make a conclusion based from your observation

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Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper

• 9. The Conclusion
• Purpose of Guide
• Design Flaws to Avoid
• Independent and Dependent Variables
• Glossary of Research Terms
• Reading Research Effectively
• Narrowing a Topic Idea
• Broadening a Topic Idea
• Extending the Timeliness of a Topic Idea
• Academic Writing Style
• Applying Critical Thinking
• Choosing a Title
• Making an Outline
• Paragraph Development
• Research Process Video Series
• Executive Summary
• The C.A.R.S. Model
• Background Information
• The Research Problem/Question
• Theoretical Framework
• Citation Tracking
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• Evaluating Sources
• Primary Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Tiertiary Sources
• Scholarly vs. Popular Publications
• Qualitative Methods
• Quantitative Methods
• Insiderness
• Using Non-Textual Elements
• Limitations of the Study
• Common Grammar Mistakes
• Writing Concisely
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Footnotes or Endnotes?
• Further Readings
• Generative AI and Writing
• USC Libraries Tutorials and Other Guides
• Bibliography

The conclusion is intended to help the reader understand why your research should matter to them after they have finished reading the paper. A conclusion is not merely a summary of the main topics covered or a re-statement of your research problem, but a synthesis of key points derived from the findings of your study and, if applicable based on your analysis, explain new areas for future research. For most college-level research papers, two or three well-developed paragraphs is sufficient for a conclusion, although in some cases, more paragraphs may be required in describing the key findings and highlighting their significance.

Conclusions. The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Conclusions. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University.

Importance of a Good Conclusion

A well-written conclusion provides important opportunities to demonstrate to the reader your understanding of the research problem. These include:

• Presenting the last word on the issues you raised in your paper . Just as the introduction gives a first impression to your reader, the conclusion offers a chance to leave a lasting impression. Do this, for example, by highlighting key findings in your analysis that advance new understanding about the research problem, that are unusual or unexpected, or that have important implications applied to practice.
• Summarizing your thoughts and conveying the larger significance of your study . The conclusion is an opportunity to succinctly re-emphasize  your answer to the "So What?" question by placing the study within the context of how your research advances past studies about the topic.
• Identifying how a gap in the literature has been addressed . The conclusion can be where you describe how a previously identified gap in the literature [first identified in your literature review section] has been addressed by your research and why this contribution is significant.
• Demonstrating the importance of your ideas . Don't be shy. The conclusion offers an opportunity to elaborate on the impact and significance of your findings. This is particularly important if your study approached examining the research problem from an unusual or innovative perspective.
• Introducing possible new or expanded ways of thinking about the research problem . This does not refer to introducing new information [which should be avoided], but to offer new insight and creative approaches for framing or contextualizing the research problem based on the results of your study.

Bunton, David. “The Structure of PhD Conclusion Chapters.” Journal of English for Academic Purposes 4 (July 2005): 207–224; Conclusions. The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Kretchmer, Paul. Twelve Steps to Writing an Effective Conclusion. San Francisco Edit, 2003-2008; Conclusions. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Assan, Joseph. "Writing the Conclusion Chapter: The Good, the Bad and the Missing." Liverpool: Development Studies Association (2009): 1-8.

Structure and Writing Style

I.  General Rules

The general function of your paper's conclusion is to restate the main argument . It reminds the reader of your main argument(s) strengths and reiterates the most important evidence supporting those argument(s). Do this by clearly summarizing the context, background, and the necessity of examining the research problem in relation to an issue, controversy, or a gap found in the literature. However, make sure that your conclusion is not simply a repetitive summary of the findings. This reduces the impact of the argument(s) you have developed in your paper.

When writing the conclusion to your paper, follow these general rules:

• Present your conclusions in clear, concise language. Re-state the purpose of your study, then describe how your findings differ or support those of other studies and why [i.e., describe what were the unique, new, or crucial contributions your study made to the overall research about your topic].
• Do not simply reiterate your findings or the discussion of your results. Provide a synthesis of arguments presented in the paper to show how these converge to address the research problem and the overall objectives of your study.
• Indicate opportunities for future research if you haven't already done so in the discussion section of your paper. Highlighting the need for further research provides the reader with evidence that you have an in-depth awareness of the research problem but that further analysis should take place beyond the scope of your investigation.

Consider the following points to help ensure your conclusion is presented well:

• If the argument or purpose of your paper is complex, you may need to summarize the argument for your reader.
• If, prior to your conclusion, you have not yet explained the significance of your findings or if you are proceeding inductively, use the end of your paper to describe your main points and explain their significance.
• Move from a detailed to a general level of consideration that returns the topic to the context provided by the introduction or within a new context that emerges from the data [this is opposite of the introduction, which begins with general discussion of the context and ends with a detailed description of the research problem]. 

The conclusion also provides a place for you to persuasively and succinctly restate the research problem, given that the reader has now been presented with all the information about the topic . Depending on the discipline you are writing in, the concluding paragraph may contain your reflections on the evidence presented. However, the nature of being introspective about the research you have conducted will depend on the topic and whether your professor wants you to express your observations in this way. If asked to think introspectively about the topic, do not delve into idle speculation. Being introspective means looking within yourself as an author to try and understand an issue more deeply, not to guess at possible outcomes or make up scenarios not supported by the evidence.

II.  Developing a Compelling Conclusion

Although an effective conclusion needs to be clear and succinct, it does not need to be written passively or lack a compelling narrative. Strategies to help you move beyond merely summarizing the key points of your research paper may include any of the following:

• If your paper addresses a critical, contemporary problem, warn readers of the possible consequences of not attending to the problem proactively based on the evidence presented in your study.
• Recommend a specific course or courses of action that, if adopted, could address a specific problem in practice or in the development of new knowledge leading to positive change.
• Cite a relevant quotation or expert opinion already noted in your paper in order to lend authority and support to the conclusion(s) you have reached [a good source would be from a source cited in your literature review].
• Explain the consequences of your research in a way that elicits action or demonstrates urgency in seeking change.
• Restate a key statistic, fact, or visual image to emphasize the most important finding of your paper.
• If your discipline encourages personal reflection, illustrate your concluding point by drawing from your own life experiences.
• Return to an anecdote, an example, or a quotation that you presented in your introduction, but add further insight derived from the findings of your study; use your interpretation of results from your study to recast it in new or important ways.
• Provide a "take-home" message in the form of a succinct, declarative statement that you want the reader to remember about your study.

III. Problems to Avoid

Failure to be concise Your conclusion section should be concise and to the point. Conclusions that are too lengthy often have unnecessary information in them. The conclusion is not the place for details about your methodology or results. Although you should give a summary of what was learned from your research, this summary should be relatively brief, since the emphasis in the conclusion is on the implications, evaluations, insights, and other forms of analysis that you make. Strategies for writing concisely can be found here .

Failure to comment on larger, more significant issues In the introduction, your task was to move from the general [topic studied within the field of study] to the specific [the research problem]. However, in the conclusion, your task is to move the discussion from specific [your research problem] back to a general discussion framed around the implications and significance of your findings [i.e., how your research contributes new understanding or fills an important gap in the literature]. In short, the conclusion is where you should place your research within a larger context [visualize the structure of your paper as an hourglass--start with a broad introduction and review of the literature, move to the specific method of analysis and the discussion, conclude with a broad summary of the study's implications and significance].

Failure to reveal problems and negative results Negative aspects of the research process should never be ignored. These are problems, deficiencies, or challenges encountered during your study. They should be summarized as a way of qualifying your overall conclusions. If you encountered negative or unintended results [i.e., findings that are validated outside the research context in which they were generated], you must report them in the results section and discuss their implications in the discussion section of your paper. In the conclusion, use negative or surprising results as an opportunity to explain their possible significance and/or how they may form the basis for future research.

Failure to provide a clear summary of what was learned In order to discuss how your research fits within your field of study [and possibly the world at large], you need to summarize briefly and succinctly how it contributes to new knowledge or a new understanding about the research problem. This element of your conclusion may be only a few sentences long, but it often represents the key takeaway for your reader.

Failure to match the objectives of your research Often research objectives in the social and behavioral sciences change while the research is being carried out due to unforeseen factors or unanticipated variables. This is not a problem unless you forget to go back and refine the original objectives in your introduction. As these changes emerge they must be documented so that they accurately reflect what you were trying to accomplish in your research [not what you thought you might accomplish when you began].

Resist the urge to apologize If you've immersed yourself in studying the research problem, you presumably should know a good deal about it [perhaps even more than your professor!]. Nevertheless, by the time you have finished writing, you may be having some doubts about what you have produced. Repress those doubts! Don't undermine your authority as a researcher by saying something like, "This is just one approach to examining this problem; there may be other, much better approaches that...." The overall tone of your conclusion should convey confidence to the reader concerning the validity and realiability of your research.

Assan, Joseph. "Writing the Conclusion Chapter: The Good, the Bad and the Missing." Liverpool: Development Studies Association (2009): 1-8; Concluding Paragraphs. College Writing Center at Meramec. St. Louis Community College; Conclusions. The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Conclusions. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Freedman, Leora  and Jerry Plotnick. Introductions and Conclusions. The Lab Report. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Leibensperger, Summer. Draft Your Conclusion. Academic Center, the University of Houston-Victoria, 2003; Make Your Last Words Count. The Writer’s Handbook. Writing Center. University of Wisconsin Madison; Miquel, Fuster-Marquez and Carmen Gregori-Signes. “Chapter Six: ‘Last but Not Least:’ Writing the Conclusion of Your Paper.” In Writing an Applied Linguistics Thesis or Dissertation: A Guide to Presenting Empirical Research . John Bitchener, editor. (Basingstoke,UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 93-105; Tips for Writing a Good Conclusion. Writing@CSU. Colorado State University; Kretchmer, Paul. Twelve Steps to Writing an Effective Conclusion. San Francisco Edit, 2003-2008; Writing Conclusions. Writing Tutorial Services, Center for Innovative Teaching and Learning. Indiana University; Writing: Considering Structure and Organization. Institute for Writing Rhetoric. Dartmouth College.

Writing Tip

Don't Belabor the Obvious!

Avoid phrases like "in conclusion...," "in summary...," or "in closing...." These phrases can be useful, even welcome, in oral presentations. But readers can see by the tell-tale section heading and number of pages remaining that they are reaching the end of your paper. You'll irritate your readers if you belabor the obvious.

Assan, Joseph. "Writing the Conclusion Chapter: The Good, the Bad and the Missing." Liverpool: Development Studies Association (2009): 1-8.

Another Writing Tip

New Insight, Not New Information!

Don't surprise the reader with new information in your conclusion that was never referenced anywhere else in the paper. This is why the conclusion rarely has citations to sources that haven't been referenced elsewhere in your paper. If you have new information to present, add it to the discussion or other appropriate section of the paper. Note that, although no new information is introduced, the conclusion, along with the discussion section, is where you offer your most "original" contributions in the paper; the conclusion is where you describe the value of your research, demonstrate that you understand the material that you have presented, and position your findings within the larger context of scholarship on the topic, including describing how your research contributes new insights to that scholarship.

Assan, Joseph. "Writing the Conclusion Chapter: The Good, the Bad and the Missing." Liverpool: Development Studies Association (2009): 1-8; Conclusions. The Writing Center. University of North Carolina.

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How to Write a Conclusion for Research Papers (with Examples)

The conclusion of a research paper is a crucial section that plays a significant role in the overall impact and effectiveness of your research paper. However, this is also the section that typically receives less attention compared to the introduction and the body of the paper. The conclusion serves to provide a concise summary of the key findings, their significance, their implications, and a sense of closure to the study. Discussing how can the findings be applied in real-world scenarios or inform policy, practice, or decision-making is especially valuable to practitioners and policymakers. The research paper conclusion also provides researchers with clear insights and valuable information for their own work, which they can then build on and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field.

The research paper conclusion should explain the significance of your findings within the broader context of your field. It restates how your results contribute to the existing body of knowledge and whether they confirm or challenge existing theories or hypotheses. Also, by identifying unanswered questions or areas requiring further investigation, your awareness of the broader research landscape can be demonstrated.

Remember to tailor the research paper conclusion to the specific needs and interests of your intended audience, which may include researchers, practitioners, policymakers, or a combination of these.

Table of Contents

What is a conclusion in a research paper, summarizing conclusion, editorial conclusion, externalizing conclusion, importance of a good research paper conclusion, how to write a conclusion for your research paper, research paper conclusion examples.

• How to write a research paper conclusion with Paperpal? 

Frequently Asked Questions

A conclusion in a research paper is the final section where you summarize and wrap up your research, presenting the key findings and insights derived from your study. The research paper conclusion is not the place to introduce new information or data that was not discussed in the main body of the paper. When working on how to conclude a research paper, remember to stick to summarizing and interpreting existing content. The research paper conclusion serves the following purposes: 1

• Warn readers of the possible consequences of not attending to the problem.
• Recommend specific course(s) of action.
• Restate key ideas to drive home the ultimate point of your research paper.
• Provide a “take-home” message that you want the readers to remember about your study.

Types of conclusions for research papers

In research papers, the conclusion provides closure to the reader. The type of research paper conclusion you choose depends on the nature of your study, your goals, and your target audience. I provide you with three common types of conclusions:

A summarizing conclusion is the most common type of conclusion in research papers. It involves summarizing the main points, reiterating the research question, and restating the significance of the findings. This common type of research paper conclusion is used across different disciplines.

An editorial conclusion is less common but can be used in research papers that are focused on proposing or advocating for a particular viewpoint or policy. It involves presenting a strong editorial or opinion based on the research findings and offering recommendations or calls to action.

An externalizing conclusion is a type of conclusion that extends the research beyond the scope of the paper by suggesting potential future research directions or discussing the broader implications of the findings. This type of conclusion is often used in more theoretical or exploratory research papers.

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The conclusion in a research paper serves several important purposes:

• Offers Implications and Recommendations : Your research paper conclusion is an excellent place to discuss the broader implications of your research and suggest potential areas for further study. It’s also an opportunity to offer practical recommendations based on your findings.
• Provides Closure : A good research paper conclusion provides a sense of closure to your paper. It should leave the reader with a feeling that they have reached the end of a well-structured and thought-provoking research project.
• Leaves a Lasting Impression : Writing a well-crafted research paper conclusion leaves a lasting impression on your readers. It’s your final opportunity to leave them with a new idea, a call to action, or a memorable quote.

Writing a strong conclusion for your research paper is essential to leave a lasting impression on your readers. Here’s a step-by-step process to help you create and know what to put in the conclusion of a research paper: 2

• Research Statement : Begin your research paper conclusion by restating your research statement. This reminds the reader of the main point you’ve been trying to prove throughout your paper. Keep it concise and clear.
• Key Points : Summarize the main arguments and key points you’ve made in your paper. Avoid introducing new information in the research paper conclusion. Instead, provide a concise overview of what you’ve discussed in the body of your paper.
• Address the Research Questions : If your research paper is based on specific research questions or hypotheses, briefly address whether you’ve answered them or achieved your research goals. Discuss the significance of your findings in this context.
• Significance : Highlight the importance of your research and its relevance in the broader context. Explain why your findings matter and how they contribute to the existing knowledge in your field.
• Implications : Explore the practical or theoretical implications of your research. How might your findings impact future research, policy, or real-world applications? Consider the “so what?” question.
• Future Research : Offer suggestions for future research in your area. What questions or aspects remain unanswered or warrant further investigation? This shows that your work opens the door for future exploration.
• Closing Thought : Conclude your research paper conclusion with a thought-provoking or memorable statement. This can leave a lasting impression on your readers and wrap up your paper effectively. Avoid introducing new information or arguments here.
• Proofread and Revise : Carefully proofread your conclusion for grammar, spelling, and clarity. Ensure that your ideas flow smoothly and that your conclusion is coherent and well-structured.

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Remember that a well-crafted research paper conclusion is a reflection of the strength of your research and your ability to communicate its significance effectively. It should leave a lasting impression on your readers and tie together all the threads of your paper. Now you know how to start the conclusion of a research paper and what elements to include to make it impactful, let’s look at a research paper conclusion sample.

How to write a research paper conclusion with Paperpal?

A research paper conclusion is not just a summary of your study, but a synthesis of the key findings that ties the research together and places it in a broader context. A research paper conclusion should be concise, typically around one paragraph in length. However, some complex topics may require a longer conclusion to ensure the reader is left with a clear understanding of the study’s significance. Paperpal, an AI writing assistant trusted by over 800,000 academics globally, can help you write a well-structured conclusion for your research paper. 

• Sign Up or Log In: Create a new Paperpal account or login with your details.  
• Navigate to Features : Once logged in, head over to the features’ side navigation pane. Click on Templates and you’ll find a suite of generative AI features to help you write better, faster.  
• Generate an outline: Under Templates, select ‘Outlines’. Choose ‘Research article’ as your document type.  
• Select your section: Since you’re focusing on the conclusion, select this section when prompted.  
• Choose your field of study: Identifying your field of study allows Paperpal to provide more targeted suggestions, ensuring the relevance of your conclusion to your specific area of research. 
• Provide a brief description of your study: Enter details about your research topic and findings. This information helps Paperpal generate a tailored outline that aligns with your paper’s content. 
• Generate the conclusion outline: After entering all necessary details, click on ‘generate’. Paperpal will then create a structured outline for your conclusion, to help you start writing and build upon the outline.  
• Write your conclusion: Use the generated outline to build your conclusion. The outline serves as a guide, ensuring you cover all critical aspects of a strong conclusion, from summarizing key findings to highlighting the research’s implications. 
• Refine and enhance: Paperpal’s ‘Make Academic’ feature can be particularly useful in the final stages. Select any paragraph of your conclusion and use this feature to elevate the academic tone, ensuring your writing is aligned to the academic journal standards. 

By following these steps, Paperpal not only simplifies the process of writing a research paper conclusion but also ensures it is impactful, concise, and aligned with academic standards. Sign up with Paperpal today and write your research paper conclusion 2x faster .  

The research paper conclusion is a crucial part of your paper as it provides the final opportunity to leave a strong impression on your readers. In the research paper conclusion, summarize the main points of your research paper by restating your research statement, highlighting the most important findings, addressing the research questions or objectives, explaining the broader context of the study, discussing the significance of your findings, providing recommendations if applicable, and emphasizing the takeaway message. The main purpose of the conclusion is to remind the reader of the main point or argument of your paper and to provide a clear and concise summary of the key findings and their implications. All these elements should feature on your list of what to put in the conclusion of a research paper to create a strong final statement for your work.

A strong conclusion is a critical component of a research paper, as it provides an opportunity to wrap up your arguments, reiterate your main points, and leave a lasting impression on your readers. Here are the key elements of a strong research paper conclusion: 1. Conciseness : A research paper conclusion should be concise and to the point. It should not introduce new information or ideas that were not discussed in the body of the paper. 2. Summarization : The research paper conclusion should be comprehensive enough to give the reader a clear understanding of the research’s main contributions. 3 . Relevance : Ensure that the information included in the research paper conclusion is directly relevant to the research paper’s main topic and objectives; avoid unnecessary details. 4 . Connection to the Introduction : A well-structured research paper conclusion often revisits the key points made in the introduction and shows how the research has addressed the initial questions or objectives. 5. Emphasis : Highlight the significance and implications of your research. Why is your study important? What are the broader implications or applications of your findings? 6 . Call to Action : Include a call to action or a recommendation for future research or action based on your findings.

The length of a research paper conclusion can vary depending on several factors, including the overall length of the paper, the complexity of the research, and the specific journal requirements. While there is no strict rule for the length of a conclusion, but it’s generally advisable to keep it relatively short. A typical research paper conclusion might be around 5-10% of the paper’s total length. For example, if your paper is 10 pages long, the conclusion might be roughly half a page to one page in length.

In general, you do not need to include citations in the research paper conclusion. Citations are typically reserved for the body of the paper to support your arguments and provide evidence for your claims. However, there may be some exceptions to this rule: 1. If you are drawing a direct quote or paraphrasing a specific source in your research paper conclusion, you should include a citation to give proper credit to the original author. 2. If your conclusion refers to or discusses specific research, data, or sources that are crucial to the overall argument, citations can be included to reinforce your conclusion’s validity.

The conclusion of a research paper serves several important purposes: 1. Summarize the Key Points 2. Reinforce the Main Argument 3. Provide Closure 4. Offer Insights or Implications 5. Engage the Reader. 6. Reflect on Limitations

Remember that the primary purpose of the research paper conclusion is to leave a lasting impression on the reader, reinforcing the key points and providing closure to your research. It’s often the last part of the paper that the reader will see, so it should be strong and well-crafted.

• Makar, G., Foltz, C., Lendner, M., & Vaccaro, A. R. (2018). How to write effective discussion and conclusion sections. Clinical spine surgery, 31(8), 345-346.
• Bunton, D. (2005). The structure of PhD conclusion chapters.  Journal of English for academic purposes ,  4 (3), 207-224.

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• Knowledge Base
• How to conclude an essay | Interactive example

How to Conclude an Essay | Interactive Example

Published on January 24, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on July 23, 2023.

The conclusion is the final paragraph of your essay . A strong conclusion aims to:

• Tie together the essay’s main points
• Show why your argument matters
• Leave the reader with a strong impression

Your conclusion should give a sense of closure and completion to your argument, but also show what new questions or possibilities it has opened up.

This conclusion is taken from our annotated essay example , which discusses the history of the Braille system. Hover over each part to see why it’s effective.

Braille paved the way for dramatic cultural changes in the way blind people were treated and the opportunities available to them. Louis Braille’s innovation was to reimagine existing reading systems from a blind perspective, and the success of this invention required sighted teachers to adapt to their students’ reality instead of the other way around. In this sense, Braille helped drive broader social changes in the status of blindness. New accessibility tools provide practical advantages to those who need them, but they can also change the perspectives and attitudes of those who do not.

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Table of contents

Step 1: return to your thesis, step 2: review your main points, step 3: show why it matters, what shouldn’t go in the conclusion, more examples of essay conclusions, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about writing an essay conclusion.

To begin your conclusion, signal that the essay is coming to an end by returning to your overall argument.

Don’t just repeat your thesis statement —instead, try to rephrase your argument in a way that shows how it has been developed since the introduction.

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Next, remind the reader of the main points that you used to support your argument.

Avoid simply summarizing each paragraph or repeating each point in order; try to bring your points together in a way that makes the connections between them clear. The conclusion is your final chance to show how all the paragraphs of your essay add up to a coherent whole.

To wrap up your conclusion, zoom out to a broader view of the topic and consider the implications of your argument. For example:

• Does it contribute a new understanding of your topic?
• Does it raise new questions for future study?
• Does it lead to practical suggestions or predictions?
• Can it be applied to different contexts?
• Can it be connected to a broader debate or theme?

Whatever your essay is about, the conclusion should aim to emphasize the significance of your argument, whether that’s within your academic subject or in the wider world.

Try to end with a strong, decisive sentence, leaving the reader with a lingering sense of interest in your topic.

The easiest way to improve your conclusion is to eliminate these common mistakes.

Don’t include new evidence

Any evidence or analysis that is essential to supporting your thesis statement should appear in the main body of the essay.

The conclusion might include minor pieces of new information—for example, a sentence or two discussing broader implications, or a quotation that nicely summarizes your central point. But it shouldn’t introduce any major new sources or ideas that need further explanation to understand.

Don’t use “concluding phrases”

Avoid using obvious stock phrases to tell the reader what you’re doing:

• “In conclusion…”
• “To sum up…”

These phrases aren’t forbidden, but they can make your writing sound weak. By returning to your main argument, it will quickly become clear that you are concluding the essay—you shouldn’t have to spell it out.

Don’t undermine your argument

Avoid using apologetic phrases that sound uncertain or confused:

• “This is just one approach among many.”
• “There are good arguments on both sides of this issue.”
• “There is no clear answer to this problem.”

Even if your essay has explored different points of view, your own position should be clear. There may be many possible approaches to the topic, but you want to leave the reader convinced that yours is the best one!

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• Literary analysis

This conclusion is taken from an argumentative essay about the internet’s impact on education. It acknowledges the opposing arguments while taking a clear, decisive position.

The internet has had a major positive impact on the world of education; occasional pitfalls aside, its value is evident in numerous applications. The future of teaching lies in the possibilities the internet opens up for communication, research, and interactivity. As the popularity of distance learning shows, students value the flexibility and accessibility offered by digital education, and educators should fully embrace these advantages. The internet’s dangers, real and imaginary, have been documented exhaustively by skeptics, but the internet is here to stay; it is time to focus seriously on its potential for good.

This conclusion is taken from a short expository essay that explains the invention of the printing press and its effects on European society. It focuses on giving a clear, concise overview of what was covered in the essay.

The invention of the printing press was important not only in terms of its immediate cultural and economic effects, but also in terms of its major impact on politics and religion across Europe. In the century following the invention of the printing press, the relatively stationary intellectual atmosphere of the Middle Ages gave way to the social upheavals of the Reformation and the Renaissance. A single technological innovation had contributed to the total reshaping of the continent.

This conclusion is taken from a literary analysis essay about Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein . It summarizes what the essay’s analysis achieved and emphasizes its originality.

By tracing the depiction of Frankenstein through the novel’s three volumes, I have demonstrated how the narrative structure shifts our perception of the character. While the Frankenstein of the first volume is depicted as having innocent intentions, the second and third volumes—first in the creature’s accusatory voice, and then in his own voice—increasingly undermine him, causing him to appear alternately ridiculous and vindictive. Far from the one-dimensional villain he is often taken to be, the character of Frankenstein is compelling because of the dynamic narrative frame in which he is placed. In this frame, Frankenstein’s narrative self-presentation responds to the images of him we see from others’ perspectives. This conclusion sheds new light on the novel, foregrounding Shelley’s unique layering of narrative perspectives and its importance for the depiction of character.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

• Ad hominem fallacy
• Post hoc fallacy
• Appeal to authority fallacy
• False cause fallacy
• Sunk cost fallacy

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Your essay’s conclusion should contain:

• A rephrased version of your overall thesis
• A brief review of the key points you made in the main body
• An indication of why your argument matters

The conclusion may also reflect on the broader implications of your argument, showing how your ideas could applied to other contexts or debates.

For a stronger conclusion paragraph, avoid including:

• Important evidence or analysis that wasn’t mentioned in the main body
• Generic concluding phrases (e.g. “In conclusion…”)
• Weak statements that undermine your argument (e.g. “There are good points on both sides of this issue.”)

Your conclusion should leave the reader with a strong, decisive impression of your work.

The conclusion paragraph of an essay is usually shorter than the introduction . As a rule, it shouldn’t take up more than 10–15% of the text.

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How to write a strong conclusion for your research paper

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17 February 2024

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Writing a research paper is a chance to share your knowledge and hypothesis. It's an opportunity to demonstrate your many hours of research and prove your ability to write convincingly.

Ideally, by the end of your research paper, you'll have brought your readers on a journey to reach the conclusions you've pre-determined. However, if you don't stick the landing with a good conclusion, you'll risk losing your reader’s trust.

Writing a strong conclusion for your research paper involves a few important steps, including restating the thesis and summing up everything properly.

Find out what to include and what to avoid, so you can effectively demonstrate your understanding of the topic and prove your expertise.

• Why is a good conclusion important?

A good conclusion can cement your paper in the reader’s mind. Making a strong impression in your introduction can draw your readers in, but it's the conclusion that will inspire them.

• What to include in a research paper conclusion

There are a few specifics you should include in your research paper conclusion. Offer your readers some sense of urgency or consequence by pointing out why they should care about the topic you have covered. Discuss any common problems associated with your topic and provide suggestions as to how these problems can be solved or addressed.

The conclusion should include a restatement of your initial thesis. Thesis statements are strengthened after you’ve presented supporting evidence (as you will have done in the paper), so make a point to reintroduce it at the end.

Finally, recap the main points of your research paper, highlighting the key takeaways you want readers to remember. If you've made multiple points throughout the paper, refer to the ones with the strongest supporting evidence.

• Steps for writing a research paper conclusion

Many writers find the conclusion the most challenging part of any research project . By following these three steps, you'll be prepared to write a conclusion that is effective and concise.

• Step 1: Restate the problem

Always begin by restating the research problem in the conclusion of a research paper. This serves to remind the reader of your hypothesis and refresh them on the main point of the paper. 

When restating the problem, take care to avoid using exactly the same words you employed earlier in the paper.

• Step 2: Sum up the paper

After you've restated the problem, sum up the paper by revealing your overall findings. The method for this differs slightly, depending on whether you're crafting an argumentative paper or an empirical paper.

Argumentative paper: Restate your thesis and arguments

Argumentative papers involve introducing a thesis statement early on. In crafting the conclusion for an argumentative paper, always restate the thesis, outlining the way you've developed it throughout the entire paper.

It might be appropriate to mention any counterarguments in the conclusion, so you can demonstrate how your thesis is correct or how the data best supports your main points.

Empirical paper: Summarize research findings

Empirical papers break down a series of research questions. In your conclusion, discuss the findings your research revealed, including any information that surprised you.

Be clear about the conclusions you reached, and explain whether or not you expected to arrive at these particular ones.

• Step 3: Discuss the implications of your research

Argumentative papers and empirical papers also differ in this part of a research paper conclusion. Here are some tips on crafting conclusions for argumentative and empirical papers.

Argumentative paper: Powerful closing statement

In an argumentative paper, you'll have spent a great deal of time expressing the opinions you formed after doing a significant amount of research. Make a strong closing statement in your argumentative paper's conclusion to share the significance of your work.

You can outline the next steps through a bold call to action, or restate how powerful your ideas turned out to be.

Empirical paper: Directions for future research

Empirical papers are broader in scope. They usually cover a variety of aspects and can include several points of view.

To write a good conclusion for an empirical paper, suggest the type of research that could be done in the future, including methods for further investigation or outlining ways other researchers might proceed.

If you feel your research had any limitations, even if they were outside your control, you could mention these in your conclusion.

After you finish outlining your conclusion, ask someone to read it and offer feedback. In any research project you're especially close to, it can be hard to identify problem areas. Having a close friend or someone whose opinion you value read the research paper and provide honest feedback can be invaluable. Take note of any suggested edits and consider incorporating them into your paper if they make sense.

• Things to avoid in a research paper conclusion

Keep these aspects to avoid in mind as you're writing your conclusion and refer to them after you've created an outline.

Dry summary

Writing a memorable, succinct conclusion is arguably more important than a strong introduction. Take care to avoid just rephrasing your main points, and don't fall into the trap of repeating dry facts or citations.

You can provide a new perspective for your readers to think about or contextualize your research. Either way, make the conclusion vibrant and interesting, rather than a rote recitation of your research paper’s highlights.

Clichéd or generic phrasing

Your research paper conclusion should feel fresh and inspiring. Avoid generic phrases like "to sum up" or "in conclusion." These phrases tend to be overused, especially in an academic context and might turn your readers off.

The conclusion also isn't the time to introduce colloquial phrases or informal language. Retain a professional, confident tone consistent throughout your paper’s conclusion so it feels exciting and bold.

New data or evidence

While you should present strong data throughout your paper, the conclusion isn't the place to introduce new evidence. This is because readers are engaged in actively learning as they read through the body of your paper.

By the time they reach the conclusion, they will have formed an opinion one way or the other (hopefully in your favor!). Introducing new evidence in the conclusion will only serve to surprise or frustrate your reader.

Ignoring contradictory evidence

If your research reveals contradictory evidence, don't ignore it in the conclusion. This will damage your credibility as an expert and might even serve to highlight the contradictions.

Be as transparent as possible and admit to any shortcomings in your research, but don't dwell on them for too long.

Ambiguous or unclear resolutions

The point of a research paper conclusion is to provide closure and bring all your ideas together. You should wrap up any arguments you introduced in the paper and tie up any loose ends, while demonstrating why your research and data are strong.

Use direct language in your conclusion and avoid ambiguity. Even if some of the data and sources you cite are inconclusive or contradictory, note this in your conclusion to come across as confident and trustworthy.

• Examples of research paper conclusions

Your research paper should provide a compelling close to the paper as a whole, highlighting your research and hard work. While the conclusion should represent your unique style, these examples offer a starting point:

Ultimately, the data we examined all point to the same conclusion: Encouraging a good work-life balance improves employee productivity and benefits the company overall. The research suggests that when employees feel their personal lives are valued and respected by their employers, they are more likely to be productive when at work. In addition, company turnover tends to be reduced when employees have a balance between their personal and professional lives. While additional research is required to establish ways companies can support employees in creating a stronger work-life balance, it's clear the need is there.

Social media is a primary method of communication among young people. As we've seen in the data presented, most young people in high school use a variety of social media applications at least every hour, including Instagram and Facebook. While social media is an avenue for connection with peers, research increasingly suggests that social media use correlates with body image issues. Young girls with lower self-esteem tend to use social media more often than those who don't log onto social media apps every day. As new applications continue to gain popularity, and as more high school students are given smartphones, more research will be required to measure the effects of prolonged social media use.

What are the different kinds of research paper conclusions?

There are no formal types of research paper conclusions. Ultimately, the conclusion depends on the outline of your paper and the type of research you’re presenting. While some experts note that research papers can end with a new perspective or commentary, most papers should conclude with a combination of both. The most important aspect of a good research paper conclusion is that it accurately represents the body of the paper.

Can I present new arguments in my research paper conclusion?

Research paper conclusions are not the place to introduce new data or arguments. The body of your paper is where you should share research and insights, where the reader is actively absorbing the content. By the time a reader reaches the conclusion of the research paper, they should have formed their opinion. Introducing new arguments in the conclusion can take a reader by surprise, and not in a positive way. It might also serve to frustrate readers.

How long should a research paper conclusion be?

There's no set length for a research paper conclusion. However, it's a good idea not to run on too long, since conclusions are supposed to be succinct. A good rule of thumb is to keep your conclusion around 5 to 10 percent of the paper's total length. If your paper is 10 pages, try to keep your conclusion under one page.

What should I include in a research paper conclusion?

A good research paper conclusion should always include a sense of urgency, so the reader can see how and why the topic should matter to them. You can also note some recommended actions to help fix the problem and some obstacles they might encounter. A conclusion should also remind the reader of the thesis statement, along with the main points you covered in the paper. At the end of the conclusion, add a powerful closing statement that helps cement the paper in the mind of the reader.

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How to write an excellent thesis conclusion [with examples]

Restate the thesis

Review or reiterate key points of your work, explain why your work is relevant, a take-away for the reader, more resources on writing thesis conclusions, frequently asked questions about writing an excellent thesis conclusion, related articles.

At this point in your writing, you have most likely finished your introduction and the body of your thesis, dissertation, or research paper . While this is a reason to celebrate, you should not underestimate the importance of your conclusion. The conclusion is the last thing that your reader will see, so it should be memorable.

A good conclusion will review the key points of the thesis and explain to the reader why the information is relevant, applicable, or related to the world as a whole. Make sure to dedicate enough of your writing time to the conclusion and do not put it off until the very last minute.

This article provides an effective technique for writing a conclusion adapted from Erika Eby’s The College Student's Guide to Writing a Good Research Paper: 101 Easy Tips & Tricks to Make Your Work Stand Out .

While the thesis introduction starts out with broad statements about the topic, and then narrows it down to the thesis statement , a thesis conclusion does the same in the opposite order.

• Restate the thesis.
• Review or reiterate key points of your work.
• Explain why your work is relevant.
• Include a core take-away message for the reader.

Tip: Don’t just copy and paste your thesis into your conclusion. Restate it in different words.

The best way to start a conclusion is simply by restating the thesis statement. That does not mean just copying and pasting it from the introduction, but putting it into different words.

You will need to change the structure and wording of it to avoid sounding repetitive. Also, be firm in your conclusion just as you were in the introduction. Try to avoid sounding apologetic by using phrases like "This paper has tried to show..."

The conclusion should address all the same parts as the thesis while making it clear that the reader has reached the end. You are telling the reader that your research is finished and what your findings are.

I have argued throughout this work that the point of critical mass for biopolitical immunity occurred during the Romantic period because of that era's unique combination of post-revolutionary politics and innovations in smallpox prevention. In particular, I demonstrated that the French Revolution and the discovery of vaccination in the 1790s triggered a reconsideration of the relationship between bodies and the state.

Tip: Try to reiterate points from your introduction in your thesis conclusion.

The next step is to review the main points of the thesis as a whole. Look back at the body of of your project and make a note of the key ideas. You can reword these ideas the same way you reworded your thesis statement and then incorporate that into the conclusion.

You can also repeat striking quotations or statistics, but do not use more than two. As the conclusion represents your own closing thoughts on the topic , it should mainly consist of your own words.

In addition, conclusions can contain recommendations to the reader or relevant questions that further the thesis. You should ask yourself:

• What you would ideally like to see your readers do in reaction to your paper?
• Do you want them to take a certain action or investigate further?
• Is there a bigger issue that your paper wants to draw attention to?

Also, try to reference your introduction in your conclusion. You have already taken a first step by restating your thesis. Now, check whether there are other key words, phrases or ideas that are mentioned in your introduction that fit into your conclusion. Connecting the introduction to the conclusion in this way will help readers feel satisfied.

I explored how Mary Wollstonecraft, in both her fiction and political writings, envisions an ideal medico-political state, and how other writers like William Wordsworth and Mary Shelley increasingly imagined the body politic literally, as an incorporated political collective made up of bodies whose immunity to political and medical ills was essential to a healthy state.

Tip: Make sure to explain why your thesis is relevant to your field of research.

Although you can encourage readers to question their opinions and reflect on your topic, do not leave loose ends. You should provide a sense of resolution and make sure your conclusion wraps up your argument. Make sure you explain why your thesis is relevant to your field of research and how your research intervenes within, or substantially revises, existing scholarly debates.

This project challenged conventional ideas about the relationship among Romanticism, medicine, and politics by reading the unfolding of Romantic literature and biopolitical immunity as mutual, co-productive processes. In doing so, this thesis revises the ways in which biopolitics has been theorized by insisting on the inherent connections between Romantic literature and the forms of biopower that characterize early modernity.

Tip: If you began your thesis with an anecdote or historical example, you may want to return to that in your conclusion.

End your conclusion with something memorable, such as:

• a call to action
• a recommendation
• a gesture towards future research
• a brief explanation of how the problem or idea you covered remains relevant

Ultimately, you want readers to feel more informed, or ready to act, as they read your conclusion.

Yet, the Romantic period is only the beginning of modern thought on immunity and biopolitics. Victorian writers, doctors, and politicians upheld the Romantic idea that a "healthy state" was a literal condition that could be achieved by combining politics and medicine, but augmented that idea through legislation and widespread public health measures. While many nineteenth-century efforts to improve citizens' health were successful, the fight against disease ultimately changed course in the twentieth century as global immunological threats such as SARS occupied public consciousness. Indeed, as subsequent public health events make apparent, biopolitical immunity persists as a viable concept for thinking about the relationship between medicine and politics in modernity.

Need more advice? Read our 5 additional tips on how to write a good thesis conclusion.

The conclusion is the last thing that your reader will see, so it should be memorable. To write a great thesis conclusion you should:

The basic content of a conclusion is to review the main points from the paper. This part represents your own closing thoughts on the topic. It should mainly consist of the outcome of the research in your own words.

The length of the conclusion will depend on the length of the whole thesis. Usually, a conclusion should be around 5-7% of the overall word count.

End your conclusion with something memorable, such as a question, warning, or call to action. Depending on the topic, you can also end with a recommendation.

In Open Access: Theses and Dissertations you can find thousands of completed works. Take a look at any of the theses or dissertations for real-life examples of conclusions that were already approved.

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• How to Write Discussions and Conclusions

The discussion section contains the results and outcomes of a study. An effective discussion informs readers what can be learned from your experiment and provides context for the results.

What makes an effective discussion?

When you’re ready to write your discussion, you’ve already introduced the purpose of your study and provided an in-depth description of the methodology. The discussion informs readers about the larger implications of your study based on the results. Highlighting these implications while not overstating the findings can be challenging, especially when you’re submitting to a journal that selects articles based on novelty or potential impact. Regardless of what journal you are submitting to, the discussion section always serves the same purpose: concluding what your study results actually mean.

A successful discussion section puts your findings in context. It should include:

• the results of your research,
• a discussion of related research, and
• a comparison between your results and initial hypothesis.

Tip: Not all journals share the same naming conventions.

You can apply the advice in this article to the conclusion, results or discussion sections of your manuscript.

Our Early Career Researcher community tells us that the conclusion is often considered the most difficult aspect of a manuscript to write. To help, this guide provides questions to ask yourself, a basic structure to model your discussion off of and examples from published manuscripts. 

Questions to ask yourself:

• Was my hypothesis correct?
• If my hypothesis is partially correct or entirely different, what can be learned from the results? 
• How do the conclusions reshape or add onto the existing knowledge in the field? What does previous research say about the topic? 
• Why are the results important or relevant to your audience? Do they add further evidence to a scientific consensus or disprove prior studies? 
• How can future research build on these observations? What are the key experiments that must be done? 
• What is the “take-home” message you want your reader to leave with?

How to structure a discussion

Trying to fit a complete discussion into a single paragraph can add unnecessary stress to the writing process. If possible, you’ll want to give yourself two or three paragraphs to give the reader a comprehensive understanding of your study as a whole. Here’s one way to structure an effective discussion:

Writing Tips

While the above sections can help you brainstorm and structure your discussion, there are many common mistakes that writers revert to when having difficulties with their paper. Writing a discussion can be a delicate balance between summarizing your results, providing proper context for your research and avoiding introducing new information. Remember that your paper should be both confident and honest about the results! 

• Read the journal’s guidelines on the discussion and conclusion sections. If possible, learn about the guidelines before writing the discussion to ensure you’re writing to meet their expectations. 
• Begin with a clear statement of the principal findings. This will reinforce the main take-away for the reader and set up the rest of the discussion. 
• Explain why the outcomes of your study are important to the reader. Discuss the implications of your findings realistically based on previous literature, highlighting both the strengths and limitations of the research. 
• State whether the results prove or disprove your hypothesis. If your hypothesis was disproved, what might be the reasons? 
• Introduce new or expanded ways to think about the research question. Indicate what next steps can be taken to further pursue any unresolved questions. 
• If dealing with a contemporary or ongoing problem, such as climate change, discuss possible consequences if the problem is avoided. 
• Be concise. Adding unnecessary detail can distract from the main findings. 

Don’t

• Rewrite your abstract. Statements with “we investigated” or “we studied” generally do not belong in the discussion. 
• Include new arguments or evidence not previously discussed. Necessary information and evidence should be introduced in the main body of the paper. 
• Apologize. Even if your research contains significant limitations, don’t undermine your authority by including statements that doubt your methodology or execution. 
• Shy away from speaking on limitations or negative results. Including limitations and negative results will give readers a complete understanding of the presented research. Potential limitations include sources of potential bias, threats to internal or external validity, barriers to implementing an intervention and other issues inherent to the study design. 
• Overstate the importance of your findings. Making grand statements about how a study will fully resolve large questions can lead readers to doubt the success of the research. 

Snippets of Effective Discussions:

Consumer-based actions to reduce plastic pollution in rivers: A multi-criteria decision analysis approach

Identifying reliable indicators of fitness in polar bears

• How to Write a Great Title
• How to Write an Abstract
• How to Write Your Methods
• How to Report Statistics
• How to Edit Your Work

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• > How to Do Research
• > Draw conclusions and make recommendations

Book contents

• Frontmatter
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction: Types of research
• Part 1 The research process
• 1 Develop the research objectives
• 2 Design and plan the study
• 3 Write the proposal
• 4 Obtain financial support for the research
• 5 Manage the research
• 6 Draw conclusions and make recommendations
• 7 Write the report
• 8 Disseminate the results
• Part 2 Methods
• Appendix The market for information professionals: A proposal from the Policy Studies Institute

6 - Draw conclusions and make recommendations

from Part 1 - The research process

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 June 2018

This is the point everything has been leading up to. Having carried out the research and marshalled all the evidence, you are now faced with the problem of making sense of it all. Here you need to distinguish clearly between three different things: results, conclusions and recommendations.

Results are what you have found through the research. They are more than just the raw data that you have collected. They are the processed findings of the work – what you have been analysing and striving to understand. In total, the results form the picture that you have uncovered through your research. Results are neutral. They clearly depend on the nature of the questions asked but, given a particular set of questions, the results should not be contentious – there should be no debate about whether or not 63 per cent of respondents said ‘yes’ to question 16.

When you consider the results you can draw conclusions based on them. These are less neutral as you are putting your interpretation on the results and thus introducing a degree of subjectivity. Some research is simply descriptive – the final report merely presents the results. In most cases, though, you will want to interpret them, saying what they mean for you – drawing conclusions.

These conclusions might arise from a comparison between your results and the findings of other studies. They will, almost certainly, be developed with reference to the aim and objectives of the research. While there will be no debate over the results, the conclusions could well be contentious. Someone else might interpret the results differently, arriving at different conclusions. For this reason you need to support your conclusions with structured, logical reasoning.

Having drawn your conclusions you can then make recommendations. These should flow from your conclusions. They are suggestions about action that might be taken by people or organizations in the light of the conclusions that you have drawn from the results of the research. Like the conclusions, the recommendations may be open to debate. You may feel that, on the basis of your conclusions, the organization you have been studying should do this, that or the other.

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How Do I Write the Conclusion?

Final Conclusions, Putting Your Work in Context and Considering Further Research

• First Online: 19 October 2023

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• Bartek Buczkowski   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4146-3664 4  

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The conclusion is one of the shortest parts of the dissertation. In this chapter, we focus on the meaning and purpose of the conclusion, its components, and the sources of information that you should use to draw your conclusions. We will also point out the connection between the conclusion and the aim of the study, and things to avoid when writing the conclusion.

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Cottrell S (2017) Critical thinking skills: effective analysis, argument and reflection, 3rd edn. Palgrave, London

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Scientific Method: Step 6: CONCLUSION

• Step 1: QUESTION
• Step 2: RESEARCH
• Step 3: HYPOTHESIS
• Step 4: EXPERIMENT
• Step 5: DATA
• Step 6: CONCLUSION

Step 6: Conclusion

Finally, you've reached your conclusion. Now it is time to summarize and explain what happened in your experiment. Your conclusion should answer the question posed in step one. Your conclusion should be based solely on your results.

Think about the following questions:

• Was your hypothesis correct?
• If your hypothesis wasn't correct, what can you conclude from that?
• Do you need to run your experiment again changing a variable?
• Is your data clearly defined so everyone can understand the results and follow your reasoning?

Remember, even a failed experiment can yield a valuable lesson.  

Draw your conclusion

• Conclusion Sections in Scientific Research Reports (The Writing Center at George Mason)
• Sample Conclusions (Science Buddies)
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• Last Updated: Jun 21, 2024 4:43 PM
• URL: https://harford.libguides.com/scientific_method

Topic Guide - Developing Your Research Study

• Purpose of Guide
• Flaws to Avoid
• Independent and Dependent Variables
• Glossary of Research Terms
• Reading Research Effectively
• Narrowing a Topic Idea
• Broadening a Topic Idea
• Extending the Timeliness of a Topic Idea
• Academic Writing Style
• Choosing a Title
• Making an Outline
• Paragraph Development
• APA 7th Edition
• Executive Summary
• The C.A.R.S. Model
• Background Information
• The Research Problem/Question
• Theoretical Framework
• Citation Tracking
• Content Alert Services
• Evaluating Sources
• Primary Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Tiertiary Sources
• What Is Scholarly vs. Popular?
• Qualitative Methods
• Quantitative Methods
• Using Non-Textual Elements
• Limitations of the Study

Importance of a Good Conclusion

Structure and writing style, writing tip, another writing tip.

• 10. Proofreading Your Paper
• Writing Concisely
• Common Grammar Mistakes
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Footnotes or Endnotes?
• Further Readings
• Annotated Bibliography
• Types of Structured Group Activities
• Group Project Survival Skills
• Multiple Book Review Essay
• Reviewing Collected Works
• Writing a Case Study
• Writing a Research Proposal
• Bibliography

The conclusion is intended to help the reader understand why your research should matter to them after they have finished reading the paper. A conclusion is not merely a summary of the main topics covered or a re-statement of your research problem, but a synthesis of key points and, if applicable, where you recommend new areas for future research. For most college-level research papers, one or two well-developed paragraphs is sufficient for a conclusion, although in some cases, three or more paragraphs may be required.

Conclusions . The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Conclusions . The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University.

A well-written conclusion provides you with important opportunities to demonstrate to the reader your understanding of the research problem. These include:

• Presenting the last word on the issues you raised in your paper . Just as the introduction gives a first impression to your reader, the conclusion offers a chance to leave a lasting impression. Do this, for example, by highlighting key findings in your analysis or result section or by noting important or unexpected implications applied to practice.
• Summarizing your thoughts and conveying the larger significance of your study . The conclusion is an opportunity to succinctly answer [or in some cases, to re-emphasize]  the "So What?" question by placing the study within the context of how your research advances past research about the topic.
• Identifying how a gap in the literature has been addressed . The conclusion can be where you describe how a previously identified gap in the literature [described in your literature review section] has been filled by your research.
• Demonstrating the importance of your ideas . Don't be shy. The conclusion offers you the opportunity to elaborate on the impact and significance of your findings.
• Introducing possible new or expanded ways of thinking about the research problem . This does not refer to introducing new information [which should be avoided], but to offer new insight and creative approaches for framing or contextualizing the research problem based on the results of your study.

Bunton, David. “The Structure of PhD Conclusion Chapters.” Journal of English for Academic Purposes 4 (July 2005): 207–224; Conclusions . The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Kretchmer, Paul. Twelve Steps to Writing an Effective Conclusion . San Francisco Edit, 2003-2008; Conclusions . The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University.

I.  General Rules

The function of your paper's conclusion is to restate the main argument . It reminds the reader of the strengths of your main argument(s) and reiterates the most important evidence supporting those argument(s). Do this by stating clearly the context, background, and necessity of pursuing the research problem you investigated in relation to an issue, controversy, or a gap found in the literature. Make sure, however, that your conclusion is not simply a repetitive summary of the findings. This reduces the impact of the argument(s) you have developed in your essay.

When writing the conclusion to your paper, follow these general rules:

• State your conclusions in clear, simple language. Re-state the purpose of your study then state how your findings differ or support those of other studies and why [i.e., what were the unique or new contributions your study made to the overall research about your topic?].
• Do not simply reiterate your results or the discussion of your results. Provide a synthesis of arguments presented in the paper to show how these converge to address the research problem and the overall objectives of your study
• Indicate opportunities for future research if you haven't already done so in the discussion section of your paper. Highlighting the need for further research provides the reader with evidence that you have an in-depth awareness of the research problem.

Consider the following points to help ensure your conclusion is presented well:

• If the argument or purpose of your paper is complex, you may need to summarize the argument for your reader.
• If, prior to your conclusion, you have not yet explained the significance of your findings or if you are proceeding inductively, use the end of your paper to describe your main points and explain their significance.
• Move from a detailed to a general level of consideration that returns the topic to the context provided by the introduction or within a new context that emerges from the data.

The conclusion also provides a place for you to persuasively and succinctly restate your research problem, given that the reader has now been presented with all the information about the topic . Depending on the discipline you are writing in, the concluding paragraph may contain your reflections on the evidence presented, or on the essay's central research problem. However, the nature of being introspective about the research you have done will depend on the topic and whether your professor wants you to express your observations in this way.

NOTE : If asked to think introspectively about the topics, do not delve into idle speculation. Being introspective means looking within yourself as an author to try and understand an issue more deeply, not to guess at possible outcomes or make up scenarios not supported by evidence.

II.  Developing a Compelling Conclusion

Although an effective conclusion needs to be clear and succinct, it does not need to be written passively or lack a compelling narrative. Strategies to help you move beyond merely summarizing the key points of your research paper may include any of the following strategies:

• If your essay deals with a contemporary problem, warn readers of the possible consequences of not attending to the problem.
• Recommend a specific course or courses of action that, if adopted, could address a specific problem in practice or in the development of new knowledge.
• Cite a relevant quotation or expert opinion already noted in your paper in order to lend authority to the conclusion you have reached [a good place to look is research from your literature review].
• Explain the consequences of your research in a way that elicits action or demonstrates urgency in seeking change.
• Restate a key statistic, fact, or visual image to emphasize the ultimate point of your paper.
• If your discipline encourages personal reflection, illustrate your concluding point with a relevant narrative drawn from your own life experiences.
• Return to an anecdote, an example, or a quotation that you presented in your introduction, but add further insight derived from the findings of your study; use your interpretation of results to recast it in new or important ways.
• Provide a "take-home" message in the form of a strong, succinct statement that you want the reader to remember about your study.

III. Problems to Avoid

Failure to be concise Your conclusion section should be concise and to the point. Conclusions that are too lengthy often have unnecessary information in them. The conclusion is not the place for details about your methodology or results. Although you should give a summary of what was learned from your research, this summary should be relatively brief, since the emphasis in the conclusion is on the implications, evaluations, insights, and other forms of analysis that you make. Strategies for writing concisely can be found here .

Failure to comment on larger, more significant issues In the introduction, your task was to move from the general [the field of study] to the specific [the research problem]. However, in the conclusion, your task is to move from a specific discussion [your research problem] back to a general discussion [i.e., how your research contributes new understanding or fills an important gap in the literature]. In short, the conclusion is where you should place your research within a larger context [visualize your paper as an hourglass--start with a broad introduction and review of the literature, move to the specific analysis and discussion, conclude with a broad summary of the study's implications and significance].

Failure to reveal problems and negative results Negative aspects of the research process should never be ignored. Problems, drawbacks, and challenges encountered during your study should be summarized as a way of qualifying your overall conclusions. If you encountered negative or unintended results [i.e., findings that are validated outside the research context in which they were generated], you must report them in the results section and discuss their implications in the discussion section of your paper. In the conclusion, use your summary of the negative results as an opportunity to explain their possible significance and/or how they may form the basis for future research.

Failure to provide a clear summary of what was learned In order to be able to discuss how your research fits back into your field of study [and possibly the world at large], you need to summarize briefly and succinctly how it contributes to new knowledge or a new understanding about the research problem. This element of your conclusion may be only a few sentences long.

Failure to match the objectives of your research Often research objectives in the social sciences change while the research is being carried out. This is not a problem unless you forget to go back and refine the original objectives in your introduction. As these changes emerge they must be documented so that they accurately reflect what you were trying to accomplish in your research [not what you thought you might accomplish when you began].

Resist the urge to apologize If you've immersed yourself in studying the research problem, you presumably should know a good deal about it [perhaps even more than your professor!]. Nevertheless, by the time you have finished writing, you may be having some doubts about what you have produced. Repress those doubts! Don't undermine your authority by saying something like, "This is just one approach to examining this problem; there may be other, much better approaches that...." The overall tone of your conclusion should convey confidence to the reader.

Assan, Joseph. Writing the Conclusion Chapter: The Good, the Bad and the Missing . Department of Geography, University of Liverpool; Concluding Paragraphs . College Writing Center at Meramec. St. Louis Community College; Conclusions . The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Conclusions . The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Freedman, Leora  and Jerry Plotnick. Introductions and Conclusions . The Lab Report. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Leibensperger, Summer. Draft Your Conclusion . Academic Center, the University of Houston-Victoria, 2003; Make Your Last Words Count . The Writer’s Handbook. Writing Center. University of Wisconsin, Madison; Tips for Writing a Good Conclusion . Writing@CSU. Colorado State University; Kretchmer, Paul. Twelve Steps to Writing an Effective Conclusion . San Francisco Edit, 2003-2008; Writing Conclusions . Writing Tutorial Services, Center for Innovative Teaching and Learning. Indiana University; Writing: Considering Structure and Organization . Institute for Writing Rhetoric. Dartmouth College.

Don't Belabor the Obvious!

Avoid phrases like "in conclusion...," "in summary...," or "in closing...." These phrases can be useful, even welcome, in oral presentations. But readers can see by the tell-tale section heading and number of pages remaining to read, when an essay is about to end. You'll irritate your readers if you belabor the obvious.

New Insight, Not New Information!

Don't surprise the reader with new information in your conclusion that was never referenced anywhere else in the paper. If you have new information to present, add it to the discussion or other appropriate section of the paper. Note that, although no actual new information is introduced, the conclusion, along with the discussion section, is where you offer your most "original" contributions in the paper; the conclusion is where you describe the value of your research, demonstrate that you understand the material that you’ve presented, and locate your findings within the larger context of scholarship on the topic, including describing how your research contributes new insights or value to that scholarship.

Assan, Joseph. Writing the Conclusion Chapter: The Good, the Bad and the Missing . Department of Geography, University of Liverpool; Conclusions . The Writing Center. University of North Carolina.

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How to Write a Good Lab Conclusion in Science

Last Updated: June 18, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Bess Ruff, MA . Bess Ruff is a Geography PhD student at Florida State University. She received her MA in Environmental Science and Management from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 2016. She has conducted survey work for marine spatial planning projects in the Caribbean and provided research support as a graduate fellow for the Sustainable Fisheries Group. There are 10 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 1,767,250 times.

A lab report describes an entire experiment from start to finish, outlining the procedures, reporting results, and analyzing data. The report is used to demonstrate what has been learned, and it will provide a way for other people to see your process for the experiment and understand how you arrived at your conclusions. The conclusion is an integral part of the report; this is the section that reiterates the experiment’s main findings and gives the reader an overview of the lab trial. Writing a solid conclusion to your lab report will demonstrate that you’ve effectively learned the objectives of your assignment.

Outlining Your Conclusion

• Restate : Restate the lab experiment by describing the assignment.
• Explain : Explain the purpose of the lab experiment. What were you trying to figure out or discover? Talk briefly about the procedure you followed to complete the lab.
• Results : Explain your results. Confirm whether or not your hypothesis was supported by the results.
• Uncertainties : Account for uncertainties and errors. Explain, for example, if there were other circumstances beyond your control that might have impacted the experiment’s results.
• New : Discuss new questions or discoveries that emerged from the experiment.

• Your assignment may also have specific questions that need to be answered. Make sure you answer these fully and coherently in your conclusion.

Discussing the Experiment and Hypothesis

• If you tried the experiment more than once, describe the reasons for doing so. Discuss changes that you made in your procedures.
• Brainstorm ways to explain your results in more depth. Go back through your lab notes, paying particular attention to the results you observed. [3] X Trustworthy Source University of North Carolina Writing Center UNC's on-campus and online instructional service that provides assistance to students, faculty, and others during the writing process Go to source

• Start this section with wording such as, “The results showed that…”
• You don’t need to give the raw data here. Just summarize the main points, calculate averages, or give a range of data to give an overall picture to the reader.
• Make sure to explain whether or not any statistical analyses were significant, and to what degree, such as 1%, 5%, or 10%.

• Use simple language such as, “The results supported the hypothesis,” or “The results did not support the hypothesis.”

Demonstrating What You Have Learned

• If it’s not clear in your conclusion what you learned from the lab, start off by writing, “In this lab, I learned…” This will give the reader a heads up that you will be describing exactly what you learned.
• Add details about what you learned and how you learned it. Adding dimension to your learning outcomes will convince your reader that you did, in fact, learn from the lab. Give specifics about how you learned that molecules will act in a particular environment, for example.
• Describe how what you learned in the lab could be applied to a future experiment.

• On a new line, write the question in italics. On the next line, write the answer to the question in regular text.

• If your experiment did not achieve the objectives, explain or speculate why not.

Wrapping Up Your Conclusion

• If your experiment raised questions that your collected data can’t answer, discuss this here.

• Describe what is new or innovative about your research.
• This can often set you apart from your classmates, many of whom will just write up the barest of discussion and conclusion.

Finalizing Your Lab Report

Community Q&A

• Ensure the language used is straightforward with specific details. Try not to drift off topic. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 0
• Once again, avoid using personal pronouns (I, myself, we, our group) in a lab report. The first-person point-of-view is often seen as subjective, whereas science is based on objectivity. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 0
• If you include figures or tables in your conclusion, be sure to include a brief caption or label so that the reader knows what the figures refer to. Also, discuss the figures briefly in the text of your report. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 0

• Take care with writing your lab report when working in a team setting. While the lab experiment may be a collaborative effort, your lab report is your own work. If you copy sections from someone else’s report, this will be considered plagiarism. Thanks Helpful 4 Not Helpful 0

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://phoenixcollege.libguides.com/LabReportWriting/introduction
• ↑ https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/english/literacy/Pages/puttingittogether.aspx
• ↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/brainstorming/
• ↑ https://advice.writing.utoronto.ca/types-of-writing/lab-report/
• ↑ http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/hypothes.php
• ↑ https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/conclusion
• ↑ https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/introduction/researchproblem
• ↑ http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/scientific-reports/
• ↑ https://phoenixcollege.libguides.com/LabReportWriting/labreportstyle
• ↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/editing-and-proofreading/

About This Article

To write a good lab conclusion in science, start with restating the lab experiment by describing the assignment. Next, explain what you were trying to discover or figure out by doing the experiment. Then, list your results and explain how they confirmed or did not confirm your hypothesis. Additionally, include any uncertainties, such as circumstances beyond your control that may have impacted the results. Finally, discuss any new questions or discoveries that emerged from the experiment. For more advice, including how to wrap up your lab report with a final statement, keep reading. Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Scientific Method: What it is, How to Use It: Step 6: Conclusion

• Scientific Method
• Step 1: Question
• Step 2: Research
• Step 3: Hypothesis
• Step 4: Experiment
• Step 5: Data
• Step 6: Conclusion

Finally, you've reached your conclusion. Now it is time to summarize and explain what happened in your experiment. Your conclusion should answer the question posed in step one. Your conclusion should be based solely on your results.

Think about the following questions:

• ​​If your hypothesis wasn't correct, what can you conclude from that?
• Do you need to run your experiment again after changing a variable?
• Is your data clearly defined so everyone can understand the results and follow your reasoning?

Remember, even a failed experiment can yield a valuable lesson.

Resource Links

• Conclusion Sections in Scientific Research Reports (The Writing Center at George Mason)
• Sample Conclusions (Science Buddies)
• << Previous: Step 5: Data
• Next: Resources >>
• Last Updated: Apr 16, 2024 9:10 AM
• URL: https://pvamu.libguides.com/c.php?g=1005631

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Project Types We Cover Admissions Essay PowerPoint Presentation Research Paper Book Reviews Personal Statement Ph.D Dissertation Proofreading Academic Fields & Subjects Programming Computer Science Other projects we help with Our Experts Plagiarism Checker Writing Tips How to Write an Observation Report How to Write an Observation Report? By: Henrique Bertulino Observation reports can be quite daunting. People dread even the thought of writing an observation paper, let alone doing it. However, it is in your hands to pick an interesting and thought-provoking topic. This type of report requires you to observe people, places, and things along with brushing up your writing and editing skills. Similar to other forms of essays, there are specific steps you need to follow. These steps will ensure that report writing becomes more comfortable for you. The Task at Hand The observation time-frame, the observation notes, the pictures, video and audio recordings, begin the observation, introduction, the observational kit, always take evidence. Do the Project Yourself Experiment and See What Happens Interpretation and Analysis First and foremost, understand the nature and demands of how to write an observation report, as it is crucial to the success of your task. Then, deploy your observational skills to craft an impactful observation paper. Observing encompasses more than merely seeing and hearing; it involves utilizing all five senses for data collection. It will include watching scenarios, feeling sensations, listening to sounds, hearing information, and even tasting if it applies. Observe how everything relates to each other and makes sense. You need to dig out background information about the gestalt experience and all the processes involved. Your observational report can be based on a myriad of topics, from a chemical process to an everyday item in your room, or even the evolution of a seed. It is only after understanding the task that you can find a way to move forward. Only then can you find out what you find interesting. It’s pivotal to grasp the essence of the task at hand to pave the way forward and discern what piques your interest, as engaging topics fuel your learning curve, while mundane ones can stagnate your progress. Another thing to be concerned about is the timeframe of the observation. Some observation report projects can take up to several months, whereas others might last for only a day. The key to success is to figure out this timespan and schedule this research paper around it. For instance, if you are researching a growing plant, you will have to regularly check up on it. Without knowing the timeframe, utilizing the resources optimally is not possible. Techniques for Recording Observation When writing an observation report, there are various methods you can use for gathering data, but some of the significant ones are listed below: Make a habit of taking field notes. Jot down any changes that you might notice during the time frame you are screening. Write down your observations and impressions. You will be surprised at finding out how easily you can forget little details. This way, you can complete your observation report with the help of information gathered at each step. It is way more effective than just making some conclusive observations at the end. Making your report presentable is crucial while learning how to write it. Pictures can enhance your notes and support your analysis with concrete proof. It also is an ideal way to engage the users. With technological advances, there are several ways to utilize this feature. You can get creative and use time-lapse, zoom in or zoom out, make collages. The possibilities are endless! If you are skilled enough, editing skills like photoshopping can take your observation report to the next level. Never underestimate the power of an image. After all, a picture is worth a thousand words. Utilizing videos and audio recordings is an effective strategy to capture and preserve critical details when compiling observation reports. You have no need to get in the hassle to take out your notebook and pen. Often, while trying to jot down points, you can miss out on small significant details of the scenario going on. This is eliminated while recording a video and there is no chance of skipping on an essential element. Also, you have concrete evidence to back your point. It can help you gather additional insights during this research. With that said, you have to take the consent of the participants beforehand. Since your job is to observe, you have to make a research study on the data collected by careful observation, key findings, and the interpretation of the results. While writing, there are a couple of things you need to do: Begin with an in-depth plan about the object you will be observing—also, the location where you will be conducting it and the methodology used throughout the process; Never forget to search for the meaning behind the actions that you observed. You should have a clear idea if this requires covert or overt behavior in the observation plan and take consent accordingly Suppose that you are observing a small group of disabled people. You will be honing and learning their skills. The blind ones are maybe learning the right way to do a body massage. Deaf people are using their hearing ability to learn how to cook via audio recipes. Ask yourself what this scene represents? What does it relate to? What is going on? This can be considered your reflection in this process. This interpretation will be used in the report later. Writing Your Observation Report Once the data gathering process is over, the time has come to sit down and craft your observation report. Adhering to the correct observation reports format is crucial in presenting your findings clearly and effectively. Follow the template below: This part, as the name suggests, requires you to shed light on the subject. Mention the main points that you observed. The place where you made these observations, the time you made these. Also, explain the reason behind choosing that particular topic. This paragraph is the first piece of content the reader will go through. Give the reader a taste of what your report is about. Make it concise yet engaging. It is your chance to grasp their attention. Also, make sure you conclude the first paragraph with a thesis statement. Establishing your case is an excellent way to start. The body of your report will help form the understanding of the readers and create their knowledge base. They did not get the opportunity to witness the situation first-hand. The description paragraph in this report is quite similar to that of a news report. The right approach to go about it systematically is to answer the 5 W’s and 1 H of reporting. These include who, what, when, where, why, and how. You have to be careful while using past tense and present tense. To write the body, make sure that you are highlighting three main points. These points have to be supported with enough evidence. This way, you will be bringing credibility to your work. Treat every paragraph as a mini-essay. Introduce a new sentence. Back it up using strong arguments and close each section with a concluding statement. Also, make sure that all these paragraphs are coherent and make sense with the thesis statement. This will be the last paragraph of your report. Reinforce the main idea behind your observation. Follow up by stating the report's highlights in your own words and conclude the data gathered in the initial stages. The reader should be able to walk away with some new knowledge regarding your study. End this by explaining the importance of this project and what you aim to do with it. For mastering the skill of writing effective observation reports, construct yourself a toolkit tailored for observational tasks, ensuring that you have all the essential tools nearby. Building this kit will aid you in efficiently writing observations, allowing seamless documentation of any situation, which is crucial for crafting a substantial observational report. The contents of this kit depend entirely on you and the nature of your project. For traditional documentation, ensure that you have a voice recorder, video camera, notebook, a pen, and a phone. Having a teammate on hand is also beneficial if possible. This approach ensures you are always prepared to start documenting spontaneously, capturing essential details effectively, even if the situation arises unexpectedly. By assembling this toolkit, you optimize your preparedness, ensuring every observation is insightful, relevant, and well-recorded, making the process of writing your observational report more streamlined and comprehensive. For arguing your observations, this part holds immense significance. Especially if you are noting down something that changes rapidly, such as body movements, while preparing your report, make sure you include evidence and samples of these changes. It can be a very robust form of communication with the audience. This not only serves as a robust form of communication with your audience but also enhances the overall observation writing example by creating a multisensory experience, which is an effective strategy to captivate your readers. The critical advice here would be to make a draft and edit it properly. To score an A in high school, try to present your observations in a fun and unique way. Reading through pages and pages of a book report is not fun for anybody. Make the presentation colorful and attention-grabbing. Include interesting examples and let the pictures do the talking. Do the Observation Report Yourself The reason for the report is to observe the changes. It will require you to record the events. You will then be performing an analysis of whatever you have written. If you use copied work, the chances are that you will be missing out on some critical insights that will, in turn, affect the quality of your paper. Plagiarized content is looked down upon in the realm of academia. You will face serious issues, and your content is most likely going to get rejected. So stay away from such activities and keep your writing 100% original. Also, always proofread your work. To glean useful meaning from the observations, you will have to experiment. During these, you will have to observe and take notes at every single step carefully. Every little or significant change will act as the climax of a movie, which must not be left out. Try to experiment in every possible way. This will require you to make external and internal modifications. Just have fun, and keep covering the aspects from which the experiment can be conducted. Go out of your comfort zone. It is about observations and, most importantly, "thinking outside the box." If you want to write on a vegetable that is currently growing in your garden, observe it. Start taking notes regarding the appearance-related changes that occur at each step. See what happens when it rains or when you water the plant. The fun fact is that you would be capable of growing your organic veggies in a much effective way by the end of this content! Interpretation and Analysis in Observation and Reporting Always use theories while analyzing and interpreting. These theories are the ones that you mentioned in the introductory part of your written observation. In this way, you will be able to give the process at hand a larger context. So, what will you be analyzing? Remember the notes that you made while changes occurred. Take them out and start studying the noteworthy ones. Give your interpretations and keep connecting the dots to the theories to keep it formal, informative, and detailed. Keep everything unfolded in this post in your mind so you can ace your report and give your professor a good reason to smile as they cast a glance at your paper. Remember, as in any other case, practice is critical here. User ratings: User ratings is 4.6 stars. 4.6 /5 ( 89 Votes) Head of Customer Success I'm a medical doctor and brand manager. The process of getting into Med school and studying at it made me learn and apply many strategies to keep my productivity high while spending less time and effort. As a working student, I had to figure out how to study smarter, not harder. During this period, my interest in neurology and psychiatry, as well as my aspiration to help others, intensified. At Studybay, I use my knowledge, skills, and experience to develop helpful solutions for students and make their study paths more productive and fun. Add Your Comment We are very interested to know your opinion I always struggled with how to write an observation report for my class, but the tips and tricks here made it so much easier! Thanks for sharing! 🙏 It would’ve been so much nicer to see an actual observation writing example. Theory is good and all, but a real-life example would have made things clearer for us newbies. Just saying… I never knew there was so much to writing observation reports! The part about the observation report format and the techniques really cleared things up for me. Brian Nelson The emphasis on gathering evidence and making the presentation colorful and engaging is something I hadn’t thought of before. Can’t wait to apply these tips to my next observation report! Jessica Thompson Thanks so much for helping me. I'm going to have a science practical tomorrow and was feeling anxious 😰. But after reading this and taking notes, I think I will get an A+ on it. Thanks 👍 Upgrade your writing skills! Try our AI essay writer from Studybay today! Conclusion Generator Online For All Types Of Papers Minimum 200 words required Psst... let's improve your conclusion Main ideas summarized Plagiarism Free No grammar mistakes How to use conclusions generator: Everything you need is to insert your text and it's title into the box Click the button and get your conclusion done Enjoy the unique final paragraph! Would you like to get someone to write your summary and be confident that no points are missing? Ask our experts to write it for you! (Votes: 0 ) Conclusion Generator Review Unlike other conclusion generator services, the Papersowl conclusion tool offers a user-friendly interface for plagiarism-free conclusions and anonymity. Features Any Conclusion Generator Papersowl Conclusion Generator User-friendly interface Excellent result Simple procedures 24/7 availability Original content Unlimited conclusions Confidentiality How to avoid plagiarism? Proper citation style. Avoid plagiarism by always listing the source and formatting it correctly when you are note-taking. Take care of the proper formatting and citation style when using content from outside sources. Write on your own Avoid borrowing and overusing large pieces of the content from outside sources, especially from Wikipedia. Write your own thoughts and use sources only to support your opinion (remember to cite it though!). 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Here's What You'll Learn Before we dive into the tips and strategies, let’s briefly discuss what an observation essay is. It is a type of paper where you provide remarks and findings about an individual, group, or event, focusing on specific details. Your goal is to describe your observations on a particular theme, engaging your readers through vivid descriptions and sensory details. Now, let’s explore some key takeaways that will guide you through the process of beginning your observation essay: Key Takeaways: Write in the present tense to establish a sense of immediacy and connection to the event. Structure your essay with an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Include a hook, background information, and a clear thesis statement in your introduction. Develop your thesis statement with arguments and facts in the body paragraphs. Summarize and analyze your main ideas and arguments in the conclusion. By following these tips and strategies, you’ll be well-equipped to begin your observation essay and captivate your readers from the start. Remember, the more you practice and refine your writing skills, the better your observation essays will become. Paper Structure for an Observation Essay The structure of an observation essay is similar to other essays, consisting of an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Each section plays a specific role in presenting and analyzing the observations made. The Introduction: The introduction of an observation essay should grab the reader’s attention and provide background information on the topic. It should also include a clear thesis statement that highlights the main idea or argument of the essay. For example: “Through the detailed observations of [topic], this essay aims to explore [specific focus or research question].” The Body Paragraphs: The body paragraphs of an observation essay are where the writer presents and analyzes their observations. Each paragraph should focus on a specific aspect or finding, supporting it with evidence and examples. It is essential to use descriptive language and sensory details to paint a vivid picture for the reader. Additionally, incorporating relevant quotes from interviews or other sources can add depth to the analysis. The Conclusion: The conclusion of an observation essay should provide a summary of the main points discussed in the body paragraphs. It should also offer a reflection on how the observations connect to the overall thesis statement and research question. This section helps to solidify the writer’s argument and leaves the reader with a sense of closure. When writing an observation essay, it is important to adhere to the technical requirements set by the academic level and field of study. These may include specific formatting guidelines such as font size, spacing, citation style, and an appropriate structure for headings and subheadings. Following these requirements ensures a cohesive and professional presentation of the essay. Table: Differences between Observation Essays and other Essay Types Aspect Observation Essay Other Essay Types Focus Observations and findings Analysis and interpretation of a topic Tense Present tense Varies (past, present, or future) Structure Introduction, body paragraphs, conclusion Varies (depending on essay type) Language Descriptive, sensory details Varies (depending on essay type) Supporting Evidence Direct observations, quotes, examples Research, data, scholarly sources In conclusion , understanding the structure of an observation essay is crucial for effectively presenting your findings and arguments. By following the suggested format, you can create a well-organized and engaging essay that captures the reader’s attention and provides a comprehensive analysis of your observations. Tips for Starting an Observation Essay Starting an observation essay can sometimes be challenging, but with the right strategies, you can capture your readers’ attention from the very beginning. Here are a few tips to help you get started: Begin with a brief overview One effective way to start your observation essay is by providing a concise summary of the topic and your thesis statement. This sets the stage for what readers can expect throughout the essay. Pose a thought-provoking question Another approach to engage your readers is by asking a question related to the topic. This invites them to think critically and encourages them to continue reading to find the answer. Capture attention with an interesting fact or description Hook your readers by sharing a surprising fact or vividly describing the main setting of your observation. This creates intrigue and makes readers more eager to delve into your essay. Employ a delay strategy or personal anecdote To add an element of suspense or connect the past to the present, you can gradually reveal the subject of your observation essay. Alternatively, you can share a personal experience that relates to the topic, drawing readers in through your own perspective. Remember, the starting strategy you choose should align with your essay’s requirements and target audience. Experiment with different approaches, take breaks to gain fresh perspectives, and seek feedback to refine your observation essay. By implementing these tips, you’ll be well on your way to crafting a captivating and engaging piece. How should I begin an observation essay? To start an observation essay, you can use various strategies. One approach is to provide a brief overview of the essay’s topic and thesis statement in a few short sentences. Another effective strategy is to pose a thought-provoking question related to the topic, inviting readers to consider the answer. Alternatively, you can grab readers’ attention by starting with an interesting fact or vivid description of the main setting. Additionally, you can add intrigue by relating a past experience to the present or gradually revealing the subject. Choose a strategy that aligns with your essay’s requirements and engages your target audience. What is the structure of an observation essay? The structure of an observation essay typically consists of an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. In the introduction, you should include a captivating hook to grab the reader’s attention, provide background information on the topic, and present a clear and concise thesis statement that highlights the main idea of your essay. The body paragraphs are used to develop the thesis statement by presenting arguments, supporting evidence, and discussing the pros and cons of certain ideas. The conclusion should analyze how the thesis statement was developed throughout the essay and provide a succinct overview of the arguments and ideas presented. What are some tips for starting an observation essay? When starting an observation essay , it’s helpful to create an outline to organize your thoughts and ensure a coherent flow of ideas. To make your essay more engaging, use sensory details to vividly describe the scene and capture the mood in the introduction. End your essay with a powerful conclusion that leaves a lasting impression on the reader. Moreover, you can seek assistance and guidance from professional writers who can provide valuable help throughout the writing process. Source Links https://pro-essay-writer.com/blog/observation-essay https://essayshark.com/blog/how-to-write-an-observation-essay/ https://vmagazinespain.com/instructions/starting-observation-essay.php3 Does this Look Like Your Assignment? We Can do an Original Paper for you! Have no time to write let a subject expert write your paper for you​, have a subject expert write for you, have a subject expert finish your paper for you, edit my paper for me, have an expert write your dissertation's chapter, popular searches. 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Our samples and other types of content are meant for research and reference purposes only. We are strongly against plagiarism and academic dishonesty. Build a Growth Mindset and Discover the Power of True Confidence Actionable strategies and techniques that are easy to understand and apply in real life. Decisions / MentalModels How to Avoid Jumping to Conclusions and Make Decisions Based on Reality  Published June 24, 2024 · Updated June 24, 2024 We make hundreds of decisions throughout the day, most being automatic without much effort on our part. Information overload, cognitive biases, time constraints, social and emotional influences can lead to quick and sometimes irrational conclusions. Our beliefs and worldviews act as filters that affect which information we pay attention to and how we interpret it. Lack of awareness can further make it challenging to recognize and control these automatic judgments.  Critical thinking is unnatural. Following our feelings and emotions is more likely to motivate our behavior than well-reasoned arguments. We are as likely to be persuaded by irrelevant appeals as by relevant ones, and are more likely to produce slanted, selective, biased, one-sided, incomplete arguments than well-reasoned, fair-minded, reflective, accurate, complete arguments. We often prefer attacks on a person’s motives to attacks on a person’s reasons. We make assumptions that aren’t warranted, create straw man arguments out of fragments of opposing viewpoints, offer up false dilemmas, and draw conclusions hastily. — Robert Carroll, Unnatural Acts Ladder of inference is a powerful mental model that explains how we make these quick assessments or decisions. Each step in the decision-making process is represented by a rung on the ladder. You start at the bottom, then climb each rung before making a decision and taking action. Going up and down the ladder usually happens unconsciously and very quickly in your brain, which leads to gaps in your thinking and reasoning process, makes you jump to conclusions and results in bad decisions.  7 steps of the ladder of inference There are 7 rungs on the Ladder of Inference . Here’s a breakdown of each step in the decision-making process, from observation to action: Observation At the bottom of the ladder, you start with raw data and facts. These are the things you can see, hear, or otherwise directly observe. At this stage, you’re just taking in the reality of what’s happening without making any interpretations yet. Selected Data Next, from the vast pool of data available, you unconsciously select certain data to focus on, often based on your personal beliefs, experiences, and biases. You zero in on certain details based on your own preferences or agenda and don’t consider all the available data when making a decision.  Interpretations After selecting data, you add meaning to the selected data. This involves interpreting the data based on your beliefs, assumptions, and past experiences. You start to form opinions and make sense of the information. Assumptions At this point, you start to make assumptions about the meaning of the data—often without considering whether they’re valid or not. These are often unstated but guide your thinking. They are influenced by your background, past experience and mental models. Conclusions Now you draw conclusions based on your assumptions about the meaning of the data. These conclusions can be explicit thoughts or decisions. Beliefs   Your conclusions then reinforce your existing beliefs, which can be deeply ingrained. This can lead to a vicious cycle where your beliefs influence how you make decisions, then those decisions solidify your beliefs further impacting how you think and act in future situations.  Finally, you take action that seems right because it’s based on what you believe. In reality though, your actions are driven by your assumptions and not based on reality. Better decision-making with ladder of inference Judgments are the automatic pigeon-holing of a person or situation simply because some characteristic is familiar to the observer (so whatever that characteristic meant before it must mean again now). Familiarity is comfortable, but such judgments drop the curtain, effectively preventing the observer from seeing the rest of the play.  — Gavin de Becker, The Gift of Fear Our actions in any given situation are determined by how we perceive the situation. We can all come to very different understandings, depending on what aspects of the situation we choose to focus on and how we interpret what is going on. By consciously employing Ladder of Inference as a tool in decision-making, you can become more aware of the thought processes that underlie your choices. You can use it to evaluate whether your choices are based on reality or assumptions.  This awareness will allow you to make more informed, objective, and rational decisions, reducing the potential for bias and flawed reasoning. Employed right, ladder of inference: Helps individuals and teams improve communication by making implicit thought processes and assumptions explicit, reducing misunderstandings. Aids in resolving conflicts by allowing everyone to understand how they and others arrive at their conclusions and judgments. Enhances decision-making by encouraging a more thoughtful and reasoned approach, reducing the influence of biases. This can lead to more effective problem-solving and better outcomes. Encourages people to consider alternative viewpoints and perspectives. This can lead to more open-mindedness and a willingness to explore different options and solutions. Leaders can use it to understand their team’s thought processes, fostering better leadership and collaboration. It starts with the understanding that: Your ideas, thoughts and judgments are not facts.   There are often gaps in the data you select. Your beliefs may not be based on real data. Your decisions are influenced by personal biases and mental models. You don’t always act rationally. Using Ladder of Inference for your own decisions Contrary to what we’re led to believe, thinking better isn’t about being a genius. It is about the processes we use to uncover reality and the choices we make once we do. — Shane Parrish, The Great Mental Models When you’re faced with a decision, especially a complex or important one, deliberately slow down the process. Recognize that you and others are continually climbing this ladder, often without conscious thought.  Now, follow these steps: Step 1: Identify where you are on the ladder Identify which rung of the ladder you’re currently on. Step 2: Work your way down the ladder Now that you know which rung you’re on, you can work your way back down the ladder to engage in more deliberate decision-making.  Here are questions to ask at each stage of the ladder—start with the rung from step 1 and move down on the ladder.  What specific data or facts have I observed in this situation? Have I gathered all the relevant information, or am I missing anything? Is my perception accurate, or am I making assumptions about what I see? What factors or details am I choosing to focus on, and why? What details I might be overlooking or ignoring? How might my personal experiences or biases be influencing my data selection? What meaning or interpretation am I assigning to the observed data? What alternative interpretations should I consider? How does my interpretation align with the actual data, and am I making logical connections? What assumptions am I making about the meaning of the data? Are my assumptions based on valid reasoning, or am I making leaps without evidence? How might my personal beliefs or mental models be shaping my assumptions? What conclusions or decisions am I drawing based on my assumptions? Are these conclusions logically derived from the data and assumptions? Have I considered potential consequences of these conclusions? How do my conclusions align with my existing beliefs and values? Am I aware of any confirmation bias, where I might be seeking information that supports my beliefs while rejecting contradictory evidence? Are there any deeply held beliefs that might be influencing my thinking? What action am I inclined to take based on my conclusions and beliefs? What’s the potential impact of this action on others and the broader context? What alternative actions might be more appropriate or effective? Step 3: Work your way up the ladder again After you’ve worked your way down the ladder, you’re probably much more aware of your reasoning process and any assumptions you may have made. Now, try climbing the ladder, this time more consciously and deliberately.  By following this 3-step process, you can cultivate a more disciplined and mindful approach to decision-making. This helps ensure that your decisions are based on a solid foundation of data, thoughtful analysis, and an awareness of potential biases , ultimately leading to better, more informed choices. To further improve your decision making skills, ask these questions: Am I periodically reflecting on the entire process to ensure that my decision-making is sound? Have I sought input and feedback from others to challenge my assumptions and conclusions? How can I continually refine my decision-making process to reduce bias and improve accuracy? Stop jumping to conclusions Make informed, objective, and rational decisions, reducing the potential for bias and flawed reasoning. Using Ladder of Inference to help others in decision-making Questioning helps people gain perspective and understand the perspectives of others. As they see issues and problems from different points of view, they gain an appreciation for their complexity—and also expand the range of possible solutions. — Michael J. Marquardt, Leading with Questions To help others make better decisions using the Ladder of Inference, you can ask them a series of thoughtful questions that encourage reflection, critical thinking , and a deeper examination of their thought process. These questions are designed to guide them through each stage of the ladder and promote a more well-informed decision-making process.  Here are the questions to ask others at different rungs of the ladder: Observation   What specific data or facts have you observed or gathered in this situation? Are there any details or information you might have missed or overlooked? Have you considered all available data, or are you focusing on a specific subset of information? How do your personal biases or preferences influence the data you’ve chosen to focus on? What meaning are you assigning to the observed data? How are you interpreting it? Are there alternative interpretations or explanations for this information? What assumptions are you making about the meaning of the data? Have you critically examined these assumptions, and are they well-founded? Are there other possible assumptions that should be considered? What conclusions are you drawing based on your assumptions and interpretations? Are these conclusions logical and consistent with the data and information available? Have you thought about the potential consequences and implications of your conclusions? How do your existing beliefs and mental models influence your conclusions? Are your beliefs still relevant and accurate in light of the data and conclusions? Are you open to adjusting your beliefs if the evidence suggests a different perspective? How are your conclusions driving your actions or decision-making? Do you believe your actions are based on well-reasoned conclusions? Have you considered the potential consequences of the actions you plan to take? Example putting Ladder of Inference to practice Scenario:  You are a manager leading a team of multiple developers.  You are looking at the performance data of all your developers.  Jim has missed several deadlines. Reality check: Jim has missed several deadlines. Several of the projects he worked on didn’t have clear requirements, project timelines were very aggressive and many ad hoc requests were made at the last minute by his product managers.  Jim doesn’t have the skills to handle the tasks properly.  Reality check: Jim can’t be blamed for missing these deadlines.  If Jim hasn’t been able to deliver on time, he must not be a good software engineer.  Reality check: It’s your responsibility to ensure that your team gets requirement clarity and are given reasonable timelines to deliver.   I’ll need to fire Jim if he keeps missing deadlines. Reality check: You need to be more involved in the product planning phase.  Only talented engineers can do well in technology. Jim isn’t cut out for software engineering. Reality check: Good engineers aren’t born, they are made.  Monitor him closely to the point of micromanaging his tasks to ensure he completes his work on time. Reality check: Improve the planning process to ensure your team is productive and performant. Instead of assuming and jumping to conclusions, pause and ask if it’s really true or you’re making things up. Consciously engaging with your own thoughts this way can enable you to make more informed, objective, and rational decisions, reducing the potential for bias and flawed reasoning. We make very few decisions consciously because our brain is trained to run on autopilot and makes most of the decisions for us. While these automatic judgments and conclusions may serve us well in certain situations, leaving our brain to decide can also be utterly damaging. Biased decisions and strong opinions are more likely to play out unless we pay attention. Ladder of inference is a mental model that can lead to quick and automatic judgments with biased opinions.  Employed right, ladder of inference can also be a powerful model to catch our flawed reasoning and make more rational decisions.  When making important decisions, identify which rung of the ladder you’re on and ask questions to challenge your thinking as you move up and down.  Recommended Reading Ladder of Inference By Vinita Bansal Seeking Wisdom By Peter Bevelin JOIN MY NEWSLETTER Vinita Bansal My mission is to help people succeed at work. Say hi to me on Twitter @techtello or LinkedIn @sagivini 5 Habits of Master Thinkers You may also like... Want to Make Better Decisions? Avoid These 5 Cognitive Distortions July 21, 2022  by Vinita Bansal · Published July 21, 2022 · Last modified July 25, 2023 Confirmation Bias: Going Beyond Our Personal Narrative July 9, 2020  by Vinita Bansal · Published July 9, 2020 · Last modified July 25, 2023 Stuck on the Hedonic Treadmill? Here’s How to Escape It June 23, 2022  by Vinita Bansal · Published June 23, 2022 · Last modified May 1, 2023 Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * BUILD HIGH AGENCY COURSE TOP ARTICLES Fixed Mindset vs Growth Mindset: How To Shift To A Path Of Learning And Growth How to opt out of the drama triangle and take responsibility, mentorship: key to effective mentor mentee relationship, effectiveness vs efficiency: why successful leaders need both, high context culture vs low context culture: communication design for avoiding uncertainty. DIGITAL DOWNLOADS More From Forbes How will ai change the office of the cfo. Share to Facebook Share to Twitter Share to Linkedin Dimitri Raziev is Cofounder and CEO of Kolleno —a global, B2B SaaS accounts receivable and collections management platform. Since the release of ChatGPT in November 2022, there have been many ongoing debates about the use of artificial intelligence (AI). Despite different opinions, whether positive or negative, one thing that's clear now is that AI is here to stay for good. Just like AI is transforming the way we think about doing certain activities, such as writing or researching, AI is tapping into the world of finance. Boston Consulting Group highlights AI's pivotal ability to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of financial operations. AI is now being used in credit scoring, fraud detection, portfolio management and many other activities. Based on my experience running my own fintech company, this article explores how AI will transform financial operations and change the office of the CFO. 1. AI will save your team hours by automating manual repetitive tasks. From automatic payment reconciliations to more advanced use cases, such as using AI to predict customer payment behavior, AI can save hours by automating many time-consuming tasks. Although some worry about the detrimental impact of AI on the future job market, from speaking with many financial leaders, I can say that AI isn't here to steal your job. It's here to help you improve your team’s efficiency and accuracy, allowing more time for high-value activities and growth. For example, AI used in accounts receivable collection workflows can automate specific tasks for you, such as sending payment reminders, and predict the best course of action based on advanced payment behavior analysis. This not only frees up time in your calendar but can significantly increase accuracy by automating repetitive manual tasks in which humans are prone to make errors. Netflix’s Best New Show Has A Perfect 100% Critic Score Hurricane beryl strengthens to category 5 and moves towards jamaica after pummeling other caribbean islands—photos, will trump get felony conviction thrown out because of supreme court immunity ruling here’s what to know., 2. ai will reduce the number of human errors.. Human errors in financial data can lead to significant financial discrepancies. However, as we all know, people make mistakes, and there's nothing you can do about it. You simply can't always oversee every detail to ensure the output is error-free. AI, on the other hand, with its capability to process vast amounts of data, reduces the risk of errors and is there to generate precise calculations and detect human error at every level. We reach the stage where routine tasks prone to human errors, such as typos and miscalculations, should be performed by AI while we humans focus on utilizing our creativity and knowledge to drive innovation and strategic decision-making. Instead of spending hours on reports, you can rely on AI to generate comprehensive and accurate data analyses in a fraction of the time. This shift allows your team to concentrate on interpreting the results and identifying actionable insights, leading to more informed and strategic decisions. So, AI not only can save your team hours of time but also increase the accuracy and precision of operations. 3. AI will make real-time insights and analytics available at your fingertips. Every finance department has to go through tight deadlines and prepare reports on a monthly, quarterly and yearly basis over and over again. In unprecedented times like today, companies need to be able to quickly adjust their financial plans in response to rapidly changing market conditions. The options are to hire more people or implement technology. However, although hiring more people doesn't necessarily translate to gains in efficiency, having the right technology and skilled people to use it is a winning strategy for keeping up. AI-powered financial models can analyze current data and generate real-time insights, enabling CFOs to make informed decisions promptly and helping businesses adapt quickly. 4. AI will get you ahead of the competition. McKinsey analysts warn that CFOs who are behind on implementing digital innovations, such as AI, risk failing to keep up with their peers in IT and marketing. Many companies these days still have legacy processes in place in their financial operations, such as using paper checks, manually reconciling payments, following up on invoices and so on. The offices of CFOs that adopt AI earlier than other competitors will drive the efficiency and growth of the company, allowing it to stay in the market in such a competitive environment. By implementing AI, the office of the CFO can not only enhance efficiency but also position the company as innovative and forward-thinking, attracting top talent and increasing investor confidence. In a rapidly evolving business landscape, staying ahead of the competition requires strategic and continuous implementation of new technologies like AI. Looking ahead, the role of AI in financial operations will be to become your trusted “copilot” in the cockpit of your business. AI should help with data analysis, forecasts and decision-making, alleviating the operational burden. However, like any proficient copilot, it’s there to support and enhance your capabilities, not to replace your command. It's your role to remain the pilot in command, responsible for steering your financial operations toward success, making strategic decisions and ensuring that the AI's insights help you operate with greater precision, efficiency and confidence. Forbes Technology Council is an invitation-only community for world-class CIOs, CTOs and technology executives. Do I qualify? Editorial Standards Reprints & Permissions 443 IMAGES Conclusion Examples: Strong Endings for Any Paper How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper The Conclusion Academic Conclusion How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper: Effective Tips and How to Write a Research Paper Conclusion: Tips & Examples VIDEO FAQ: How to write a satisfying conclusion for a reader Write a PERFECT conclusion to a research paper (6 simple steps) How to make conclusion in critique paper? How to write a conclusion on essays/ KCSE setbooks essay introduction How to write Conclusion Conclusion for file / How to write Conclusion / Conclusion for project file /Project File Decoration COMMENTS Writing a Research Paper Conclusion Table of contents. Step 1: Restate the problem. Step 2: Sum up the paper. Step 3: Discuss the implications. Research paper conclusion examples. Frequently asked questions about research paper conclusions. 9. The Conclusion The conclusion is intended to help the reader understand why your research should matter to them after they have finished reading the paper. A conclusion is not merely a summary of the main topics covered or a re-statement of your research problem, but a synthesis of key points derived from the findings of your study and, if applicable based on your analysis, explain new areas for future research. How to Write a Conclusion for Research Papers (with Examples) Writing a strong conclusion for your research paper is essential to leave a lasting impression on your readers. Here's a step-by-step process to help you create and know what to put in the conclusion of a research paper: 2. Research Statement: Begin your research paper conclusion by restating your research statement. This reminds the reader ... What Is an Observational Study? Revised on June 22, 2023. An observational study is used to answer a research question based purely on what the researcher observes. There is no interference or manipulation of the research subjects, and no control and treatment groups. These studies are often qualitative in nature and can be used for both exploratory and explanatory research ... How to Conclude an Essay Step 1: Return to your thesis. To begin your conclusion, signal that the essay is coming to an end by returning to your overall argument. Don't just repeat your thesis statement —instead, try to rephrase your argument in a way that shows how it has been developed since the introduction. Example: Returning to the thesis. How to write a strong conclusion for your research paper Step 1: Restate the problem. Always begin by restating the research problem in the conclusion of a research paper. This serves to remind the reader of your hypothesis and refresh them on the main point of the paper. When restating the problem, take care to avoid using exactly the same words you employed earlier in the paper. How to write an excellent thesis conclusion [with examples] A good conclusion will review the key points of the thesis and explain to the reader why the information is relevant, applicable, or related to the world as a whole. Make sure to dedicate enough of your writing time to the conclusion and do not put it off until the very last minute. Organize your papers in one place. Try Paperpile. How to Write Discussions and Conclusions Begin with a clear statement of the principal findings. This will reinforce the main take-away for the reader and set up the rest of the discussion. Explain why the outcomes of your study are important to the reader. Discuss the implications of your findings realistically based on previous literature, highlighting both the strengths and ... 6 For this reason you need to support your conclusions with structured, logical reasoning. Having drawn your conclusions you can then make recommendations. These should flow from your conclusions. They are suggestions about action that might be taken by people or organizations in the light of the conclusions that you have drawn from the results ... How Do I Write the Conclusion? Abstract. The conclusion is one of the shortest parts of the dissertation. In this chapter, we focus on the meaning and purpose of the conclusion, its components, and the sources of information that you should use to draw your conclusions. We will also point out the connection between the conclusion and the aim of the study, and things to avoid ... Subject Guides: Scientific Method: Step 6: CONCLUSION Finally, you've reached your conclusion. Now it is time to summarize and explain what happened in your experiment. Your conclusion should answer the question posed in step one. Your conclusion should be based solely on your results. Think about the following questions: Was your hypothesis correct? 9. The Conclusion Definition. The conclusion is intended to help the reader understand why your research should matter to them after they have finished reading the paper. A conclusion is not merely a summary of the main topics covered or a re-statement of your research problem, but a synthesis of key points and, if applicable, where you recommend new areas for ... 5 Ways to Write a Good Lab Conclusion in Science 1. Introduce the experiment in your conclusion. Start out the conclusion by providing a brief overview of the experiment. Describe the experiment in 1-2 sentences and discuss the objective of the experiment. Also, make sure to include your manipulated (independent), controlled and responding (dependent) variables. 2. Scientific Method: What it is, How to Use It: Step 6: Conclusion Finally, you've reached your conclusion. Now it is time to summarize and explain what happened in your experiment. Your conclusion should answer the question posed in step one. Your conclusion should be based solely on your results. Think about the following questions: Was your hypothesis correct? How to Write an Observation Report? The right approach to go about it systematically is to answer the 5 W's and 1 H of reporting. These include who, what, when, where, why, and how. You have to be careful while using past tense and present tense. To write the body, make sure that you are highlighting three main points. Free AI Conclusion Generator Ahrefs' Conclusion Generator uses a language model that learns patterns, grammar, and vocabulary from large amounts of text data - then uses that knowledge to generate human-like text based on a given prompt or input. The generated text combines both the model's learned information and its understanding of the input. The Observation Essay: How to Make More Brilliant Observations The observation process starts with focused questions. Be prepared to observe your subject with a list of focused questions. Don't show up with a few scrap pieces of paper and a pen, thinking you're ready to get to work. This lack of preparation will likely mean that you'll just start writing down everything you see. How To Write An Observation Essay: Observation Paper Example Key Takeaways. Recording observations, interpreting notes, and organizing them are crucial processes in writing an observation paper. Be mindful of important details such as date, time, and locality when taking field notes. Use qualitative and descriptive language to convey your observations effectively. Structure your observation paper around ... 2 Observation Essay Examples to Watch Closely Observation essay example #1: A Report on a Child Observation Project in a Preschool Class. A Report on Child Observation Project in a Preschool Class. Introduction. For this project, I observed my mother's preschool class for three hours, and three kids that she baby-sits on weekends for three hours. Free Conclusion Generator to Summarize Your Paper Enter a title and a minimum of 200 words from your paper in the appropriate boxes. Click on generate button to get unique conclusion. You can paraphrase it, or copy the result into your paper. Optionally, you can improve your conclusion by ordering custom help from our writing experts. Reliable Editors. How To Begin An Observation Essay: Tips And Strategies Key Takeaways: Write in the present tense to establish a sense of immediacy and connection to the event. Structure your essay with an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Include a hook, background information, and a clear thesis statement in your introduction. Develop your thesis statement with arguments and facts in the body ... How to Avoid Jumping to Conclusions and Make Decisions Based on Reality Here's a breakdown of each step in the decision-making process, from observation to action: Observation. At the bottom of the ladder, you start with raw data and facts. These are the things you can see, hear, or otherwise directly observe. ... Now you draw conclusions based on your assumptions about the meaning of the data. These conclusions ... How Will AI Change The Office Of The CFO? 1. AI will save your team hours by automating manual repetitive tasks. From automatic payment reconciliations to more advanced use cases, such as using AI to predict customer payment behavior, AI ... phd analysis phd audit phd writing thesis template thesis writing