how to make a great conclusion

So much is at stake in writing a conclusion. This is, after all, your last chance to persuade your readers to your point of view, to impress yourself upon them as a writer and thinker. And the impression you create in your conclusion will shape the impression that stays with your readers after they've finished the essay.

The end of an essay should therefore convey a sense of completeness and closure as well as a sense of the lingering possibilities of the topic, its larger meaning, its implications: the final paragraph should close the discussion without closing it off.

To establish a sense of closure, you might do one or more of the following:

• Conclude by linking the last paragraph to the first, perhaps by reiterating a word or phrase you used at the beginning.
• Conclude with a sentence composed mainly of one-syllable words. Simple language can help create an effect of understated drama.
• Conclude with a sentence that's compound or parallel in structure; such sentences can establish a sense of balance or order that may feel just right at the end of a complex discussion.

To close the discussion without closing it off, you might do one or more of the following:

• Conclude with a quotation from or reference to a primary or secondary source, one that amplifies your main point or puts it in a different perspective. A quotation from, say, the novel or poem you're writing about can add texture and specificity to your discussion; a critic or scholar can help confirm or complicate your final point. For example, you might conclude an essay on the idea of home in James Joyce's short story collection,  Dubliners , with information about Joyce's own complex feelings towards Dublin, his home. Or you might end with a biographer's statement about Joyce's attitude toward Dublin, which could illuminate his characters' responses to the city. Just be cautious, especially about using secondary material: make sure that you get the last word.
• Conclude by setting your discussion into a different, perhaps larger, context. For example, you might end an essay on nineteenth-century muckraking journalism by linking it to a current news magazine program like  60 Minutes .
• Conclude by redefining one of the key terms of your argument. For example, an essay on Marx's treatment of the conflict between wage labor and capital might begin with Marx's claim that the "capitalist economy is . . . a gigantic enterprise of dehumanization "; the essay might end by suggesting that Marxist analysis is itself dehumanizing because it construes everything in economic -- rather than moral or ethical-- terms.
• Conclude by considering the implications of your argument (or analysis or discussion). What does your argument imply, or involve, or suggest? For example, an essay on the novel  Ambiguous Adventure , by the Senegalese writer Cheikh Hamidou Kane, might open with the idea that the protagonist's development suggests Kane's belief in the need to integrate Western materialism and Sufi spirituality in modern Senegal. The conclusion might make the new but related point that the novel on the whole suggests that such an integration is (or isn't) possible.

Finally, some advice on how not to end an essay:

• Don't simply summarize your essay. A brief summary of your argument may be useful, especially if your essay is long--more than ten pages or so. But shorter essays tend not to require a restatement of your main ideas.
• Avoid phrases like "in conclusion," "to conclude," "in summary," and "to sum up." These phrases can be useful--even welcome--in oral presentations. But readers can see, by the tell-tale compression of the pages, when an essay is about to end. You'll irritate your audience if you belabor the obvious.
• Resist the urge to apologize. If you've immersed yourself in your subject, you now know a good deal more about it than you can possibly include in a five- or ten- or 20-page essay. As a result, by the time you've finished writing, you may be having some doubts about what you've produced. (And if you haven't immersed yourself in your subject, you may be feeling even more doubtful about your essay as you approach the conclusion.) Repress those doubts. Don't undercut your authority by saying things like, "this is just one approach to the subject; there may be other, better approaches. . ."

Copyright 1998, Pat Bellanca, for the Writing Center at Harvard University

Conclusions

What this handout is about.

This handout will explain the functions of conclusions, offer strategies for writing effective ones, help you evaluate conclusions you’ve drafted, and suggest approaches to avoid.

About conclusions

Introductions and conclusions can be difficult to write, but they’re worth investing time in. They can have a significant influence on a reader’s experience of your paper.

Just as your introduction acts as a bridge that transports your readers from their own lives into the “place” of your analysis, your conclusion can provide a bridge to help your readers make the transition back to their daily lives. Such a conclusion will help them see why all your analysis and information should matter to them after they put the paper down.

Your conclusion is your chance to have the last word on the subject. The conclusion allows you to have the final say on the issues you have raised in your paper, to synthesize your thoughts, to demonstrate the importance of your ideas, and to propel your reader to a new view of the subject. It is also your opportunity to make a good final impression and to end on a positive note.

Your conclusion can go beyond the confines of the assignment. The conclusion pushes beyond the boundaries of the prompt and allows you to consider broader issues, make new connections, and elaborate on the significance of your findings.

Your conclusion should make your readers glad they read your paper. Your conclusion gives your reader something to take away that will help them see things differently or appreciate your topic in personally relevant ways. It can suggest broader implications that will not only interest your reader, but also enrich your reader’s life in some way. It is your gift to the reader.

Strategies for writing an effective conclusion

One or more of the following strategies may help you write an effective conclusion:

• Play the “So What” Game. If you’re stuck and feel like your conclusion isn’t saying anything new or interesting, ask a friend to read it with you. Whenever you make a statement from your conclusion, ask the friend to say, “So what?” or “Why should anybody care?” Then ponder that question and answer it. Here’s how it might go: You: Basically, I’m just saying that education was important to Douglass. Friend: So what? You: Well, it was important because it was a key to him feeling like a free and equal citizen. Friend: Why should anybody care? You: That’s important because plantation owners tried to keep slaves from being educated so that they could maintain control. When Douglass obtained an education, he undermined that control personally. You can also use this strategy on your own, asking yourself “So What?” as you develop your ideas or your draft.
• Return to the theme or themes in the introduction. This strategy brings the reader full circle. For example, if you begin by describing a scenario, you can end with the same scenario as proof that your essay is helpful in creating a new understanding. You may also refer to the introductory paragraph by using key words or parallel concepts and images that you also used in the introduction.
• Synthesize, don’t summarize. Include a brief summary of the paper’s main points, but don’t simply repeat things that were in your paper. Instead, show your reader how the points you made and the support and examples you used fit together. Pull it all together.
• Include a provocative insight or quotation from the research or reading you did for your paper.
• Propose a course of action, a solution to an issue, or questions for further study. This can redirect your reader’s thought process and help them to apply your info and ideas to their own life or to see the broader implications.
• Point to broader implications. For example, if your paper examines the Greensboro sit-ins or another event in the Civil Rights Movement, you could point out its impact on the Civil Rights Movement as a whole. A paper about the style of writer Virginia Woolf could point to her influence on other writers or on later feminists.

Strategies to avoid

• Beginning with an unnecessary, overused phrase such as “in conclusion,” “in summary,” or “in closing.” Although these phrases can work in speeches, they come across as wooden and trite in writing.
• Stating the thesis for the very first time in the conclusion.
• Introducing a new idea or subtopic in your conclusion.
• Ending with a rephrased thesis statement without any substantive changes.
• Making sentimental, emotional appeals that are out of character with the rest of an analytical paper.
• Including evidence (quotations, statistics, etc.) that should be in the body of the paper.

Four kinds of ineffective conclusions

• The “That’s My Story and I’m Sticking to It” Conclusion. This conclusion just restates the thesis and is usually painfully short. It does not push the ideas forward. People write this kind of conclusion when they can’t think of anything else to say. Example: In conclusion, Frederick Douglass was, as we have seen, a pioneer in American education, proving that education was a major force for social change with regard to slavery.
• The “Sherlock Holmes” Conclusion. Sometimes writers will state the thesis for the very first time in the conclusion. You might be tempted to use this strategy if you don’t want to give everything away too early in your paper. You may think it would be more dramatic to keep the reader in the dark until the end and then “wow” them with your main idea, as in a Sherlock Holmes mystery. The reader, however, does not expect a mystery, but an analytical discussion of your topic in an academic style, with the main argument (thesis) stated up front. Example: (After a paper that lists numerous incidents from the book but never says what these incidents reveal about Douglass and his views on education): So, as the evidence above demonstrates, Douglass saw education as a way to undermine the slaveholders’ power and also an important step toward freedom.
• The “America the Beautiful”/”I Am Woman”/”We Shall Overcome” Conclusion. This kind of conclusion usually draws on emotion to make its appeal, but while this emotion and even sentimentality may be very heartfelt, it is usually out of character with the rest of an analytical paper. A more sophisticated commentary, rather than emotional praise, would be a more fitting tribute to the topic. Example: Because of the efforts of fine Americans like Frederick Douglass, countless others have seen the shining beacon of light that is education. His example was a torch that lit the way for others. Frederick Douglass was truly an American hero.
• The “Grab Bag” Conclusion. This kind of conclusion includes extra information that the writer found or thought of but couldn’t integrate into the main paper. You may find it hard to leave out details that you discovered after hours of research and thought, but adding random facts and bits of evidence at the end of an otherwise-well-organized essay can just create confusion. Example: In addition to being an educational pioneer, Frederick Douglass provides an interesting case study for masculinity in the American South. He also offers historians an interesting glimpse into slave resistance when he confronts Covey, the overseer. His relationships with female relatives reveal the importance of family in the slave community.

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

Douglass, Frederick. 1995. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself. New York: Dover.

Hamilton College. n.d. “Conclusions.” Writing Center. Accessed June 14, 2019. https://www.hamilton.edu//academics/centers/writing/writing-resources/conclusions .

Holewa, Randa. 2004. “Strategies for Writing a Conclusion.” LEO: Literacy Education Online. Last updated February 19, 2004. https://leo.stcloudstate.edu/acadwrite/conclude.html.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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How to Write a Conclusion for an Essay

By the time you get to the final paragraph of your paper, you have already done so much work on your essay, so all you want to do is to wrap it up as quickly as possible. You’ve already made a stunning introduction, proven your argument, and structured the whole piece as supposed – who cares about making a good conclusion paragraph?

The only thing you need to remember is that the conclusion of an essay is not just the last paragraph of an academic paper where you restate your thesis and key arguments. A concluding paragraph is also your opportunity to have a final impact on your audience. 

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How to write a conclusion paragraph that leaves a lasting impression – In this guide, the team at EssayPro is going to walk you through the process of writing a perfect conclusion step by step. Additionally, we will share valuable tips and tricks to help students of all ages impress their readers at the last moment.

Instead of Intro: What Is a Conclusion?

Before we can move on, let’s take a moment here to define the conclusion itself. According to the standard conclusion definition, it is pretty much the last part of something, its result, or end. However, this term is rather broad and superficial.

When it comes to writing academic papers, a concluding statement refers to an opinion, judgment, suggestion, or position arrived at by logical reasoning (through the arguments provided in the body of the text). Therefore, if you are wondering “what is a good closing sentence like?” – keep on reading.

What Does a Good Conclusion Mean?

Writing a good conclusion for a paper isn’t easy. However, we are going to walk you through this process step by step. Although there are generally no strict rules on how to formulate one, there are some basic principles that everyone should keep in mind. In this section, we will share some core ideas for writing a good conclusion, and, later in the article, we will also provide you with more practical advice and examples.

Here are the core goals a good conclusion should complete:

• “Wrap up” the entire paper;
• Demonstrate to readers that the author accomplished what he/she set out to do;
• Show how you the author has proved their thesis statement;
• Give a sense of completeness and closure on the topic;
• Leave something extra for your reader to think about;
• Leave a powerful final impact on a reader.

Another key thing to remember is that you should not introduce any new ideas or arguments to your paper's conclusion. It should only sum up what you have already written, revisit your thesis statement, and end with a powerful final impression.

When considering how to write a conclusion that works, here are the key points to keep in mind:

• A concluding sentence should only revisit the thesis statement, not restate it;
• It should summarize the main ideas from the body of the paper;
• It should demonstrate the significance and relevance of your work;
• An essay’s conclusion should include a call for action and leave space for further study or development of the topic (if necessary).

How Long Should a Conclusion Be? 

Although there are no strict universal rules regarding the length of an essay’s final clause, both teachers and experienced writers recommend keeping it clear, concise, and straight to the point. There is an unspoken rule that the introduction and conclusion of an academic paper should both be about 10% of the overall paper’s volume. For example, if you were assigned a 1500 word essay, both the introductory and final clauses should be approximately 150 words long (300 together).

Why You Need to Know How to End an Essay:

A conclusion is what drives a paper to its logical end. It also drives the main points of your piece one last time. It is your last opportunity to impact and impress your audience. And, most importantly, it is your chance to demonstrate to readers why your work matters. Simply put, the final paragraph of your essay should answer the last important question a reader will have – “So what?”

If you do a concluding paragraph right, it can give your readers a sense of logical completeness. On the other hand, if you do not make it powerful enough, it can leave them hanging, and diminish the effect of the entire piece.

Strategies to Crafting a Proper Conclusion

Although there are no strict rules for what style to use to write your conclusion, there are several strategies that have been proven to be effective. In the list below, you can find some of the most effective strategies with some good conclusion paragraph examples to help you grasp the idea.

One effective way to emphasize the significance of your essay and give the audience some thought to ponder about is by taking a look into the future. The “When and If” technique is quite powerful when it comes to supporting your points in the essay’s conclusion.

Prediction essay conclusion example: “Taking care of a pet is quite hard, which is the reason why most parents refuse their children’s requests to get a pet. However, the refusal should be the last choice of parents. If we want to inculcate a deep sense of responsibility and organization in our kids, and, at the same time, sprout compassion in them, we must let our children take care of pets.”

Another effective strategy is to link your conclusion to your introductory paragraph. This will create a full-circle narration for your readers, create a better understanding of your topic, and emphasize your key point.

Echo conclusion paragraph example: Introduction: “I believe that all children should grow up with a pet. I still remember the exact day my parents brought my first puppy to our house. This was one of the happiest moments in my life and, at the same time, one of the most life-changing ones. Growing up with a pet taught me a lot, and most importantly, it taught me to be responsible.” Conclusion:. “I remember when I picked up my first puppy and how happy I was at that time. Growing up with a pet, I learned what it means to take care of someone, make sure that he always has water and food, teach him, and constantly keep an eye on my little companion. Having a child grow up with a pet teaches them responsibility and helps them acquire a variety of other life skills like leadership, love, compassion, and empathy. This is why I believe that every kid should grow up with a pet!”

Finally, one more trick that will help you create a flawless conclusion is to amplify your main idea or to present it in another perspective of a larger context. This technique will help your readers to look at the problem discussed from a different angle.

Step-up argumentative essay conclusion example: “Despite the obvious advantages of owning a pet in childhood, I feel that we cannot generalize whether all children should have a pet. Whereas some kids may benefit from such experiences, namely, by becoming more compassionate, organized, and responsible, it really depends on the situation, motivation, and enthusiasm of a particular child for owning a pet.”

What is a clincher in an essay? – The final part of an essay’s conclusion is often referred to as a clincher sentence. According to the clincher definition, it is a final sentence that reinforces the main idea or leaves the audience with an intriguing thought to ponder upon. In a nutshell, the clincher is very similar to the hook you would use in an introductory paragraph. Its core mission is to seize the audience’s attention until the end of the paper. At the same time, this statement is what creates a sense of completeness and helps the author leave a lasting impression on the reader.

Now, since you now know what a clincher is, you are probably wondering how to use one in your own paper. First of all, keep in mind that a good clincher should be intriguing, memorable, smooth, and straightforward.

Generally, there are several different tricks you can use for your clincher statement; it can be:

• A short, but memorable and attention-grabbing conclusion;
• A relevant and memorable quote (only if it brings actual value);
• A call to action;
• A rhetorical question;
• An illustrative story or provocative example;
• A warning against a possibility or suggestion about the consequences of a discussed problem;
• A joke (however, be careful with this as it may not always be deemed appropriate).

Regardless of the technique you choose, make sure that your clincher is memorable and aligns with your introduction and thesis.

Clincher examples: - While New York may not be the only place with the breathtaking views, it is definitely among my personal to 3… and that’s what definitely makes it worth visiting. - “Thence we came forth to rebehold the stars”, Divine Comedy - Don’t you think all these advantages sound like almost life-saving benefits of owning a pet? “So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.”, The Great Gatsby

Conclusion Writing Don'ts 

Now, when you know what tricks and techniques you should use to create a perfect conclusion, let’s look at some of the things you should not do with our online paper writing service :

• Starting with some cliché concluding sentence starters. Many students find common phrases like “In conclusion,” “Therefore,” “In summary,” or similar statements to be pretty good conclusion starters. However, though such conclusion sentence starters may work in certain cases – for example, in speeches – they are overused, so it is recommended not to use them in writing to introduce your conclusion.
• Putting the first mention of your thesis statement in the conclusion – it has to be presented in your introduction first.
• Providing new arguments, subtopics, or ideas in the conclusion paragraph.
• Including a slightly changed or unchanged thesis statement.
• Providing arguments and evidence that belong in the body of the work.
• Writing too long, hard to read, or confusing sentences.

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Conclusion Paragraph Outline

The total number of sentences in your final paragraph may vary depending on the number of points you discussed in your essay, as well as on the overall word count of your paper. However, the overall conclusion paragraph outline will remain the same and consists of the following elements:

• A conclusion starter:

The first part of your paragraph should drive readers back to your thesis statement. Thus, if you were wondering how to start a conclusion, the best way to do it is by rephrasing your thesis statement.

• Summary of the body paragraphs:

Right after revisiting your thesis, you should include several sentences that wrap up the key highlights and points from your body paragraphs. This part of your conclusion can consist of 2-3 sentences—depending on the number of arguments you’ve made. If necessary, you can also explain to the readers how your main points fit together.

• A concluding sentence:

Finally, you should end your paragraph with a last, powerful sentence that leaves a lasting impression, gives a sense of logical completeness, and connects readers back to the introduction of the paper.

These three key elements make up a perfect essay conclusion. Now, to give you an even better idea of how to create a perfect conclusion, let us give you a sample conclusion paragraph outline with examples from an argumentative essay on the topic of “Every Child Should Own a Pet:

• Sentence 1: Starter
• ~ Thesis: "Though taking care of a pet may be a bit challenging for small children. Parents should not restrict their kids from having a pet as it helps them grow into more responsible and compassionate people."
• ~ Restated thesis for a conclusion: "I can say that taking care of a pet is good for every child."
• Sentences 2-4: Summary
• ~ "Studies have shown that pet owners generally have fewer health problems."
• ~ "Owning a pet teaches a child to be more responsible."
• ~ "Spending time with a pet reduces stress, feelings of loneliness, and anxiety."
• Sentence 5: A concluding sentence
• ~ "Pets can really change a child life for the better, so don't hesitate to endorse your kid's desire to own a pet."

This is a clear example of how you can shape your conclusion paragraph.

How to Conclude Various Types of Essays

Depending on the type of academic essay you are working on, your concluding paragraph's style, tone, and length may vary. In this part of our guide, we will tell you how to end different types of essays and other works.

How to End an Argumentative Essay

Persuasive or argumentative essays always have the single goal of convincing readers of something (an idea, stance, or viewpoint) by appealing to arguments, facts, logic, and even emotions. The conclusion for such an essay has to be persuasive as well. A good trick you can use is to illustrate a real-life scenario that proves your stance or encourages readers to take action. More about persuasive essay outline you can read in our article.

Here are a few more tips for making a perfect conclusion for an argumentative essay:

• Carefully read the whole essay before you begin;
• Re-emphasize your ideas;
• Discuss possible implications;
• Don’t be afraid to appeal to the reader’s emotions.

How to End a Compare and Contrast Essay

The purpose of a compare and contrast essay is to emphasize the differences or similarities between two or more objects, people, phenomena, etc. Therefore, a logical conclusion should highlight how the reviewed objects are different or similar. Basically, in such a paper, your conclusion should recall all of the key common and distinctive features discussed in the body of your essay and also give readers some food for thought after they finish reading it.

How to Conclude a Descriptive Essay

The key idea of a descriptive essay is to showcase your creativity and writing skills by painting a vivid picture with the help of words. This is one of the most creative types of essays as it requires you to show a story, not tell it. This kind of essay implies using a lot of vivid details. Respectively, the conclusion of such a paper should also use descriptive imagery and, at the same time, sum up the main ideas. A good strategy for ending a descriptive essay would be to begin with a short explanation of why you wrote the essay. Then, you should reflect on how your topic affects you. In the middle of the conclusion, you should cover the most critical moments of the story to smoothly lead the reader into a logical closing statement. The “clincher”, in this case, should be a thought-provoking final sentence that leaves a good and lasting impression on the audience. Do not lead the reader into the essay and then leave them with dwindling memories of it.

How to Conclude an Essay About Yourself

If you find yourself writing an essay about yourself, you need to tell a personal story. As a rule, such essays talk about the author’s experiences, which is why a conclusion should create a feeling of narrative closure. A good strategy is to end your story with a logical finale and the lessons you have learned, while, at the same time, linking it to the introductory paragraph and recalling key moments from the story.

How to End an Informative Essay

Unlike other types of papers, informative or expository essays load readers with a lot of information and facts. In this case, “Synthesize, don’t summarize” is the best technique you can use to end your paper. Simply put, instead of recalling all of the major facts, you should approach your conclusion from the “So what?” position by highlighting the significance of the information provided.

How to Conclude a Narrative Essay

In a nutshell, a narrative essay is based on simple storytelling. The purpose of this paper is to share a particular story in detail. Therefore, the conclusion for such a paper should wrap up the story and avoid finishing on an abrupt cliffhanger. It is vital to include the key takeaways and the lessons learned from the story.

How to Write a Conclusion for a Lab Report

Unlike an essay, a lab report is based on an experiment. This type of paper describes the flow of a particular experiment conducted by a student and its conclusion should reflect on the outcomes of this experiment.

In thinking of how to write a conclusion for a lab, here are the key things you should do to get it right:

• Restate the goals of your experiment
• Describe the methods you used
• Include the results of the experiment and analyze the final data
• End your conclusion with a clear statement on whether or not the experiment was successful (Did you reach the expected results?)

How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper

Writing a paper is probably the hardest task of all, even for experienced dissertation writer . Unlike an essay or even a lab report, a research paper is a much longer piece of work that requires a deeper investigation of the problem. Therefore, a conclusion for such a paper should be even more sophisticated and powerful. If you're feeling difficulty writing an essay, you can buy essay on our service.

However, given that a research paper is the second most popular kind of academic paper (after an essay), it is important to know how to conclude a research paper. Even if you have not yet been assigned to do this task, be sure that you will face it soon. So, here are the steps you should follow to create a great conclusion for a research paper:

• Restate the Topic

Start your final paragraph with a quick reminder of what the topic of the piece is about. Keep it one sentence long.

• Revisit the Thesis

Next, you should remind your readers what your thesis statement was. However, do not just copy and paste it from the introductory clause: paraphrase your thesis so that you deliver the same idea but with different words. Keep your paraphrased thesis narrow, specific, and topic-oriented.

• Summarise Your Key Ideas

Just like the case of a regular essay’s conclusion, a research paper’s final paragraph should also include a short summary of all of the key points stated in the body sections. We recommend reading the entire body part a few times to define all of your main arguments and ideas.

• Showcase the Significance of Your Work

In the research paper conclusion, it is vital to highlight the significance of your research problem and state how your solution could be helpful.

• Make Suggestions for Future Studies

Finally, at the end of your conclusion, you should define how your findings will contribute to the development of its particular field of science. Outline the perspectives of further research and, if necessary, explain what is yet to be discovered on the topic.

Then, end your conclusion with a powerful concluding sentence – it can be a rhetorical question, call to action, or another hook that will help you have a strong impact on the audience.

• Answer the Right Questions

To create a top-notch research paper conclusion, be sure to answer the following questions:

• What is the goal of a research paper?
• What are the possible solutions to the research question(s)?
• How can your results be implemented in real life? (Is your research paper helpful to the community?)
• Why is this study important and relevant?

Additionally, here are a few more handy tips to follow:

• Provide clear examples from real life to help readers better understand the further implementation of the stated solutions;
• Keep your conclusion fresh, original, and creative.

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So, What Is a Good Closing Sentence? See The Difference

One of the best ways to learn how to write a good conclusion is to look at several professional essay conclusion examples. In this section of our guide, we are going to look at two different final paragraphs shaped on the basis of the same template, but even so, they are very different – where one is weak and the other is strong. Below, we are going to compare them to help you understand the difference between a good and a bad conclusion.

Here is the template we used: College degrees are in decline. The price of receiving an education does not correlate with the quality of the education received. As a result, graduated students face underemployment, and the worth of college degrees appears to be in serious doubt. However, the potential social and economic benefits of educated students balance out the equation.

Strong Conclusion ‍

People either see college as an opportunity or an inconvenience; therefore, a degree can only hold as much value as its owner’s skillset. The underemployment of graduate students puts the worth of college degrees in serious doubt. Yet, with the multitude of benefits that educated students bring to society and the economy, the equation remains in balance. Perhaps the ordinary person should consider college as a wise financial investment, but only if they stay determined to study and do the hard work.

Why is this example good? There are several key points that prove its effectiveness:

• There is a bold opening statement that encompasses the two contrasting types of students we can see today.
• There are two sentences that recall the thesis statement and cover the key arguments from the body of the essay.
• Finally, the last sentence sums up the key message of the essay and leaves readers with something to think about.

Weak Conclusion

In conclusion, with the poor preparation of students in college and the subsequent underemployment after graduation from college, the worth associated with the college degree appears to be in serious doubt. However, these issues alone may not reasonably conclude beyond a doubt that investing in a college degree is a rewarding venture. When the full benefits that come with education are carefully put into consideration and evaluated, college education for children in any country still has good advantages, and society should continue to advocate for a college education. The ordinary person should consider this a wise financial decision that holds rewards in the end. Apart from the monetary gains associated with a college education, society will greatly benefit from students when they finish college. Their minds are going to be expanded, and their reasoning and decision making will be enhanced.

What makes this example bad? Here are a few points to consider:

• Unlike the first example, this paragraph is long and not specific enough. The author provides plenty of generalized phrases that are not backed up by actual arguments.
• This piece is hard to read and understand and sentences have a confusing structure. Also, there are lots of repetitions and too many uses of the word “college”.
• There is no summary of the key benefits.
• The last two sentences that highlight the value of education contradict with the initial statement.
• Finally, the last sentence doesn’t offer a strong conclusion and gives no thought to ponder upon.
• In the body of your essay, you have hopefully already provided your reader(s) with plenty of information. Therefore, it is not wise to present new arguments or ideas in your conclusion.
• To end your final paragraph right, find a clear and straightforward message that will have the most powerful impact on your audience.
• Don’t use more than one quote in the final clause of your paper – the information from external sources (including quotes) belongs in the body of a paper.
• Be authoritative when writing a conclusion. You should sound confident and convincing to leave a good impression. Sentences like “I’m not an expert, but…” will most likely make you seem less knowledgeable and/or credible.

Good Conclusion Examples

Now that we've learned what a conclusion is and how to write one let's take a look at some essay conclusion examples to strengthen our knowledge.

The ending ironically reveals that all was for nothing. (A short explanation of the thematic effect of the book’s end) Tom says that Miss Watson freed Jim in her final will.Jim told Huck that the dead man on the Island was pap. The entire adventure seemingly evaporated into nothingness. (How this effect was manifested into the minds of thereaders).

All in all, international schools hold the key to building a full future that students can achieve. (Thesis statement simplified) They help students develop their own character by learning from their mistakes, without having to face a dreadful penalty for failure. (Thesis statement elaborated)Although some say that kids emerged “spoiled” with this mentality, the results prove the contrary. (Possible counter-arguments are noted)

In conclusion, public workers should be allowed to strike since it will give them a chance to air their grievances. (Thesis statement) Public workers should be allowed to strike when their rights, safety, and regulations are compromised. The workers will get motivated when they strike, and their demands are met.

In summary, studies reveal some similarities in the nutrient contents between the organic and non-organic food substances. (Starts with similarities) However, others have revealed many considerable differences in the amounts of antioxidants as well as other minerals present in organic and non-organic foods. Generally, organic foods have higher levels of antioxidants than non-organic foods and therefore are more important in the prevention of chronic illnesses.

As time went by, my obsession grew into something bigger than art; (‘As time went by’ signals maturation) it grew into a dream of developing myself for the world. (Showing student’s interest of developing himself for the community) It is a dream of not only seeing the world from a different perspective but also changing the perspective of people who see my work. (Showing student’s determination to create moving pieces of art)

In conclusion, it is evident that technology is an integral part of our lives and without it, we become “lost” since we have increasingly become dependent on its use. (Thesis with main point)

You might also be interested in reading nursing essay examples from our service.

How To Write A Conclusion For An Essay?

How to write a good conclusion, how to write a conclusion for a college essay.

Daniel Parker

is a seasoned educational writer focusing on scholarship guidance, research papers, and various forms of academic essays including reflective and narrative essays. His expertise also extends to detailed case studies. A scholar with a background in English Literature and Education, Daniel’s work on EssayPro blog aims to support students in achieving academic excellence and securing scholarships. His hobbies include reading classic literature and participating in academic forums.

is an expert in nursing and healthcare, with a strong background in history, law, and literature. Holding advanced degrees in nursing and public health, his analytical approach and comprehensive knowledge help students navigate complex topics. On EssayPro blog, Adam provides insightful articles on everything from historical analysis to the intricacies of healthcare policies. In his downtime, he enjoys historical documentaries and volunteering at local clinics.

Related Articles

How to write a Conclusion

What is a Conclusion?

Before we learn how to write a conclusion, we need to determine what a conclusion is.

A conclusion is the final sentences or paragraph in a piece of writing that signifies the end of a text, event or process.

We can find conclusions everywhere, from narratives, letters and reports to persuasive essays and speeches.

Conclusions perform many functions, which we will examine throughout this article. Fundamentally, they wrap everything up and finish a piece of writing or a presentation.

Unfortunately, conclusions are often the most challenging section of a paper to write. They are the final words of the writer on the topic and, as a result, play a crucial part in the lasting impression the writing leaves on the reader.

For this reason, our students must take time to understand clearly the functions of a conclusion and how they work. Time spent mastering the art of conclusion writing will be time well spent.

A COMPLETE UNIT ON HOW TO WRITE A CONCLUSION

Teach your students to write  POWERFUL   CONCLUSIONS  that put a bow on a great piece of writing. All too often, students struggle to conclude their writing. Stumbling, repeating themselves, or missing the opportunity to make a lasting impression.

This  COMPLETE UNIT OF WORK  will take your students from zero to hero over  FIVE STRATEGIC LESSONS  covered.

What is the Purpose of a Concluding Paragraph

Unfortunately, there is no one-size-fits-all formula we can teach our students that they can use to write any conclusion. Conclusions perform several functions, varying widely from paper to paper. Some of these functions include:

• Restates a paper’s thesis and explains why it’s important
• Synthesizes the essay’s arguments
• It opens up new questions
• Addresses limitations
• Makes a call to action.

Not all conclusions will perform each of these functions. How our students approach writing their conclusions will depend on several factors, including:

• The conventions of the writing genre
• The intended audience and their motivations
• The formality or informality of the paper
• The tone of the writing.

 Now, let’s look at each of the functions of a conclusion one by one, along with a practice activity for each to give our students some hands-on practice.

1. A Concluding Paragraph Restates the Thesis and Explains Why

One of the most common errors in writing a conclusion is to use it to simply restate the thesis. Though this is widely taught, it isn’t enough.

The student should also explain why the argument made in their thesis is important. This involves considering the more widespread impact of the thesis and its supporting arguments.

  The conclusion should inform the reader why the thesis matters by answering questions similar to the following:

• What are the wider societal implications of the thesis?
• Does the thesis challenge a widely accepted idea or belief?
• Does the thesis have significance for how things could be done in the future?

To write a conclusion in this vein, it is helpful for students to compose similar type questions relevant to their thesis, which they can then set out to answer.

These questions will vary widely according to the subject being written about and the genre being written in. Still, regardless, the conclusion should highlight the thesis’s significance to the wider world. This will bring context to the writing as a whole.

Example: In conclusion, this paper has argued that increasing access to education is essential for reducing poverty and promoting economic development. We have presented evidence from various studies showing the positive correlation between education and income and the role of education in fostering other developmental goals, such as improved health and reduced inequality. Restating the thesis, we can say that access to education is a fundamental human right and should be prioritized as a key development strategy to reduce poverty and promote sustainable economic growth. The evidence presented in this paper supports this argument, making a case for the importance of increasing access to education for the well-being of individuals and societies.

2. A CONCLUSION SYNTHESIZES THE PAPER’S ARGUMENTS

This is another very common function performed by the conclusion. While each body paragraph in the paper may correspond to a single specific argument in support of the central thesis, in the conclusion, the various strands of supporting arguments are woven into a coherent whole.

The conclusion is not the place to introduce new arguments or to simply list the arguments made in the body paragraphs. Instead, it provides a final opportunity for your students to drive home their main arguments one last time and make connections between them to reveal a coherent whole.

Often, a conclusion will combine functions of functions 1 and 2 by restating the thesis, synthesizing the arguments, and explaining the wider significance of the thesis.

When considering how to write a conclusion for an argumentative essay, remember to synthesize it.

Example: In conclusion, this paper has presented a thorough examination of the current state of renewable energy sources and their potential to combat climate change. Through an analysis of the economic and technical feasibility of various renewable energy options, we have shown that renewable energy is a viable and necessary solution to reducing carbon emissions. Additionally, we have highlighted the importance of government policies and investment in research and development to accelerate the adoption of renewable energy. Overall, this paper argues that renewable energy is a crucial step in the fight against climate change and must be prioritized to secure a sustainable future.

3. A CONCLUSION CAN OPEN UP NEW QUESTIONS

We often think of conclusions as drawing things to a close. But there’s another way of looking at things. Often, through the process of making various arguments in a piece of writing, new questions will emerge naturally.

This method is commonly encountered when exploring how to write a conclusion for a thesis.

This often occurs when the central thesis is set in a broader context. We can think of the progression of an essay as moving from a thesis statement through evermore specific arguments that support that initial thesis statement.

To open up new questions in the conclusion, the student should move from the specific to the more general, generating further possible lines of inquiry on the topic as they go. The effect of this type of conclusion is to spark the reader’s curiosity and further interest in the subject.

Example: In conclusion, our research has provided an in-depth examination of the effects of climate change on biodiversity. Our findings indicate that climate change is having a significant impact on the distribution and abundance of species. However, our research has also revealed that there are still many unanswered questions about the mechanisms driving these changes. For example, more research is needed to understand the role of different species interactions and the effects of climate change on specific ecosystem functions. We hope our research will serve as a foundation for further studies and inspire other researchers to continue investigating the complex relationship between climate change and biodiversity.

4. A CONCLUSION PARAGRAPH ADDRESSES THE LIMITATIONS

This method is often used in academic or scientific writing when considering how to write a conclusion for a report. In it, the student writer directly explores the weaknesses of their arguments.

It’s perhaps the bravest type of conclusion there is! Students need to be careful not to destroy their own thesis in the process. A sentence mentioning the limitation, quickly followed by a sentence or two addressing the problem, should be enough.

When done well, this strategy strengthens the impact of a paper by dealing head-on with potential criticisms and making strong counter-arguments in the process.

Example: In conclusion, our research provides valuable insights into the relationship between environmental factors and academic performance. However, it is important to note that our study has limitations. Firstly, the sample size was relatively small, and our results may not be generalizable to a larger population. Additionally, our study only considered one specific type of environmental factor and did not take into account other factors that may impact academic performance. Despite these limitations, our research provides a starting point for future studies in this area.

5. A CONCLUSION CAN OFFER A CALL TO ACTION

In a call-to-action type conclusion, the writer compels the reader to take a desired action or perform a particular task. This type of conclusion aims to persuade the reader or listener to do something.

Call-to-action conclusions work in various genres, including presentations, speeches, advertisements, and persuasive essays .

There are various techniques students can use to inspire action in their conclusions, such as appeals to emotions, the use of strong imperatives, or appeals to the reader’s or the listener’s self-interest.

Example: In conclusion, our research highlights the importance of access to clean drinking water in developing countries. Our findings show that a lack of access to clean water can lead to serious health issues and negatively impact the economy. However, it is not enough to simply acknowledge this problem – action must be taken. We call on governments, non-profit organizations, and individuals to take action by investing in infrastructure and providing education on sanitation and hygiene. Together, we can work towards providing access to clean water for all, and, ultimately, improve the quality of life for people living in developing countries.

Tips for Writing a Strong Conclusion

As young writers, crafting a solid conclusion for your essay is essential to communicate your ideas effectively. A well-written conclusion can help to summarize your main points, provide closure to your argument, and leave a lasting impression on your reader. Here are ten tips for writing a strong conclusion to an essay for high school students:

• Restate the main idea of your essay. A good conclusion should summarize the main points of your essay and reiterate the main idea or thesis statement.
• Provide closure to your argument. Your conclusion should provide a sense of closure to your argument and tie up any loose ends.
• Emphasize the importance of your topic. Your conclusion should also emphasize the importance of the topic you have discussed and why it matters to your reader.
• Offer a call to action. Encourage your reader to take action or think more deeply about the issues you have discussed in your essay.
• Avoid introducing new information. Your conclusion should be a summary of your main points, not a place to introduce new information or ideas.
• Keep it simple. Avoid using complex phrases or convoluted language in your conclusion.
• Use a strong concluding sentence. Your last sentence should be a powerful statement that leaves a lasting impression on your reader.
• Avoid summarizing every point. You don’t have to summarize every point you made in the essay; pick the main and most important ones.
• Reflect on your essay’s meaning. Take a step back and reflect on the overall meaning of your essay and the message you want to convey to your reader.
• Revise and proofread . Revise and proofread your conclusion carefully to ensure it is clear, concise, and error-free.

By following these tips, you can write a strong conclusion that effectively communicates your ideas and leaves a lasting impression on your reader.

What shouldn’t a conclusion do?

So far, we’ve discussed some conclusion writing strategies by discussing things a good conclusion should do. Now, it’s time to look at some things a conclusion shouldn’t do.

The following list contains some of the most common mistakes students must avoid making in their conclusions. This list can help students troubleshoot their conclusions when they get stuck or run into problems.

1. Uses a Vague Thesis Statement

If the student struggles to make a powerful impact in their conclusion, it may be because their thesis statement is too vague.

If this is the case, they messed up long ago.

The first time the reader sees the thesis statement should be in the introduction. Because all arguments stem from that statement, a comprehensive rewrite of the entire paper will most likely be needed.

2. Opens with a Clichéd Phrase

When students begin to learn to write conclusions, they often learn some stock phrases to help kickstart their writing. Phrases such as ‘in conclusion’ or ‘to conclude’ can be useful as prompts to get students quickly into the meat of their writing. However, overuse of such stock phrases can leave the writing feeling mechanical.

Ultimately, we want more for our students. If one of the purposes of a conclusion is to make a powerful impact on the reader, we must encourage our students to be creative and bold in their writing.

3. Doubts the Thesis

In the first part of this article, we briefly discussed the idea of addressing the limitations of the thesis and supporting arguments. This can be an effective strategy for students, but it can also be risky. The student needs to ensure they don’t undermine their stance.

When students use this strategy, ensure they understand that addressing limitations is not the same thing as apologizing for the position held. A good conclusion is impossible without the writer actually concluding something; conclusions should end with a strong statement.

4. Contains Irrelevancies

Students must ensure that every piece of information in their essay or article is relevant to the topic and thesis.

One of the most common mistakes students make is failing to ‘kill their babies’. That is, they go off on a tangent in their writing but are reluctant to remove the offending sentences in the editing process.

Often this happens because the student doesn’t want to throw out something they spent time writing, even if it’s utterly irrelevant to the topic they’re writing about.

At other times, students fail to be merciless in their editing because they’re waffling to reach an assigned word count.

In this case, it’s important to remind students that to the seasoned eye of a teacher or examiner, any puff and padding in their writing is obvious.

5. Fails to Address the Why?

As an article or a paper draws to a close, it’s essential that the reader feels the time they spent reading was time well invested. To achieve this, the student must answer the why? question satisfactorily. Students should make sure their readers leave their writing feeling like they have learned something of value, are inspired to take action or have new questions to research and answer.

Drawing the Curtains on Our Work on Conclusions

We’ve covered a lot of ground in our article on conclusions. We’ve looked at strategies and techniques our students can use to hone their conclusion-writing skills.

Now, it’s up to us as teachers to create opportunities for our students to perfect their understanding and ability to use these strategies and techniques in their writing.

While the ideas above will go a long way to ensuring your students are capable of composing well-written conclusions, with time and practice, they’ll develop their own style and approach to the conclusion conundrum – and surely there can be no more fitting conclusion than that!

Conclusion Writing Teaching Strategies and Activities

Practice Activity: Connect to the Wider World : To practice this, provide the students with a copy of a well-written essay suited to their level but with the concluding paragraph snipped out. Challenge the students to first identify the thesis statement, it should be in the essay’s introduction, and then to write a conclusion that connects that thesis to the wider world by explaining why it matters.

Practice Activity: Write the Conclusion First : Sometimes, it’s helpful for students to think of the conclusion as the destination their writing is headed for. The next time your students have completed an outline for an essay , instruct them to write the conclusion first. In it, they should explore the reasons for their thesis and its wider significance and synthesize their arguments. This gives the students a clear focus for the preceding introduction and body paragraphs and gives their writing a clear direction to work towards.

Practice Activity: Shift Perspective : For many students, writing this style of conclusion will require a shift in their understanding of the purpose of a conclusion. One good way to begin to shift that perspective is to encourage students to rewrite conclusions they’ve written previously in old essays. For example, they might shift the focus of a conclusion from a local significance to global significance or from historical significance to contemporary significance.

Practice Activity: Poke the Weak Points

Students take a conclusion they have written already, such as one written for a previous activity. Then, set the students the task of rewriting the conclusion to address any limitations of the supporting arguments. To do this, students need to ask themselves:

• What aspects of my arguments are open to contradiction?
• How can I address those contradictions?

Practice Activity: Blog It! : Blogs often use calls to action in the conclusions of their informational articles. Set your students the task of identifying several blogs on subjects that interest them. Students may benefit from doing this activity in groups.

Once they’ve identified some suitable websites, instruct the students to look at the conclusion of some of the articles.

• Can they identify any calls to action there?
• How do the writers introduce their calls to action?
• What techniques does the writer use to motivate the reader?

Challenge students to identify as many different motivational techniques and strategies as possible and then make a list that they can then share with the class.

When students have become good at identifying calls to action and the various motivational techniques and strategies, they can then write a blog article on a subject that interests them, making sure to include a call to action in their conclusion.

A COMPLETE TEACHING UNIT ON PERSUASIVE WRITING SKILLS

Teach your students to produce writing that  PERSUADES  and  INFLUENCES  thinking with this  HUGE  writing guide bundle covering: ⭐ Persuasive Texts / Essays ⭐ Expository Essays⭐ Argumentative Essays⭐ Discussions.

A complete 140 PAGE unit of work on persuasive texts for teachers and students. No preparation is required.

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How to write an excellent thesis conclusion [with examples]

Restate the thesis

Review or reiterate key points of your work, explain why your work is relevant, a take-away for the reader, more resources on writing thesis conclusions, frequently asked questions about writing an excellent thesis conclusion, related articles.

At this point in your writing, you have most likely finished your introduction and the body of your thesis, dissertation, or research paper . While this is a reason to celebrate, you should not underestimate the importance of your conclusion. The conclusion is the last thing that your reader will see, so it should be memorable.

A good conclusion will review the key points of the thesis and explain to the reader why the information is relevant, applicable, or related to the world as a whole. Make sure to dedicate enough of your writing time to the conclusion and do not put it off until the very last minute.

This article provides an effective technique for writing a conclusion adapted from Erika Eby’s The College Student's Guide to Writing a Good Research Paper: 101 Easy Tips & Tricks to Make Your Work Stand Out .

While the thesis introduction starts out with broad statements about the topic, and then narrows it down to the thesis statement , a thesis conclusion does the same in the opposite order.

• Restate the thesis.
• Review or reiterate key points of your work.
• Explain why your work is relevant.
• Include a core take-away message for the reader.

Tip: Don’t just copy and paste your thesis into your conclusion. Restate it in different words.

The best way to start a conclusion is simply by restating the thesis statement. That does not mean just copying and pasting it from the introduction, but putting it into different words.

You will need to change the structure and wording of it to avoid sounding repetitive. Also, be firm in your conclusion just as you were in the introduction. Try to avoid sounding apologetic by using phrases like "This paper has tried to show..."

The conclusion should address all the same parts as the thesis while making it clear that the reader has reached the end. You are telling the reader that your research is finished and what your findings are.

I have argued throughout this work that the point of critical mass for biopolitical immunity occurred during the Romantic period because of that era's unique combination of post-revolutionary politics and innovations in smallpox prevention. In particular, I demonstrated that the French Revolution and the discovery of vaccination in the 1790s triggered a reconsideration of the relationship between bodies and the state.

Tip: Try to reiterate points from your introduction in your thesis conclusion.

The next step is to review the main points of the thesis as a whole. Look back at the body of of your project and make a note of the key ideas. You can reword these ideas the same way you reworded your thesis statement and then incorporate that into the conclusion.

You can also repeat striking quotations or statistics, but do not use more than two. As the conclusion represents your own closing thoughts on the topic , it should mainly consist of your own words.

In addition, conclusions can contain recommendations to the reader or relevant questions that further the thesis. You should ask yourself:

• What you would ideally like to see your readers do in reaction to your paper?
• Do you want them to take a certain action or investigate further?
• Is there a bigger issue that your paper wants to draw attention to?

Also, try to reference your introduction in your conclusion. You have already taken a first step by restating your thesis. Now, check whether there are other key words, phrases or ideas that are mentioned in your introduction that fit into your conclusion. Connecting the introduction to the conclusion in this way will help readers feel satisfied.

I explored how Mary Wollstonecraft, in both her fiction and political writings, envisions an ideal medico-political state, and how other writers like William Wordsworth and Mary Shelley increasingly imagined the body politic literally, as an incorporated political collective made up of bodies whose immunity to political and medical ills was essential to a healthy state.

Tip: Make sure to explain why your thesis is relevant to your field of research.

Although you can encourage readers to question their opinions and reflect on your topic, do not leave loose ends. You should provide a sense of resolution and make sure your conclusion wraps up your argument. Make sure you explain why your thesis is relevant to your field of research and how your research intervenes within, or substantially revises, existing scholarly debates.

This project challenged conventional ideas about the relationship among Romanticism, medicine, and politics by reading the unfolding of Romantic literature and biopolitical immunity as mutual, co-productive processes. In doing so, this thesis revises the ways in which biopolitics has been theorized by insisting on the inherent connections between Romantic literature and the forms of biopower that characterize early modernity.

Tip: If you began your thesis with an anecdote or historical example, you may want to return to that in your conclusion.

End your conclusion with something memorable, such as:

• a call to action
• a recommendation
• a gesture towards future research
• a brief explanation of how the problem or idea you covered remains relevant

Ultimately, you want readers to feel more informed, or ready to act, as they read your conclusion.

Yet, the Romantic period is only the beginning of modern thought on immunity and biopolitics. Victorian writers, doctors, and politicians upheld the Romantic idea that a "healthy state" was a literal condition that could be achieved by combining politics and medicine, but augmented that idea through legislation and widespread public health measures. While many nineteenth-century efforts to improve citizens' health were successful, the fight against disease ultimately changed course in the twentieth century as global immunological threats such as SARS occupied public consciousness. Indeed, as subsequent public health events make apparent, biopolitical immunity persists as a viable concept for thinking about the relationship between medicine and politics in modernity.

Need more advice? Read our 5 additional tips on how to write a good thesis conclusion.

The conclusion is the last thing that your reader will see, so it should be memorable. To write a great thesis conclusion you should:

The basic content of a conclusion is to review the main points from the paper. This part represents your own closing thoughts on the topic. It should mainly consist of the outcome of the research in your own words.

The length of the conclusion will depend on the length of the whole thesis. Usually, a conclusion should be around 5-7% of the overall word count.

End your conclusion with something memorable, such as a question, warning, or call to action. Depending on the topic, you can also end with a recommendation.

In Open Access: Theses and Dissertations you can find thousands of completed works. Take a look at any of the theses or dissertations for real-life examples of conclusions that were already approved.

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Writing a Paper: Conclusions

Writing a conclusion.

A conclusion is an important part of the paper; it provides closure for the reader while reminding the reader of the contents and importance of the paper. It accomplishes this by stepping back from the specifics in order to view the bigger picture of the document. In other words, it is reminding the reader of the main argument. For most course papers, it is usually one paragraph that simply and succinctly restates the main ideas and arguments, pulling everything together to help clarify the thesis of the paper. A conclusion does not introduce new ideas; instead, it should clarify the intent and importance of the paper. It can also suggest possible future research on the topic.

An Easy Checklist for Writing a Conclusion

It is important to remind the reader of the thesis of the paper so he is reminded of the argument and solutions you proposed.

Think of the main points as puzzle pieces, and the conclusion is where they all fit together to create a bigger picture. The reader should walk away with the bigger picture in mind.

Make sure that the paper places its findings in the context of real social change.

Make sure the reader has a distinct sense that the paper has come to an end. It is important to not leave the reader hanging. (You don’t want her to have flip-the-page syndrome, where the reader turns the page, expecting the paper to continue. The paper should naturally come to an end.)

No new ideas should be introduced in the conclusion. It is simply a review of the material that is already present in the paper. The only new idea would be the suggesting of a direction for future research.

Conclusion Example

As addressed in my analysis of recent research, the advantages of a later starting time for high school students significantly outweigh the disadvantages. A later starting time would allow teens more time to sleep--something that is important for their physical and mental health--and ultimately improve their academic performance and behavior. The added transportation costs that result from this change can be absorbed through energy savings. The beneficial effects on the students’ academic performance and behavior validate this decision, but its effect on student motivation is still unknown. I would encourage an in-depth look at the reactions of students to such a change. This sort of study would help determine the actual effects of a later start time on the time management and sleep habits of students.

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How to Conclude an Essay (with Examples)

Last Updated: April 3, 2023 Fact Checked

Writing a Strong Conclusion

What to avoid, brainstorming tricks.

This article was co-authored by Jake Adams and by wikiHow staff writer, Aly Rusciano . Jake Adams is an academic tutor and the owner of Simplifi EDU, a Santa Monica, California based online tutoring business offering learning resources and online tutors for academic subjects K-College, SAT & ACT prep, and college admissions applications. With over 14 years of professional tutoring experience, Jake is dedicated to providing his clients the very best online tutoring experience and access to a network of excellent undergraduate and graduate-level tutors from top colleges all over the nation. Jake holds a BS in International Business and Marketing from Pepperdine University. There are 8 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 3,208,591 times.

So, you’ve written an outstanding essay and couldn’t be more proud. But now you have to write the final paragraph. The conclusion simply summarizes what you’ve already written, right? Well, not exactly. Your essay’s conclusion should be a bit more finessed than that. Luckily, you’ve come to the perfect place to learn how to write a conclusion. We’ve put together this guide to fill you in on everything you should and shouldn’t do when ending an essay. Follow our advice, and you’ll have a stellar conclusion worthy of an A+ in no time.

Things You Should Know

• Rephrase your thesis to include in your final paragraph to bring the essay full circle.
• End your essay with a call to action, warning, or image to make your argument meaningful.
• Keep your conclusion concise and to the point, so you don’t lose a reader’s attention.
• Do your best to avoid adding new information to your conclusion and only emphasize points you’ve already made in your essay.

• “All in all”
• “Ultimately”
• “Furthermore”
• “As a consequence”
• “As a result”

• Make sure to write your main points in a new and unique way to avoid repetition.

• Let’s say this is your original thesis statement: “Allowing students to visit the library during lunch improves campus life and supports academic achievement.”
• Restating your thesis for your conclusion could look like this: “Evidence shows students who have access to their school’s library during lunch check out more books and are more likely to complete their homework.”
• The restated thesis has the same sentiment as the original while also summarizing other points of the essay.

• “When you use plastic water bottles, you pollute the ocean. Switch to using a glass or metal water bottle instead. The planet and sea turtles will thank you.”
• “The average person spends roughly 7 hours on their phone a day, so there’s no wonder cybersickness is plaguing all generations.”
• “Imagine walking on the beach, except the soft sand is made up of cigarette butts. They burn your feet but keep washing in with the tide. If we don’t clean up the ocean, this will be our reality.”
• “ Lost is not only a show that changed the course of television, but it’s also a reflection of humanity as a whole.”
• “If action isn’t taken to end climate change today, the global temperature will dangerously rise from 4.5 to 8 °F (−15.3 to −13.3 °C) by 2100.”

• Focus on your essay's most prevalent or important parts. What key points do you want readers to take away or remember about your essay?

• For instance, instead of writing, “That’s why I think that Abraham Lincoln was the best American President,” write, “That’s why Abraham Lincoln was the best American President.”
• There’s no room for ifs, ands, or buts—your opinion matters and doesn’t need to be apologized for!

• For instance, words like “firstly,” “secondly,” and “thirdly” may be great transition statements for body paragraphs but are unnecessary in a conclusion.

• For instance, say you began your essay with the idea that humanity’s small sense of sense stems from space’s vast size. Try returning to this idea in the conclusion by emphasizing that as human knowledge grows, space becomes smaller.

• For example, you could extend an essay on the television show Orange is the New Black by bringing up the culture of imprisonment in America.

Community Q&A

• Always review your essay after writing it for proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation, and don’t be afraid to revise. Thanks Helpful 2 Not Helpful 1
• Ask a friend, family member, or teacher for help if you’re stuck. Sometimes a second opinion is all you need. Thanks Helpful 2 Not Helpful 1

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• ↑ https://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/grammar/transition-signals
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/common_writing_assignments/argument_papers/conclusions.html
• ↑ http://writing2.richmond.edu/writing/wweb/conclude.html
• ↑ https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/ending-essay-conclusions
• ↑ https://www.pittsfordschools.org/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=542&dataid=4677&FileName=conclusions1.pdf
• ↑ https://www.cuyamaca.edu/student-support/tutoring-center/files/student-resources/how-to-write-a-good-conclusion.pdf
• ↑ https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185935

About This Article

To end an essay, start your conclusion with a phrase that makes it clear your essay is coming to a close, like "In summary," or "All things considered." Then, use a few sentences to briefly summarize the main points of your essay by rephrasing the topic sentences of your body paragraphs. Finally, end your conclusion with a call to action that encourages your readers to do something or learn more about your topic. In general, try to keep your conclusion between 5 and 7 sentences long. For more tips from our English co-author, like how to avoid common pitfalls when writing an essay conclusion, scroll down! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Conclusions

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Conclusions wrap up what you have been discussing in your paper. After moving from general to specific information in the introduction and body paragraphs, your conclusion should begin pulling back into more general information that restates the main points of your argument. Conclusions may also call for action or overview future possible research. The following outline may help you conclude your paper:

In a general way,

• Restate your topic and why it is important,
• Restate your thesis/claim,
• Address opposing viewpoints and explain why readers should align with your position,
• Call for action or overview future research possibilities.

Remember that once you accomplish these tasks, unless otherwise directed by your instructor, you are finished. Done. Complete. Don't try to bring in new points or end with a whiz bang(!) conclusion or try to solve world hunger in the final sentence of your conclusion. Simplicity is best for a clear, convincing message.

The preacher's maxim is one of the most effective formulas to follow for argument papers:

Tell what you're going to tell them (introduction).

Tell them (body).

Tell them what you told them (conclusion).

Get science-backed answers as you write with Paperpal's Research feature

How to Write a Conclusion for Research Papers (with Examples)

The conclusion of a research paper is a crucial section that plays a significant role in the overall impact and effectiveness of your research paper. However, this is also the section that typically receives less attention compared to the introduction and the body of the paper. The conclusion serves to provide a concise summary of the key findings, their significance, their implications, and a sense of closure to the study. Discussing how can the findings be applied in real-world scenarios or inform policy, practice, or decision-making is especially valuable to practitioners and policymakers. The research paper conclusion also provides researchers with clear insights and valuable information for their own work, which they can then build on and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field.

The research paper conclusion should explain the significance of your findings within the broader context of your field. It restates how your results contribute to the existing body of knowledge and whether they confirm or challenge existing theories or hypotheses. Also, by identifying unanswered questions or areas requiring further investigation, your awareness of the broader research landscape can be demonstrated.

Remember to tailor the research paper conclusion to the specific needs and interests of your intended audience, which may include researchers, practitioners, policymakers, or a combination of these.

Table of Contents

What is a conclusion in a research paper, summarizing conclusion, editorial conclusion, externalizing conclusion, importance of a good research paper conclusion, how to write a conclusion for your research paper, research paper conclusion examples.

• How to write a research paper conclusion with Paperpal? 

Frequently Asked Questions

A conclusion in a research paper is the final section where you summarize and wrap up your research, presenting the key findings and insights derived from your study. The research paper conclusion is not the place to introduce new information or data that was not discussed in the main body of the paper. When working on how to conclude a research paper, remember to stick to summarizing and interpreting existing content. The research paper conclusion serves the following purposes: 1

• Warn readers of the possible consequences of not attending to the problem.
• Recommend specific course(s) of action.
• Restate key ideas to drive home the ultimate point of your research paper.
• Provide a “take-home” message that you want the readers to remember about your study.

Types of conclusions for research papers

In research papers, the conclusion provides closure to the reader. The type of research paper conclusion you choose depends on the nature of your study, your goals, and your target audience. I provide you with three common types of conclusions:

A summarizing conclusion is the most common type of conclusion in research papers. It involves summarizing the main points, reiterating the research question, and restating the significance of the findings. This common type of research paper conclusion is used across different disciplines.

An editorial conclusion is less common but can be used in research papers that are focused on proposing or advocating for a particular viewpoint or policy. It involves presenting a strong editorial or opinion based on the research findings and offering recommendations or calls to action.

An externalizing conclusion is a type of conclusion that extends the research beyond the scope of the paper by suggesting potential future research directions or discussing the broader implications of the findings. This type of conclusion is often used in more theoretical or exploratory research papers.

Align your conclusion’s tone with the rest of your research paper. Start Writing with Paperpal Now!  

The conclusion in a research paper serves several important purposes:

• Offers Implications and Recommendations : Your research paper conclusion is an excellent place to discuss the broader implications of your research and suggest potential areas for further study. It’s also an opportunity to offer practical recommendations based on your findings.
• Provides Closure : A good research paper conclusion provides a sense of closure to your paper. It should leave the reader with a feeling that they have reached the end of a well-structured and thought-provoking research project.
• Leaves a Lasting Impression : Writing a well-crafted research paper conclusion leaves a lasting impression on your readers. It’s your final opportunity to leave them with a new idea, a call to action, or a memorable quote.

Writing a strong conclusion for your research paper is essential to leave a lasting impression on your readers. Here’s a step-by-step process to help you create and know what to put in the conclusion of a research paper: 2

• Research Statement : Begin your research paper conclusion by restating your research statement. This reminds the reader of the main point you’ve been trying to prove throughout your paper. Keep it concise and clear.
• Key Points : Summarize the main arguments and key points you’ve made in your paper. Avoid introducing new information in the research paper conclusion. Instead, provide a concise overview of what you’ve discussed in the body of your paper.
• Address the Research Questions : If your research paper is based on specific research questions or hypotheses, briefly address whether you’ve answered them or achieved your research goals. Discuss the significance of your findings in this context.
• Significance : Highlight the importance of your research and its relevance in the broader context. Explain why your findings matter and how they contribute to the existing knowledge in your field.
• Implications : Explore the practical or theoretical implications of your research. How might your findings impact future research, policy, or real-world applications? Consider the “so what?” question.
• Future Research : Offer suggestions for future research in your area. What questions or aspects remain unanswered or warrant further investigation? This shows that your work opens the door for future exploration.
• Closing Thought : Conclude your research paper conclusion with a thought-provoking or memorable statement. This can leave a lasting impression on your readers and wrap up your paper effectively. Avoid introducing new information or arguments here.
• Proofread and Revise : Carefully proofread your conclusion for grammar, spelling, and clarity. Ensure that your ideas flow smoothly and that your conclusion is coherent and well-structured.

Write your research paper conclusion 2x faster with Paperpal. Try it now!

Remember that a well-crafted research paper conclusion is a reflection of the strength of your research and your ability to communicate its significance effectively. It should leave a lasting impression on your readers and tie together all the threads of your paper. Now you know how to start the conclusion of a research paper and what elements to include to make it impactful, let’s look at a research paper conclusion sample.

How to write a research paper conclusion with Paperpal?

A research paper conclusion is not just a summary of your study, but a synthesis of the key findings that ties the research together and places it in a broader context. A research paper conclusion should be concise, typically around one paragraph in length. However, some complex topics may require a longer conclusion to ensure the reader is left with a clear understanding of the study’s significance. Paperpal, an AI writing assistant trusted by over 800,000 academics globally, can help you write a well-structured conclusion for your research paper. 

• Sign Up or Log In: Create a new Paperpal account or login with your details.  
• Navigate to Features : Once logged in, head over to the features’ side navigation pane. Click on Templates and you’ll find a suite of generative AI features to help you write better, faster.  
• Generate an outline: Under Templates, select ‘Outlines’. Choose ‘Research article’ as your document type.  
• Select your section: Since you’re focusing on the conclusion, select this section when prompted.  
• Choose your field of study: Identifying your field of study allows Paperpal to provide more targeted suggestions, ensuring the relevance of your conclusion to your specific area of research. 
• Provide a brief description of your study: Enter details about your research topic and findings. This information helps Paperpal generate a tailored outline that aligns with your paper’s content. 
• Generate the conclusion outline: After entering all necessary details, click on ‘generate’. Paperpal will then create a structured outline for your conclusion, to help you start writing and build upon the outline.  
• Write your conclusion: Use the generated outline to build your conclusion. The outline serves as a guide, ensuring you cover all critical aspects of a strong conclusion, from summarizing key findings to highlighting the research’s implications. 
• Refine and enhance: Paperpal’s ‘Make Academic’ feature can be particularly useful in the final stages. Select any paragraph of your conclusion and use this feature to elevate the academic tone, ensuring your writing is aligned to the academic journal standards. 

By following these steps, Paperpal not only simplifies the process of writing a research paper conclusion but also ensures it is impactful, concise, and aligned with academic standards. Sign up with Paperpal today and write your research paper conclusion 2x faster .  

The research paper conclusion is a crucial part of your paper as it provides the final opportunity to leave a strong impression on your readers. In the research paper conclusion, summarize the main points of your research paper by restating your research statement, highlighting the most important findings, addressing the research questions or objectives, explaining the broader context of the study, discussing the significance of your findings, providing recommendations if applicable, and emphasizing the takeaway message. The main purpose of the conclusion is to remind the reader of the main point or argument of your paper and to provide a clear and concise summary of the key findings and their implications. All these elements should feature on your list of what to put in the conclusion of a research paper to create a strong final statement for your work.

A strong conclusion is a critical component of a research paper, as it provides an opportunity to wrap up your arguments, reiterate your main points, and leave a lasting impression on your readers. Here are the key elements of a strong research paper conclusion: 1. Conciseness : A research paper conclusion should be concise and to the point. It should not introduce new information or ideas that were not discussed in the body of the paper. 2. Summarization : The research paper conclusion should be comprehensive enough to give the reader a clear understanding of the research’s main contributions. 3 . Relevance : Ensure that the information included in the research paper conclusion is directly relevant to the research paper’s main topic and objectives; avoid unnecessary details. 4 . Connection to the Introduction : A well-structured research paper conclusion often revisits the key points made in the introduction and shows how the research has addressed the initial questions or objectives. 5. Emphasis : Highlight the significance and implications of your research. Why is your study important? What are the broader implications or applications of your findings? 6 . Call to Action : Include a call to action or a recommendation for future research or action based on your findings.

The length of a research paper conclusion can vary depending on several factors, including the overall length of the paper, the complexity of the research, and the specific journal requirements. While there is no strict rule for the length of a conclusion, but it’s generally advisable to keep it relatively short. A typical research paper conclusion might be around 5-10% of the paper’s total length. For example, if your paper is 10 pages long, the conclusion might be roughly half a page to one page in length.

In general, you do not need to include citations in the research paper conclusion. Citations are typically reserved for the body of the paper to support your arguments and provide evidence for your claims. However, there may be some exceptions to this rule: 1. If you are drawing a direct quote or paraphrasing a specific source in your research paper conclusion, you should include a citation to give proper credit to the original author. 2. If your conclusion refers to or discusses specific research, data, or sources that are crucial to the overall argument, citations can be included to reinforce your conclusion’s validity.

The conclusion of a research paper serves several important purposes: 1. Summarize the Key Points 2. Reinforce the Main Argument 3. Provide Closure 4. Offer Insights or Implications 5. Engage the Reader. 6. Reflect on Limitations

Remember that the primary purpose of the research paper conclusion is to leave a lasting impression on the reader, reinforcing the key points and providing closure to your research. It’s often the last part of the paper that the reader will see, so it should be strong and well-crafted.

• Makar, G., Foltz, C., Lendner, M., & Vaccaro, A. R. (2018). How to write effective discussion and conclusion sections. Clinical spine surgery, 31(8), 345-346.
• Bunton, D. (2005). The structure of PhD conclusion chapters.  Journal of English for academic purposes ,  4 (3), 207-224.

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17 Essay Conclusion Examples (Copy and Paste)

Essay conclusions are not just extra filler. They are important because they tie together your arguments, then give you the chance to forcefully drive your point home.

I created the 5 Cs conclusion method to help you write essay conclusions:

I’ve previously produced the video below on how to write a conclusion that goes over the above image.

The video follows the 5 C’s method ( you can read about it in this post ), which doesn’t perfectly match each of the below copy-and-paste conclusion examples, but the principles are similar, and can help you to write your own strong conclusion:

💡 New! Try this AI Prompt to Generate a Sample 5Cs Conclusion This is my essay: [INSERT ESSAY WITHOUT THE CONCLUSION]. I want you to write a conclusion for this essay. In the first sentence of the conclusion, return to a statement I made in the introduction. In the second sentence, reiterate the thesis statement I have used. In the third sentence, clarify how my final position is relevant to the Essay Question, which is [ESSAY QUESTION]. In the fourth sentence, explain who should be interested in my findings. In the fifth sentence, end by noting in one final, engaging sentence why this topic is of such importance.

Remember: The prompt can help you generate samples but you can’t submit AI text for assessment. Make sure you write your conclusion in your own words.

Essay Conclusion Examples

Below is a range of copy-and-paste essay conclusions with gaps for you to fill-in your topic and key arguments. Browse through for one you like (there are 17 for argumentative, expository, compare and contrast, and critical essays). Once you’ve found one you like, copy it and add-in the key points to make it your own.

1. Argumentative Essay Conclusions

The arguments presented in this essay demonstrate the significant importance of _____________. While there are some strong counterarguments, such as ____________, it remains clear that the benefits/merits of _____________ far outweigh the potential downsides. The evidence presented throughout the essay strongly support _____________. In the coming years, _____________ will be increasingly important. Therefore, continual advocacy for the position presented in this essay will be necessary, especially due to its significant implications for _____________.

Version 1 Filled-In

The arguments presented in this essay demonstrate the significant importance of fighting climate change. While there are some strong counterarguments, such as the claim that it is too late to stop catastrophic change, it remains clear that the merits of taking drastic action far outweigh the potential downsides. The evidence presented throughout the essay strongly support the claim that we can at least mitigate the worst effects. In the coming years, intergovernmental worldwide agreements will be increasingly important. Therefore, continual advocacy for the position presented in this essay will be necessary, especially due to its significant implications for humankind.

As this essay has shown, it is clear that the debate surrounding _____________ is multifaceted and highly complex. While there are strong arguments opposing the position that _____________, there remains overwhelming evidence to support the claim that _____________. A careful analysis of the empirical evidence suggests that _____________ not only leads to ____________, but it may also be a necessity for _____________. Moving forward, _____________ should be a priority for all stakeholders involved, as it promises a better future for _____________. The focus should now shift towards how best to integrate _____________ more effectively into society.

Version 2 Filled-In

As this essay has shown, it is clear that the debate surrounding climate change is multifaceted and highly complex. While there are strong arguments opposing the position that we should fight climate change, there remains overwhelming evidence to support the claim that action can mitigate the worst effects. A careful analysis of the empirical evidence suggests that strong action not only leads to better economic outcomes in the long term, but it may also be a necessity for preventing climate-related deaths. Moving forward, carbon emission mitigation should be a priority for all stakeholders involved, as it promises a better future for all. The focus should now shift towards how best to integrate smart climate policies more effectively into society.

Based upon the preponderance of evidence, it is evident that _____________ holds the potential to significantly alter/improve _____________. The counterarguments, while noteworthy, fail to diminish the compelling case for _____________. Following an examination of both sides of the argument, it has become clear that _____________ presents the most effective solution/approach to _____________. Consequently, it is imperative that society acknowledge the value of _____________ for developing a better  _____________. Failing to address this topic could lead to negative outcomes, including _____________.

Version 3 Filled-In

Based upon the preponderance of evidence, it is evident that addressing climate change holds the potential to significantly improve the future of society. The counterarguments, while noteworthy, fail to diminish the compelling case for immediate climate action. Following an examination of both sides of the argument, it has become clear that widespread and urgent social action presents the most effective solution to this pressing problem. Consequently, it is imperative that society acknowledge the value of taking immediate action for developing a better environment for future generations. Failing to address this topic could lead to negative outcomes, including more extreme climate events and greater economic externalities.

See Also: Examples of Counterarguments

On the balance of evidence, there is an overwhelming case for _____________. While the counterarguments offer valid points that are worth examining, they do not outweigh or overcome the argument that _____________. An evaluation of both perspectives on this topic concludes that _____________ is the most sufficient option for  _____________. The implications of embracing _____________ do not only have immediate benefits, but they also pave the way for a more _____________. Therefore, the solution of _____________ should be actively pursued by _____________.

Version 4 Filled-In

On the balance of evidence, there is an overwhelming case for immediate tax-based action to mitigate the effects of climate change. While the counterarguments offer valid points that are worth examining, they do not outweigh or overcome the argument that action is urgently necessary. An evaluation of both perspectives on this topic concludes that taking societal-wide action is the most sufficient option for  achieving the best results. The implications of embracing a society-wide approach like a carbon tax do not only have immediate benefits, but they also pave the way for a more healthy future. Therefore, the solution of a carbon tax or equivalent policy should be actively pursued by governments.

2. Expository Essay Conclusions

Overall, it is evident that _____________ plays a crucial role in _____________. The analysis presented in this essay demonstrates the clear impact of _____________ on _____________. By understanding the key facts about _____________, practitioners/society are better equipped to navigate _____________. Moving forward, further exploration of _____________ will yield additional insights and information about _____________. As such, _____________ should remain a focal point for further discussions and studies on _____________.

Overall, it is evident that social media plays a crucial role in harming teenagers’ mental health. The analysis presented in this essay demonstrates the clear impact of social media on young people. By understanding the key facts about the ways social media cause young people to experience body dysmorphia, teachers and parents are better equipped to help young people navigate online spaces. Moving forward, further exploration of the ways social media cause harm will yield additional insights and information about how it can be more sufficiently regulated. As such, the effects of social media on youth should remain a focal point for further discussions and studies on youth mental health.

To conclude, this essay has explored the multi-faceted aspects of _____________. Through a careful examination of _____________, this essay has illuminated its significant influence on _____________. This understanding allows society to appreciate the idea that _____________. As research continues to emerge, the importance of _____________ will only continue to grow. Therefore, an understanding of _____________ is not merely desirable, but imperative for _____________.

To conclude, this essay has explored the multi-faceted aspects of globalization. Through a careful examination of globalization, this essay has illuminated its significant influence on the economy, cultures, and society. This understanding allows society to appreciate the idea that globalization has both positive and negative effects. As research continues to emerge, the importance of studying globalization will only continue to grow. Therefore, an understanding of globalization’s effects is not merely desirable, but imperative for judging whether it is good or bad.

Reflecting on the discussion, it is clear that _____________ serves a pivotal role in _____________. By delving into the intricacies of _____________, we have gained valuable insights into its impact and significance. This knowledge will undoubtedly serve as a guiding principle in _____________. Moving forward, it is paramount to remain open to further explorations and studies on _____________. In this way, our understanding and appreciation of _____________ can only deepen and expand.

Reflecting on the discussion, it is clear that mass media serves a pivotal role in shaping public opinion. By delving into the intricacies of mass media, we have gained valuable insights into its impact and significance. This knowledge will undoubtedly serve as a guiding principle in shaping the media landscape. Moving forward, it is paramount to remain open to further explorations and studies on how mass media impacts society. In this way, our understanding and appreciation of mass media’s impacts can only deepen and expand.

In conclusion, this essay has shed light on the importance of _____________ in the context of _____________. The evidence and analysis provided underscore the profound effect _____________ has on _____________. The knowledge gained from exploring _____________ will undoubtedly contribute to more informed and effective decisions in _____________. As we continue to progress, the significance of understanding _____________ will remain paramount. Hence, we should strive to deepen our knowledge of _____________ to better navigate and influence _____________.

In conclusion, this essay has shed light on the importance of bedside manner in the context of nursing. The evidence and analysis provided underscore the profound effect compassionate bedside manner has on patient outcome. The knowledge gained from exploring nurses’ bedside manner will undoubtedly contribute to more informed and effective decisions in nursing practice. As we continue to progress, the significance of understanding nurses’ bedside manner will remain paramount. Hence, we should strive to deepen our knowledge of this topic to better navigate and influence patient outcomes.

See More: How to Write an Expository Essay

3. Compare and Contrast Essay Conclusion

While both _____________ and _____________ have similarities such as _____________, they also have some very important differences in areas like _____________. Through this comparative analysis, a broader understanding of _____________ and _____________ has been attained. The choice between the two will largely depend on _____________. For example, as highlighted in the essay, ____________. Despite their differences, both _____________ and _____________ have value in different situations.

While both macrosociology and microsociology have similarities such as their foci on how society is structured, they also have some very important differences in areas like their differing approaches to research methodologies. Through this comparative analysis, a broader understanding of macrosociology and microsociology has been attained. The choice between the two will largely depend on the researcher’s perspective on how society works. For example, as highlighted in the essay, microsociology is much more concerned with individuals’ experiences while macrosociology is more concerned with social structures. Despite their differences, both macrosociology and microsociology have value in different situations.

It is clear that _____________ and _____________, while seeming to be different, have shared characteristics in _____________. On the other hand, their contrasts in _____________ shed light on their unique features. The analysis provides a more nuanced comprehension of these subjects. In choosing between the two, consideration should be given to _____________. Despite their disparities, it’s crucial to acknowledge the importance of both when it comes to _____________.

It is clear that behaviorism and consructivism, while seeming to be different, have shared characteristics in their foci on knowledge acquisition over time. On the other hand, their contrasts in ideas about the role of experience in learning shed light on their unique features. The analysis provides a more nuanced comprehension of these subjects. In choosing between the two, consideration should be given to which approach works best in which situation. Despite their disparities, it’s crucial to acknowledge the importance of both when it comes to student education.

Reflecting on the points discussed, it’s evident that _____________ and _____________ share similarities such as _____________, while also demonstrating unique differences, particularly in _____________. The preference for one over the other would typically depend on factors such as _____________. Yet, regardless of their distinctions, both _____________ and _____________ play integral roles in their respective areas, significantly contributing to _____________.

Reflecting on the points discussed, it’s evident that red and orange share similarities such as the fact they are both ‘hot colors’, while also demonstrating unique differences, particularly in their social meaning (red meaning danger and orange warmth). The preference for one over the other would typically depend on factors such as personal taste. Yet, regardless of their distinctions, both red and orange play integral roles in their respective areas, significantly contributing to color theory.

Ultimately, the comparison and contrast of _____________ and _____________ have revealed intriguing similarities and notable differences. Differences such as _____________ give deeper insights into their unique and shared qualities. When it comes to choosing between them, _____________ will likely be a deciding factor. Despite these differences, it is important to remember that both _____________ and _____________ hold significant value within the context of _____________, and each contributes to _____________ in its own unique way.

Ultimately, the comparison and contrast of driving and flying have revealed intriguing similarities and notable differences. Differences such as their differing speed to destination give deeper insights into their unique and shared qualities. When it comes to choosing between them, urgency to arrive at the destination will likely be a deciding factor. Despite these differences, it is important to remember that both driving and flying hold significant value within the context of air transit, and each contributes to facilitating movement in its own unique way.

See Here for More Compare and Contrast Essay Examples

4. Critical Essay Conclusion

In conclusion, the analysis of _____________ has unveiled critical aspects related to _____________. While there are strengths in _____________, its limitations are equally telling. This critique provides a more informed perspective on _____________, revealing that there is much more beneath the surface. Moving forward, the understanding of _____________ should evolve, considering both its merits and flaws.

In conclusion, the analysis of flow theory has unveiled critical aspects related to motivation and focus. While there are strengths in achieving a flow state, its limitations are equally telling. This critique provides a more informed perspective on how humans achieve motivation, revealing that there is much more beneath the surface. Moving forward, the understanding of flow theory of motivation should evolve, considering both its merits and flaws.

To conclude, this critical examination of _____________ sheds light on its multi-dimensional nature. While _____________ presents notable advantages, it is not without its drawbacks. This in-depth critique offers a comprehensive understanding of _____________. Therefore, future engagements with _____________ should involve a balanced consideration of its strengths and weaknesses.

To conclude, this critical examination of postmodern art sheds light on its multi-dimensional nature. While postmodernism presents notable advantages, it is not without its drawbacks. This in-depth critique offers a comprehensive understanding of how it has contributed to the arts over the past 50 years. Therefore, future engagements with postmodern art should involve a balanced consideration of its strengths and weaknesses.

Upon reflection, the critique of _____________ uncovers profound insights into its underlying intricacies. Despite its positive aspects such as ________, it’s impossible to overlook its shortcomings. This analysis provides a nuanced understanding of _____________, highlighting the necessity for a balanced approach in future interactions. Indeed, both the strengths and weaknesses of _____________ should be taken into account when considering ____________.

Upon reflection, the critique of marxism uncovers profound insights into its underlying intricacies. Despite its positive aspects such as its ability to critique exploitation of labor, it’s impossible to overlook its shortcomings. This analysis provides a nuanced understanding of marxism’s harmful effects when used as an economic theory, highlighting the necessity for a balanced approach in future interactions. Indeed, both the strengths and weaknesses of marxism should be taken into account when considering the use of its ideas in real life.

Ultimately, this critique of _____________ offers a detailed look into its advantages and disadvantages. The strengths of _____________ such as __________ are significant, yet its limitations such as _________ are not insignificant. This balanced analysis not only offers a deeper understanding of _____________ but also underscores the importance of critical evaluation. Hence, it’s crucial that future discussions around _____________ continue to embrace this balanced approach.

Ultimately, this critique of artificial intelligence offers a detailed look into its advantages and disadvantages. The strengths of artificial intelligence, such as its ability to improve productivity are significant, yet its limitations such as the possibility of mass job losses are not insignificant. This balanced analysis not only offers a deeper understanding of artificial intelligence but also underscores the importance of critical evaluation. Hence, it’s crucial that future discussions around the regulation of artificial intelligence continue to embrace this balanced approach.

This article promised 17 essay conclusions, and this one you are reading now is the twenty-first. This last conclusion demonstrates that the very best essay conclusions are written uniquely, from scratch, in order to perfectly cater the conclusion to the topic. A good conclusion will tie together all the key points you made in your essay and forcefully drive home the importance or relevance of your argument, thesis statement, or simply your topic so the reader is left with one strong final point to ponder.

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 15 Animism Examples
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 10 Magical Thinking Examples
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23 things you need to know about sourdough starters

Sourdough Starter basics:   

Introduction: The ultimate sourdough starter guide.

1. What is a sourdough starter?

2. Sourdough yeast: Does sourdough contain yeast? 

3. Difference between sourdough and yeasted bread.                                           

4. Is Sourdough gluten free?

5. What’s the best flour to use for sourdough starter?

6. Sourdough starter recipe: how to make your own sourdough starter.

7. How to feed and maintain a sourdough starter.

8. should i cover my sourdough starter with a lid, 9. what is a sourdough peak: when is the best time to use a sourdough starter, 10. what is the difference between a starter and a levain, troubleshooting:   .

11. Why does my starter smell bad? 

12. Why won’t my starter rise?

13. What is the ideal temperature for my starter?

14. What temperature will kill my starter?

15. Does the quality of starter ingredients make a difference?

16. How often should I feed my starter if it won’t rise?

17. Do some flours rise less? 

18. Why do you need to discard your starter?

19. sourdough discard recipes..

20. Sourdough hooch: what it is, why it forms and how to deal with it. 

Other general questions & facts: 

21. Do you need more than 1 sourdough starter?

22. Does a sourdough starter get better with age?

23. Where to buy a sourdough starter.

Conclusion 

Introduction: The ultimate sourdough starter guide. 

Ready to walk into the wholesome world of sourdough? We are here to guide you on your sourdough adventure. It may seem daunting at first, but fear not, this blog will answer all your sourdough questions. From what a sourdough starter is, to how to make it and feed it and then we answer all of your most frequently asked questions. You can also buy a sourdough starter rather than make it, if that makes your life easier. 

A sourdough starter is made of 2 ingredients: flour and water. Super simple. When the mixture of flour and water is left out and exposed to air, wild yeast and bacteria populate it. The bacteria consume carbohydrates and produce lactic acid, which is why sourdough has a slightly sour taste. These bacteria are good bacteria, like the ones you get in yogurt. The most common bacteria in sourdough are lactobacillus cultures , which are good for gut health.

2. Does sourdough contain yeast? 

Sourdough starter does not contain any commercial yeast and yeast should not appear on the ingredient list of an authentic sourdough loaf. However, there will be some natural yeast present in sourdough, which forms when the starter is incorporated with the bread dough, during the leavening process (i.e. the process which allows the bread to rise).

3. Difference between sourdough and yeasted bread. 

Sourdough bread is healthy and tasty, with very few ingredients. There are so many benefits of sourdough . It contains good bacteria and is richer in nutrients, fibre and minerals than yeasted bread. Furthermore, yeasted bread uses commercial yeast, which accelerates the rising process, ending in a bread that is heavier to digest and less nutritious. Yeasted bread can sometimes be ultra processed (meaning that it contains ingredients like preservatives and additives that you wouldn’t be able to find in a home kitchen or artisan bakery). 

In the last decade, ultra-processed food has been getting a lot of heat, and for good reason. British newspapers like the Times , the Guardian and the BBC have been writing about the link between eating ultra-processed foods (UPFs) and chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease and even cancer.

Here, at Good In Bread we enjoy spreading awareness about the differences between sourdough, yeasted bread and ultra-processed bread as people tend to demonise carbohydrates due to their high glycaemic index , even though not all carbohydrates are created equal. In fact, sourdough bread has a lower glycaemic index compared to most other bread. Plus, if you freeze bread, the GI lowers even more .

If you want to learn more, head over to our Instagram or read Dr Chris Van Tulleken’s book , Ultra-Processed People: Why Do We All Eat Stuff That Isn’t Food … and Why Can’t We Stop?

4. Is sourdough gluten free?

Most sourdough bread isn’t gluten free, but it is lower in gluten than most bread. However, if you use a gluten free starter you can make gluten free sourdough.  

5. What is the best flour to use for a starter?

We believe that rye wholemeal flour is the best flour to use for a sourdough starter because it is the easiest and most manageable flour to work with. It has less gluten than other flours and is therefore less sticky, making it easier to handle and stir. It is also more forgiving with its feeding times. Not only is it a low maintenance flour but it is also super nutritious. It is packed with fibre, B vitamins and iron. Low maintenance and high reward. That is what we want! Also, just because you use a rye flour for your starter doesn’t mean that you can only make rye sourdough bread. You can make any type of bread, including a white country loaf, bagels and even baguettes with a rye starter. The options are endless. If you prefer to buy a starter, rather than make one from scratch, buy one here .

6. Sourdough starter recipe: how to make your own sourdough starter.

If instead you are ready to take on the challenge of making your very own version, follow the instructions below:

A good ratio is 50% flour to 50% water. Start with small amounts (25g flour / 25 g water) so you don’t end up with too much starter that you’ll need to discard. Warm water is best as bacteria thrive in warm environments. Feed it the same amount every 24 hours for 5 days and on Day 5 you’ll have a perfectly ripe and ready starter to make your Sourdough bread with.

You can store it at room temperature or put it in the fridge after you’ve used it, depending on how often you plan to bake. A general rule of thumb is if you are baking bread once a week, you should keep it in the fridge. If you are baking more frequently than once a week (3-4 times per week), you may not need to put your starter in the fridge.

When you are ready to make bread, give your starter a good feed (instructions below) and leave it to ferment at room temperature overnight (8-12 hours) before adding it to your leaven. 

To feed your starter, make sure you discard most of the old starter first, leaving no more than 10g of the old starter in your jar. Then you’ll need to feed it with 50g flour & 50g warm water & mix.

Leave on the counter at 23C in the closed container for 8-10 hours before adding it to your bread recipe or placing it in the fridge.

Refresh your starter as above at least once a week. Leave on the counter for no longer than 10 hours then place it back in the fridge.

Yes. It is a good idea to cover your sourdough starter to protect it from fruit flies and dust but also to keep the temperature inside the container nice and warm. If you are storing the starter in the fridge, then make sure the lid is on quite tightly. If, instead, you are keeping it at room temperature, cover it lightly with a paper towel or loosely with a lid. 

A sourdough starter peak is the time in the fermentation process where the yeast is at its strongest. It’s the point where the yeast is at its highest activity level. Although you can use your starter at any stage (unless it is unhealthy), the ideal time to use your starter for baking is when it’s at its peak. Usually, the starter reaches its peak around 6-8 hours after being fed. However, this depends on the temperature and the feeding ratio. If the starter is in a cooler environment or if the feeding ratio is particularly high, it could take as long as 12 hours. 

One way you can check that your starter is at its peak is by performing a float test but this test isn’t always that reliable. We think poking the starter with your finger might be a better way to see if the starter is at its peak. Simply poke it with your index finger and if the starter feels bubbly and lively, it is ready to use. It should also smell nice and sour!

Another way to test it is with your eyes. There should be bubbles on the surface of the starter and on the sides of the jar. It should also be well risen, reliably doubling in size 6 to 8 hours after feeding. If you want to check how much your starter has risen, you can try the rubber band method where you place a rubber band on your starter when you first feed it, to see how much it rises. 

Note: if your starter has hooch then read below on how to fix it and if it has mould then you probably won’t be able to save it . 

Levain, also called leaven, is the offshoot of the starter. Below there is a table outlining the differences between sourdough starter and levain.

If you want to know more about levain you can buy our baking kits which come with a starter and extra flour for the levain. They also come with instructions to ensure that you feel confident in the kitchen.

Troubleshooting your sourdough starter. 

All your questions answered and tips and tricks to help you on your sourdough journey.

11. Why does my starter smell bad? 

A healthy sourdough starter should smell slightly sour and perhaps yeasty. Although it can smell tangy and a bit like vinegar, if it has a strong smell of vinegar or alcohol it is probably a sign it needs feeding. It should not smell like mould. 

This could be due to temperature, ingredients, feeding frequencies, type of flour or the quantity of flour used. Read on to find out the solutions to all of these problems.

13. What’s the ideal temperature for my starter?

Sourdough thrives in warm environments, so the ideal temperature is about 23-26 degrees Celsius.

In winter, it can be difficult to maintain the perfect temperature for your starter, but the following tips will help. 

1. When it is out of the fridge, keep it in a cabinet, away from any drafts.

2. Wrap your starter in a heating pad .

3. Feed your starter with warm water (around 27-32 degrees Celsius).

Temperatures that are not within this range will not necessarily kill your starter, but they could cause the starter to become over or under active. However, if you are not baking everyday or every other day, you should store your starter in the fridge to make sure your starter doesn’t become overactive. Then take it out of the fridge, feed it and leave it out at the ideal temperature for 8-10 hours. Furthermore, you can store your starter in the freezer if you are going to be away from home for a long period of time and want to slow down fermentation.

If your starter reaches approximately 55-60 degrees Celsius it will start to die. This is when the actual starter reaches this temperature though so even if the environment the starter is surrounded by reaches that temperature the actual starter might still be alive. Some people suggest leaving your starter in a turned-off oven to ensure it keeps nice and warm but you have to be very careful if you do this to make sure that nobody turns the oven on when your precious starter is inside. A sourdough starter should last forever if it is treated with some TLC.

15. Does the quality of the starter ingredients make a difference?

Of course! The quality of the starter ingredients is just as important as the ingredients you use to bake your sourdough. We love to use organic rye flour to ensure the bacteria have a maximum quality of good nutrients to feed from.

If your starter won’t rise you may not be feeding it enough. If you’ve forgotten to feed it for a few days or it has been left in the fridge, you may have to feed it even more than usual (e.g. every 4-6 hours 2 or 3 times in a day) to make up for the lack of regular feeding.

17. Do some flours rise less?

The height at which your starter rises depends on the flour you use. Starters using strong high protein white flours will often rise very high. Whereas flours such as whole wheat or rye may not rise as high. This doesn’t have an effect when baking so you shouldn’t worry about it. The rise is less important than other signs of fermentation like aroma and consistency.

To ensure a healthy active starter, you need to discard most of the old starter in your container. This is why you need to discard most of your starter, leaving only around a tablespoon in the jar before feeding your starter. If you don’t discard any sourdough starter before you feed it, it will have an impact on your finished loaf.

You are probably thinking that it’s such a waste to discard all of the starter. Fear not, we have some fabulous recipes to make use of the sourdough discard: 

Sourdough discard crackers . You can also buy these crackers on our website if you want to try them first.

Sourdough pancakes

Sourdough banana bread

Sourdough brownies

We also have some great recipes for leftover sourdough bread on our website. Lots of Italian inspired salads and soups. 

20.    Sourdough hooch: what it is, why it forms and how to deal with it. 

Sourdough hooch is a liquid that forms on top of your sourdough starter, although it can also form in the middle or underneath the starter. Hooch is not harmful. It is simply alcohol and water created from the starter’s wild yeast as it feeds. Hooch has an acetone smell so it smells a bit like nail polish.

Hooch forms when a starter is fed too little or too infrequently. It is a sign that your starter is hungry. It has been neglected and is in dire need of some TLC. 

There are 2 main solutions when your starter develops hooch.

• Stir the hooch back into the starter. Don’t worry, the hooch isn’t harmful for your health. Simply stir with a clean spoon or spatula until it is well combined. This is the best option if you want to maintain a blanched hydration in your starter. 
• If you really want to get rid of the hooch you can. The hooch is part of the starter’s hydration so is sometimes considered a bad idea to throw it away as it will change the hydration of the starter. However, it is the best option if you don’t want your bread to be very tangy. The hooch will cause the starter to become sourer.

21.  Do you need more than 1 sourdough starter?

No. You shouldn’t need more than 1 sourdough starter unless you kill your sourdough starter. As mentioned before, if your starter has formed hooch, it can still be revived with a few simple steps.

22. Does sourdough starter get better with age? 

This is a tough one. Many bakers boast that their sourdough is decades old as with time the flavour of the starter intensifies and gets more sour. However, after a while the increase in flavour plateaus. Furthermore, many bakers agree that the starter’s health is more important than its age . So maintaining the starter well may be the true key to a tasty sourdough. 

23. Where to buy a sourdough starter.

At Good In Bread, we offer a starter made with rye flour which is widely considered to be a great flour to use for home bakers as it is more manageable and more forgiving with feeding times. So, you hopefully won’t have to worry about hooch or other problems. We also offer baking kits with all the things you need to bake sourdough bread, bagels and baguettes. 

Note: if you don’t live in London, you can find our products on Delli . 

We hope that this guide answered all of your sourdough starter questions. If you feel that making your own starter is too time-consuming, remember that we have a ready-made starter and baking kits to help you on your sourdough adventure. You can also buy sourdough bread on our website if you want to taste how the professionals make it before attempting it yourself. If you have any more questions, contact us . Follow us on Instagram and read our blogs to learn more about all things sourdough. 

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The Call Center Productivity Playbook: Tips & Metrics

Call centers seem like something out of the 1980s. Giant rooms filled with headset-wearing workers answering calls from current and potential customers or making telemarketing pitches feel like an old-fashioned idea in our AI-affected world. However, although chatbots have taken some of the load off of customer support teams in recent years, the number of call centers in the US has increased by 6.8% per year since 2018.

Humans in call centers continue to handle the brunt of customer interactions, especially in the healthcare, banking, and retail industries. Working in a call center is challenging, as individuals handle a near-constant bombardment of incoming calls from often angry customers. That onslaught can lead to burnout, which decreases agent productivity and can lead to high employee turnover rates. Nonetheless, all organizations must strive to avoid negative customer experiences.

Here, we’ll explore how to measure call center productivity and offer tips for improving team performance and delivering excellent customer experiences.

How Call Center Productivity Affects Businesses

For most businesses today, call centers are just one aspect of a robust customer support apparatus. An organization may offer web-based self-serve customer support, such as an FAQ page or community forum, and digital support channels like live chat or email. 

However, McKinsey research in 2022 found that 60% of customer support leaders reported increased call volume. While more channels are available, customers continue to lean on human assistance, which is good for your business, provided your call center operates productively.

Challenges in Achieving Call Center Productivity

A thriving contact center should function like a well-oiled machine, with well-trained staff quickly resolving problems and moving on to the next one. They should feel motivated and excited by the high volume of active waiting calls, not dread. Nonetheless, several challenges impact call center productivity.

Inadequate Staffing and Training

The easiest way to knock a call center off business goals or benchmarks is to have too few staff members who have received proper training. High turnover rates can make it challenging to meet staff requirements and give each agent extensive training before throwing them into the fire. 

As such, it’s crucial to hire professional, patient, and thoughtful people and give them the training and time necessary to do their jobs well. Likewise, continuous training is essential to customer service teams to ensure each agent remains on top of their game.

High Agent Turnover Rates

Inadequate agent training and high agent turnover rates create a negative feedback loop. When agents have poor training, they’re more likely to get overwhelmed and want to quit. When agents quit, the organization has to rush new, poorly-trained agents in to replace them. The two issues are related, so it’s crucial to recognize individual agent performance and incentivize well-trained agents to stay.

Lack of Performance and Productivity Tracking

A call center manager may be able to gauge high performers simply by walking the floor and listening to agents work, but that’s not a very scientific method. Performance and productivity tracking tools will tell you definitively who is resolving problems the most efficiently and who gets the best ratings from customers. These tracking solutions help you reward your best agents and implement incentive plans to motivate lower-performing agents.

Data Loss by Employees (Accidental or Intentional)

Contact center agents handle a lot of critical data. Any time a customer calls in, they likely must recite some personal information to authorize talking about their account with an agent. Agents have access to this valuable customer data and are often charged with safely handling it while resolving customer support issues.

Whether a disgruntled employee decides to harm the customer by intentionally leaking customer data or a negligent employee simply typos an email address to send personal information to the wrong person, call center staff to represent potential insider threats to the organization. Data mishandling can lead to forensic investigations, audits, or even legal liability that will derail productivity.

Compliance Issues

That brings us to our last productivity challenge. Data compliance is paramount in all organizations, but especially in call centers. Customer support agents handle more customer data than the average employee and are, therefore, most at risk of compliance violations. Compliance issues can lead to fines or investigations that lose time and could even shut down a center. Agents absolutely must have proper data compliance training.

Key Metrics for Call Center Productivity

Call centers face many challenges in maximizing productivity, but removing those barriers doesn’t mean anything if you aren’t correctly measuring center performance metrics. These are the essential metrics you should use.

Average Handling Time (AHT)

Average Handling Time (AHT) measures agents’ average time for a customer support interaction. To calculate AHT for a call center, you must consider talk, hold, and follow-up calls to resolve an issue. ZenDesk describes a good AHT as six minutes.

The formula to calculate AHT is:

AHT = (talk + hold + follow-up times) / total number of calls

Occupancy Rate

Occupancy rate measures the percentage of an agent’s logged-in time helping customers. This includes talk time, hold time, and after-call work (ACW).

The formula to calculate occupancy rate is: 

Occupancy rate = (total talk time + total hold time + total after-call work, i.e., ACW) / hours logged in (and ready to take contacts)

Idle time is simply when an agent is not engaging with customers on a call. Some organizations define it as the interval between closing one interaction and the moment they begin the next interaction. 

The formula to calculate idle time is:

Idle time = The time an agent spends engaged on calls – the time the agent spends between calls.

Transfer Rate

Transfer rate is the percentage of inbound calls agents transfer to another team member or department. It indicates how often agents can’t solve problems themselves, extending the organization’s overall AHT.

The formula to calculate transfer rate is:

Transfer rate = (total number of calls transferred / total number of calls handled) x 100.

Agent Efficiency

Agent efficiency is an overall metric of a call center agent’s performance and should reflect the key performance indicators (KPIs) your organization deems most important. Bank of America’s call center KPIs may differ from Walgreens’. You likely want to use several of the above productivity metrics to determine a high performer to create a complete employee profile.

A simple way to distill agent efficiency is with the following formula that inverts idle time:

Agent efficiency = (Total time spent achieving targets / Total time at work) x 100.

12 Strategies for Improving Call Center Productivity

Knowing the right center metrics for your organization is a good start. Next, it’s time to implement strategies to ensure you’re meeting organizational goals and agents are hitting key performance metrics while lowering call abandonment rate.

1. Effective Training Programs for Call Center Agents

Nobody should be expected to answer their first call and simply know how to resolve a problem. Even an agent with an extensive history in call centers must learn specific company protocols, security best practices, data handling compliance regulations, and the company’s preferred approach to customer interactions. It’s an organization’s responsibility to provide new call center agents with continuous training and offer constructive feedback to ensure each agent is fully equipped to do their job well.

Customer support is a draining, demanding job, but it’s easier for agents who have been effectively trained on specific scenarios and know how they’re expected to respond.

2. Proper Staffing and Utilization

Every organization receives customer queries in different ways. Customers may prefer to use online self-service tools, and can do so effectively. Customers of others may require a more personal touch from a human agent in a call center. A company must figure out the right staffing balance to meet customer expectations. 

Too many agents on a shift may result in excess idle time and become a waste of company resources. There are too few, and customers will complain of long wait times while agents struggle through grueling, grinding hours that may make them want to leave.

3. Utilizing Technology and Tools

We’ve discussed how many organizations today use artificial intelligence tools like chatbots to resolve common issues without burdening a call center. While this technology application is likely not managed by the call center, it will significantly impact its success. 

Chatbots, self-service options like FAQ pages, community forums, and email support reduce call volume in call centers, allowing agents to handle more complex problems that customers couldn’t resolve on their own or with a bot. Likewise, customer service software will help agents provide better customer experiences.

Moreover, you’ve probably been stuck in an irritating loop of finite choices delivered by a robotic voice when calling a customer support line before. Many customers will call in to get answers to common questions like how to change a password or to get shipping information. 

Improving the interactive voice response that customers must navigate before they get to a human will help resolve several simple issues before they take up a human agent’s time and increase overall call center performance.

4. Implementing Knowledge Management Systems

Call center agents need extensive access to company resources to resolve customer issues. A knowledge management system breaks down data silos to collect an organization’s knowledge and information into a centralized, easily navigable system. 

A further extension of technology’s importance in call centers, knowledge management gives customer support teams the kind of universal knowledge base access that other employees may not have so that they may best leverage company knowledge to resolve customer inquiries.

5. Monitor Employee Productivity to Find Areas of Improvement

Employee monitoring software is another powerful tool for employee motivation. Call centers benefit from software like this to track productivity, efficiency, and help optimize customer service. For example, monitoring the screens of your call center employees can help you track what they’re doing and if they need to optimize their setup. 

Management can track a variety of chosen call center KPIs across individual employees, allowing you to recognize high and low performers, identify active & idle time , and understand the issues that most commonly lead to transfers and bloated AHTs. With automated tracking and analytics, you’ll have the insights to optimize staffing, help agents improve resolution rates, and increase customer satisfaction.

6. Promoting Agent Motivation and Engagement

Call center agents should feel like they’re part of a team. The entire team should feel motivated by friendly competition and encouraged to work together to solve issues. Offering cash incentives or other prizes to those with the highest KPIs for a day or week is a great way to motivate agents and get them excited about their work. 

Get creative with your incentives, modulating for efficiency or customer satisfaction ratings to keep your staff working towards different achievable goals and honing different skills to improve the call center’s success.

Likewise, building a team culture is important. Newer members should feel comfortable asking more veteran members for help, and you should provide opportunities for agents to get to know each other, such as through team-building activities and parties. People are more excited to come into work when they’re going to be seeing friends.

7. Measuring and Monitoring Call Center Productivity

There are many strategies to help improve call center productivity, but all are moot if you’re not properly measuring and monitoring the success of those strategies. Any innovation or implementation should be accompanied by thorough tracking and regular assessment to gauge success. Call center monitoring is a must if you want to improve productivity.

8. Real-Time Dashboards and Reporting

The average call center receives 4,400 calls per month, about 150 calls per day. Some hours are likely busier than others leading to longer wait times at different times of day. 

This is just one of the reasons why real-time dashboards and reporting are essential. Tracking productivity levels and call center traffic in real-time will help you identify the peak times you need more staffing and when you can reduce staff and track when your staff is at its most and least efficient.

9. Productivity Analysis

Analyzing metrics like AHT, transfer rate, occupancy rate, and idle time will give you a complete picture of your call center’s productivity. Real-time dashboards will help with real-time productivity analysis. Still, you should also visit these numbers daily, weekly, and monthly to draw insights and notice patterns in productivity loss or improvement.

10. KPIs for Call Center Operations

Each company has different company support values and, therefore, will have different KPIs for call center success. Companies with extensive call volume may prioritize low AHTs and efficiency metrics. 

Companies with more complex customer problems may focus on customer satisfaction ratings and reducing transfer rates. Your organization should determine what KPIs are most important to your call center and optimize contact center operations to meet those KPIs.

11. Customer Satisfaction and Feedback

Many call centers offer customers the opportunity to stay on the line to answer a customer survey or provide feedback. This is an excellent way to gather qualitative and quantitative customer feedback. Customers’ immediate reviews of their experience will give you greater insight into what your call center is doing well, what may cause customer frustration, and who your call center stars are.

In addition to inviting customers to stay on the line to leave feedback, follow up by email with a customer satisfaction survey to gain a customer satisfaction score (CSAT) of how customers rate your call center.

12. Customer Experience Metrics

While CSAT is the most common customer experience metric, several others are worth tracking, too. Gathering data on metrics like customer effort score (CES), customer retention rate, first response time (FRT), and customer lifetime value (LTV) is all good ways to understand how your call center is impacting customer loyalty and their overall experience with the company.

A low CES means that a satisfied customer didn’t have to work hard to resolve their issue. A high retention rate and LTV demonstrate that customers who called in were satisfied enough with their experience to remain customers and purchase from your company again. A low FRT indicates that your call center is reducing wait times and at least beginning the contact resolution process quickly. 

What is call center productivity?

Call center productivity refers to the effectiveness and efficiency of a call center in managing customer calls and resolving issues. It is measured by key performance indicators (KPIs) such as average handle time, customer satisfaction, and call resolution rate.

What is the formula for productivity in a call center?

The formula for call center productivity is typically calculated by dividing the total number of successfully resolved calls by the total number of calls received. However, it’s important to note that call center productivity can be measured using KPIs such as average handle time and call resolution rate.

How can agent productivity in call centers be improved?

To improve agent productivity in call centers, focus on effective training programs to enhance their skills and knowledge, implement efficient call routing systems to minimize idle time, and regularly monitor performance metrics to identify areas for improvement. Regular feedback and incentives can motivate agents to perform at their best.

What is utilization and productivity in call centers?

Call center utilization refers to the time agents spend actively handling customer calls compared to their total available working time. Productivity, on the other hand, measures the efficiency and effectiveness of agents in resolving customer issues. Call centers can improve their overall performance and customer satisfaction by optimizing utilization and productivity.

Why is productivity important in call centers?

High productivity in call centers is crucial because it ensures that customer issues are efficiently resolved, resulting in increased customer satisfaction. It also leads to cost savings for the company by minimizing the time spent on each call and increasing the number of issues resolved per agent.

Call centers remain crucial components of many companies’ customer support apparatus to create more loyal customers. Despite innovations in digital customer support channels, many customers still prefer to call a company support line to resolve problems. Running an effective, productive call center should be a priority for any organization that utilizes customer support phone lines. This guide will help you optimize your call center productivity.

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5 Home Remedies to Get Rid of Dog Urine Smells & Stains

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Even the most well-trained dog is apt to have an accident inside now and then. If your dog pees inside and you don’t want to spend money on professional cleaners, don’t worry. There are some effective home remedies to try that work to eliminate the smell of dog urine.

It is beneficial in many ways to try homemade pet cleaning remedies. On top of being affordable, they are also easy to put together and safe for both the environment and your dog. Even though homemade pet cleaning remedies aren’t as powerful as some professional cleaning products, you can make them very effective by using a little elbow grease while dedicating some time to getting rid of the urine smell once and for all.

We have put together the best home remedies for getting rid of dog urine smells. Most of these remedies use common items you may have around the house, like baking soda, vinegar, and dish soap.

• Before You Start

Before trying any of the home remedies below, be sure to remove any urine from the surface and dry the affected area. Use some absorbent paper towel to soak up the urine without rubbing the area. Once the urine is cleaned up, use a few sheets of paper towel to dab at the spot to absorb as much moisture as possible. Then, let the area dry.

The 5 Home Remedies to Get Rid of Dog Urine Smells

• 1. General All-Purpose Cleaner

Instead of buying an expensive all-purpose cleaner, you can make your own for pennies using white vinegar and water. While it is very simple, this cleaner can be used on just about any surface, including the kitchen or bathroom floor, and carpeting.

Because vinegar is acidic, it will neutralize the bacteria in the dog pee to offset its odor. To make your all-purpose cleaner, mix equal parts of white vinegar and water in a spray bottle. Then spray the cleaner on the urine spot, and let it sit for 10 minutes. Then wipe it up using a clean, dry cloth. The only downside to using this remedy is that you may have to repeat the cleaning process if the urine smell is strong.

• Cheap and easy to make
• Can be used on many indoor surfaces
• May have to be done more than once
• 2. Carpet Stain and Odor Remover

When your dog has done his dirty deed on your carpet or rug, you need something powerful to get the urine smell out. This DIY carpet stain and odor remover uses the same ingredients as the DIY all-purpose cleaner above but with the added power of hydrogen peroxide.

To make this home remedy for dog urine smells, mix equal parts of white vinegar and water in a spray bottle. Then add about a tablespoon of hydrogen peroxide to the mix. Spray the cleaner on the pee spot and let it sit for about 15 minutes. The peroxide will do double duty by cleaning the pee and banishing the offensive smell.

This is an effective home remedy for carpeting that may need to be repeated a couple of times until the smell of urine is completely gone. Just remember that you’re saving yourself quite a bit of money because it’s not cheap to hire a professional carpet cleaner. So, repeat the process if necessary!

• Much cheaper than commercial carpet cleaning
• Inexpensive
• Great for carpets and rugs of all types
• May need to be repeated
• 3. Water and Dish Soap Cleaner and Odor Remover

As simple as it sounds, water and dish soap can work wonders on both cleaning dog pee stains and removing the offensive urine smell. The water used in this solution can help rehydrate dried urine or dilute fresh urine. The dish soap will get to work on lifting the bacteria that causes the offensive smell.

To make this home remedy, mix 1–2 tablespoons of dish soap into a bucket that’s half-full of warm water. Then use a sponge to apply the mixture to the pee spot and rub it in. Once you’ve cleaned the spot, use a clean damp cloth to rinse away the soapy water then let the area dry. If you’d like to leave behind a pleasant smell, use scented dish soap.

Like most of these home remedies, you may have to repeat this process to completely get rid of the smell of pee. This DIY remedy may not work well on heavily soiled materials like thick carpeting or plush furniture.

• Can be used on dried and fresh urine spots
• Easy to use
• Cheap to make
• May need repeating
• May not work on heavily soiled materials
• 4. Laundry Smell Eliminator

If your dog did the unthinkable and peed on some of your clothing, don’t fret! You don’t have to toss those clothes out in disgust. You can use this DIY laundry smell eliminator right in your washing machine to banish the urine smell and get your clothes fresh and clean!

This home remedy is for articles of clothing that are machine washable. That means you can’t use it on clothes that must be dry-cleaned.

This home remedy consists of adding some enzymatic cleaner to your washing machine along with your regular detergent. If you use a liquid laundry detergent, add an ounce of enzymatic cleaner to your liquid detergent and pour it into your machine along with the peed-on clothes.

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If you use a powder detergent, add the enzymatic cleaner to your washing machine separately. Then simply run the machine as you usually do. The enzymatic cleaner will work in unison with your laundry detergent to lift the urine stain and remove the smell of pee.

The downside to this home remedy is cost. Enzymatic cleaners aren’t cheap, so shop around and look for a good deal!

• Can be used on any machine-washable clothing
• Effective at banishing strong odors
• Enzymatic cleaners can be pricey
• 5. Baking Soda Paste

To eliminate the strong smell of dog urine on cloth materials like furniture, carpets, rugs, and beds, you can mix baking soda with dish soap and hydrogen peroxide to create a powerful odor remover. To make this paste, mix 3 tablespoons of baking soda and 3 tablespoons of hydrogen peroxide with 2 tablespoons of dish soap. You should mix these items in a deep container because the mixture will bubble up when stirred.

Once you have the items mixed and the bubbles disappear, you’ll be left with a paste. Apply the paste to the urine spot and let it sit for about an hour. Then take a damp clean rag and remove the paste. You will have to rinse your rag a few times to get up all the paste, but all the work will be worth it because the pee smell should be gone!

• Can be used on most cloth materials
• Powerful and effective
• Requires repeated rinses
• Benefits of Using Home Remedies to Get Rid of Dog Urine Smells

When you don’t have a powerful commercial dog urine cleaner and odor eliminator in your house, we highly recommend using a home remedy. There are lots of benefits associated with using a home remedy for banishing the smell of dog urine, including the following:

• Most are pet-safe
• Most are much cheaper than professional solutions
• They’re easy solutions
• They’re effective

Unlike commercial pet urine smell eliminators , home remedies don’t use lots of questionable chemicals or additives that can harm you or your dog. For example, white vinegar won’t do you or your dog any harm whatsoever because it’s completely safe to use. Home remedies are also cheaper than professional cleaners and can be just as effective. All in all, home remedies like those above are great alternatives to costly professional cleaners!

If you’re a dog owner , you’ll likely have to deal with cleaning up urine inside your house. Even the most well-behaved dog can have an accident, so be prepared.

If you don’t want to spend money on a commercial dog urine smell eliminator , use a home remedy instead. Just be sure to follow the directions and take your time when using a home remedy to ensure you get the best possible results!

• Related Read:   How to Get Dog Urine Smells & Stains Out of Blankets: 5 Effective Ways

Featured Image Credit: New Africa, Shutterstock

Nicole Cosgrove

Lead Pet Expert & Pet-ditor in Chief

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General Election and Market: Weak voter turnout making investors nervous, say experts

Market reacts with unease to lower voter turnout and shifting narratives during indian elections. experts foresee ongoing volatility due to rich market valuations..

With the general elections underway, the Indian market has been very volatile in the last one month. The market's reaction is marked by a blend of nervousness and fatigue, intensifying discussions around potential outcomes and their impact on the market amid the absence of a strong narrative.

While the market has already factored in a Modi win, a key concern remains weak voter turnout. Experts believe that in the next couple of months the market will likely remain volatile.

As per brokerage house Bernstein, the market, which had priced in considerable optimism, now faces growing unease due to lower voter turnout and shifting narratives. Meanwhile, Sunil Damania, Chief Investment Officer at MojoPMS, also pointed out that voter turnout and its impact on the election outcome is making the market nervous.

Read here: General Elections 2024: Experts caution against buying on dips amid market fall

In May alone, the Indian benchmark Nifty50 has experienced a significant decline of almost 2 percent, despite hitting a fresh all-time high of 22,794.70 on May 3, 2024. The volatility index India VIX also fell over 98 percent in the last one month. Market sentiment has been subdued due to persistent selling by Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs), a rise in US bond yields, and concerns surrounding the upcoming election outcome.

Voter turnout and market

As per Damania, the market is going with the equation that lower turnout means the BJP may get a lower number of seats as compared to the 2019 election. "Our study shows that when BJP replaced the Congress in 2014, voter turnout increased by more than 800 bps. Remember, after 1984 first time a single party got majority seats in the parliament, unlike in the past, coalition government was the order of the day. We sense that the BJP should get a majority in the parliament without going into the merit of argument about whether lower turnout is better for the incumbent government," predicted Damania.

Read here: Market will remain jittery until conclusion of General Elections: Viraj Gandhi of Samco MF

On the other hand, Bernstein highlighted that so far, the average voter turnout for the first three phases is just over 66 percent, closely matching the overall turnout in 2014. In contrast, the 2019 elections saw a decline from 69.6 percent in phase 1 to 61.7 percent in phase 7. Currently, there is no indication of a loss of momentum in turnout, suggesting overall numbers should remain stable if this trend continues.

"Comparisons with 2019 arise because it was the last general election, but the circumstances differ greatly. In 2019, national security issues like the Pulwama incident and Balakot strike galvanized voters. In contrast, the current scenario is more akin to 2014, with a government completing a decade in power and voters deciding on change. Unlike 2019's "pro-incumbency" wave, there is no central voting theme this time," it explained.

Read here: India a great market for long-term investors, says Rakesh Sethia of HDFC AMC

Bernstein also observed that historical data reveals no clear correlation between voter turnout percentages and election results. It noted that a 2-3 percent decline in voter turnout, coupled with anti-incumbency sentiment, might slightly reduce the BJP's tally below 2014 levels. However, a significant decline (over 5 percent) without strong anti-incumbency would likely yield results similar to 2019. Only a substantial drop in turnout, paired with significant anti-incumbency, could create a market-defining event. Additionally, the increased unity of the opposition could start to impact outcomes at this stage, the brokerage added.

Market outlook

Going ahead, Damania predicted that if the market falls before the general election outcome, one can expect a rally post result. But if there is no meaningful correction, the market may behave like in 2019, where Indices moved down post election result.

Read here: Equities or other asset classes? What should you pick ahead of election results

"Indian market valuations are rich, and that may keep the upside capped. Post-election, the market will start speculating on the budget announcement. This will also keep marketmen busy. Hence, we sense that in the next couple of months, the market will likely remain volatile," he said.

Bernstein also emphasised that the elections are far from a non-event, having sparked significant market interest and concern. As voter turnout and political dynamics evolve, investors should closely monitor the situation and stay prepared for potential surprises that could impact the market.

Disclaimer: The views and recommendations made above are those of individual analysts or broking companies, and not of Mint. We advise investors to check with certified experts before taking any investment decisions.

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