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IEEE Referencing: Theses & dissertations

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Theses & dissertations

Connect through to format examples which provide a review of each component that needs to be included in a reference.

Then move to the FURTHER EXAMPLES table with many examples of book and e-book format types. 

Basic format to reference a Ph.D. dissertation, or a Master or B.S. thesis

 [#]    Author(s) Initial(s). Surname(s), “Title of thesis or dissertation,” Type of thesis (Ph.D. dissertation, or M.S. thesis),  Abbrev . Dept.,  Abbrev .  Univ ., City of  University , (U.S. State or Country if the City is not 'well known'),  Year of Publication. [Type of medium]. Available: site/path/file

Referencing elements to cite:

• [#] Reference number (matching the in-text citation number)
• Author’s first initial. Author’s second initial, if provided. Author’s last name
• Title of dissertation, in lowercase and double quotation marks
• Ph.D. dissertation, or a M.S. thesis
• Abbreviation of the Academic Department, Faculty or College that awarded the Ph.D. or the M.S. thesis
• Abbreviation of the University
• City of University
• State Abbreviation
• Year of Publication 
• Type of medium
• Available: site/path/file

[1]    K. Jegathala Krishnan, "Implementation of renewable energy to reduce carbon consumption and fuel cell as a back-up power for national broadband network (NBN) in Australia," Ph.D dissertation, College of Eng. and Sc., Victoria Univ., Melbourne, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://vuir.vu.edu.au/25679/

[2]     M. T. Long, "On the statistical correlation between the heave, pitch and roll motion of road transport vehicles,"  M.S. thesis,  College of Eng. and Sc., Victoria Univ., Melbourne , Mar. 2016. [Online]. Available: http://vuir.vu.edu.au/32281/1/LONG% 20Michael %20-%20Thesis.pdf

Basic format to reference a Bachelor thesis

[#]    Author(s) Initial(s). Surname(s), “Title of thesis,” B.S. thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., (U.S. State or Country if the City is not 'well known''), Year of Publication. 

• Author’s first initial. Author’s second initial, if provided. Author’s last name(s)
• Title of thesis, in lowercase and double quotation marks
• B.S. thesis for Bachelor’s thesis
• Abbreviation of the Academic Department, Faculty or College that awarded the degree

[2]   J. O. Williams, “Acoustic analysis of sound,” B.S. Thesis, Sch. of Eng. and  Appl . Sciences.,  Harvard  Univ ., Cambridge,  MA, 2013.

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IEEE Citation Guide

• Getting started with IEEE referencing
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Basic format to reference a Ph.D. Dissertation

Basic format to reference a master or bachelor thesis, referencing a theses: examples.

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 [#]    Author(s) Initial(s). Surname(s), “Title of dissertation,” Ph.D. dissertation,  Abbrev . Dept.,  Abbrev .  Univ ., City of  Univ .,  Abbrev . State, Year.

Referencing elements to cite:

• [#] Reference number (matching the in-text citation number)
• Author’s first initial. Author’s second initial, if provided. Author’s last name
• Title of dissertation, in lowercase and double quotation marks
• Ph.D. dissertation
• Abbreviation of the Academic Department, Faculty or College that awarded the Ph.D.
• Abbreviation of the University
• City of University
• State Abbreviation
• Year of Publication 

[1]    K. Jegathala Krishnan, "Implementation of renewable energy to reduce carbon consumption and fuel cell as a back-up power for national broadband network (NBN) in Australia," Ph.D dissertation, College of Eng. and Sc., Victoria Univ., Melb., 2013.

[#]    Author(s) Initial(s). Surname(s), “Title of thesis,” M.S. or B.S. thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, Year.

• Author’s first initial. Author’s second initial, if provided. Author’s last name(s)
• Title of thesis, in lowercase and double quotation marks
• M.S. thesis for Master’s thesis or B.S. thesis for Bachelor’s thesis
• Abbreviation of the Academic Department, Faculty or College that awarded the degree

[2]    M. T. Long, "On the statistical correlation between the heave, pitch and roll motion of road transport vehicles,"  Research Master thesis, College of Eng. and Sc., Victoria Univ., Melb.,  Vic., 2016.

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IEEE Overview

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Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

This page will introduce you to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) style for formatting research papers and citing sources. IEEE – pronounced “I-triple-E” – is a style widely used among all branches of engineering, computer science, and other technological fields.

Though the OWL’s section on IEEE is sufficient for quick reference, if you are writing a lengthy manuscript or dissertation, or if you have detailed questions, you should consult the IEEE Editorial Style Manual, available as a PDF through the organization’s website . Alternately, if you are formatting a paper for submission to a specific organization, publication, or event, refer to the formatting guidelines provided by said organization / publication / event and privilege those guidelines over any found here.

The IEEE section contains the following pages:

General Format

• Basic formatting and page layout
• Abstracts, index terms, and other front matter
• Section headings, appendix headings, and similar
• Appendices, acknowledgements and other back matter

In-Text Citation

• Formatting in-text citations
• Citing within a reference
• Citing multiple references at once

Reference List

• Formatting reference page entries
• General principles for formatting references
• Specific instructions for formatting references to various media

Tables, Figures, and Equations

• Distinguishing between tables, figures, and equations
• Formatting tables appropriately
• Formatting labels, titles, captions, etc. appropriately
• Referring to tables, figures, and equations in text.

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IEEE (2023 ver.): Citation Examples & Essential Rules

      For NPS theses, papers, and publications: to cite properly, follow the citation examples and apply the essential rules.

The official IEEE style guide contains some inconsistencies and discrepancies. The Thesis Processing Office will continue to accept the BibTeX IEEE format embedded in the NPS LaTeX thesis template.

• IEEE Example List of References

Citation Examples

Essential rules, abbreviations.

• IEEE List of Acronyms and Abbreviations from IEEE Editorial Style Manual, 2016

Accessed Dates

Only include date accessed if the source material has no date.

Author Names: Honorifics

Do not include honorifics (Dr., Col., Professor, etc.) when citing author names. Including these titles in the body of your document is acceptable.

Identifying Authors of Official Documents

For the National Security Strategy , cite the president as the author.

For other official documents , the author is the organization immediately responsible for creating the document. In the example below, the author is the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the publisher is the Department of the Navy.

In the example above, the author is NOT an umbrella organization, signatory, or any of the following:

• Chief of Naval Operations
• Deputy Chief of Naval Operations
• W. F. Moran
• Department of Defense
• Navy Pentagon
• R. P. Burke
• United States of America​

Do not include acronyms for organizations listed as authors in the List of References or footnotes:

• YES: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.
• NO: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO or OCNO).
• NO: CNO or OCNO.

Bibliography vs. List of References

What is the difference between them.

• A List of References  includes all works cited in a text
• A Bibliography  lists all works cited  and consulted

The NPS Thesis Processing Office prefers a List of References for the following: 

• Capstone project report
• Dissertation

For papers, check with your professors for their preference.

Capitalization: Title Case vs. Sentence case

Note: Always format the information in your citations (titles, author names, etc.) according to the requirements of the citation style you are using, regardless of how it appears in the original source.

Country Names with Government Organizations

When naming government organizations, be consistent: for example, either Department of Defense or U.S. Department of Defense. If citing organizations from multiple countries, ensure that it is clear which organization is associated with which country—for example, Australian Department of Defence, South African Department of Defence, Sri Lanka Ministry of Defence, Singapore Ministry of Defence.

Every equation that is not field-specific common knowledge needs to be cited. You may weave the source into the narrative:

• The author applied the X method [4] to describe ...
• The derivation that follows is summarized from [4].

Here is an example of citing properly before the equation. Note the period after the equation; the equation must function grammatically as part of the text:

And here is an example of how to cite an equation after it is presented:

• Citing Equations in IEEE Look under the "Citing Responsibly" heading

Figures / Images / Graphs

A citation is required if you did not wholly create the figure—i.e., if you used someone else's image or data. A citation is not needed when all elements of the figure are your own creation.

See Figure 1 for placement of the title and the bracketed citation.

• Put a period and a space after the title.
• If you use the figure exactly as it appears in the source, use “Source: ___.”
• If you alter the original figure or use someone else's image or data to create the figure, use “Adapted from ___.”

Figure 1.    A Figure with a Citation in IEEE Style. Source: [7].

Figure 1.    A Figure with a Citation in IEEE Style. Adapted from [7].

For more details, see the Thesis Template .

• Thesis Template

How Often to Cite?

• Remember: one citation at the end of a string of sentences or a paragraph cannot “cover” the entire section.  
• Cite a source the first time it is used in each paragraph.  
• Note: always use a citation (even if you also use a signal phrase) every time you quote material.

In-text Citation Placement & Signal Phrases

Citation order  .

IEEE strongly prefers that bracketed in-text citations appear sequentially, beginning with [1], within the body of the text; it does not matter in what order they appear in the List of Tables and the List of Figures.

Where in the sentence does my bracketed citation go?  

• If you name your source(s) in a given sentence, a bracketed citation follows immediately after mentioning the source. Example: Rejecting Abbott and Costello’s method [1], Laurel and Hardy [2] propose an altogether different model for optimizing hat density.  
• Note: Do not, however, begin a sentence with a bracketed citation.  
• If the sentence ends with a quotation, "close the quote, then place the citation between the quotation marks and the punctuation, like this” [6].  
• Do not insert spaces between a bracketed citation and the punctuation that follows it.

In the paragraph below, citations are highlighted in yellow and signal phrases are in blue . Note that the second sentence is common knowledge, whereas the final sentence is clearly the opinion of the author.

• Using Signal Phrases Effectively

Missing Info

If any information is missing from a source (a journal with no volume number, for example), simply omit that information.  For sources consulted in hardcopy, omit the URL and any additional verbiage that introduces it. Anything retrieved online, however, MUST have a link. The only exception is journals retrieved from a subscription database such as ProQuest. 

Multiple Authors, et al.

• In the List of References , if a source has more than six authors, include the first author's name followed by et al. (in italics)
• In the body of the text , if a source has three or more authors, include the first author's name followed by et al. Example: Ma et al. [19] extended the work …

Rules for the MAE Department: 

• In the  List of References , list  all  the authors.

Example: Ma et al. [19] extended the work …

Multiple Sources Bracketing Format

Correct format: [23], [34], [77]

Incorrect format: [23, 34, 77]

Page Numbers

It is not necessary to include page numbers in bracketed citations.

For a portion in a book, journal, or other volume, include page-number range in List of References/Bibliography.

Example: [7] P. Haynes, “Al-Qaeda, oil dependence, and U.S. foreign policy,” in  Energy Security and Global Politics: The Militarization of Resource Management,  D. Moran and J. A. Russell, Eds. New York, NY, USA: Routledge, 2009, pp. 62–74. 

Print vs. Online Sources

When citing a source retrieved online, use the "online" format even when you or someone else printed out the material. For example, if you print out a thesis or your advisor provides you with a printed thesis, it is still categorized as an online document.

Only cite as a print source when the material has been produced by a publisher in hard copy. For example, if you obtain a print journal or book from the library stacks, it is categorized as a printed source.

Secondary / Indirect Sources

An indirect source is a source that cites some other work that you discuss in your text.

Whenever possible, consult primary sources and your sources’ sources yourself. Upon investigating the primary source, you may find you disagree with the indirect source author’s analysis or methods.

How to Incorporate Indirect Sources

The following passage incorporates a properly credited indirect source . The  indirect source  information is highlighted in yellow; the  primary source information is highlighted in blue.

Walker describes Miguel Roig’s 1999 experiment , which correlates inadequate paraphrasing in student writing with poor reading comprehension. Citing Roig’s data , Walker explains that “students do in fact possess skills necessary for paraphrasing but … may be impeded from applying those skills when dealing with rigorous text” [1] .

Note:  Include only the indirect source  (the source  you consulted) in your reference list. 

For more information

See the TPO's " Citing Your Sources’ Sources " handout.

A citation is required if you did not wholly create the table—i.e., if you used someone else's data. A citation is not needed when all elements of the table are your own creation.

See Table 1 for placement of the title and the bracketed citation.

• If you use the table exactly as it appears in the source, use “Source: ___.”
• If you alter the original table or if you use someone else's data to create the table, use “Adapted from ___.”

Table 1.    A Table with a Citation in IEEE Style. Source: [7].

Table 1.     A Table with a Citation in IEEE Style. Adapted from [7].

For more details, including on table notes, see the  Thesis Template .

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• Last Updated: May 10, 2024 8:40 AM
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How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in IEEE Referencing

2-minute read

• 24th March 2021

Did you know you can cite someone else’s thesis or dissertation in your own work? In this post, we’ll explain how this works in IEEE referencing .

Citing a Thesis or Dissertation in IEEE Referencing

In-text citations in IEEE referencing use numbers in square brackets:

Reactive forensics focuses on an incident after it has occurred [1].

These numbers point to sources in the reference list, with sources numbered in the order you cite them (i.e. the first source is always [1], the second is [2], and so on).

For more on citing sources IEEE style, see our blog post on the subject .

Adding a Thesis or Dissertation in an IEEE Reference List

In an IEEE reference list, the basic format for a thesis or dissertation is:

[#] INITIAL (S). Surname, ‘Title of thesis or dissertation’, Qualification Type, Department Name, University Name, City of University, State/Country, Year.

If possible, you should abbreviate any commonly used terms from this list in the entry (e.g. ‘University’ is usually abbreviated to just ‘Univ.’).

You can see how this might look in practice below:

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[1] C. P. Clark, ‘A digital forensic management framework’, MSc Dissertation, Dept. of Comput. Sci., Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, 2020.

Make sure to include the hanging indent in all references as well.

Theses and Dissertations Accessed Online

If you accessed a thesis or dissertation online, give either a URL or DOI at the end of the reference. The exact format depends on which you give:

• For a URL (i.e. a regular web address), include ‘[Online]’ and the URL itself with no final punctuation at the end of the reference.
• For a DOI , add the DOI after a comma and end the reference with a full stop.

You can see examples of both styles below:

[1] C. P. Clark, ‘A digital forensic management framework’, MSc Dissertation, Dept. of Comput. Sci., Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1923/

[2] B. S. Bello, ‘Reverse engineering the behaviour of Twitter bots’, PhD Thesis, School of Informatics, Univ. of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Year, doi: 10.25392/leicester.data.12662456.v1.

Otherwise, though, the reference format is the same as shown above.

Expert IEEE Proofreading

Hopefully, you now feel confident citing a thesis or a dissertation in IEEE style. If you’d like further help checking your references, why not submit a free sample document and select IEEE referencing on upload to see how our experts work?

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Thesis Reference Guide: IEEE Style

References in the text must match the reference list both in number and style. All sources must be mentioned in the text.

References in the Text

• References must be numbered in the order in which they appear in the text.
• Once you label the source, use the same number in all subsequent references.
• Each reference number should be enclosed by square brackets on the text line, with a space before the bracket, and before the punctuation: ". . . end of the line for my research [12]."
• It is not necessary to mention the author(s) of the reference unless it is relevant to your text. Do not mention the date of the reference in the text.
• It is not necessary to say "in reference [27]. . . ." "In [27] . . ." is sufficient.

Vastly preferred Acceptable [1], [3], [5] [1, 5, 7] [1] - [5] [1-5]

You may have to adjust your computer program format to get the preferred form.

• The names of all authors should be given in the references unless the number of authors is greater than six. If there are more then six authors, you may use et al. (no comma before et ) after the name of the first author.

The Reference List

• References must be listed in the order they were cited (numerical order). The references must not be in alphabetical order.
• The bracketed number should be on the line, and the lines of each entry indented.
• List only one reference per bracketed number.
• Footnotes and other words and phrases not part of the reference format should not be included in the reference list. Phrases such as "for example" should only be given in the text.

Capitalization

• Every (important) word in the title of a book must be capitalized.
• Every (important) word in the title of a journal or conference must be capitalized.
• Capitalize only the first word of an article title (except for proper nouns, acronyms, etc.)
• Capitalize only the first word of a paper, thesis, or book chapter.
• Capitalize the "v" in volume for a book title, but not for a periodical.

Punctuation

Punctuation goes inside the quotation marks. An example with a question mark is provided under periodicals.

Abbreviations

• You must either spell out the entire name of each periodical you reference or use accepted abbreviations. You must consistently do one or the other.
• You may spell words such as volume, December, etc., but you must either spell out all such occurrences or abbreviate all.
• You do not need to abbreviate March, May, June, July.
• To indicate a page range: pp. 111-222. But to reference one page only, use only one p: p. 111.

Please note the correct spacing and punctuation for author names:

D. L. Tao, C. Siva Ram Murthy, and S. Al Kuran but T.-C. Hsu and L. A. Stein-Rosenberg  

Periodicals

Articles from published conference proceedings.

The word in before the conference title is not italicized.

Papers Presented at Conferences, but Unpublished

Reports (technical reports, internal reports, memoranda).

Provide number and month if available.

Thesis or Dissertation

"PhD dissertation," but "M.S. thesis."

Class Notes

Private communication, from the internet, application notes.

Back to "Writing ECE Theses and Dissertations"

Last modified April 10, 1998

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Dissertation (thesis): how to cite in IEEE Style?

Create a spot-on reference in ieee, general rules.

In accordance with the requirements of IEEE Style, the following template should be used for referencing a PhD dissertation or a master’s thesis:

Author , “ Title ,” Work type ,  Faculty/Department ,  University ,  City ,  Country ,  year .

• Put the type of the cited work (e.g. Ph.D. dissertation, M.S. thesis , etc.) in the Work type element.
• Give the Faculty/Department and University elements in the abbreviated form.
• Often, a thesis might lack the information about the department/faculty. Should this be the case, omit the respective element from the reference.
• See more about the Country element here .

For the rules of giving authors’ names in IEEE Style, see this article .

For a dissertation published online, add the Internet source details to the reference:

Author , “ Title ,” Work type ,  Faculty/Department ,  University ,  City ,  Country ,  year . Accessed:  date . [Online]. Available:  URL

Examples of references

B.   H.   Reed, “The genetic analysis of endoreduplication in Drosophila Melanogaster ,” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K., 1992.

M.   A.   M.   EI-Bayoumi, “Wheel speed distribution control and its effect on vehicle,” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Leeds, Leeds, U.K. 2007. Accessed: Feb.   21, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/641/

Other citation styles:

• What is APA Style (7th ed.)?
• Examples of bibliographic references in APA (7th ed.)
• APA 7 vs APA 6: key differences
• How to cite authors?
• How to format the references page with APA (7th ed.)?
• In-text citations
• Archival document
• Book chapter
• Conference paper
• Dictionary/encyclopedia/dictionary entry/encyclopedia article
• Dissertation (thesis)
• Journal article
• Newspaper article
• Press release
• Religious text
• Social media post
• Software / mobile app
• Video (online)
• Video game / computer game
• What is MLA Style (8th ed.)?
• Examples of references in works cited in MLA (8th ed.)
• How to format the works cited page in MLA (8th ed.)?
• What is Chicago Style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in Chicago Style – notes and bibliography (17th ed.)
• How to format the bibliography page?
• Notes and in-text citations
• Examples of bibliographic references in Chicago Style – author-date (17th ed.)
• What is Harvard referencing style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in Harvard style
• Online video
• What is IEEE Style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in IEEE Style
• How to format the references pages in IEEE Style?
• What is Vancouver Style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in Vancouver Style

• Free Tools for Students
• IEEE Citation Generator

Free IEEE Citation Generator

Generate accurate IEEE style citations quickly and automatically, with MyBib!

🤔 What is an IEEE Citation Generator?

An IEEE citation generator is a tool that creates citations in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) citation style. It does this automatically by taking the identifier for an article or document, such as a website URL, book ISBN, or journal article ISSN (supplied by you), and detecting the remaining details. Then it formats all the details in the correct IEEE citation style.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an IEEE Citation Generator?

The IEEE citation style was developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and is based on the Chicago citation style. It is used in the area of computer science, technology, and engineering by students of these subjects, and academics writing to be published in journals of these subjects.

🙌 Why should I use an IEEE Citation Generator?

Every academic field--not just engineering--will recommend using a tool to record references to others' work in your writing. A citation generator like MyBib can record this data, and can also automatically create an accurate reference list from it, with the necessary in-text citations too.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's IEEE Citation Generator?

MyBib's IEEE citation generator was designed to be fast and easy to use. Follow these steps:

• Search for the article, website, or document you want to cite using the search box at the top of the page.
• Look through the list of results found and choose the one that you referenced in your work.
• Make sure the details are all correct, and change any that aren't. Then click Generate!

The generator will produce a formatted IEEE citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall bibliography (which can be downloaded fully later!).

MyBib supports the following for IEEE style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

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Cite a Dissertation in IEEE

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Check your paper before your teacher does!

Avoid plagiarism — quickly check for missing citations and check for writing mistakes., is your source credible don’t forget to consider these factors., purpose : reason the source exists.

• Is the point of the information to inform, persuade, teach, or sell?
• Do the authors/publishers make their intentions clear?
• Does the information appear to be fact or opinion?
• Does the point of view seem impartial? Do they identify counter-arguments?

Authority - Author: Source of the information

• Who is the author? What are their credentials or qualifications?
• What makes the author qualified to write on this topic?
• Is there clearly defined contact information for the author?

Authority - Publisher: Source of the information

• Who is the publisher? Is it a non-profit, government agency, or organization? How might this affect their point of view?
• What makes the publisher qualified to generate works on this subject?
• What can the URL tell you about the publisher? For instance, .gov may signify that it is a government agency.

Relevance : Importance of the information to your topic

Currency : timeliness of the information.

• When was the information published? When was it last updated? Does it reflect the most current information available?
• How does your topic fit in with this source’s publication date? Do you need current information to make your point or do older sources work better?

Comprehensiveness

• Does the source present one or multiple viewpoints on your topic?
• Does the source present a large amount of information on the topic? Or is it short and focused?
• Are there any points you feel may have been left out, on purpose or accidentally, that affect its comprehensiveness?
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IEEE Style Guide

• General Style Guidelines
• IEEE Standard Abbreviations
• Citation Style Overview
• Using the Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
• Audiovisual Resources
• Conferences
• Reports and Technical Reports
• Theses and Dissertations

IEEE Resources

• IEEE Citation Guidelines Give information on "How to Cite References: IEEE Documentation Style"
• IEEE Editorial Style Manual This style manual provides general editing guidelines for IEEE Transactions, Journals, and Letters. Updated 2016.
• CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Another tool to find bibliographic information for journals and abbreviated journal titles.
• The IEEE Communications Society Publications Department Style Guide Updated 2018.

Thank you to the librarians of  Monash  University  and the  American University of  Sharja  for allowing us to reuse and remix content from their IEEE guides.

Using a DOI in IEEE citations

What is a DOI?  A DOI ( digital object identifier ) is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency (the International DOI Foundation) to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the internet. 

NOTE:  It is regarded as the most important part of the citation because it will accurately direct users to the specific article.

Think of it as a "digital fingerprint" or an article's DNA!

Correct:   

• doi:10.1186/1471-2288-12-114
• http://doi:10.1186/1471-2288-12-114

Incorrect:      

• doi:http://doi:10.1186/1471-2288-12-114
• Retrieved from http://doi:10.1186/1471-2288-12-114

(Above information from The  APA blog on DOI . This is APA's official blog and their staff provides excellent examples on APA formatting/citations.)

• FREE DOI Look-up (Cross-Ref)
• DOI System: FAQ
• Looking up a DOI
• How to Find a DOI

Quick tutorial video put together by APA.

• DOI Flowchart

Electronic books with a DOI

This is the preferred method for referencing an online book, but you can only use this method if you have a DOI.

The citation elements are the same as a print version of the book, with doi:xxxxxx added to the end of the citation.

Where you have both a URL and a DOI, use the DOI. "The basic guideline for citing online sources is to follow the standard citation for the source given previously and add the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) at the end of the citation, or add the DOI in place of page numbers if the source is not paginated."  See p.3  IEEE Citation Guidelines .   

Electronic books with a URL and no DOI

Only use this method for referencing an online book if you have a URL but no DOI.

Note: the elements, formatting and order of elements are different to the other formats for books on this page!

The style for an ebook with URL does not require publisher details.  Only use this style if your ebook does not have a DOI.

E-book with a URL from a ebook database

The above title's full URL is  http://www.crcnetbase.com.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au/ISBN/9780203499986.  In most instances it would be reasonable to shorten the URL to www.whatever.com which will usually be the provider of the e-book.  In this case the URL would be http://www.crcnetbase.com.  Alternatively, if it is a reasonable length URL remove the " ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au" portion from the URL.  

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• Plagiarism and grammar
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Cite a Thesis in IEEE

Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper

Consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

• Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
• Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
• Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
• Book: What have reviews said about it?
• What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
• Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
• Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
• Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
• Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
• Are there ads?
• When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
• Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
• Does the source even have a date?
• Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
• If it was reproduced, was it done so with permission? Copyright/disclaimer included?
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Free IEEE Citation Generator

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What is it?

Looking for a tool to save you time with your academic essay citations and bibliography? Cite This For Me’s IEEE referencing generator lets you do just that. You can format references quickly, simply and smartly in the IEEE style recognised by your academic institution using our free web and mobile app.

Popular IEEE Citation Guides

• Chapter of a book
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What are IEEE citations?

IEEE referencing is a widely used system for attributing credit to authors whose findings, facts or theories have contributed to a new research paper.

The IEEE reference format is the standard referencing format set by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and is based on the widely used Chicago referencing style.

Where many styles have the author’s name shown within the text, IEEE uses a numbering system to make sure the paper is still easily readable. The number within the text correlates to a numbered reference at the end of the research paper to make it clear which source contributed to which section of the paper.

How to create IEEE citations

Each IEEE reference has a corresponding IEEE citation within the text. The in-text citation is shown as a number within square brackets and allows the reader to find the full reference in the numbered bibliography at the end of the text.

The full IEEE reference should include all the necessary information for the reader to be able to find the exact source of the information, theory or finding that contributed to the paper or essay.

When referencing in IEEE style, there are different formats for each source type – for example a book should be formatted differently to a website or academic journal in the reference list.

A lot to think about? You can use Cite This For Me’s IEEE reference generator to create your references with a click. Simply search for the book, journal or website you want to reference, set it to IEEE style and have the whole thing generated automatically for you.

IEEE format example

In-text example:

The sky is blue [1].

Bibliography example:

[1] S. Cottrell, The study skills handbook . Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

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