essay on climate change in nepali language

Explore historical and projected climate data, climate data by sector, impacts, key vulnerabilities and what adaptation measures are being taken. Explore the overview for a general context of how climate change is affecting Nepal.

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This page presents high-level information for Nepal's climate zones and its seasonal cycle for mean temperature and precipitation for the latest climatology, 1991-2020. Climate zone classifications are derived from the  Köppen-Geiger climate classification system , which divides climates into five main climate groups divided based on seasonal precipitation and temperature patterns. The five main groups are  A  (tropical),  B  (dry),  C  (temperate),  D  (continental), and  E  (polar). All climates except for those in the E group are assigned a seasonal precipitation sub-group (second letter).  Climate classifications are identified by hovering your mouse over the legend. A narrative overview of Nepal's country context and climate is provided following the visualizations.

Nepal is a landlocked country of South Asia, located in the Himalayas between India and China. The terrain is generally mountainous and contains many of the world’s highest peaks, including Mount Everest (8,848 meters [m]). The country also has low-lying areas in the south with elevations less than 100 m. About 80% of the country’s 28 million inhabitants (2019) live in rural areas. Small-scale, subsistence agriculture is a mainstay of Nepal’s economy, employing 69% of the country’s workforce in 2015. Despite this, agriculture contributed only 25% to GDP in 2019, compared to a 60% contribution from the service sector. Nepal’s National Planning Commission estimated in 2018 that around 28.6% of the population experiences multidimensional poverty, with a clear divide between rural areas, where the rate is 33%, and urban areas where the rate is 7%. An estimated 8% of Nepal’s population are undernourished.

Water and forests are Nepal’s most abundant natural resources, with freshwater (derived from glaciers, snowmelt, and rainfall) accounting for an estimated 2.27% of the total world supply. This water feeds the country’s major rivers: Koshi, Gandaki, and Karnali. Together, these river systems supply freshwater to a large portion of the 500 million people who live in the Ganges river basin. Nepal’s varied topography and social vulnerability make the country particularly susceptible to geological and climate-related disasters. Weakness in effective response mechanisms and strategies for dealing with natural hazards has historically exacerbated this vulnerability. An increase in soil erosion, landslides, flash floods, and droughts has been reported in recent years across the country, with increased intensity and impact on the lives and livelihoods of the Nepalese. Nepal is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts and recent studies by the Asian Development Bank suggested Nepal faces losing 2.2% of annual GDP due to climate change by 2050. Nepal ratified the Paris Climate Agreement and its Second Nationally Determined Communication (NDC) in 2020. Nepal’s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC (2014) (NC2) identifies the country’s energy, agriculture, water resources, forestry and biodiversity and health sectors as the most at risk to climate change.

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Highlighting the climate crisis with Nepali stories

Tulsi Rauniyar

“I feel the public is not sufficiently informed or worried about this pertinent issue today because of a huge gap in climate change communication. That is why I decided to start my own outreach campaign,” says Vallangi, who decided to tackle the issue head-on, after being overwhelmed by the disastrous consequences of climate change in India and across the world.

“I saw communities being affected by continuous floods, having no adequate assistance or preparation for responding to the disaster. I saw how women’s health and people’s aspirations and opportunities will take a serious hit due to climate change,” shares Vallangi.

The first of the three segments revolves around women’s health and the water crisis. The second segment looks at instances of extreme flooding and how it affects the dreams and opportunities of youths in a community. It has been tentatively decided that the third will be based in the Himalayas, leveraging Nepal’s diverse geography.

Vallangi urges her audience to think about unspoken or seemingly unrelated effects too, such as the increased frequency and intensity of flooding in Nepal, erratic rainfall patterns and increased water scarcity. Tropical diseases, like Kathmandu’s Dengue outbreak last year, may also be telltale signs that all of Nepal is already being affected, not just remote areas.

There are enough academic institutions working on climate change and the amount of scientific research available in Nepal made it easy for Vallangi to find experts and data to connect the science of climate crisis with what’s happening on ground. It was important from the beginning that the documentary should present the whole story in an enlightening and relatable way, which required a compelling integration of science with storytelling.

“Nepal was perfect that way because there are both powerful personal stories and adequate scientific expertise to effectively tell the overall story of the climate crisis.” says Vallangi. Because of the country’s diverse climate and topography, the stories covered here carry global significance because similar climate-related issues replicate world over.

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Key Highlights: Country Climate and Development Report for Nepal

Nepal country climate and development report: towards a green, resilient, and inclusive development.

Download Country Climate and Development Report for Nepal 

Nepal has achieved significant development progress in recent decades. To sustain the development gains, Nepal must adapt its development pathway to a changing climate. Nepal 's Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) identifies ways that Nepal can achieve its overall development objectives while fostering its strategic ambition to transition to a greener, more resilient, and inclusive development pathway.

Global warming and climate change are already affecting Nepal’s gross domestic product. Increased flooding, heat stress on labor productivity and health, and heat stress on crops and livestock are expected to be a continual drag on growth. Women, indigenous people, and other marginalized groups are often excluded from mainstream development and suffer from cumulative and cascading impacts of climate change and disasters. Without comprehensive and scaled-up climate action, climate change will continue to jeopardize gains in Nepal’s human development and poverty reduction.

To respond to this challenge, Nepal is already implementing steps to recalibrate its economy by adopting a Green, Resilient, and Inclusive Development (GRID) approach . In 2021, Nepal adopted the  Green, Resilient and Inclusive Development (GRID) approach  as a national vision to guide long-term green growth and build resilience to climate and other shocks that are barriers to Nepal’s development ambitions. Under Nepal’s federal structure, the local governments are placed at the center of climate resilience and development efforts with extensive implementation responsibilities and play a crucial role in translating the GRID strategy into action.

Nepal has pledged to achieve net zero emissions by 2045 and to significantly scale up hydropower investment in the coming decade.  Nepal has begun to put in place the necessary policy framework, such as the 2019 National Climate Change Policy, the 2022 Solid Waste Management Policy, the 2022 Forest Regulation and the 2022 Land Use Regulation. However, implementation of this reform agenda and prioritization of investments is incipient. Moreover, enhanced prioritization and efficiency of public expenditure are required to maximize climate and development benefits.

Last Updated: Sep 15, 2022

Nepal's CCDR report also outlines three key enabling themes to help support the priority system transitions  toward a greener future for Nepal:

• Strengthening the resilience of people and community assets through early warning systems, shock-responsive safety nets, and access to quality skills training;
• Embedding disaster risk management at all tiers of government and across all sectors;
• Prioritizing Nepal’s funding needs by convening and coordinating financing for climate action.

Nepal Climate and Development Report – Full Profile

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Nepal - Country Climate and Development Report

As temperatures rise across South Asia, climate and disaster risks in Nepal are expected to increase further, affecting people, the economy, the environment, and development gains. Nepal’s temperature is projected to increase by about 0.9 C between 2016 and 2045 under a medium-range emissions pathway. Winters are projected to be drier and monsoon summers wetter, with up to a threefold increase in rainfall. The number of people in Nepal annually affected by river flooding caused by climate change could double to around 350,000 in 2030 (from 157,000 in 2010).

While Nepal has low per capita emissions and is a negligible contributor to global climate change, agricultural and energy-related emissions are also a key source of air pollution, with major negative economic implications. Emissions come primarily from agriculture (54 percent) and energy (28 percent. Between 2012 and 2019, Nepal’s emissions increased by 26.9 percent, primarily due to growing energy consumption in energy and industry, which accounted for 28.3 percent and 7.4 percent of Nepal’s GHG emissions in 2019. Biomass, transport, open burning, and industrial activities also contribute significantly to air pollution, with sizeable negative impacts on health and productivity.

Climate variability is impacting the Nepali economy through lower agricultural productivity, road damage, and high energy imports during the dry season, among other impacts. Floods and landslides have been the most frequent hazards over the past 40 years; these events are expected to increase as climate change accelerates. While southern and urban municipalities are more likely to experience flooding and heat stress, northern regions are affected by increased erosion, landslides, water stress, and glacial lake overflow. The most vulnerable communities often live in the most extreme environments that are subject to climate impacts and lack social protection programs. Women, indigenous people, and other marginalized communities are disproportionately affected.

Nepal has begun to put in place the necessary policy framework, such as the 2019 National Climate Change Policy, the 2022 Solid Waste Management Policy, the 2022 Forest Regulation, and the 2022 Land Use Regulation. However, implementation of this reform agenda and prioritization of investments is incipient. Moreover, enhanced prioritization and efficiency of public expenditure are required to maximize climate and development benefits.

This Country Climate and Development Report outlines four priority system transitions that are fundamental to addressing the risks that climate change poses to Nepal while also providing opportunities for improving the quality and sustainability of economic development: (a) improving systemic resilience of rural landscapes including food, freshwater, and forest systems to boost adaptation, livelihoods, and food security; (b) harnessing Nepal’s significant hydropower opportunities; (c) managing urbanization and environmental quality to build resilience and improve health; and (d) strengthening Nepal’s low-carbon, resilient connectivity — particularly roads — to improve the country’s growth and services. This report also outlines three key enabling themes to help support the priority system transitions toward a greener future for Nepal: strengthening the resilience of people and community assets through early warning systems, shock-responsive safety nets, and access to quality skills training; embedding disaster risk management at all tiers of government and across all sectors; and prioritizing Nepal’s funding needs by convening and coordinating financing for climate action.

Executive Summary (Nepali)

Executive Summary (English)

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Nepal draws global attention with int'l expert dialogue on climate change impact

Mausam shah "nepali".

Two-days event on 'Mountains, People, and Climate' kicks-off in Kathmandu

KATHMANDU, MAY 22

In light of the adverse impacts faced by mountain communities due to climate change, the Ministry of Forests and Environment under the Government of Nepal organized a two-day international expert dialogue on " Mountains, People, and Climate " at a hillside resort in Kathmandu on Tuesday.

Over two hundred participants, including government ministers, climate scientists, researchers, and other global stakeholders, convened to demonstrate solidarity and commitment to global climate action.

Highlighting the urgency, Nepal called upon the international community to address climate change repercussions on the Himalayas and downstream areas.

Opening the dialogue, Dr. Baikuntha Aryal, Chief Secretary of the Government of Nepal, highlighted that the country, particularly its mountain communities, is bearing the brunt of climate change despite having no contribution to the problem.

Climate change is a global threat to which all people and ecosystems are vulnerable. Without effective adaptation, climate change has the potential to reverse the development gains and push millions of people further into poverty, Dr Aryal shared.

Emphasizing the impacts of glacier melt in Nepal, Dr. Aryal highlighted significant events such as the severe floods in the Melamchi area in 2022 and unprecedented flooding in the Kaligandaki River. He stressed the urgent need for solutions to ensure food and water security, preserve biodiversity, promote inclusivity, and safeguard cultures and indigenous peoples.

"Mountains serve as vital sources of water and livelihood, while also playing a crucial role in global temperature regulation. Therefore, there is a pressing need for a sustained platform to address the challenges posed by climate crises in mountainous regions and their implications for low-lying countries," shared Dr. Aryal.

Karen Welch, USAID Director, reaffirmed their commitment to biodiversity conservation and environmental partnerships in Nepal, pledging continued collaboration.

Rosalaura Romeo from the Mountain Partnership Secretariat of the FAO emphasized the significance of experience exchange programs in addressing the challenges faced by mountain countries, citing established scientific data on the Himalayan region's climate change impacts.

Dinara Kemelova, Kyrgyzstan's special representative, highlighted that mountains are home to 30% of the world's population and called for a united effort to protect these vital ecosystems. She stressed the global importance of preserving mountains as sources of clean drinking water and hydroelectric power.

Hanna Singer Hamdy, UN Resident Coordinator Nepal, pointed to the detrimental effects of climate change on the Himalayas and its inhabitants, advocating for cooperative efforts to safeguard the region.

Harry Vireau, Chair of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA), emphasized the increasing incidence of climate-induced disasters such as floods and landslides, calling for collective solutions to address these challenges.

Similarly, Yonten Phuntsho, Minister for Agriculture and Livestock of The Royal Government of Bhutan, remarked, "As we convene here to commemorate the historic achievement of including mountain issues in the context of COP28 in Dubai, we are assembled to deliberate and chart out efforts to address the challenges faced by mountains and acknowledge the critical roles they play in mitigating climate change."

"In a world of interdependence, it is insufficient for a single entity to mitigate climate change; collaborative efforts are imperative," Phuntsho shared.

Saber Hossain Chowdhury, Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate change Bangladesh said, the developed countries emit 81 percent of the total global carbon emissions. Developing countries like Nepal and Bangladesh are facing problems due to this.

The developed countries have not fulfilled their commitments made at various climate conferences regarding reducing carbon emissions. Now, they should be prompted," he added. Minister Hossain emphasized that the government alone cannot alleviate poverty and mitigate the impacts of climate change.

Minister Chowdhury also stressed the importance of managing the budget required for implementing climate change adaptation programs. "Political will is necessary to address the problems caused by the adverse impacts of climate change," he reiterated.

On the occasion, addressing the expert dialogue on Mountains, People, and Climate, Prime Minister Dahal underscored the urgent necessity of a unified mountain voice to confront the escalating concerns regarding the impacts of climate change on mountain communities and the crucial ecosystem services they provide.

Additionally, PM Dahal also emphasized the imperative of economic and technical cooperation among countries most affected by the impacts of climate change.

Highlighting the unprecedented nature of climate change impacts in mountainous regions, PM Dahal warned that these countries, occupying the forefront of the global climate crisis, bear disproportionate burdens of warming's adverse effects.

Referring to Antonio Guterres, the United Nations Secretary-General, who visited the Everest Base Camp last year, Dahal echoed Guterres' remarks, stating, "Nepal is bearing the brunt of climate change despite having made no contribution to it."

PM Dahal further called for concerted efforts to safeguard and enhance the mountains, mountain civilizations, mountain ecosystems, and mountain inhabitants. He sought to cultivate collaboration and solidarity to address the collective challenges posed by climate change in mountainous regions.

Chairing the session, Nepal's Minister for Forests and Environment, Nawal Kishor Sah Sudi, expressed gratitude to all the delegates and participants for their active engagement in the event. He emphasized the necessity of collaborative efforts in the battle against climate change, as well as the importance of data and knowledge sharing among countries affected by adverse climate change, concluding his remarks as he closed the session.

Following the opening session, other thematic and planery disucssion were held on the climate change and its impact.

Court extends Sirohiya's remand for three more days

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• 14 June 2024
• Correction 17 June 2024

Wildfires are raging in Nepal — climate change isn’t the only culprit

• Saugat Bolakhe 0

Saugat Bolakhe is a freelance science journalist based in Washington DC.

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Firefighters, police officers and local residents try to extinguish a wild fire near the village of Lubhu in Lalitpur district, on the outskirts of Kathmandu, overnight on 1 May 2024. Credit: Prakash Mathema/AFP via Getty

Nepal’s wildfires are increasing in frequency and intensity, but it’s not just climate change to blame. Forest scientists say that Nepalis’ changing relationship with forests is also escalating the incidence of forest fire, but that better fire prediction and preparedness could minimize harm.

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doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-01758-2

Updates & Corrections

Correction 17 June 2024 : Binod Pokharel's name was spelt incorrectly in a previous version of this article.

Pokharel, B. et al. Clim. Change 176 , 17 (2023).

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