• R. Murugeswari 18 &
• P. Nagaraj 18  

Part of the book series: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing ((AISC,volume 1408))

1555 Accesses

13 Citations

Every day, people all around the world strive to make their lives more comfortable through technological advancements. Nobody anticipates wasting their time, effort, and money by waiting in line at a counter especially during their hospital visits. Henceforth , this paper proposed web development as a solution for the patients to schedule hospital appointments online, with doctors approving them based on their availability. The developed system aims to regulate the knowledge of patients based on doctor availability, hospital and specialist schedules, and patient appointment. The proposed system has been designed within the ASP to automate the day-to-day activities in a hospital like room activities, admission of latest patient, doctor visits. The proposed distributed resource allocation algorithm aims to search the availability of nearby hospitals to make an appointment. Similarly, once the user has registered for an appointment and if the appointment has been accepted by the appropriate doctor, the user will receive a confirmation email. The proposed model has used Visual Studio.NET 2008 environment, ASP.NET for frontend processing, and MS-SQL SERVER 2008 for backend processing.

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Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil, Srivilliputtur, Virudhunagar, Tamilnadu, 626126, India

B. Jency A. Jebamani, R. Murugeswari & P. Nagaraj

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Intelligent Systems Research Centre, Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, Arad, Romania

Valentina Emilia Balas

Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand

Sinchai Kamolphiwong

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada

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Jebamani, B.J.A., Murugeswari, R., Nagaraj, P. (2022). Online Appointment Management System in Hospitals Using Distributed Resource Allocation Algorithm. In: Shakya, S., Balas, V.E., Kamolphiwong, S., Du, KL. (eds) Sentimental Analysis and Deep Learning. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1408. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5157-1_23

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Design and Development of Online Doctor Appointment System

Online Doctor appointment System in hospital today necessitate a competent administration when handling patients, generating reports for cashier, patient details which serves as a key factor for the flow of business transactions in Farazy Hospital Ltd. Unfortunately the current Record Management System Leads to misplacement of during details, Patient details and doctor record of reports and insecurity to records. This research project is aimed at computerizing all the records about Patients, Hospital and Doctors. In order to achieve this goal, a through System Study and investigation was carried out and data was collected and analyzed about the current system using document and data flow diagrams. The concept of report production has been computerized hence, no more delay in report generation to the Hospital, Patient and Doctors. Errors made on hand held calculators and dealt out completely. The method used to develop the system include iterative water full model approach, dataflow, logical and entity relationship diagram where used to design the system and finally the language used SQL Server 2008, C# & ASP.Net.

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The complexity and anonymity of computer systems does not only aid crime in the society but also it’s a combating measure to crime and aids crime prevention and assist investigation when positively utilized. Crime is today a salient fact, an integral part of the risk we face in everyday life. Crime is associated with harm and violence. A crime diary is an automated or manual periodic record or reports of crime. An automated crime diary is a similitude of a digital diary online diary and blog. This research work, Design and implementation of police crime diary is a web-based system, designed using visual studio 2008 (ASP.NET) as front end and MS SQL Management studio 2005 as its back end (data drum). This system fully automate the Nigeria Police Force (NPF) police crime diary with additional and a beneficial features.

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This study presents an educational web application that demonstrates the use of a front-end website architecture in combination with a back-end Microsoft SQL database for game data storage and retrieval located in a cloud environment. The Beltway (TBW) is an educational tool for teaching adolescents and adults, about the process of running for the office of president of the United States. It is also meant to provide users with factual information about some of the historical presidential campaigns that have occurred throughout history. This is a web-based application written in ASP.Net with Web Forms and C# which utilizes a Microsoft SQL database on the back-end. This game will also be adaptable for social website play such as Facebook applications and will include mobile application interfaces. By first choosing a political era, the player will be offered to run as one of the predominant figures of the political world at that time. The player can also elect a campaign manager from a list of famous campaign managers as well as other campaign strategists allowing them to attempt a run for president using a wide array of tools such as; campaign fund raising events, public debates with opposing candidates, and running campaign advertisements as well as smear campaigns against their opponents. Options presented during game play are historically accurate issues, challenges and events that have been fastidiously researched but election outcome is based mostly on player decisions throughout the game which can change the historical outcome of elections with some success and failure based on chance. During game play the outcome of the election is based on a campaign finance total, voter popularity and finally the vote count in each state of the country.

Attacks on data, computer system and computer applications are in sync with technological advancement. These attacks are becoming tremendous and increasingly numerous and sophisticated. Data are values of qualitative or quantitative variables that belong to a set or simply put, they are facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis. Data security is means protecting a database from the unwanted activities of unauthorized user and destructive forces. Password, passcode and PIN are not efficient to protect data as they are easily gotten by hackers. Biometric which is simply the physical or behavioural characteristics of a living individual, is being rapidly replacing the use of PIN (Personal Identification Number) and others data security measures because of its complexity to forge. Due to identity thief, biometrics which is used for verification and identification is becoming the main stay of many technology and technological areas and systems. This research is centered on data security using biometrics; likewise other data security technologies are discussed. Also, application and systems that has implemented biometrics technology to protect data are reviewed.

Decision making is a fundamental activity for managers. The intricacy of systems at present has aided the world optimistically and pessimistically notably in the straightforwardness of difficult task done by humans, also in automation of human life almost in everything done by human. Methods, systems and machine readable measures converts document fields into data element that aids posting, scheduling and management. Rules associated with the documents type are obtained or set and used to process the text field for the defined task example posting. This research work is a web based system designed with Microsoft Visual studio (ASP.Net) 2008 as its front end and Microsoft SQL management server studio 2005 as its back end.

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Doctor Consultation through Mobile Applications in India: An Overview, Challenges and the Way Forward

To layout mHealth (mobile health) applications operating in India with the facility of either online doctor consultation or offline doctor appointment booking.

A cross-sectional, observational and web-based study was conducted. We searched the Google Play Store with the search strategy “health apps in India”. In the results, 250 applications (apps) appeared. Out of 250 apps, finally, 22 apps were found to be providing online doctor consultation and/or doctor appointment booking-related services.

Among the selected mHealth apps operating in India and providing doctor consultation-related services online/offline, Practo, mfine, DocsApp, 1mg, Netmeds, Lybrate, MediBuddy, and Medlife were found to be the eight most popular ones with over a million downloads and on average four-plus user rating out of five. Practo, mfine, and Lybrate offer doctor consultation through chat, audio, and video calling. Netmeds and DocsApp offer doctor consultation through both chat and audio call. 1mg offers free chat consultation, while MediBuddy and Medlife offer audio call consultation only. Considering booking doctor appointments for offline consultation, Practo, mfine, 1mg, and Lybrate only offer this facility among the eight most popular selected mHealth apps.

Conclusions

mHealth apps providing doctor consultation are gaining popularity in India, and they have enormous potential in the country. The government should make enabling policies to facilitate and popularise mHealth apps.

I. Introduction

mHealth (mobile health) is one of the components of eHealth. The Global Observatory for eHealth (GOe) defined mHealth as medical and public health practice supported by mobile devices, such as mobile phones, patient monitoring devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and other wireless devices. In mHealth, mobile phones and their various utilities are utilised and capitalised upon. The various utilities of a mobile phone are voice calls, short messaging service (SMS), mobile applications (apps), Internet, global positioning system (GPS), Bluetooth technology etc. [ 1 , 2 ].

Globally, there are over 7 billion wireless subscribers, and about 3.9 billion (51.2%) have access to the Internet [ 3 ]. In terms of the wireless communication subscriber base, India is second in the world following China with 1,165.5 million mobile phone subscribers in the country (as on June 30, 2019). The teledensity of India is 88.5 (urban, 156.4; rural, 56.7). There were approximately 578.2 million wireless data subscribers in India at the end of 2018, which is 36.3% higher than in 2017 (424.02 million) and 205.4% higher than in 2014 (281.5 million). The volume of average wireless data usage per wireless data subscriber per month has also increased by 185.4% (from 4.1 GB during the year 2017 to 7.7 GB during the year 2018) [ 4 ]. This makes the prospect of mHealth in the country higher than ever.

Mobile health technologies are a proven medium of doctor–patient communication and have contributed to significant improvement in the patients’ health outcomes [ 5 , 6 ]. Doctor consultation through mobile health apps is convenient for the doctors and their patients as it saves time and money of both [ 7 – 12 ]. This approach has been found to overcome widespread health system barriers, such as health professional shortages, reliance on untrained and/or informal providers, cost of service, transportation, and lack of sources of reliable information [ 8 , 9 , 13 ]. In India, the dominant mode of healthcare financing is out of pocket expenditure, and the majority of healthcare is delivered by the private sector [ 14 ]. Thus, mHealth, as a proven medium of healthcare delivery, has enormous potential in the country. With urbanisation, the demand for mHealth-related services in the country is likely to increase too [ 15 ]. To our knowledge, there has been very little published work in the domain of mHealth applications currently functioning in the country with the provision of doctor consultation online/offline. With this background, the current research is being formulated to overview the mHealth apps operating in India with the facility of either online doctor consultation or offline doctor appointment booking.

II. Case Description

1. process of selection of mhealth applications.

A cross-sectional, observational, and web-based study was conducted. Those apps that were providing either online doctor consultation or doctor appointment booking-related services and operating in India were included, while others were excluded. We searched the Google Play Store with the search strategy “health apps in India”. In the results, 250 apps appeared. Out of 250 apps, finally, 22 apps were found to be providing online doctor consultation and/or doctor appointment booking-related services, so they were included in the study. The selection of mobile apps is presented in detail in Figure 1 . The data retrieved from the Google Play Store were analysed and represented using Microsoft Excel and Word 2016.

Flowchart showing selection of mHealth applications.

All the selected mHealth apps were providing online doctor consultation-related services, with the CallDoc App only providing offline doctor appointment booking-related services. Similarly, doctor appointment booking facility was only provided by Practo, mfine, Lybrate, Ask Apollo, I Online Doctor, CallDoc, DOCTOR INSTA, DocOnline, and India Dental World apps. Among the 22 selected mHealth apps operating in India, Practo, mfine, DocsApp, 1mg, Netmeds, Lybrate, MediBuddy, and Medlife were found to be the eight most popular ones with over a million downloads and on average four-plus user rating out of five. Practo, mfine, and Lybrate offer doctor consultation through chat, audio, and video calling. Netmeds and DocsApp offer doctor consultation through both chat and audio call. 1mg offers free chat consultation, while MediBuddy and Medlife offer audio call consultation only. Practo, mfine, Netmeds, Lybrate, MediBuddy, and DocsApp charge a consultation fee for doctor consultation. Netmeds and mfine offer free follow-up consultation within 7 days of an initial consultation. Practo, mfine, DocsApp, Lybrate, MediBuddy, and Medlife provide an online health record maintenance facility, which 1mg and Netmeds do not offer. Considering booking doctor appointments for offline consultation, Practo, mfine, 1mg, and Lybrate only offer this facility among the eight most popular selected mHealth apps. In Lybrate, after the app has been downloaded, the app asks for background details of the patient, such as gender, age, marital status, height, weight, and existing health conditions to suggest a specialist who should be consulted to address the patient’s given health condition. Practo offers various membership plans for healthcare in which a consumer must pay a certain amount initially to receive unlimited online consultations, free in-clinic consultation, health check-ups, and medicine discount for a certain period of time. The mfine app provides the first doctor consultation for free. MediBuddy tracks the GPS location of the mobile subscriber to suggest nearby doctors of various specialities available for appointment booking with time and date slots. DocsApp asks for age, gender, symptoms, and health concerns before suggesting a specialist to provide the appropriate care for a patient’s needs. In Medlife, one can choose from various specialists available at a particular date and time for consultation. Netmeds offers doctor consultation through chat after the patient has paid an initial consultation fee. Various specialist consultations in addition to the consultations by a general practitioner provided by these apps include gynaecology, dermatology, urology, dentistry, gastroenterology, paediatrics, oncology, sexology, endocrinology, nutrition, physiotherapy, psychiatry, general medicine, surgery, diabetology, pulmonology, cardiology, orthopaedics, and neurology among others ( Table 1 , Figure 2 ).

Screenshot of selected mHealth applications.

Checklist showing distribution of selected mHealth apps operating in India and the range of services provided by them

CDO: consult doctors online, BDA: book doctor’s appointment, BLT: book lab tests, BMO: book medicine online, PHI: provide health information, PMI: provide medicine information, MHR: manage health records.

III. Discussion

1. challenges in doctor consultation through mhealth in india.

Although the accessibility of mobile phones and the internet has remarkably increased in the country in the last decade, it is still inaccessible to the bulk of the population. The major reasons are affordability and health literacy. More than one-fifth (21.9%) of the population is still below the poverty line (BPL) [ 16 ]. These modern mHealth apps run on smartphones, which are often expensive. For a BPL family, earning a daily livelihood is the major challenge. Buying a smartphone is nothing more than daydreaming for them. On the other hand, existing literature regarding health literacy in India indicates that it is still low in the people of the country [ 17 ]. Those who have the financial capacity to buy a smartphone lack health literacy to make full use of these mHealth apps, and health literacy is one of the major determinants of healthcare utilisation in the country [ 18 , 19 ].

2. The Way Forward

Healthcare delivery through a mobile app is a new concept in the healthcare delivery system of India, which is gradually likely be inculcated within it due to its high convenience and potential. In India, there is a very serious lack of healthcare infrastructure and trained health workers, especially in rural and suburban areas. India is home for 1.24 billion people, with about 70% of its people living in remote rural areas without adequate healthcare infrastructure. With merely 3.8% GDP share allocated to healthcare, the Indian government, even after all positive intentions, cannot provide quality healthcare to its rural population overnight [ 14 , 20 ]. The process of healthcare infrastructure building is costly and lengthy. With the continuous growth of the mobile industry and growing teledensity in rural India, a large number of people in rural India have gained access to mobile phones [ 4 ]. This leaves us with an excellent opportunity to provide quality healthcare service using the mHealth platform. A healthy rural population is an asset for any nation, especially for countries like India, where the majority of the people live in remote rural areas. Moreover, it is a basic right of every citizen of the country to have good healthcare facilities at affordable rates. Using mHealth app consultations, travelling and time-related costs can be minimized for both users and providers. The platform may be used to raise the health literacy of the people of the country to improve their health-seeking behaviour. On the other hand, most of the doctors and nurses in the country are reluctant to work in rural areas primarily due to low living standards, as well as limited learning opportunities, career growth, and earning opportunities there compared to urban areas [ 21 , 22 ]. The government, with the current spending in healthcare, will take decades to create a traditional health infrastructure to meet the healthcare needs of its people. On the other hand, mHealth only requires awareness, minimal funding, and planning by the government. Thus, gradually, it may evolve as a suitable alternative to reach the person living in the remotest location of the country with quality healthcare at an affordable rate.

To conclude, among the selected mHealth apps providing doctor consultation services online/offline and operating in India, Practo, mfine, DocsApp, 1mg, Netmeds, Lybrate, MediBuddy, and Medlife were found to be the eight most popular ones with over a million downloads and on average four-plus user rating out of five. The government should make enabling policies to facilitate and popularise mHealth applications in the country.

Conflict of Interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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