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République démocratique du congo : plan de réponse humanitaire 2024 (février 2024), attachments.

Contexte et impact de la crise

En 2023, la RDC a continué à faire face à des défis humanitaires persistants liés à l'insécurité croissante dans certaines régions, et des problèmes structurels ancrés exacerbant les besoins humanitaires. Ainsi, la forte dégradation de la situation humanitaire en 2023 a eu des conséquences néfastes pour des millions de personnes, en particulier à l’est du pays.

L'insécurité alimentaire sévère touche plus de 25,4 millions de personnes (Phase 3 de l'IPC ou plus), dont 3,5 millions sont en situation d'urgence alimentaire (Phase 4 de l'IPC).

Dans les zones à forts besoins humanitaires, on compte notamment plus de 802 000 enfants en situation de malnutrition aiguë sévère (MAS), 2,1 millions d’enfants en situation de malnutrition aiguë modérée (MAM) et 1,1 millions de femmes enceintes et femmes allaitantes (FEFA) souffrant de malnutrition aigüe. À la date du 30 novembre 2023, plus de 9,9 millions de personnes sont en situation de déplacement, dont 525 000 réfugiés, 6,46 millions de personnes déplacées internes (PDI), et 2,96 millions de retournés1 , faisant de la crise de déplacement en RDC l’une des plus graves et plus importantes au monde et, la deuxième en Afrique juste derrière le Soudan.

Le pays est touché par plusieurs épidémies, notamment de choléra, rougeole, paludisme et variole du singe. Concernant l’épidémie de choléra, la RDC a été en 2023 le 1er bassin de transmission en Afrique de l’Ouest et centrale avec plus de 50 000 cas suspects et 470 décès, soit 82% de tous les cas notifiés. Il s’agit de la pire situation dans le pays depuis 2017, largement due à l’introduction et la propagation de la maladie dans les sites de personnes déplacées au NordKivu. Plus de 60% des cas suspects sont des enfants.

Quant à l’épidémie de rougeole, elle impacte durement les populations notamment les enfants. La transmission a plus que doublé en 2023 dépassant les 320 000 cas (contre 146 000 en 2022). Les décès ont plus que triplé passant de 1 800 en 2022 à plus de 6 000 en 2023.

Les aléas climatiques engendrent des catastrophes qui continuent de toucher durement les populations vulnérables. Environ 2,1 millions de personnes ont été affectées par les inondations pluviales et fluviales qui ont touché 18 provinces du pays, y compris la ville de Kinshasa entre novembre 2023 et janvier 2024. Ces inondations ont détruit ou endommagé des infrastructures (98 000 maisons, 1 530 écoles, 267 structures de santé) et causé la mort de 300 personnes.

Ce Plan de réponse humanitaire (HRP) 2024 a été élaboré dans un contexte critique pour la RDC notamment sur le plan politique. Le Président sortant Félix Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo a été réélu pour un nouveau mandat de cinq ans à la suite des élections présidentielles, législatives et provinciales de décembre 2023 marquées par une campagne électorale et des élections relativement calmes en dépit de quelques incidents violents localisés et la prolongation des votes dans certains endroits. Cependant et, en raison de l’insécurité, les élections n’ont pas pu se tenir dans les territoires de Masisi et de Rutshuru (NordKivu) et dans le territoire de Kwamouth dans la province de Maï-Ndombe. De façon générale, les personnes déplacées n’ont pas pu exercer leur droit de vote.

Le Conseil de Sécurité a, le 19 décembre 2023, renouvelé le mandat de la MONUSCO pour un an avec la résolution S/RES/2717 (2023), avec pour priorités de protéger les populations civiles et de soutenir la stabilisation et le renforcement des institutions étatiques en RDC, ainsi que les réformes majeures de gouvernance et de sécurité. En réponse à la demande du gouvernement de la RDC pour un retrait progressif, responsable et accéléré de la MONUSCO, le Conseil a également pris « bonne note » du plan de désengagement complet de la Mission comprenant trois phases distinctes et successives, que le Gouvernement congolais et l’ONU lui ont soumis en Novembre. Le Conseil a décidé que la Mission retirera ses forces du Sud-Kivu fin avril 2024, limitant son mandat aux provinces du Nord-Kivu et de l'Ituri à partir de mai 2024 jusqu'à la fin du mandat actuel, pour « un transfert harmonieux et responsable de ses tâches aux autorités congolaises » « en mettant particulièrement l’accent sur la protection des civils, le transfert de connaissances et de données et le renforcement des capacités ». Le processus de transition des Nations Unies est concomitant au désengagement de la MONUSCO. En effet, le transfert des tâches de la Mission à l’Etat congolais se déroule avec l’appui des Agences, Fonds et Programmes des Nations Unies et les partenaires, selon leurs mandats et moyens respectifs. En raison du retrait de la Mission, un processus de reconfiguration des Nations Unies en RDC est en cours afin d’assurer la consolidation des avancées et répondre aux besoins émergents. En matière sécuritaire, les affrontements violents entre divers groupes armés non-étatiques et les forces de défense et sécurité congolaises se sont intensifiés au cours de 2023, notamment au niveau des provinces de l’Ituri et du Nord-Kivu.

Entre le 21 septembre et le 24 novembre, la MONUSCO a enregistré 716 incidents de sécurité en Ituri, au Nord-Kivu et au Sud-Kivu. 137 personnes civiles auraient été tuées, dont au moins 60 femmes et 50 enfants, et 229 autres auraient été blessées, dont au moins 13 femmes et 21 enfants. Cette instabilité sécuritaire a provoqué le déplacement de plus de 300 000 personnes en Ituri, Nord-Kivu et Sud-Kivu, entre les mois de septembre et novembre 2023. À l’ouest du pays, le conflit intercommunautaire entre les Teke et les Yaka, découlant de litiges fonciers, et de différends concernant l’accès au pouvoir et aux institutions, s’est étendu de la province de Maï-Ndombe aux zones rurales de Kinshasa, y compris la commune de Maluku et les provinces de Kwilu, Kwango et Kongo-Central. À Kisangani, dans la province de la Tshopo, le conflit intercommunautaire opposant les Lengola et les Mbole sur fonds de questions foncières s’est aussi aggravé depuis octobre. 4 553 violations et atteintes aux droits de l’homme ont été documentés par le Bureau Conjoint des Nations Unies aux Droits de l’Homme (BCNUDH) entre janvier et octobre 2023, dont 85% commises dans des zones de conflit armé, soulignant la nécessité de renforcer la protection des groupes les plus vulnérables. La RDC comptabilise aussi le plus grand nombre de violations graves vérifiées contre des enfants dans le monde (3 400 violations graves vérifiées en 2022). Au cours du premier semestre 2023, ces violations avaient augmenté de 41%. La crise de protection en RDC est donc critique nécessitant une réponse à la hauteur.

Au niveau régional, des efforts se sont poursuivis pour coordonner et harmoniser les initiatives de paix dans l’est de la RDC. Si le Gouvernement de la RDC a annoncé le non-renouvèlement de la mission de la Force régionale de la Communauté de l’Afrique de l’Est (EAC) (dont le mandat a expiré le 8 décembre 2023), il a autorisé le déploiement de la mission de la Communauté de développement de l’Afrique australe (SADC) (SAMIDRC) effective depuis le 15 décembre 2023, dans un contexte tendu entre la République démocratique du Congo et le Rwanda ponctué par des accusations mutuelles d’utilisation de groupes armés comme supplétifs et une augmentation des incidents transfrontaliers, tandis que les processus de Nairobi et de Luanda s’enlisent. Les efforts pour mettre en œuvre les décisions convenues dans le cadre des processus de paix de Luanda et de Nairobi se sont poursuivis, quoique à un rythme ralenti, concomitant avec la reprise des combats entre le M23 et les FARDC.

Sur le plan humanitaire le « l’IASC system-wide Scale-up » déclaré le 16 juin 2023 pour les provinces de l’Ituri, Nord-Kivu et Sud-Kivu a pris fin en le 31 décembre 2023.

Cet élargissement du mécanisme d’urgence a facilité l’expansion des capacités opérationnelles, permettant aux organisations humanitaires d’atteindre près de 3,9 millions de personnes, soit 77% des 5,1 millions de personnes dans le besoin ciblées. Néanmoins, les conflits armés, les restrictions de mouvement du fait des manifestations et des barrières illégales, ainsi que les actes de violence à l’encontre des biens et du personnel humanitaires, ont continué à entraver sérieusement l’accès à l’aide humanitaire.

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DR Congo + 2 more

Rwanda and the DRC at risk of war as new M23 rebellion emerges: an explainer

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The seeming rapid deterioration of security in the eastern DRC and resurgence of M23 are an outcome of longstanding regional rivalries between Rwanda and Uganda.

The precipitous escalation of the security crisis in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) risks reigniting interstate conflict in the Great Lakes region. The myriad actors and interests involved, however, often defy easy analysis. To help clarify what is driving the worsening security situation, the Africa Center for Strategic Studies compiled this explainer drawing on the insights of multiple experts including:

• Kwezi Mngqibisa, a senior research fellow at the University of Johannesburg who previously worked on South African efforts to broker peace between Rwanda and the DRC as part of the Lusaka Agreement
• Claude Gatebuke, the director of the African Great Lakes Action Network
• Cedric De Coning, a co-director at the Norwegian Institute for International Affairs and former advisor to the African Union’s Peace Support Operations Division
• Paul Nantulya, a research associate at the Africa Center for Strategic Studies who also worked on the South African-led Lusaka Agreement peace process and the Inter-Congolese Dialogue
• Ambassador Said Djinnit, the former Special Envoy of the United Nations Secretary General for the Great Lakes Region contributed to the analysis.

When did the current crisis begin?

The current crisis erupted in November 2021, when the largely defunct March 23 Movement (M23) militant group carried out lightning strikes on military positions of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC) in the villages of Chanzu and Runyonyi in North Kivu Province, just west of the Ugandan and Rwandan borders. This occurred the same month that Ugandan forces were deployed to the province to pursue the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), a Ugandan rebel group that also operates in North Kivu and Ituri. In October and November 2021, Uganda had been a target of suicide bomb attacks that President Yoweri Museveni blamed on the ADF.

By March 2022, M23 had seized key parts of Rutshuru territory, bordering Uganda and Rwanda. In May, they overran the Rumangabo military base, FARDC’s largest military installation in North Kivu. They then pushed south toward the provincial capital, Goma, and across Rwanda’s border city of Gisenyi. In June, another M23 prong operating farther north overran the border city of Bunagana, forcing Congolese soldiers to flee to Uganda.

All this has come as a surprise given the 10-year lull in M23 activities. Between March and November 2013, M23 suffered numerous defeats at the hands of the Congolese military, the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), and the Force Intervention Brigade (FIB) consisting of Tanzanian, Malawian, and South African troops. That March, one cohort of hundreds of fighters fled to Rwanda. Its leader, John Bosco Ntaganda, a.k.a. “The Terminator,” handed himself over to the U.S. Embassy which transferred him to the International Criminal Court to face war crimes charges.

In November 2013, another cohort of some 1,500 M23 fighters—the remainder of the rebel group—surrendered to the Ugandan military after their strongholds were overrun by UN and FARDC forces. A month later, some 1,374 were dispatched to Uganda’s Bihanga Military Training School for demobilization. By 2017, however, only some 390 were still at Bihanga. There was no official explanation as to why or to where the majority of the ex-combatants had gone.

The DRC has blamed Rwanda for reorganizing and arming the latest insurgency. The UN Security Council’s Group of Experts on the DRC has previously implicated Rwanda of backing M23. Originally part of the Congolese military, M23 is dominated by Congolese Tutsis. It claims it wants to protect Tutsis against militant Hutu groups, including the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), which counts among its forces elements accused of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda.

Some of M23’s top commanders once served in the Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF), notes Claude Gatebuke. The RPF leadership—including President Paul Kagame and his former Army Chief of Staff, James Kabarebe—once served in Uganda’s military and were part of the rebellion that brought Yoweri Museveni to power in 1986. They then occupied top positions in Rwanda’s military and government after seizing power there with Uganda’s support in 1994. When both countries invaded the DRC in 1996 to remove Mobutu Sese Seko and install Laurent Kabila, a similar pattern transpired with James Kabarebe becoming Chief of Staff of the DRC’s military. However, when Kabila fell out with Uganda and Rwanda, the two countries sponsored another rebellion in the DRC. Over time, Uganda and Rwanda fell out and started supporting proxy forces against each other.

This history of recycling officers among Rwanda, Uganda, and the DRC—and the use of proxies—has implications for the current crisis. Kabarebe was identified by the UN in 2012 as the chief mastermind of M23. In addition to Rwanda, the UN has implicated Uganda with aiding M23. Following the capture of Bunagana in June 2022, the Speaker of the DRC National Assembly and key ally of President Felix Tshisekedi, Christophe Mboso, condemned Uganda and moved a motion to suspend all military and economic agreements between the two countries. While Ugandan security officials have accused Rwanda of supporting the M23 attack in Bunagana to frustrate UPDF operations against the ADF, Rwanda alleges Uganda is using M23 elements to threaten Rwanda.

In response to the rapid deterioration in the eastern DRC, the East African Community decided in June 2022 to deploy a regional force under Kenyan command to restore stability.

What explains M23’s resurgence?

The longstanding rivalry between Uganda and Rwanda in the DRC and the Great Lakes region is a key driver of the current crisis. There are immediate and longer-term reasons for this. With regard to the latter, there is a profound level of mistrust at all levels—between the DRC and its neighbors, particularly Rwanda, Uganda, and Burundi—as well as between all of these neighbors. According to Claude Gatebuke, “unless the underlying problems between Rwanda and Uganda in particular are addressed, we are unlikely to see the M23 problem resolved in a satisfactory way even if a regional force is deployed. This is a lesson we have learned from previous Ugandan and Rwandan interventions in Congo.”

As Kwezi Mngqibisa notes, the cohorts of M23 fighters who withdrew to Rwanda and Uganda remain antagonistic toward one another—making them convenient tools for the two regional rivals who have fought numerous proxy wars for spheres of influence, especially in North Kivu. The region is poorly governed but rich in minerals like gold, coltan, tantalum, and diamonds. “Uganda and Rwanda have backed rival movements in Congo ever since they clashed militarily in Kisangani in the late 1990s,” Mngqibisa adds. “There is a larger conflict system where the Ugandan and Rwandan contest for supremacy almost always coincides with an uptick in violence in eastern DRC. We may be witnessing this all over again as the current crisis escalates.”

Jason Stearns agrees with the analysis that Uganda and Rwanda have started down the path of renewed proxy warfare in Congo . Besides allowing Ugandan troops to operate in North Kivu, DRC President Tshisekedi approved a plan in 2021 to construct roads linking the two countries. One set of road projects runs from Kasindi to Beni and Butembo, and the other from Bunagana to Rutshuru and finally Goma. “The timeline of the [military] operations and road construction have been connected,” Stearns explains. “The UPDF officially initiated attacks against the ADF on November 30, 2021; road construction started just a few days later, on December 3, 2021.” Notably, the memorandum of understanding (MOU) on road construction was part of the military agreement between the two nations and is therefore classified and unavailable for public comment. It was signed by the chiefs of staff of the two militaries, not their ministries of finance or planning.

The MOU also allows the UPDF to protect the road works as well as the staff and equipment. Notably, Uganda contributes 100 percent of the funding. Forty percent comes from its budget and the rest from Dott Services, the Ugandan firm chosen to do the construction. The deployment of Ugandan forces into North Kivu and the construction of a Ugandan-funded road network protected by the UPDF and extending all the way to Goma—at Rwanda’s doorstep—were viewed as unfriendly acts in Kigali. In a speech before Parliament in February 2022, Rwandan President Kagame warned that the threats emanating from North Kivu were grave enough to warrant a Rwandan deployment without the DRC’s approval: “We do what we must do, with or without the consent of others.”

Jason Stearns observes that Rwanda’s growing sense of isolation, stemming from tensions with Uganda, cannot be overstated. Kampala and Kigali view each other’s gains as setbacks. President Tshisekedi’s earlier effort to permit Uganda, Burundi, and Rwanda to operate jointly in eastern DRC under Congolese supervision failed due to bickering between Uganda and Rwanda. Neither wished to see the other extend its influence in North Kivu.

Eventually Tshisekedi pursued bilateral agreements with both of his neighbors. In addition to the agreement struck with Uganda discussed above, in March 2021, he worked out a deal with Rwanda on joint operations. A similar deal was reached with Burundi in July, setting the stage for the deployment of the Burundi military into South Kivu to pursue Burundian rebels. However, while the Ugandan and Burundian deployments went ahead as planned, the security deal between Rwanda and the DRC remains on ice—a development many in Kigali believe was instigated by Kampala. All told, Uganda’s escalating military and economic engagements in the DRC and Rwanda’s heightened threat perceptions have inflamed their rivalry—providing the context in which M23 has rebounded after being dormant for nearly a decade.

What role do economic and commercial interests play?

M23’s sudden resurgence is also tied to overlapping economic and business interests. “Rwanda and Uganda can claim to have legitimate security interests in Congo,” says Mngqibisa. “However, they also have huge financial interests there—particularly extractives—which contributes to their rivalry.” The arc extending from Bunagana on the Uganda border, through Kanyabayonga, to Goma on the Rwanda border, covers a lucrative mining belt containing some of the world’s largest deposits of coltan, which is used in almost every electronic device. The DRC is also the world’s leading producer of cobalt, a key ingredient in electric car batteries which are currently in high demand.

There is ample evidence to suggest that Ugandan- and Rwandan-backed rebel factions—including M23—control strategic but informal supply chains running from mines in the Kivus into the two countries. Insurgents use proceeds from the trafficking of gold, diamonds, and coltan to buy weapons, recruit and control artisanal miners, and pay corrupt Congolese customs and border officials as well as soldiers and police. Significant violence is also involved in these illicit operations as various rebel factions often fight one another for control of the mines and transport routes.

The nexus of conflict, minerals, rebels, and foreign backers has bedeviled Congo for decades. A critical part of the problem is that Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi are exporting things they do not produce, meaning a lot of smuggling is taking place as noted by successive UN investigations. In February 2022, the International Court of Justice ordered Uganda to pay $325 million to the DRC for its role in the conflicts there between 1998 and 2003, which include the deaths of thousands of civilians in the Ituri region, the bankrolling of rebel groups, and the looting of gold, diamonds, and timber. Rwanda has also been mentioned repeatedly in UN reports for profiting from minerals smuggled from the DRC to fund rebel groups and bolster its own exports.

Both deny these charges. However, some of the evidence shows up in their export earnings. For example, gold is now Uganda’s largest export, yet most of it comes from the DRC. In similar vein, 40 percent of the world’s coltan was officially produced in the DRC in 2019. However, large quantities are reportedly trafficked into Rwanda and exported from there. This pattern is replicated elsewhere in the region. Therefore, while the DRC is recognized as the world’s largest coltan producer , Rwanda, Uganda, and Burundi rank third, ninth, and eleventh, respectively, even though they only have limited known deposits themselves.

The vast expanse of ungoverned space stretching from Uganda to Rwanda and Burundi provides an ideal geography for illicit trading. UN reports show that while most of the DRC’s trafficked coltan winds up in Rwanda, a significant amount is also diverted to Uganda via Bunagana and Rutshuru in North Kivu, while some ends up in Burundi via Uvira in South Kivu. All told, the evidence suggests that the DRC’s eastern neighbors—especially regional rivals Uganda and Rwanda—want exclusive access to mining operations in the Kivus. This, in turn, makes proxy violence more likely.

In November 2020, Dott Services, the Ugandan firm that is co-financing and building the road networks linking Uganda and the DRC, established a joint venture with the Congolese mining parastatal, Société Aurifère du Kivu et du Maniema (Sakima), the result of which gave it access to strategic mines in Maniema Province rich in tin, tantalum, gold, and tungsten.

Dott Services owns 70 percent of the venture while Sakima holds the rest. Under the contract, Dott Services will also build a factory to process minerals and precious metals in addition to infrastructure projects. Dott Services is widely viewed as being close to Uganda’s first family and other influential actors—highlighting the high stakes involved in the country’s engagements in the DRC.

Rwanda has a foot in the door, too. In June 2021, Presidents Kagame and Tshisekedi signed an agreement under which Dither Ltd., a firm widely viewed as close to Rwanda’s military, will refine the gold produced by Sakima “to deprive the armed groups of the revenue from the sector.” This puts Rwanda in a strategic position to control the entire supply chain—a move many believe rankled Kampala. However, the deal was suspended in early June 2022 over claims by the DRC that Rwanda was backing M23’s resurgence.

Ugandan officials claim that Rwanda became more determined to revive M23 after its economic ventures in the DRC were thrown into disarray. During the M23 raid in Bunagana on March 23, 2022, Ugandan soldiers intervened to protect Dott Services’ assets and staff. The narrative in Kampala is that the attack was carried out by the “Rwandan wing” of M23 as part of a plot by Rwanda to disrupt Uganda’s economic ventures in the DRC. The narrative in Kigali is that the attack was carried out by M23 elements controlled by Uganda as a ploy to seize the border town, which is an important staging area for Dott Services’ operations. These counteraccusations underscore the role that financial and economic interests play in the resurfacing of M23 which feeds off the Uganda-Rwanda rivalry.

What are the risks of interstate conflict?

The eastern DRC is a tinderbox because Rwanda, Uganda, and Burundi each face armed rebellions all based in this region. This amplifies the risk of interstate conflicts. Rwanda has been more explicit in its threat to intervene militarily in the DRC than it has been in recent years. It accuses the FARDC of fighting alongside the FDLR and being indifferent to Kigali’s security fears. However, these threats have been levied before. What makes them more pronounced this time around is the presence of Ugandan troops in North Kivu, the closeness among Uganda, Burundi, and the DRC, and the breakdown of the rapprochement between Presidents Kagame and Tshisekedi.

In June 2022, Rwanda and the DRC accused each other of firing rockets across their shared border. The DRC authorities also alleged that Rwanda deployed hundreds of soldiers in disguise on Congolese soil. On June 17, the DRC closed its border with Rwanda after a Congolese soldier was shot dead on Rwandan soil after an alleged incident with Rwandan border guards. “Without a vigorous confidence-building process between the two sides, a wider interstate conflict is a strong possibility,” says Claude Gatebuke. “That would likely draw in Uganda and possibly Burundi on the side of the DRC.”

Uganda and Rwanda were on a war footing as recently as 2019. They reopened their border in January 2022, after a 3-year closure, but tensions remain palpable and have been worsened by Uganda’s recent moves in the DRC. However, rather than launching direct attacks on each other, the two countries appear to have shifted into a familiar pattern of fighting proxy wars. This means that the prospects of a general disarmament in the region—particularly of M23—are likely to be frustrated unless these differences are resolved.

The risk of interstate conflict is also increased by failed disarmament efforts. In October of 2017, the 13 signatory countries and 4 guarantor institutions (UN, AU, ICGLR and SADC) to the Peace, Security and Cooperation Framework Agreement for the DRC and the region decided to repatriate ex-combatants from the FDLR and M23 by October 2018 . “This deadline came and went without any significant action,” explains Gatebuke, who calls the disarmament process a “monumental failure” whose consequences are now evident. Notably, very few of the M23 cohorts that fled to Uganda and Rwanda in 2013 have been repatriated to the DRC.

Under the terms of the 2013 peace deal between the DRC government and M23, blanket amnesties were given to those who renounced rebellion unless they are indicted for war crimes. M23 leaders often accuse the DRC government of reneging on this agreement. Many believe that M23’s recent attacks might also be aimed at applying pressure on the Tshisekedi government to press their case. “We also have to question the rationale of hot pursuit by Congo’s neighbors,” says Gatebuke. “Uganda and Rwanda have operated in the DRC before with Congolese permission but have failed to dislodge their respective armed groups. One wonders if this is not merely a pretext to continue plundering the country and carving out areas of influence.”

The resurgence of M23 has also brought the region’s complex and explosive ethnic dynamics to the fore. Its leaders and fighters are predominantly Tutsi, a community whose citizenship status remains contentious. The uprising against the late dictator, Mobutu Sese Seko, was triggered in part by his decision to strip the Banyamulenge —Congolese of Rwandan extraction—of their citizenship. They constituted the bulk of the force that overthrew Mobutu and installed Laurent Kabila in 1998 with Ugandan and Rwanda backing. When Uganda and Rwanda fell out with Kabila in 1999, they again formed the bulk of the rebellion put together to remove him, under the banner of the Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD). When Uganda and Rwanda fell out with each other, the RCD split into two factions supported by either side. This trend has continued and is evident in M23’s internal dynamics.

The Banyamulenge are widely referred to pejoratively as “Rwandophones” and are often targeted in sectarian violence when tensions with Rwanda reach fever pitch. Indeed, the protests against M23 quickly turned xenophobic, with Tutsis in particular being singled out for mistreatment and hate speech. During a protest in Kisangani on June 14, 2022, a senior Congolese army officer hailing from the Tutsi community was brutalized by angry protestors. The following day, the High Council of Defense, the DRC’s National Security Council, instructed the Interior Ministry and Police to take all “necessary measures to avoid stigmatization and manhunting.”

However, the xenophobic violence has continued, with many businesses and properties belonging to Rwandans and Congolese Tutsis being ransacked in waves of anti-Rwanda protests sweeping the eastern DRC. Protestors are also burning images and effigies of Presidents Kagame and Museveni and ransacking Ugandan and Rwandan businesses.

In the past, Congolese leaders have whipped up xenophobic sentiments to increase their electability. This, however, can be a double-edged sword. Anti-Rwandan and anti-Ugandan sentiments in the DRC are widespread owing to their legacy of invasions. Aware of these misgivings, the DRC government did not publicize its security deals with Rwanda, Uganda, and Burundi and has not made its MOU with Uganda public. The decision may cost Felix Tshisekedi crucial support as he gears up for re-election in 2023.

How can tensions be de-escalated and who is credible enough to bring this about?

The Kenya government has injected new impetus for de-escalation by pushing for the deployment of a multinational East African Community (EAC) force to North and South Kivu, and Ituri. However, the composition of this force matters greatly given Congo’s frictions with its neighbors. The best way to win the confidence of Congolese citizens is to exclude countries that have participated directly or indirectly in invading and occupying parts of the DRC and conducting military operations there—namely, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi. The Force Intervention Brigade (FIB), which started out as a coalition composed of Malawi, Tanzania, and South Africa in 2013 and became part of MONUSCO in 2020, offers a model for the EAC that could be replicated.

The FIB is widely seen as a good model to follow for two reasons: it was militarily effective, and more importantly, its members had no vested interests in the DRC and were therefore not seen by Congolese as part of the problem. However, it lost its unity of command when it was incorporated into MONUSCO. Furthermore, there is a feeling within EAC that after defeating M23, the FIB did not show the same determination to confront FDLR and ADF. Notably, significant sections of Congolese civil society and parliamentarians have voiced opposition to the EAC force due to the legacy of repeated invasions by the DRC’s neighbors. The EAC mechanism could benefit from a wider process involving the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (IGCLR), which might include countries like South Africa. This way, the endeavor could be a partnership between the EAC and Southern African Development Community (SADC), which is useful since the DRC is a member of both.

The Congolese government may also set conditions for the EAC force, including its objectives, areas of operation, and duration. These should be presented to Parliament for public input, approval, oversight, and regular monitoring to ensure that Congolese citizens are brought on board and have a say.

President Tshisekedi can also leverage his position as the newest member of the ICGLR to strengthen its oversight functions, particularly in terms of collecting evidence of foreign support for rebels in the east.

“Given that the DRC’s problems are political, the EAC will need to recognize that military solutions alone are insufficient.”

Given that the DRC’s problems are political, the EAC will need to recognize that military solutions alone are insufficient. There is need for an inclusive and even-handed political process to disarm and reintegrate rebel groups. By necessity this must incorporate measures to ensure the proper oversight and stewardship of the DRC’s natural resources.

Cedric De Coning notes that there needs to be a multitrack mediation process with an internal aspect that resolves political issues within the DRC, and an external one that tackles regional differences among neighbors. “This needs to be done in the context of regional heads of state.”

“This would borrow from the 1999 Lusaka Agreement peace process that provided a mechanism to resolve tensions among countries that had entered Congo on different sides and facilitate their withdrawal in order to support the Inter-Congolese Dialogue” says Mngqibisa. “One device we worked on as part of that process, and which could be replicated by EAC, was the Third Party Verification Mechanism created by South Africa. It promptly investigated complaints like the ones we are hearing from Rwanda and the DRC and determined their veracity at every step.

“Sometimes rebels are not the best agents at articulating grievances, but it is possible to engage in mediation to address the larger issues they mobilize around,” says Gatebuke. Senior UN diplomats involved in previous negotiations say the M23 was difficult to engage since it had been in rebellion for so long that it had become a way of life. Despite this, the UN eventually managed to bring them to the table in Kinshasa.

The takeaway for the current crisis is that political mediation is vital because, ultimately, the DRC’s challenges are political and do not lend themselves solely to military solutions.

Additional Resources

• Congo Research Group and Ebuteli, “Uganda’s Operation Shujaa in the DRC: Fighting the ADF or Securing Economic Interests?” NYU Center on International Cooperation, June 2022.
• International Crisis Group, “Easing the Turmoil in the Eastern DR Congo and Great Lakes,” Briefing No. 181 , May 25, 2022.
• Paul Nantulya, “A Medley of Armed Groups Play on Congo’s Crisis,” Spotlight , Africa Center for Strategic Studies, September 25, 2017.
• Jason Stearns, Judith Verweijen, and Maria Eriksson Baaz, “The National Army and Armed Groups in the Eastern Congo: Untangling the Gordian knot of Insecurity,” Rift Valley Institute, 2013.
• Paul Nantulya, “The Ever-Adaptive Allied Democratic Forces Insurgency,” Spotlight , Africa Center for Strategic Studies, February 8, 2019.

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Call for Papers: 2022 RDC Research Conference

2022 RESEARCH DATA CENTER ANNUAL RESEARCH CONFERENCE

Frid ay, September 23, 2022 Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City

The Kansas City Federal Statistical Research Data Center (KCRDC) invites proposals to present papers at the 2022 Federal Statistical Research Data Center Annual Research Conference. We will consider proposals for workshops and panel discussions as well. The conference will be a day of concurrent paper sessions and a keynote presentation.

This year’s keynote speaker is Prof. John Haltiwanger, the Dudley and Louisa Dillard Professor of Economics and a Distinguished University Professor of Economics at the University of Maryland.

Submitted papers should be based on current or recent research using data from the nationwide network of RDCs. We welcome research topics in the fields of economics, business and management, demography, health, and developments in data sets. Papers should involve statistical analyses on nonpublic versions of data sets available from the U.S. Census Bureau, the National Center for Health Statistics, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and other federal statistical agencies.

For paper presentations please submit your paper or an abstract of up to 500 words describing your research question(s), the data used (including sponsoring agency), methodology, and summary of results. Results can be anticipated or preliminary if they are not yet finalized.  As a reminder, results need to have undergone disclosure avoidance review and approved for release.  The abstract should include a presentation title, and a list of all authors and their affiliations. Also please provide an email address for the contact author.

Deadline for submissions is Friday, July 1, 2022 . Notices of acceptance to be sent by Friday, July 15, 2022. The deadline for registration is Friday, August 19, 2022.

Submission forms are available at:  https://cvent.me/58ww9N

For other questions please contact Didem Tuzemen at  [email protected] .

L'Ecole Nationale d'Administration

SESSIONS DE FORMATION A COURTE DUREE A L’ENA-RDC

ORGANISATION DE L’EPREUVE ORALE/CONCOURS DE RECRUTEMENT DES CADRES ET AGENTS DU SG AUX PVH

Liste des candidats cadres admis a l’epreuve orale, ainsi que les candidats aux poste de collaboration/concours de recrutement des cadres et agents du secretariat general aux personnes vivant avec handicap.

ELECTION DU DIRECTEUR GENERAL DE L’ENA-RDC A LA TETE D’AMDIN

MODALITES D’ORGANISATION DE L’EPREUVE ÉCRITE /CONCOURS DE RECRUTEMENT DES CADRES ET AGENTS DU SG PVH

PUBLICATION DE LA LISTE ADDITIVE DES CANDIDATS ADMIS À L’ÉPREUVE ÉCRITE À L’ISSUE DU TRAITEMENT DES RECOURS/ CONCOURS PVH

PUBLICATION DE LA LISTE DES CANDIDATS ADMIS A L’EPREUVE ECRITE /CONCOURS DE RECRUTEMENT DES CADRES ET AGENTS DU SECRETARIAT GENERAL AUX PVH

INFORMATIONS COMPLEMENTAIRES / CONCOURS PVH

Publication de la liste des candidats admis a l’epreuve orale /concours ena, session 2023-2024.

REPARTITION DES CANDIDATS DE LA VILLE PROVINCE DE KINSHASA/CENTRES UPC ET ISC-GOMBE(HECK)

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Congo RDC'

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Rubbers, Benjamin. "Congo Casino : Le monde social du capitalisme européen au Katanga (RDC)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210891.

Les Européens (Belges, Grecs et Italiens) du Katanga, dont le nombre s’est considérablement réduit au cours de la période post-coloniale, forment aujourd’hui le groupe le plus puissant de l’économie de la région. Au vu des troubles qui ont marqué l’histoire du Congo depuis l’indépendance, pourquoi sont-ils restés sur place ?Comment ont-ils développé leurs affaires dans une économie sur le déclin, en voie de marginalisation, et dans une structure politique patrimoniale de plus en plus instable ?Et quelle est leur place au sein de la société congolaise ?Telle est la triple question de départ à laquelle tente de répondre cette thèse en abordant de façon successive, au fil des chapitres, leur parcours migratoire, leur insertion dans la société congolaise, la dynamique de leur communauté, leur rôle dans les deux plus gros secteurs de la région, et leurs rapports avec les représentants de l’Etat. Elle prend appui pour ce faire sur une recherche de terrain conduite entre 2003 et 2004.

If the number of Europeans (Belgians, Greeks and Italians) living in Katanga has considerably decreased during the post-colonial period, they represent today the most powerful entrepreneurial group of the local economy. Once considered the troubles they came across since independence, why did they remain in the Congo? How did they develop their business in a declining economy, in process of marginalization, and in a patrimonial political structure, which proves to be more and more unstable? Finally, what is their place and role in Congolese society? These are the three questions this thesis tries to give an answer. Through the chapters, it studies the migration of expatriates in Africa, their relationship with Congolese society, the dynamics of their community, their role in the two most important sectors of Katanga, and the way they interact with the agents of the State. For this purpose, it rests upon a fieldwork research led between 2003 and 2004.

Ott, Cécile Chantal. "Exploitation forestière et droits des populations locales et autochtones en Afrique centrale (Cameroun, Congo, Congo RDC et Gabon)." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30047.

Ikanga, A.-Mponga Bakand’Olinga. "Causes et conséquences des programmes d’ajustement structurel en République Démocratique du Congo (RDC)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100035/document.

Nsunda, Balu Mathilde. "L'intégration sociale au Québec des immigrants de la République démocratique du Congo (RDC)." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2004. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5260.

Losimba, Likwela Joris. "Contribution à l'amélioration de la lutte contre le paludisme en République Démocratique du Congo, RDC." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209737.

Tegera, Busey Aloys. "Les Banyarwanda du nord-Kivu (RDC) au XXème siècle : analyse historique et socio-politique d'un groupe transfrontalier (1885-2006)." Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010556.

Dzassabi, Gilbert. "Les problèmes de sécurité en République démocratique du Congo (RDC) : un révélateur de guerre et de paix en Afrique." Bordeaux 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR40005.

Thiaw, Marie Louise. "Les ondes de paix en Afrique : l'exemple de Radio Okapi en République démocratique du Congo (RDC)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27132/27132.pdf.

Sitone, Matthieu. "Naissance et croissance d'une église locale (1896/97-1996) : le cas du diocèse de Butembo-Beni au Congo Kinshasa (RDC)." Lyon 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2006/muhemusubaositone_m.

Gombarino, Rutashigwa Faustin-Noël. "L' implantation missionnaire au Congo-RDC : de l' assistance à l'autonomie financière. Une approche socio-historique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H035/document.

Mba, Talla Modeste Paulin. "Émergence, « fragmégration » et perpétuation des rébellions au Congo-RDC (1990-2010) : une politologie des groupes armés." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22759.

Lardeux, Laurent. "De l'exil au retour : dispositifs de rapatriement et carrières migratoires des retournés congolais (RDC)." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO20124.

Sitone, Matthieu Prudhomme Claude. "Naissance et croissance d'une église locale (1896/97-1996) le cas du diocèse de Butembo-Beni au Congo Kinshasa (RDC) /." Lyon : Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2006. http://demeter.univ-lyon2.fr:8080/sdx/theses/lyon2/2006/muhemusubaositone_m.

Abouem, A. Tchoyi James Ronald. "Conflit, reconstruction et développement : la pertinence de la réponse économique : une analyse centrée sur le cas de la République démocratique du Congo (RDC)." Paris 13, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA131002.

Koffi-Kra, Armande Desiree. "Le journalisme de paix, de la théorie à la pratique : le cas de la radio Okapi en République Démocratique du Congo (RDC)." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/70274.

Nsakala, Vodiena Gabriel. "Communication stratégique pour améliorer la double prévention des IST / VIH / SIDA et des grossesses non désirées chez les adolescents à Kinshasa, RDC: enjeux et perspectives de l'éducation sexuelle participative." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209308.

Bompangue, Didier. "Dynamique des épidémies de choléra dans la région des grands lacs africains: cas de la République Démocratique du Congo." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00441534.

Mwene-batu, Lyabayungu Pacifique. "Malnutrition durant l’enfance, maladie chronique, capital humain à l’âge adulte dans le contexte de l’Est de la République Démocratique du Congo (Sud-Kivu)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/327226.

Makaya, kiela Serge. "Le droit à réparation des victimes des crimes internationaux, condition de justice efficiente : l'exemple de la RDC." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1006.

Guipié, Gérard Eddie. "La question ethnique dans la formation des alliances interétatiques lors des conflits armés en République Démocratique du Congo et dans les Grands Lacs Africains (1994-2006)." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO30028.

Mulamba, Ngandu Roger. "Construction et déconstruction du patrimoine foncier et immobilier de l'Etat dans la ville de Kananga en République démocratique du Congo, de 1885 à 2011." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/251901.

N'Sana, Bitentu Pierre. "Médias et conflits en RDC :Analyse des déterminants du traitement de l’information par les radios locales, nationales et internationales." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/294929/6/contrat.pdf.

Makenga, Bof Jean Claude. "ONCHOCERCOSE EN RD CONGO :SITUATION EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE, CONNAISSANCE, ATTITUDE ET PERCEPTION DE LA POPULATION, NIVEAU DE TRANSMISSION POST TRAITEMENT ET IMPACT DU TRAITEMENT DE MASSE A L’IVERMECTINE SOUS DIRECTIVES COMMUNAUTAIRES (TIDC)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/327375/3/SOMMAIRE.docx.

Kingolo, Luzingu Michel. "Socio-anthropologie du phénomène des "combattants " dans la diaspora congolaise (RDC). INGETA, AINSI SOIT-IL." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0045.

Tshilenge, Mfumu Jean-Claude. "Proposition d'une méthode organisationnelle pour la surveillance de la propagation des maladies chroniques et épidémiques : Application au système de santé de la RDC." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALM029.

Mukabalera, Cigwira Joseph. "Monseigneur Christophe Munzihirwa, Romero du Congo ?les concepts de Martyre, de Béatification et de Canonisation revisités à la lumière de l'histoire religieuse contemporaine de la martyrologie et de l'expérience pastorale de Monseigneur Christophe Munzihirwa, Archevêque de Bukavu (Sud-Kivu/RDC)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211303.

Lulebo, Aimée. "BARRIERES AU CONTROLE ADEQUAT DE LA PRESSION ARTERIELLE DANS LES STRUCTURES SANTAIRES DU NIVEAU PRIMAIRE DE LA VILLE DE KINSHASA EN REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/284014.

Maendeleo, Rutakaza Rachel. "L'action internationale dans le maintien, le rétablissement et la consolidation de la paix en République démocratique du Congo de 1998 à 2008." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO30001.

Vinckel, Sandrine. "La violence et le silence : politiques de réconciliation, relations interpersonnelles et pratiques sociales de coexistence au Katanga, RDC." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D088/document.

Bounda, Sosthène. "Le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge en Afrique centrale à la fin du XXe siècle : cas du Cameroun, du Congo Brazzaville, du Congo Kinshasa et du Gabon de 1960 à 1999." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BOR30053/document.

Kabinda, Maotela Jeff. "Problématique du risque résiduel transfusionnel du VIH et des hépatites B et C en République Démocratique du Congo: un problème de santé publique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209042.

Lukuitshi-lua-Nkombe, Albert Malaika. "Essai sur le système financier de la République Démocratique du Congo: une contribution à l'amélioration de la supervision bancaire." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210967.

Vaccari, Alessandra. "Epidemiologia, cl?nica e evolu??o de rec?m-nascidos com s?filis cong?nita." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2011. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/1368.

Hebmuller, Marjorie Garlow. "As gesta??es subsequentes em mulheres que tiveram s?filis na gesta??o." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2014. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/1441.

Gonçalves, José Carlos. "Segurança em África - intervenção da UE no processo de democratização da RDC: a Missão Eupol-Kinshasa." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/2764.

Amaral, Filomena Capela Correia. "Des relations impossibles : Conflits associés à la mise en oeuvre d’une gestion durable des forêts en RDC." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/11397.

Shuku, Onemba Nicolas. "Impact de l'utilisation de l'énergie-bois dans la ville province de Kinshasa en République démocratique du Congo (RDC)." Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4598/1/M12010.pdf.

Habimana, Pélagie. "Transformation des pratiques de solidarité chez des familles originaires de la République démocratique du Congo (RDC) immigrées à Montréal." Mémoire, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5666/1/M13034.pdf.

Oprea, Anastasia Maria. "Gender, sexual violence and securitization in two (western) media discourses on DRC." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/8336.

Matundu, Lelo Lelo. "Les interactions interculturelles entre les organisations non gouvernementales de développement (ONGD) du Nord et du Sud : impact sur les rapports entre les acteurs : le cas du Canada (Québec) et de la République démocratique du Congo (RDC)." Thèse, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5353/1/D2418.pdf.

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Kinshasa : début des épreuves de la dissertation

Publié le lun, 23/05/2022 - 19:51 | Modifié le lun, 23/05/2022 - 19:51

Les finalistes du secondaire ont passé ce lundi 23 mai leurs épreuves de dissertation. Il s’agit de la partie hors-session de l’examen d’Etat. A Kinshasa, c’est la vice-ministre de l'EPST, Aminata Namasia Bazego, qui a procédé au lancement officiel.  Dans l’ensemble, tout s’est bien déroulé, selon les autorités du secteur. Toutefois, certains élèves ont été chassés de salles d’examen faute de macarons.

Dans cette émission vous pouvez suivre aussi :

-la réaction de quelques finalistes après la dissertation - des précisions sur la pénurie du kérosène et du gasoil a Kinshasa -la manifestation des étudiants contre la hausse des frais pour le relogement au home et l’usage des bus achetés par le gouvernement -l’ouverture des journées sociales du CEPAS -les kuluna terrorisent les habitants du quartier Congo dans la commune de Ngaliema, réaction du bourgmestre.

Bonne écoute: /sites/default/files/2022-05/23052022-p-f-decropad-00bon_1.mp3

Dans la même catégorie

How To Write A Dissertation Or Thesis

8 straightforward steps to craft an a-grade dissertation.

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) Expert Reviewed By: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | June 2020

Writing a dissertation or thesis is not a simple task. It takes time, energy and a lot of will power to get you across the finish line. It’s not easy – but it doesn’t necessarily need to be a painful process. If you understand the big-picture process of how to write a dissertation or thesis, your research journey will be a lot smoother.  

In this post, I’m going to outline the big-picture process of how to write a high-quality dissertation or thesis, without losing your mind along the way. If you’re just starting your research, this post is perfect for you. Alternatively, if you’ve already submitted your proposal, this article which covers how to structure a dissertation might be more helpful.

How To Write A Dissertation: 8 Steps

• Clearly understand what a dissertation (or thesis) is
• Find a unique and valuable research topic
• Craft a convincing research proposal
• Write up a strong introduction chapter
• Review the existing literature and compile a literature review
• Design a rigorous research strategy and undertake your own research
• Present the findings of your research
• Draw a conclusion and discuss the implications

Step 1: Understand exactly what a dissertation is

This probably sounds like a no-brainer, but all too often, students come to us for help with their research and the underlying issue is that they don’t fully understand what a dissertation (or thesis) actually is.

So, what is a dissertation?

At its simplest, a dissertation or thesis is a formal piece of research , reflecting the standard research process . But what is the standard research process, you ask? The research process involves 4 key steps:

• Ask a very specific, well-articulated question (s) (your research topic)
• See what other researchers have said about it (if they’ve already answered it)
• If they haven’t answered it adequately, undertake your own data collection and analysis in a scientifically rigorous fashion
• Answer your original question(s), based on your analysis findings

In short, the research process is simply about asking and answering questions in a systematic fashion . This probably sounds pretty obvious, but people often think they’ve done “research”, when in fact what they have done is:

• Started with a vague, poorly articulated question
• Not taken the time to see what research has already been done regarding the question
• Collected data and opinions that support their gut and undertaken a flimsy analysis
• Drawn a shaky conclusion, based on that analysis

If you want to see the perfect example of this in action, look out for the next Facebook post where someone claims they’ve done “research”… All too often, people consider reading a few blog posts to constitute research. Its no surprise then that what they end up with is an opinion piece, not research. Okay, okay – I’ll climb off my soapbox now.

The key takeaway here is that a dissertation (or thesis) is a formal piece of research, reflecting the research process. It’s not an opinion piece , nor a place to push your agenda or try to convince someone of your position. Writing a good dissertation involves asking a question and taking a systematic, rigorous approach to answering it.

If you understand this and are comfortable leaving your opinions or preconceived ideas at the door, you’re already off to a good start!

Step 2: Find a unique, valuable research topic

As we saw, the first step of the research process is to ask a specific, well-articulated question. In other words, you need to find a research topic that asks a specific question or set of questions (these are called research questions ). Sounds easy enough, right? All you’ve got to do is identify a question or two and you’ve got a winning research topic. Well, not quite…

A good dissertation or thesis topic has a few important attributes. Specifically, a solid research topic should be:

Let’s take a closer look at these:

Attribute #1: Clear

Your research topic needs to be crystal clear about what you’re planning to research, what you want to know, and within what context. There shouldn’t be any ambiguity or vagueness about what you’ll research.

Here’s an example of a clearly articulated research topic:

An analysis of consumer-based factors influencing organisational trust in British low-cost online equity brokerage firms.

As you can see in the example, its crystal clear what will be analysed (factors impacting organisational trust), amongst who (consumers) and in what context (British low-cost equity brokerage firms, based online).

Need a helping hand?

Attribute #2:   Unique

Your research should be asking a question(s) that hasn’t been asked before, or that hasn’t been asked in a specific context (for example, in a specific country or industry).

For example, sticking organisational trust topic above, it’s quite likely that organisational trust factors in the UK have been investigated before, but the context (online low-cost equity brokerages) could make this research unique. Therefore, the context makes this research original.

One caveat when using context as the basis for originality – you need to have a good reason to suspect that your findings in this context might be different from the existing research – otherwise, there’s no reason to warrant researching it.

Attribute #3: Important

Simply asking a unique or original question is not enough – the question needs to create value. In other words, successfully answering your research questions should provide some value to the field of research or the industry. You can’t research something just to satisfy your curiosity. It needs to make some form of contribution either to research or industry.

For example, researching the factors influencing consumer trust would create value by enabling businesses to tailor their operations and marketing to leverage factors that promote trust. In other words, it would have a clear benefit to industry.

So, how do you go about finding a unique and valuable research topic? We explain that in detail in this video post – How To Find A Research Topic . Yeah, we’ve got you covered 😊

Step 3: Write a convincing research proposal

Once you’ve pinned down a high-quality research topic, the next step is to convince your university to let you research it. No matter how awesome you think your topic is, it still needs to get the rubber stamp before you can move forward with your research. The research proposal is the tool you’ll use for this job.

So, what’s in a research proposal?

The main “job” of a research proposal is to convince your university, advisor or committee that your research topic is worthy of approval. But convince them of what? Well, this varies from university to university, but generally, they want to see that:

• You have a clearly articulated, unique and important topic (this might sound familiar…)
• You’ve done some initial reading of the existing literature relevant to your topic (i.e. a literature review)
• You have a provisional plan in terms of how you will collect data and analyse it (i.e. a methodology)

At the proposal stage, it’s (generally) not expected that you’ve extensively reviewed the existing literature , but you will need to show that you’ve done enough reading to identify a clear gap for original (unique) research. Similarly, they generally don’t expect that you have a rock-solid research methodology mapped out, but you should have an idea of whether you’ll be undertaking qualitative or quantitative analysis , and how you’ll collect your data (we’ll discuss this in more detail later).

Long story short – don’t stress about having every detail of your research meticulously thought out at the proposal stage – this will develop as you progress through your research. However, you do need to show that you’ve “done your homework” and that your research is worthy of approval .

So, how do you go about crafting a high-quality, convincing proposal? We cover that in detail in this video post – How To Write A Top-Class Research Proposal . We’ve also got a video walkthrough of two proposal examples here .

Step 4: Craft a strong introduction chapter

Once your proposal’s been approved, its time to get writing your actual dissertation or thesis! The good news is that if you put the time into crafting a high-quality proposal, you’ve already got a head start on your first three chapters – introduction, literature review and methodology – as you can use your proposal as the basis for these.

Handy sidenote – our free dissertation & thesis template is a great way to speed up your dissertation writing journey.

What’s the introduction chapter all about?

The purpose of the introduction chapter is to set the scene for your research (dare I say, to introduce it…) so that the reader understands what you’ll be researching and why it’s important. In other words, it covers the same ground as the research proposal in that it justifies your research topic.

What goes into the introduction chapter?

This can vary slightly between universities and degrees, but generally, the introduction chapter will include the following:

• A brief background to the study, explaining the overall area of research
• A problem statement , explaining what the problem is with the current state of research (in other words, where the knowledge gap exists)
• Your research questions – in other words, the specific questions your study will seek to answer (based on the knowledge gap)
• The significance of your study – in other words, why it’s important and how its findings will be useful in the world

As you can see, this all about explaining the “what” and the “why” of your research (as opposed to the “how”). So, your introduction chapter is basically the salesman of your study, “selling” your research to the first-time reader and (hopefully) getting them interested to read more.

How do I write the introduction chapter, you ask? We cover that in detail in this post .

Step 5: Undertake an in-depth literature review

As I mentioned earlier, you’ll need to do some initial review of the literature in Steps 2 and 3 to find your research gap and craft a convincing research proposal – but that’s just scratching the surface. Once you reach the literature review stage of your dissertation or thesis, you need to dig a lot deeper into the existing research and write up a comprehensive literature review chapter.

What’s the literature review all about?

There are two main stages in the literature review process:

Literature Review Step 1: Reading up

The first stage is for you to deep dive into the existing literature (journal articles, textbook chapters, industry reports, etc) to gain an in-depth understanding of the current state of research regarding your topic. While you don’t need to read every single article, you do need to ensure that you cover all literature that is related to your core research questions, and create a comprehensive catalogue of that literature , which you’ll use in the next step.

Reading and digesting all the relevant literature is a time consuming and intellectually demanding process. Many students underestimate just how much work goes into this step, so make sure that you allocate a good amount of time for this when planning out your research. Thankfully, there are ways to fast track the process – be sure to check out this article covering how to read journal articles quickly .

Literature Review Step 2: Writing up

Once you’ve worked through the literature and digested it all, you’ll need to write up your literature review chapter. Many students make the mistake of thinking that the literature review chapter is simply a summary of what other researchers have said. While this is partly true, a literature review is much more than just a summary. To pull off a good literature review chapter, you’ll need to achieve at least 3 things:

• You need to synthesise the existing research , not just summarise it. In other words, you need to show how different pieces of theory fit together, what’s agreed on by researchers, what’s not.
• You need to highlight a research gap that your research is going to fill. In other words, you’ve got to outline the problem so that your research topic can provide a solution.
• You need to use the existing research to inform your methodology and approach to your own research design. For example, you might use questions or Likert scales from previous studies in your your own survey design .

As you can see, a good literature review is more than just a summary of the published research. It’s the foundation on which your own research is built, so it deserves a lot of love and attention. Take the time to craft a comprehensive literature review with a suitable structure .

But, how do I actually write the literature review chapter, you ask? We cover that in detail in this video post .

Step 6: Carry out your own research

Once you’ve completed your literature review and have a sound understanding of the existing research, its time to develop your own research (finally!). You’ll design this research specifically so that you can find the answers to your unique research question.

There are two steps here – designing your research strategy and executing on it:

1 – Design your research strategy

The first step is to design your research strategy and craft a methodology chapter . I won’t get into the technicalities of the methodology chapter here, but in simple terms, this chapter is about explaining the “how” of your research. If you recall, the introduction and literature review chapters discussed the “what” and the “why”, so it makes sense that the next point to cover is the “how” –that’s what the methodology chapter is all about.

In this section, you’ll need to make firm decisions about your research design. This includes things like:

• Your research philosophy (e.g. positivism or interpretivism )
• Your overall methodology (e.g. qualitative , quantitative or mixed methods)
• Your data collection strategy (e.g. interviews , focus groups, surveys)
• Your data analysis strategy (e.g. content analysis , correlation analysis, regression)

If these words have got your head spinning, don’t worry! We’ll explain these in plain language in other posts. It’s not essential that you understand the intricacies of research design (yet!). The key takeaway here is that you’ll need to make decisions about how you’ll design your own research, and you’ll need to describe (and justify) your decisions in your methodology chapter.

2 – Execute: Collect and analyse your data

Once you’ve worked out your research design, you’ll put it into action and start collecting your data. This might mean undertaking interviews, hosting an online survey or any other data collection method. Data collection can take quite a bit of time (especially if you host in-person interviews), so be sure to factor sufficient time into your project plan for this. Oftentimes, things don’t go 100% to plan (for example, you don’t get as many survey responses as you hoped for), so bake a little extra time into your budget here.

Once you’ve collected your data, you’ll need to do some data preparation before you can sink your teeth into the analysis. For example:

• If you carry out interviews or focus groups, you’ll need to transcribe your audio data to text (i.e. a Word document).
• If you collect quantitative survey data, you’ll need to clean up your data and get it into the right format for whichever analysis software you use (for example, SPSS, R or STATA).

Once you’ve completed your data prep, you’ll undertake your analysis, using the techniques that you described in your methodology. Depending on what you find in your analysis, you might also do some additional forms of analysis that you hadn’t planned for. For example, you might see something in the data that raises new questions or that requires clarification with further analysis.

The type(s) of analysis that you’ll use depend entirely on the nature of your research and your research questions. For example:

• If your research if exploratory in nature, you’ll often use qualitative analysis techniques .
• If your research is confirmatory in nature, you’ll often use quantitative analysis techniques
• If your research involves a mix of both, you might use a mixed methods approach

Again, if these words have got your head spinning, don’t worry! We’ll explain these concepts and techniques in other posts. The key takeaway is simply that there’s no “one size fits all” for research design and methodology – it all depends on your topic, your research questions and your data. So, don’t be surprised if your study colleagues take a completely different approach to yours.

Step 7: Present your findings

Once you’ve completed your analysis, it’s time to present your findings (finally!). In a dissertation or thesis, you’ll typically present your findings in two chapters – the results chapter and the discussion chapter .

What’s the difference between the results chapter and the discussion chapter?

While these two chapters are similar, the results chapter generally just presents the processed data neatly and clearly without interpretation, while the discussion chapter explains the story the data are telling  – in other words, it provides your interpretation of the results.

For example, if you were researching the factors that influence consumer trust, you might have used a quantitative approach to identify the relationship between potential factors (e.g. perceived integrity and competence of the organisation) and consumer trust. In this case:

• Your results chapter would just present the results of the statistical tests. For example, correlation results or differences between groups. In other words, the processed numbers.
• Your discussion chapter would explain what the numbers mean in relation to your research question(s). For example, Factor 1 has a weak relationship with consumer trust, while Factor 2 has a strong relationship.

Depending on the university and degree, these two chapters (results and discussion) are sometimes merged into one , so be sure to check with your institution what their preference is. Regardless of the chapter structure, this section is about presenting the findings of your research in a clear, easy to understand fashion.

Importantly, your discussion here needs to link back to your research questions (which you outlined in the introduction or literature review chapter). In other words, it needs to answer the key questions you asked (or at least attempt to answer them).

For example, if we look at the sample research topic:

In this case, the discussion section would clearly outline which factors seem to have a noteworthy influence on organisational trust. By doing so, they are answering the overarching question and fulfilling the purpose of the research .

For more information about the results chapter , check out this post for qualitative studies and this post for quantitative studies .

Step 8: The Final Step Draw a conclusion and discuss the implications

Last but not least, you’ll need to wrap up your research with the conclusion chapter . In this chapter, you’ll bring your research full circle by highlighting the key findings of your study and explaining what the implications of these findings are.

What exactly are key findings? The key findings are those findings which directly relate to your original research questions and overall research objectives (which you discussed in your introduction chapter). The implications, on the other hand, explain what your findings mean for industry, or for research in your area.

Sticking with the consumer trust topic example, the conclusion might look something like this:

Key findings

This study set out to identify which factors influence consumer-based trust in British low-cost online equity brokerage firms. The results suggest that the following factors have a large impact on consumer trust:

While the following factors have a very limited impact on consumer trust:

Notably, within the 25-30 age groups, Factors E had a noticeably larger impact, which may be explained by…

Implications

The findings having noteworthy implications for British low-cost online equity brokers. Specifically:

The large impact of Factors X and Y implies that brokers need to consider….

The limited impact of Factor E implies that brokers need to…

As you can see, the conclusion chapter is basically explaining the “what” (what your study found) and the “so what?” (what the findings mean for the industry or research). This brings the study full circle and closes off the document.

Let’s recap – how to write a dissertation or thesis

You’re still with me? Impressive! I know that this post was a long one, but hopefully you’ve learnt a thing or two about how to write a dissertation or thesis, and are now better equipped to start your own research.

To recap, the 8 steps to writing a quality dissertation (or thesis) are as follows:

• Understand what a dissertation (or thesis) is – a research project that follows the research process.
• Find a unique (original) and important research topic
• Craft a convincing dissertation or thesis research proposal
• Write a clear, compelling introduction chapter
• Undertake a thorough review of the existing research and write up a literature review
• Undertake your own research
• Present and interpret your findings

Once you’ve wrapped up the core chapters, all that’s typically left is the abstract , reference list and appendices. As always, be sure to check with your university if they have any additional requirements in terms of structure or content.  

Psst... there’s more!

This post was based on one of our popular Research Bootcamps . If you're working on a research project, you'll definitely want to check this out ...

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20 Comments

thankfull >>>this is very useful

Thank you, it was really helpful

unquestionably, this amazing simplified way of teaching. Really , I couldn’t find in the literature words that fully explicit my great thanks to you. However, I could only say thanks a-lot.

Great to hear that – thanks for the feedback. Good luck writing your dissertation/thesis.

This is the most comprehensive explanation of how to write a dissertation. Many thanks for sharing it free of charge.

Very rich presentation. Thank you

Thanks Derek Jansen|GRADCOACH, I find it very useful guide to arrange my activities and proceed to research!

Thank you so much for such a marvelous teaching .I am so convinced that am going to write a comprehensive and a distinct masters dissertation

It is an amazing comprehensive explanation

This was straightforward. Thank you!

I can say that your explanations are simple and enlightening – understanding what you have done here is easy for me. Could you write more about the different types of research methods specific to the three methodologies: quan, qual and MM. I look forward to interacting with this website more in the future.

Thanks for the feedback and suggestions 🙂

Hello, your write ups is quite educative. However, l have challenges in going about my research questions which is below; *Building the enablers of organisational growth through effective governance and purposeful leadership.*

Very educating.

Just listening to the name of the dissertation makes the student nervous. As writing a top-quality dissertation is a difficult task as it is a lengthy topic, requires a lot of research and understanding and is usually around 10,000 to 15000 words. Sometimes due to studies, unbalanced workload or lack of research and writing skill students look for dissertation submission from professional writers.

Thank you 💕😊 very much. I was confused but your comprehensive explanation has cleared my doubts of ever presenting a good thesis. Thank you.

thank you so much, that was so useful

Hi. Where is the excel spread sheet ark?

could you please help me look at your thesis paper to enable me to do the portion that has to do with the specification

my topic is “the impact of domestic revenue mobilization.

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2024 KUHeS RESEARCH DISSEMMINATION CONFERENCE

At KUHeS, we are committed to fostering a culture of inquiry, innovation, and impact. The KUHeS RDC embodies this commitment by bringing together diverse stakeholders from academia, healthcare institutions, government agencies, and the private sector to address complex issues facing the healthcare landscape.

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Higher education institutions exist to respond to the needs and demands of a fast and highly evolving physical and social environment. The quest for technical and scientific knowledge that bridge the gap between theory and practice, existing and emerging technologies and local and global competencies pressure higher education institutions to explore all avenues of responding to this quest.  The journey of students and faculty members in academia begin with conducting researches that generate new knowledge and new ways of understanding both natural and anthropogenic phenomena.

In response to the imperatives of answering scientific questions and public concerns, the demands of quality education dominated by information and communications technology, and the requirements of globalization in the economic, political, technological and social spheres, the University of Baguio adopts a research agenda that sets the direction for the research engagements of the students and the faculty members. Apart from addressing institutional and accreditation needs and concerns, the research priority areas of the National Higher Education Research Agenda 2 (NHERA2) and the National Unified Health Research Agenda (NUHRA) are made integral components of the research agenda of the university.

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