phd degree in medicine

MD-PhD Degree Programs by State

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Combined MD-PhD degree programs provide students the opportunity to earn both the MD and the PhD in areas pertinent to medicine.

Combined MD-PhD degree programs provide students the opportunity to earn both the MD and the PhD in areas pertinent to medicine. Below is a list of schools offering a combined MD-PhD degree, with links to their web sites. Please contact the institutions directly for curriculum information and admission requirements. School administrators may contact [email protected]  with any omissions or corrections to this listing.

University of Alabama School of Medicine Birmingham, Ala.

University of South Alabama College of Medicine   Mobile, Ala.

University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson, Ariz.

University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix Phoenix, Ariz.

University of Arkansas College of Medicine Little Rock, Ark.

Loma Linda University School of Medicine   Loma Linda, Calif.

Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, Calif.

University of California, Davis School of Medicine   Davis, Calif.

University of California, Irvine School of Medicine   Irvine, Calif.

University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine   Los Angeles, Calif.

University of California, San Diego School of Medicine   La Jolla, Calif.

University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine   San Francisco, Calif.

Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California   Los Angeles, Calif.

University of Colorado Health Sciences Center   Denver, Colo.

Connecticut

University of Connecticut School of Medicine   Farmington, Conn.

Yale University School of Medicine   New Haven, Conn.

District of Columbia

Georgetown University School of Medicine   Washington, D.C.

Howard University College of Medicine   Washington, D.C.

University of Florida College of Medicine   Gainesville, Fla.

University of Miami Miller School of Medicine   Miami, Fla.

University of South Florida College of Medicine   Tampa, Fla.

Emory University School of Medicine   Atlanta, Ga.

Medical College of Georgia   Augusta, Ga.

Morehouse School of Medicine   Atlanta, Ga.

Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University Augusta, Ga.

Loyola University of Chicago - Stritch School of Medicine   Maywood, Ill.

Northwestern University Medical School   Chicago, Ill.

Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science - Chicago Medical School   North Chicago, Ill.

University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine (MTSP)  Chicago, Ill.

University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine (MD/PhD) Chicago, Ill.

University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine   Chicago, Ill.

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Carle Illinois College of Medicine   Urbana, Ill.

Indiana University School of Medicine   Indianapolis, Ind.

University of Iowa College of Medicine   Iowa City, Iowa

University of Kansas School of Medicine   Kansas City, Kan.

University of Kentucky College of Medicine   Lexington, Ky.

University of Louisville School of Medicine   Louisville, Ky.

Louisiana State University, New Orleans School of Medicine   New Orleans, La.

Louisiana State University, Shreveport School of Medicine   Shreveport, La.

Tulane University School of Medicine   New Orleans, La.

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine   Baltimore, Md.

National Institutes of Health Intramural MD-PhD Partnership   Bethesda, Md.

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences   Bethesda, Md.

University of Maryland at Baltimore School of Medicine   Baltimore, Md.

Massachusetts

Boston University School of Medicine   Boston, Mass.

Harvard Medical School   Boston, Mass.

Tufts University School of Medicine   Boston, Mass.

University of Massachusetts Medical School   Worcester, Mass.

Michigan State University College of Human Medicine   East Lansing, Mich.

University of Michigan Medical School   Ann Arbor, Mich.

Wayne State University School of Medicine   Detroit, Mich.

Mayo Medical School  Rochester, Minn.

University of Minnesota Medical School   Minneapolis, Minn.

Mississippi

University of Mississippi School of Medicine   Jackson, Miss.

Saint Louis University School of Medicine   St. Louis, Mo.

University of Missouri - Columbia School of Medicine   Columbia, Mo.

University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Medicine   Kansas City, Mo.

Washington University School of Medicine   St. Louis, Mo.

Creighton University School of Medicine   Omaha, Neb.

University of Nebraska College of Medicine   Omaha, Neb.

University of Nevada School of Medicine   Reno, Nev.

New Hampshire

Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth   Hanover, N.H.

Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School   Newark, N.J.

Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School   Piscataway, N.J.

University of New Mexico School of Medicine   Albuquerque, N.M.

Albany Medical College   Albany, N.Y.

Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University   Bronx, N.Y.

Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons   New York, N.Y.

Hofstra North Shore - LIJ School of Medicine Hempstead, N.Y.

Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD/PhD Program   New York, N.Y.

Mount Sinai School of Medicine   New York, N.Y.

New York Medical College   Valhalla, N.Y.

New York University School of Medicine   New York, N.Y.

SUNY at Buffalo School of Medicine   Buffalo, N.Y.

SUNY at Stony Brook Health Sciences Center   Stony Brook, N.Y.

SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine   Brooklyn, N.Y.

SUNY Upstate Medical University   Syracuse, N.Y.

University of Rochester School of Medicine   Rochester, N.Y.

North Carolina

Wake Forest School of Medicine   Winston-Salem, N.C.

Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University   Greenville, N.C.

Duke University School of Medicine   Durham, N.C.

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine   Chapel Hill, N.C.

North Dakota

University of North Dakota School of Medicine   Grand Forks, N.D.

Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine   Cleveland, Ohio

Northeastern Ohio College of Medicine   Rootstown, Ohio

Ohio State University College of Medicine   Columbus, Ohio

University of Cincinnati College of Medicine   Cincinnati, Ohio

University of Toledo College of Medicine   Toledo, Ohio

Wright State University School of Medicine   Dayton, Ohio

University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center   Oklahoma City, Okla.

Oregon Health Sciences University School of Medicine   Portland, Ore.

Pennsylvania

Drexel University College of Medicine   Philadelphia, Pa.

Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University   Philadelphia, Pa.

Penn State University College of Medicine   Hershey, Pa.

University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine   Philadelphia, Pa.

University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine   Pittsburgh, Pa.

Temple University School of Medicine   Philadelphia, Pa.

Rhode Island

Brown University School of Medicine   Providence, R.I.

South Carolina

Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston, S.C.

University of South Carolina School of Medicine   Columbia, S.C.

South Dakota

University of South Dakota School of Medicine   Vermillion, S.D.

East Tennessee State University James H. Quillen College of Medicine   Johnson City, Tenn.

Meharry Medical College School of Medicine   Nashville, Tenn.

University of Tennessee, Memphis College of Medicine   Memphis, Tenn.

Vanderbilt University School of Medicine   Nashville, Tenn.

Baylor College of Medicine   Houston, Texas

McGovern Medical School at UTHealth/MD Anderson Cancer Center/University of Puerto Rico Tri-Institutional Program   Houston, Texas

Texas A&M University Health Sciences Center College of Medicine College   Station, Texas

Texas Tech University School of Medicine   Lubbock, Texas

University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston   Galveston, Texas

University of Texas Health San Antonio, Long School of Medicine   San Antonio, Texas

University of Texas, Southwestern Med Center - Dallas   Dallas, Texas

University of Utah School of Medicine   Salt Lake City, Utah

University of Vermont College of Medicine   Burlington, Vt.

Eastern Virginia Medical School   Norfolk, Va.

Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine   Richmond, Va.

University of Virginia School of Medicine   Charlottesville, Va.

University of Washington School of Medicine   Seattle, Wash.

West Virginia

Marshall University School of Medicine   Huntington, W.Va.

West Virginia University School of Medicine   Morgantown, W.Va.

Medical College of Wisconsin   Milwaukee, Wisc.

University of Wisconsin Medical School   Madison, Wisc.

McGill University Faculty of Medicine   Montreal, Quebec

McMaster University of Faculty of Health Sciences   Hamilton, Ontario

Memorial University of Newfoundland Faculty of Medicine   St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador

Universite de Montreal Faculte de Medecine   Montreal, Quebec

Universite de Sherbrooke Faculte de Medecine   Sherbrooke, Quebec

Universite Laval Faculte de Medecine   Quebec, Quebec

University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry   Edmonton, Alberta

University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine   Calgary, Alberta

University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine   Vancouver, British Columbia

University of Manitoba Faculty of Medicine   Winnipeg, Manitoba

University of Saskatchewan College of Medicine   Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine   Toronto, Ontario

University of Western Ontario   London, Ontario

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Top 10 Best PhD in Medicine Programs

Dreaming of making the latest breakthrough medical discoveries? Whether you’re interested in neuroscience , psychology, or microbiology, a PhD in medicine will give you advanced skills and in-depth medical science knowledge to propel the medical field forward. You’ll feel equipped to conduct innovative research and perhaps even make important discoveries!

Out of all PhD programs, a PhD in medical science will prepare you for some of the world’s highest-paid roles. After all, the average yearly salary of a doctorate-holder in medicine is $153,000 . The best part? You’ll graduate and embark on a career that will make a difference.

Doctorates in medicine are in high demand, and you might even find — we’ll cover all the highlights in our list of doctorate degrees in medicine.

Table of Contents

Best PhD in Medicine Programs and Schools

Harvard university.

Ph.D. Program in Virology

Harvard University  offers one of the most dynamic types of doctorate degrees in medicine — the virology PhD. The Ivy League  school has produced countless world-renowned virology researchers who have invented valuable vaccines and treatments. This virology PhD program involves small student groups for stronger faculty and student relationships.

• Courses/research areas : Molecular genetics, viruses and immunity interaction, and rational antiviral drug design
• Duration : 5 years
• Tuition : Full funding
• Financial aid:  Full tuition & stipend support, health insurance, child support, parent support, and emergency fund
• Acceptance rate:  5%
• Location: Cambridge, Massachusetts

Stanford University, Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine

Graduate Program in Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine

Stanford is one of the world’s leading research centers in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. In this program, you’ll have multiple options to meet the course requirements by passing substitute courses or through oral or written exams.

• Courses : Stem cells & human development, chemistry of biological processes, and advanced cell biology
• Tuition : Full tuition funding and stipend
• Financial aid : Grants, fellowships, stipend and tuition support, travel allowance, insurance
• Location : Stanford, California

Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine

Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program

Johns Hopkins is one of the biggest names in medicine globally and the only institution with a surviving CMM program  (Cellular & Molecular Medicine) funded by the Lucille Markey Foundation. In this doctorate program, you’ll research cellular and molecular biology with a focus on the practical diagnosis and treatment of diseases instead of a pure scientific emphasis.

• Courses : Molecular biology & genomics, cellular/molecular basis of disease, and immunology principles
• Duration : 3 years+
• Financial aid:  Full funding, health insurance, fellowships, teaching assistantships, research assistantships, and grants
• Acceptance rate : 11.1%
• Location : Baltimore, Maryland

Harvard-MIT, Harvard Medical School

MEMP Ph.D. Program

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University are two of the world’s most acclaimed research universities. They’ve collaborated to offer this unique combined PhD program in MEMP (Medical Engineering and Medical Physics) to advance research and innovation in medical diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. Students can choose one of the program’s 11 concentrations to create a personalized curriculum.

• Courses : Molecular diagnostics & bioinformatics, cellular & molecular immunology, and genetics in modern medicine
• Duration : 5.7 years average
• Financial aid : Full funding for tuition, stipend & health insurance, research assistantships, teaching assistantships, and fellowships
• Acceptance rate: 5-7%
• Location : Cambridge/Boston, Massachusetts

The University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health

Ph.D. Infectious Diseases & Immunity

The University of California Berkeley is ranked #2  among top public schools and is committed to student diversity, demonstrated by its dedicated Office for Graduate Diversity. This PhD is a unique program with its multidisciplinary and integrated focus on host-pathogen environmental interactions.

• Courses : Molecular basis of bacterial pathogenesis, epidemiology & control of infectious diseases, and advanced cell biology
• Duration : 5.5 years average
• Tuition : $14,442  per academic year
• Financial aid : Fellowships, scholarships, grants, work-study, and loans
• Acceptance rate : 17.5%
• Location : Berkeley, California

The University of Pennsylvania, Biomedical Graduate Studies Division

Cellular & Molecular Biology (CAMB) Graduate Group

The University of Pennsylvania’s BGS  (Biomedical Graduate Studies) division has around 900 PhD students — 25% belong to underrepresented minorities, and 58% are female. The CAMB Graduate Group is a unique interdisciplinary research program offering six specialized medical discipline areas and world-class facilities.

• Courses : Regulation of the genome, cell & molecular biology, and data analysis for life sciences
• Financial aid:  Full funding, including tuition, fees, and stipend, as well as fellowships and grants
• Acceptance rate:  9%
• Location : Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Yale University, School of Medicine

Investigative Medicine Program

Yale School of Medicine is well-known for its eminent faculty and one of the world’s largest medical libraries. This PhD program specializes in investigative medicine, allowing you to develop high-level creative and analytical skills. It also prepares you with the knowledge to conduct both laboratory-based and clinically based patient-oriented medical research.

• Courses : Topics in human investigation, ethics issues in biomedical research, and methods in clinical research.
• Duration : 3-4 years
• Financial aid : Grants, loans, and fellowships.
• Acceptance rate : 7%
• Location : New Haven, Connecticut

The University of California San Francisco, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics

Doctoral Program in Epidemiology & Translational Science

The University of California San Francisco is an innovative research institution focusing exclusively on medicine across education, research, and patient care. As a result, it has some of the highest rankings by the US & News Report  in various medical disciplines. The program allows you to choose between 17 concentration areas, including cancer epidemiology, global health, and bioinformatics.

• Courses : Biostatistics, epidemiological methods, and clinical epidemiology.
• Tuition : $11,442  per academic year
• Financial aid : Fellowships, student employment, grants, teaching assistantships, and research assistantships.
• Acceptance rate : 4%
• Location : San Francisco, California

Columbia University, Irving Medical Center

Ph.D. Pathobiology and Mechanisms of Disease Program

Columbia University  is home to several well-known medical research schools. It’s also located close to many scientific institutions, providing valuable collaboration opportunities. This program allows students to pursue in-depth research in basic sciences while focusing on knowledge application at the clinical and patient care levels.

• Courses : Biochemistry, cell & molecular biology, molecular genetics, and mechanisms of human disease.
• Duration : 3 years
• Tuition : $25,248  per semester
• Financial aid:  Training grants, loans, student employment, and awards.
• Location : New York City, New York

Cornell University, Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences

Ph.D. Cell and Development Biology

Cornell University’s Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School has over 330 capable faculty members and $275 million  in research funds. A reputable program, it involves a lab rotation, allowing each student to pass through three different laboratories before deciding on a research focus area.

• Courses : Molecular genetics, biochemistry & structural biology, and quantitative understanding in biology.
• Tuition : Refer tuition page
• Financial aid : Scholarships, health insurance, and travel support.
• Acceptance rate:  11%
• Location : New York, New York

What Do You Need to Get a PhD in Medicine?

You’ll typically need a master’s degree to be eligible to apply for a PhD in medicine. Some universities also require your master’s to include certain subjects.

As part of your application, the selection committee will generally ask to see:

• Official transcripts from your undergraduate and master’s degrees
• Practical experience
• Resume or CV
• Personal statement
• Letters of reference

Preparing for a Medicine Doctorate Program

Research programs early to determine the specializations you’re interested in. Then, read up on each subject as much as possible and keep up with developments in the field. It’s also a good idea to research your potential mentors. You can also build your network by joining aspirant and professional groups with similar interests.

You’ll find different types of medical doctor degrees online based on the core area of study, such as:

• Ph.D. Healthcare Administration
• Ph.D. Epidemiology
• Ph.D. Public Health
• Ph.D. Health Informatics
• Ph.D. Health Research & Policy

In addition to your preferred specialization, assess programs based on funding options, faculty, accreditation, proximity, and cost of living.

Why Get a Doctorate Degree in Medicine

A doctorate of medicine helps you work in high-level scientific, academic, and research positions within the medical field. On average, professionals with a doctorate in medicine have a salary of $153,000  a year.

You’ll also learn several important skills through a PhD in medicine, including:

• Research, analysis, and problem-solving skills for the medical discipline
• Critical and innovative thinking
• Oral and written communication skills
• Information management skills
• Leadership skills

Some of the most common roles and average salaries for PhD-holders in medicine are:

• Clinical Research Manager ( $78,566 )
• Chief Executive Officer ( $156,335 )
• Postdoctoral Research Associate ( $52,270 )
• Technical Director ( $124,783 )
• Physician/Doctor for Emergency Room ( $249,174 )

What is the Average Cost & Duration of a PhD in Medicine?

The total cost for a PhD in medicine varies between $60,000 and $200,000, based on various factors. The program usually takes 3-6 years to complete.

The Difference Between an MD and a PhD for Medical Doctors

An MD is a practicing degree that equips doctors with high-level knowledge and skills to treat patients. A PhD is a research degree that helps you discover new medical knowledge or prepare for academic and management roles.

Key Takeaways

A PhD in medicine can take your career to the highest level and allow you to earn a lucrative salary. Not only is medicine a prestigious field, but it also fosters your ability to make valuable contributions to society. Check out each program on our list and think about which speaks out to your career goals and values. Then, put together a winning application !

Still not sure which program is right for you? Take a look at other options with our guides to the highest paying PhDs  and the best 1-year PhD online programs .

Frequently Asked Questions

How many years is a phd in medicine.

A PhD in Medicine can take between three and six years to complete.

Is a PhD the Same as a Medical Doctor?

A medical doctor does not necessarily need a PhD, as they can qualify with a medical degree. Additionally, a PhD is usually a research degree, not as focused on patient care.

Is a PhD Higher than an MD?

No. Both PhD and MD degrees are doctorate qualifications, but usually with different applications.

Can a PhD be a Medical Doctor?

You can be qualified as a medical doctor without a PhD in medicine, though a doctor can pursue a PhD if they wish. However, an MD degree, which is also a doctoral degree in medicine, is generally more useful for medical practitioners.

Who Makes More Money, a PhD or MD?

There’s not much difference between an MD and PhD regarding benefits and earning potential. However, an MD may attract a slightly higher salary as practitioners are popular and in high demand. While a PhD salary can be comparable, there may not be as many academic and research positions available.

What Can You Do with a PhD in Medicine?

A PhD in medicine qualifies you to hold well-respected positions in academic research centers or teaching hospitals. Additionally, you can continue as a medical practitioner at a higher level.

What is a Doctorate in Medicine (MD) program?

An MD is a graduate program designed for already-qualified surgeons and physicians. It involves rigorous clinical training and coursework to prepare medical professionals for a more advanced level of specialization.

Lisa Marlin

Lisa is a full-time writer specializing in career advice, further education, and personal development. She works from all over the world, and when not writing you'll find her hiking, practicing yoga, or enjoying a glass of Malbec.

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PhD Programs

Empowering students to follow their curiosity

Bioengineering PhD

Jointly supported by the School of Engineering and the School of Medicine, the bioengineering program merges engineering principles with scientific discovery and technology to encourage the development of new medical devices and treatments.

Biosciences PhD

panning the School of Medicine and the School of Humanities and Sciences, students have the best of both worlds: the diversity of a large umbrella program coupled with the support of a small academic setting.

The Biosciences PhD program offers 14 home programs representing eight basic science departments and six interdisciplinary programs.

Biomedical Physics (BMP) PhD Program

Supported by the Departments of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, the Biomedical Physics PhD program seeks students interested in radiation therapy, imaging science, and molecular imaging and diagnostics as applied to clinical medicine. 

PhD in Epidemiology and Clinical Research

The PhD program in epidemiology and clinical research will provide methodologic and interdisciplinary training that will equip students to carry out cutting-edge epidemiologic research. The program trains students in the tools of modern epidemiology, with heavy emphases on statistics, computer science, genetics, genomics, and bioinformatics.

PhD in Health Policy

Stanford Health Policy offers a PhD program which promises to educate students who will be scholarly leaders in the field of health policy, and will be highly knowledgeable about the theoretical and empirical approaches that can be applied in the development of improvements in health policy and the health care system. These students will be well prepared for positions in academic institutions, government institutions, and private sector organizations with a demand for high-level analysis of health policy issues.

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Discover the Ph.D. Program at Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences

Ph.d. program, ph.d. program overview.

At Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, you’ll discover a unique research training environment of academic inquiry and scientific discovery, combined with exceptional intellectual and technological resources designed to help you achieve your highest scientific career goals.

Through the Ph.D. program, you’ll acquire a broad expertise in biomedical science with the opportunity to go deeper into your primary area of research interest.

year average time to degree

Best graduate school rankings

a top school for biological sciences as ranked by U.S. News & World Report

Guaranteed 5-year internal fellowship

includes full tuition, stipend, and benefits

Whether you’re preparing for graduate school or applying now, the Mayo Clinic experience for biomedical science Ph.D. students is different.

Program highlights:

• Research training by leading investigators in fields ranging from molecules to populations, all in the context of exceptional health care.
• Embedded within a top academic medical center, you’ll have access to clinical data from more than 6 million patient histories.
• A Career Development Internship program where senior students experience networking opportunities in career settings different from those of their research mentors.
• A national destination for research training of students from backgrounds underrepresented in science. Mayo’s NIH-funded IMSD is more than two decades old, and Mayo invented the NIH PREP concept.
• Join about 250 students who have access to 300+ faculty members in small class sizes.
• 87% of graduates since 1989 are employed in academia or industry.
• Three campuses in Minnesota, Florida, and Arizona with diverse research opportunities.
• Every student is awarded a fellowship for five years that fully covers tuition.
• Ph.D. students receive a stipend and health benefits.

See yourself here

Hear from students and faculty to get an idea of what it's like to learn here, live here, and be a Ph.D. student at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science.

"I can be the scientist I want to be"

Choosing your area of specialization

You'll choose from one of eight  biomedical science specialty tracks within our Ph.D. Program. Track choice is indicated during the application process and confirmed after admission. But you'll be able to do research and learn in any Mayo laboratory that interests you, even if it's not within your track.

Perspectives on our Ph.D. Program

"Collaboration is massive here"

Collaborative research and learning environment

The hallmark of research at Mayo Clinic is the highly collaborative interaction that occurs between investigators in basic science and clinical areas. While each investigator has a competitively funded independent lab, collaboration with graduate students and staff across the institution is common. As a Ph.D. student, you’re free to select any Mayo mentor, regardless of which track you choose.

"Allowed me to build my own team"

Teaching opportunities

Tutoring and teaching opportunities are available and optional for our Ph.D. students. If you’re interested in developing these skills, serving as a tutor or a teaching assistant can help cement the knowledge you gain from your coursework.

Application window

Apply between Sept. 1 and Dec. 4 for the following academic year.

To get in touch with the Ph.D. Program, fill out the form on the Contact Us page .

Ph.D. and master's degree program catalog (2023-2024), rev. 5-11-23

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Explore our virtual visit options or sign up for a video chat to get a personalized look at our program.

PhD in Population Health Sciences

Prepare for a high-impact career tackling public health problems from air pollution to obesity to global health equity to the social determinants of health.

The PhD in population health sciences is a multidisciplinary research degree that will prepare you for a career focused on challenges and solutions that affect the lives of millions around the globe. Collaborating with colleagues from diverse personal and professional backgrounds and conducting field and/or laboratory research projects of your own design, you will gain the deep expertise and powerful analytical and quantitative tools needed to tackle a wide range of complex, large-scale public health problems.

Focusing on one of five complementary fields of study at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and drawing on courses, resources, and faculty from the Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, you will become well-versed in a wide variety of disciplines while gaining specialized knowledge in your chosen area of study.

As a population health sciences graduate, you will be prepared for a career in research, academics, or practice, tackling complex diseases and health problems that affect entire populations. Those interested in pursuing research may go on to work at a government agency or international organization, or in the private sector at a consulting, biotech, or pharmaceutical firm. Others may choose to pursue practice or on-the-ground interventions. Those interested in academics may become a faculty member in a college, university, medical school, research institute, or school of public health.

The PhD in population health sciences is a four-year program based at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in the world-renowned Longwood Medical Area of Boston, Massachusetts. The degree will prepare you to apply diverse approaches to solving difficult public health research issues in your choice of one of five primary fields of study:

• Environmental health
• Epidemiology
• Social and behavioral sciences
• Global health and population

In your first semester, you and your faculty adviser will design a degree plan to guide you through the program’s interdisciplinary requirements and core courses, as well as those in your chosen field of study. After successfully completing the preliminary qualifying examination, usually at the end of your second year, you will finalize your general research topics and identify a dissertation adviser who will mentor you through the dissertation process and help you nominate a dissertation advisory committee.

All population health sciences students are trained in pedagogy and teaching and are required to work as a teaching fellow and/or research assistant to ensure they gain meaningful teaching and research experience before graduation. Students also attend a special weekly evening seminar that features prominent lecturers, grant-writing modules, feedback dinners, and training opportunities.

All students, including international students, who maintain satisfactory progress (B+ or above) receive a multiyear funding package, which includes tuition, fees , and a competitive stipend.

WHO SHOULD APPLY?

Anyone with a distinguished undergraduate record and a demonstrated enthusiasm for the rigorous pursuit of scientific public health knowledge is encouraged to apply. Although a previous graduate degree is not required, applicants should have successfully completed coursework in introductory statistics or quantitative methods. Preference will be given to applicants who have either some relevant work experience or graduate-level work in their desired primary field of study.

APPLICATION PROCESS

Like all PhD (doctor of philosophy) programs at the School, the PhD in population health sciences is offered under the aegis of the Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (Harvard Griffin GSAS). Applications are processed through the Harvard Griffin GSAS online application system located at gsas.harvard.edu/admissions/apply.

OUR COMMUNITY: COMMITTED, ACCOMPLISHED, COLLABORATIVE

As a PhD in population health sciences candidate, you will be part of a diverse and accomplished group of students with a broad range of research and other interests. The opportunity to learn from each other and to share ideas both inside and outside the classroom will be one of the most rewarding and productive parts of the program for any successful candidate. The program in population health sciences provides these opportunities by sponsoring an informal curriculum of seminars, a dedicated student gathering and study area, and events that will enhance your knowledge, foster interaction with your peers, and encourage you to cooperatively evaluate scientific literature, while providing a supportive, collaborative community within which to pursue your degree.

As members of both the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences communities, students have access to the Cambridge and Longwood Medical Area campuses. Students also qualify for affordable transportation options, access to numerous lectures and academic seminars, and a wealth of services to support their academic and personal needs on both sides of the Charles River.

LEARN MORE Population Health Sciences Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health www.hsph.harvard.edu/phdphs

Medical Scientist Training Program (MD/PhD) section navigation

Medical scientist training program (md/phd).

We are dedicated to training exceptional students from a variety of disciplines who will become the next leaders in clinical academic medicine and biomedical research. The Emory MD/PhD Program combines the advantages of rigorous preparation in clinical medicine with interdisciplinary training in the basic and social sciences of Emory's Laney Graduate School. We recognize that a thriving, interdisciplinary physician-scientist training program is an integral and central component of top academic medical centers; through this combined educational experience, the Emory MD/PhD Program provides the training necessary for students to work at the forefront of a scientific field while concurrently developing outstanding clinical skills.

Program Statistics

Current students.

• Total Number of MD/PhD Students: 92
• Male/Female Ratio: 43 / 49
• Underrepresented Students: 26
• International Students: 8
• States Represented: 28
• Countries represented: 8

2021-22 Recruitment Year Statistics

• Total Applications Received: 603
• Number Interviewed: 57
• Number Matriculated: TBD
• Average MCAT: 516
• Average Undergraduate GPA: 3.81

Miscellaneous Statistics

• Average time to complete program (both MD and PhD degrees): 8.2 years [this means that on average, students graduate in 8 years or less]
• MD/PhD student stipend, 2022-23 academic year: $ 35,175
• Health insurance (including dental) is provided throughout all years of the program

Students by Program

Emory college.

• 1 Anthropology
• 3 Chemistry
• 1  Physics
• 2  Sociology

Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences

• 10  Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology
• 9  Cancer Biology
• 2  Genetics and Molecular Pathogenesis
• 5 Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis
• 1 Microbiology and Molecular Genetics
• 3  Molecular and Systems Pharmacology
• 19 Neuroscience
• 2  Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution

School of Public Health

• 3  Environmental Health
• 8  Epidemiology
• 1 Global Health and Development
• 1 Nutrition and Health Science

Georgia Tech

• 18 Biomedical Engineering
• 3  NIH-GPP

Interview Dates & Recruitment Events

The 2023 Hybrid NIH Graduate and Professional School Fair helps attendees explore educational programs leading to the PhD, MD, DDS, MD/PhD, and other graduate and professional degrees. In addition to on-site activities, NIH will provide remote access to various events via the Whoova platform. - July 19: A one-day event at the Bethesda, MD NIH campus will offer (1) hybrid workshops on getting to graduate and/or professional school and (2) in-person exhibitor sessions to learn more about the participating institutions and programs - July 24-August 11: Virtual exhibitor sessions will allow attendees additional opportunities to connect with program representatives. The Emory MD/PhD Program will offer three virtual sessions to learn about our program and have your questions answered: - July 25 from 4:00-5:00 p.m. EST - August 2 from 12:00-1:00 p.m. - August 8 from 12:00-1:00 p.m. Please visit the NIH Graduate and Professional School Fair website to register for the conference. You will then be able to register for one or more of the above sessions. Representatives of Emory's MD/PhD Program will be available to answer your questions at the following upcoming regional and national events:

2023-2024 MD/PhD interview dates

September 28-29, 2023

November 2-3, 2023

January 25-26, 2024

Society for the Advancement of Chicanos, Hispanics and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS)

October 26-28, 2023 Portland, OR

Annual Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Students (ABRCMS)

November 15-18, 2023 Phoenix, AZ

Southeastern Medical Scientist Symposium (SEMSS)

November 18-19, 2023, hosted by Emory University, Atlanta, GA

MD-PhD, Combined Degree

School of medicine, md - phd, combined degree program.

From its inception, the physician-scientist has been a hallmark of Johns Hopkins medicine and the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Indeed, the Hopkins tri-emblem represents the three core values of the institution: teaching, patient care, and research.

The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine offers a variety of opportunities for the training of medical scientists. A combined curriculum leading to both MD and PhD degrees enables students who aspire to careers in academic medicine to obtain intensive training in specialized areas of the biomedical sciences in addition to top-flight medical training. The traditional diversity and flexibility of the educational opportunities at Johns Hopkins permit the design of individualized programs to meet the needs of students with a variety of interests, educational backgrounds, and career goals.

To accomplish our training goals, we expect students to fully commit to medical training while in medical school and research training while in graduate school.  However, we also take important steps to ensure that students are exposed to the intersection of both worlds early in their training, as well as given the professional and career development advice they need to succeed.

In a word, the MD-PhD curriculum at Johns Hopkins is flexible. Most students decide to complete the first two years of medical school before they begin graduate school and finish the last two years of their medical training after completing their thesis work (see the Timeline below). However, students who want more first-hand experience in clinical medicine before beginning graduate work can elect to complete three years of medical school, followed by their graduate training, and then the last year of medical school. This can give them a better appreciation of the potential clinical relevance of their research. In making a choice, trainees consult extensively with the Program Director, the Dean of Students, members of the MD-PhD Committee, prospective research mentors, and their faculty advisors. Students in the MD-PhD Program are automatically accepted to all graduate programs, so decisions regarding graduate training programs can be made with a strong understanding of each program.  The MD-PhD Committee is responsible for program oversight, admissions, and  student mentorship .  Students complete MD-PhD training on average in eight years.

Johns Hopkins interdisciplinary organizational structure means each faculty member may be affiliated with several clinical departments, research sections, and graduate programs. 

Formal graduate programs in the School of Medicine encompass the following areas: Biochemistry; Cellular, and Molecular Biology; Biological Chemistry; Biomedical Engineering; Molecular Biophysics; Functional Anatomy and Human Evolutionary Studies; Cell Biology; Cellular and Molecular Medicine; History of Medicine; Human Genetics; Immunology; Neuroscience; Pathobiology; Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, and Cellular and Molecular Physiology. Students are also eligible to obtain their PhD in one of the 11 graduate programs at the Bloomberg School of Public Health or the School of Arts and Sciences on the Homewood Campus.  Students may select a thesis mentor from faculty in the Schools of Medicine and Public Health.

The MD-PhD Program also sponsors special seminars and lectures, It also maintains a dedicated library, the Paul Talalay MD-PhD Library, to enrich the educational opportunities of all MD-PhD students. Efforts are made to acquaint MD-PhD candidates with the major advances, concepts, and cutting-edge techniques in contemporary medicine and biomedical sciences.  We also create an environment that promotes a more intimate personal contact with successful medical scientists in this institution.

Admission Procedures.  Individuals who wish to apply for admission to the combined MD-PhD Program of the School of Medicine must submit an application through AMCAS  in which they will indicate the MD-PhD Program.  Once the AMCAS application has been verified and submitted to Hopkins, the applicant will receive an invitation to complete the Hopkins Secondary Application.  Here the applicant will submit the additional materials required for the combined degree.  Johns Hopkins does not allow applicants to apply to both the traditional MD program and the combined program during the same cycle.   

All combined-degree applications are reviewed by a separate  MD-PhD Review Committee  which is comprised of faculty from the basic sciences and clinical arena, as well as faculty from the Bloomberg School of Public Health.  A separate Graduate School application is  not necessary . The MD-PhD Committee determines whether or not an interview is indicated.  In general, the committee is looking for students with a passion for research and a commitment to medicine.  This assessment is based on the applicant’s research experience, letters of recommendation, academic performance and extracurricular activities. The Committee considers standardized test scores only in the context of the applicant’s other credentials. If an interview is granted, the applicant is notified by the MD-PhD Office and after the applicant accepts, the process for scheduling an interview begins.  Interview visits generally occur over two days. Applicants are interviewed by members of the MD-PhD Committee and other faculty members who share their research interests. Applicants have many opportunities to meet with current students and tour the campus during their visit. 

All eligible applicants who are admitted to the MD-PhD Program are funded by the NIH Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) Award.  This program, supported by the National Institutes of Health, provides full tuition, stipend, and medical and dental insurance for students. Due to federal restrictions, only U.S. citizens and permanent residents are eligible for MSTP funding.  Approximately 10-12 MD-PhD students matriculate each year.

Students who matriculate to the traditional MD Program but have a clearly demonstrated interest and experience in scientific research, are eligible to apply to the combined MD-PhD Program.  These students may apply for admission during the fall of their first or second year of medical school.  These qualified applicants are evaluated and placed in the pool for the current application cycle and will be considered for MSTP funding.  

Financial Support.  The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) is supported by a training grant from the National Institutes of Health. A number of exceptional students with unusual accomplishments and commitment to a career in the medical sciences will be selected for traineeships under this program. Such fellowships provide stipend and tuition support for combined medical and graduate study. All students who are admitted to the MD-PhD Program will be considered for these awards. 

Graduates of The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine MD-PhD Program have gone on to become leaders in many areas of academic medicine.

Advice on the scope and opportunities offered by these programs may be obtained from the Director or Administrative Director of the MD-PhD Program.

Masks Strongly Recommended but Not Required in Maryland, Starting Immediately

Due to the downward trend in respiratory viruses in Maryland, masking is no longer required but remains strongly recommended in Johns Hopkins Medicine clinical locations in Maryland. Read more .

• Vaccines  
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Graduate Programs

School of medicine graduate programs, ph.d. programs, biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology (bcmb).

The Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program offers graduate training in the breadth of the biological sciences where students focus on problems of biomedical importance from a mechanistic perspective. Our students choose their thesis advisers from seven departments: biological chemistry, biophysics and biophysical chemistry, cell biology, molecular biology and genetics, neuroscience, pharmacology and molecular sciences, and physiology. (Ph.D.)

Biological Chemistry

The Graduate Program in Biological Chemistry (GPBC) is designed to train the next generation of independent research scientists, while simultaneously supporting the professional development and career choices of all our students. The core of our Ph.D.-granting program is learning through research, augmented by an advanced curriculum, supportive mentorship, professional development, and career training. GPBC’s focus on discovery-based education is consistent with the founding of Johns Hopkins as the country’s first research university and its current position as one of the world’s preeminent research universities. The Graduate Program in Biological Chemistry welcomes students with diverse national, cultural, ethnic, socioeconomic and educational backgrounds. All slots in the Graduate Program in Biological Chemistry are equally open to national and international students.

Biomedical Engineering (BME)

Biomedical engineering applies modern approaches from the experimental life sciences in conjunction with theoretical and computational methods from engineering, mathematics and computer science to the solution of biomedical problems of fundamental importance, such as human health. Students train in the school of medicine and school of engineering in fields such as neuroengineering, medical imaging, computational medicine, and cell and tissue engineering. (Ph.D.)

Biomedical Informatics and Data Science (BIDS)

The Biomedical Informatics and Data Science (BIDS) graduate program seeks to advance the development and use of information technology for decision-making, research, health care delivery and individual academic growth. (master's and online programs available)

Cellular and Molecular Medicine (CMM)

The Graduate Training Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine prepares scientists for laboratory research at the cellular and molecular level with a direct impact on the understanding, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of human diseases. Coursework covers human physiology, anatomy and histology, cellular and molecular basis of disease and introduction to clinical research. There are 130 mentoring faculty from 28 basic science or clinical departments. A clinical co-mentor directs individualized bench-to-bedside experience. Training in rigor and reproducibility and career opportunities are emphasized. (Ph.D.)

Cellular and Molecular Physiology

The  Cellular & Molecular Physiology  graduate program emphasizes fundamental and translational research on the mechanisms by which an organism maintains processes essential for life. The studies are characterized by integration of molecular, cellular and systems biology approaches and aim to mechanistically understand both normal and disease states. (Ph.D.)

Cross-Disciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences (XDBio)

The Cross-Disciplinary Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences (XDBio) aims to facilitate interdisciplinary research training bridging biology, engineering, computer science, physics, chemistry and medicine. Students will be offered a tailored, personalized curriculum guided by each student’s individual research interests, prior coursework and future goals. (Ph.D.)

Functional Anatomy and Evolution

The Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution focuses on the exploration of relationships among functional anatomy, behavior and evolutionary biology of extant and extinct vertebrates. Graduate students conduct original research in evolutionary organismal biology, working in laboratory settings, exploring collections at JHMI and the Smithsonian, and conducting fieldwork. Students also gain experience teaching human anatomy in the school of medicine. (Ph.D., M.S.)

History of Science, Medicine and Technology

The Graduate Program in the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology prepares students for scholarly careers in teaching, research and policy, exploring the histories of global health and disease, biomedicine, medical ways of knowing, healing practices and the body. Expertise in multiple specific temporal and geographic emphases affords many options for student research in this program. (Ph.D.; also, see online graduate programs)

Human Genetics and Genomics

The Human Genetics and Genomics Ph.D. program in the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine seeks to further the understanding of human heredity and genetic medicine and use that knowledge to treat and prevent disease. The program trains students for academic careers in the field of human genetics. (Ph.D.)

The Graduate Program in Immunology trains students in the basic mechanisms of the immune system and the application of this knowledge to the understanding and treatment of disease. Research areas include investigations of human infectious diseases, exploration of cell signaling and genetic pathways critical for immune development and function, or engaging in the study of immune–mediated processes in autoimmunity, transplantation or cancer. (Ph.D.)

Molecular Biophysics

The Program in Molecular Biophysics utilizes methods in biology, biochemistry, chemistry, physics, engineering and computer science to provide students with training in both the fundamental principles of biophysics and contemporary advances in the field. The program offers opportunities in such areas as X-ray crystallography, and optical spectroscopies, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics and biophysical chemistry, and it emphasizes studies of macromolecules and their assemblies. (Ph.D.)

Neuroscience

The Neuroscience Training Program curriculum spans the breadth of modern neuroscience, from molecular/cellular underpinnings to systems/cognitive integration. Work with our trainees has led to fundamental discoveries in the organization of the cerebral cortex, neurotransmitter signaling, neuronal and glial cell development, and circuit function. (Ph.D.)

Pathobiology

The Graduate Program in Pathobiology in the Department of Pathology educates Ph.D. trainees in basic and translational research in human pathology. Students effectively bridge molecular and cell biology with clinically relevant biological science and pathological biology. Students are rigorously trained in mechanisms of disease by clinical and basic science experimental pathologists, therefore gaining unparalleled access to human tissues and specimens in health and disease. (Ph.D.)

Pharmacology

The focus of the Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences graduate program is on chemical biology, the molecular interactions of living systems and the application of this knowledge in pharmacology to fields including immunology, virology, cancer and neuroscience. (Ph.D.)

We also offer a combined  M.D./Ph.D.  program.

Masters and Certificate Programs

Anatomy education.

The Master of Science in Anatomy Education program is designed to give students the training they need in order to successfully compete for teaching positions in anatomy at the community college level. Because such positions often also require some instruction in physiology and/or histology, introductory courses in these disciplines are also included in the program, along with training in pedagogical techniques. The program is also appropriate for students who wish to go on to research or educational support positions in anatomy, such as anatomy lab manager or surgical research coordinator.

The  Biomedical Informatics and Data Science (BIDS)  program trains current and future leaders in health information technology, and offers 4 Masters and Certificate programs:

• Applied Health Sciences Informatics (M.S.)
• Applied Health Sciences Informatics (M.S. Online)
• Health Sciences Informatics Research (M.S.)
• Post Baccalaureate Certificate in Clinical Informatics

Clinical Anaplastology

The Master of Science Program in Clinical Anaplastology provides students with knowledge to succeed as clinicians providing facial, ocular, and non-weight bearing somatic (body) prostheses, as well as designing 3D patient-matched models, surgical templates and other 3D printed clinical models. Prostheses are created working with each patient to custom mold, cast, sculpt, and colorize the final wearable device. (M.S.)

Critical Approaches in Science, Technology, and Medicine (CAST-M)

CAST-M  is a new pathway to encourage doctoral student diversity in the fields of science studies, medical humanities, history of science and technology, and history of medicine. We aim to recruit and support emerging scholars from backgrounds that are traditionally marginalized in STEM-adjacent humanities fields.

History of Medicine

The Department of the History of Medicine  offers a suite of graduate-level online courses, including individual courses: 

• History of Medicine (M.A. Online)
• Post Baccalaureate Certificate in History of Medicine  (Online)
• Non-Degree Program (Online)

Medical and Biological Illustration

The Master of Arts Program in  Medical and Biological Illustration  provides a two-year interdisciplinary education and training curriculum including rigorous science and visual communication scholarship. Student projects in illustration, animation, 3D modeling, interactive design and a research thesis prepare graduates as professionals in the field of visual communication of science and medicine. (M.A.)

Medical Physics

The Master of Science program in  Medical Physics  is designed for full-time students who wish to pursue a career as a medical physicist either as a researcher, as a certified clinical professional, or in industry. The program will require successful completion of a minimum of 38 credits for Master’s degree and completion of a research thesis (in conjunction with one or more of the faculty). Full-time master’s students will complete the program in two years.

Graduate Education at Johns Hopkins IBBS

How to Become a Doctor: A Step-by Step Guide

Becoming a physician is a lengthy process that requires years of hard work and tremendous patience.

How to Become a Doctor: A Guide

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A young person who dreams of becoming a doctor should investigate the profession as much as possible before embarking on this arduous career path.

There are few professions with higher stakes than the field of medicine. The consequences of a doctor's decisions can be enormous, leading to either marvelous or disastrous results.

Premeds and Compassion in Medicine

Ali Lotfi, M.D. Nov. 17, 2020

Becoming a physician in the U.S. is a time-consuming endeavor , and anyone who intends to pursue a medical career in this country should expect medical training to last at least seven years beyond college.

Doctors are typically well compensated. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median salary among U.S. doctors in May 2019 exceeded $200,000.

Here is a list of the rungs on the ladder into the U.S. medical profession.

• Explore your options.
• Take premed classes and earn good grades.
• Participate in meaningful extracurricular activities.
• Prep for the MCAT and ace it.
• Prepare applications to multiple medical schools.
• Impress med school interviewers and get at least one acceptance letter.
• Enroll in the right type of medical school for you.
• Pass the first two portions of the allopathic or osteopathic national medical licensing exam.
• Apply for and match with a residency program.
• Graduate from medical school.
• Start your residency and get a general medical license.
• Achieve board certification within your medical specialty or subspecialty.

Step 1: Explore Your Options

A young person who dreams of becoming a doctor should investigate the profession as much as possible before embarking on this arduous career path, experts say. Aspiring physicians should conduct informational interviews with doctors and gain some clinical experience so they can gauge whether they would excel at and enjoy the practice of medicine.

Potential doctors should also take demanding science classes to assess their personal affinity for technical fields of study, since those academic disciplines aren't right for everybody, experts say.

College hopefuls who are contemplating a career in medicine should look for undergraduate institutions with high-quality premedical student advisers and significant student research options. High school juniors and seniors who are determined to become doctors should investigate baccalaureate-M.D. programs , which can allow them to earn both a college degree and medical degree within seven years, experts suggest.

Step 2: Take Premed Classes and Earn Good Grades

Because medical schools have a significant number of academic prerequisites , premeds need to consult with their academic advisers to ensure that they take all of the necessary undergraduate courses, according to experts. Individuals who discover their desire to become doctors after they receive their college degree may opt to enroll in a post-baccalaureate premed program so that they can complete all of the required premed classes.

Petros Minasi Jr., senior director of premed programs at Kaplan, says a college's premed or prehealth adviser should be able to tell a premed precisely which undergraduate courses he or she needs to take. Premeds should not overload themselves with multiple extremely difficult classes in a single semester, Minasi warns, but they should take challenging classes as a general rule.

Solid academic performance in premed coursework is the norm among competitive med school applicants, and a stellar undergraduate GPA is a big plus.

Step 3: Participate in Meaningful Extracurricular Activities

A premed who does well in his or her courses but does nothing else is unlikely to get noticed by and admitted into top medical schools. So it's important that prospective med students do something besides study, experts say.

However, the quality of a person's activities outside the classroom matters much more than either the quantity of activities or the number of hours devoted to those activities.

Substantive scholarly research or a job as either a medical scribe or a medical assistant tends to be viewed positively in the admissions process, med school admissions officers say. They also suggest that accomplishments in nonscientific or nonmedical endeavors such as music or athletics are an asset, since they make a candidate appear to be well-rounded and suggest that he or she is an interesting person.

Dr. Mark Rosenberg, vice dean for education and academic affairs at the University of Minnesota Medical School , says that premeds should not focus on maximizing the amount of extracurricular experience they possess, since what really counts is the valuable lessons from extracurricular activities.

Rosenberg, a professor of medicine and a nephrologist, says that his med school looks for evidence of an inclination toward serving others, "socio-cultural humility" and reliability.

Dr. Megan Boysen Osborn, associate dean for students at the University of California—Irvine School of Medicine , emphasizes that it is OK to take a break between college and medical school, since that extra time can allow premeds to gain additional research and clinical experience beyond what they could get as an undergraduate.

Step 4: Prep for the MCAT and Ace It

The Medical College Admission Test is one tool that med schools use to screen applicants, so it is important for premeds to perform well on this exam. The multihour test requires extensive content knowledge; it is not a test that anyone should attempt to cram for, experts warn.

Perfect MCAT scores are rare, since the test is very hard. Premeds should research the median MCAT scores at the med schools they are most interested in, and they should take the MCAT only when they are consistently capable of reaching their target score on practice exams, experts recommend.

Step 5: Prepare Applications to Multiple Medical Schools

Because medical schools generally have lofty standards, prospective med students should take extreme care when crafting their personal statement and when drafting their secondary, school-specific application essays , according to med school admissions officials.

Osborn, an emergency medicine physician, warns med school hopefuls not to rush through the completion of their secondary application forms, since the information that med schools request is often pivotal during the selection process.

Premeds should think strategically about which extracurricular activities they include in their application and how they describe those activities, since admissions officers will scrutinize the activities list , experts suggest. Also, given the low acceptance rates at most medical schools, premeds should plan on applying to numerous schools to increase their odds of admission, experts warn, noting that it is better to err on the side of excess rather than restraint.

Step 6: Impress Med School Interviewers and Get at Least 1 Acceptance Letter

Candidates who look good on paper will be invited to medical school interviews so that admissions committees can gauge if the person is truly as outstanding as they appear on paper, so it is important to thoroughly prepare for those interviews, experts suggest.

Anyone who receives an interview invitation should bear in mind that this is a positive sign about their candidacy, experts say.

Step 7: Enroll in the Right Type of Medical School for You

Aspiring physicians can elect to attend either a research-oriented academic institution or at a school that focuses on primary care .

They also have a choice between two types of medical degrees : the Medical Doctor, or M.D., degree and the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine, or D.O., degree. Both programs involve a mix of medical science courses and clinical rotations. However, one key difference is that D.O. schools teach numerous hands-on healing techniques that are distinctive to the practice of osteopathic medicine.

Step 8: Pass the First 2 Portions of the Allopathic or Osteopathic National Medical Licensing Exam

Allopathic and osteopathic medical students at U.S. medical schools typically take two of the three parts of their national licensing examinations during medical school, experts say. M.D. students take the United States Medical Licensing Examination, or USMLE, while D.O. students are required to take the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination of the United States, or COMLEX-USA. D.O. students may elect to take the USMLE in addition to the COMLEX-USA.

Dr. Chris Cimino, a vice president with Kaplan Medical – the unit of Kaplan that prepares aspiring doctors for the USMLE licensing exams – says the vast majority of U.S. medical students pass the licensing exams they take during med school.

Step 9: Apply for and Match With a Residency Program

Fourth-year medical students generally attempt to match with a residency program within the medical specialty they find most interesting. Most medical students participate in the National Resident Matching Program, though some get involved with specialty-specific matching programs such as those for aspiring urologists and ophthalmologists. Some medical specialties, such as orthopedic surgery , are highly competive so usually only the highest-achieving medical students are able to match.

Step 10: Graduate From Medical School

Once someone has earned a medical degree and graduated from medical school, he or she is officially a doctor. However, even after a person obtains a medical degree, he or she typically needs to complete a medical residency within a particular medical specialty, such as pediatrics or radiology , in order to practice medicine independently in his or her community.

There are some regions of the U.S. where med school grads who have not obtained residencies can work as health care providers, such as Missouri, Utah and Arkansas. The intention behind this accommodation for individuals with a medical degree but without a residency is to address doctor shortages.

Step 11: Start Your Residency and Get a General Medical License

Medical residencies vary in length, usually ranging from three to seven years depending on the specialty. Residencies allow medical school grads to learn the art and science of a particular area of medicine, whether it is obstetrics-gynecology or dermatology .

Toward the beginning of their residency, medical residents take the last part of either the USMLE or the COMLEX-USA, which makes them eligible for a general medical license that allows someone to practice medicine without being supervised by another doctor.

However, they still need to apply for a medical license in their jurisdiction, since medical licensing boards not only evaluate licensing exam scores but also conduct background checks. Licensure candidates should plan on submitting their curriculum vitae or resume to their licensing board, since one reason for the licensure procedure is to ensure that candidates are technically qualified.

Residents who want to develop extraordinary expertise within a particular niche of medicine, such as cardiology or hand surgery , may opt to pursue a medical fellowship within that field.

Step 12: Achieve Board Certification Within Your Medical Specialty or Subspecialty

After someone has completed the necessary residency and fellowship training, they must pass the applicable board exam. Then they can apply for board certification within their discipline through the American Board of Medical Specialties.

What to Consider Before Trying to Become a Doctor

Since it takes many years to become a board-certified doctor, it's foolish to pursue a career in medicine solely out of desire for prestige or money, experts say. Medicine is a demanding profession, so once someone becomes a doctor, the struggle isn't over.

Employment as a physician often requires irregular hours and sometimes involves significant stress, according to experts, and it often necessitates a degree of selflessness since there are numerous inconveniences involved in health care professions. However, there is something exhilarating about helping patients through dark times in their lives, doctors say, adding that they take pride in their work and receive gratification from improving the well-being of others.

"It's a long journey and it's a hard journey," Osborn says to aspiring doctors, "and so I hope that you enjoy each step."

Searching for a medical school? Get our complete rankings of Best Medical Schools.

Should You Become a Doctor?

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The Duke Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), trains highly qualified students as physician-scientists, equipping them for solving problems in human disease using the approaches and techniques of the basic biomedical and social sciences.

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PIBS offers a gateway to 14 PhD programs, designed to provide students maximum flexibility during the first year of graduate studies. Our team of support staff, program directors and academic advisors will help you pursue a career path of your choosing.

As an interdisciplinary gateway, PIBS gives you access to 14 graduate programs through one application. Students rotate in labs of their choice throughout the first year to discover an ideal mentor and project match. For some, this exploration even leads to a completely different research area than originally planned!

Explore the courses that provide you with an invaluable base to begin building a successful career.

Learn about how graduate students are supported financially throughout the duration of their studies.

Discover the abundance of research resources available at our top-ranked academic medical school.

Find out how the Career & Professional Development team supports you throughout your academic journey.

PIBS gives you access to 14 PhD programs through one application.

Learners in our program have an intersectionality of many identities, perspectives and experiences. We embrace the diversity within our community and are committed to continuously enriching a more diverse, equitable and inclusive legacy . Read the  University’s 2024 statement on Diversity, Equity and Inclusion .

OGPS is the support office for all doctoral, masters and post-baccalaureate students, as well as the U-M Medical School postdoctoral fellows.

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Doctoral studies are carried out by science postgraduates, medical students combining clinical training with the PhD, and clinically qualified doctors undertaking scientific training. The research covers the whole spectrum of medical science from basic biology to clinical therapies.

Along with the specific research training provided in the laboratory in which they work, students receive further training within the department in the form of postgraduate workshops concentrating on research techniques, research seminars both on the Addenbrooke's site and elsewhere in the University, and postgraduate student seminars dealing with generic skills such as intellectual property rights, writing a thesis or paper, and entrepreneurship.

Candidates wishing to take a shorter course of research and write a thesis for the master's after one year may apply for the MPhil in Medical Sciences.

Learning Outcomes

Those who wish to progress to a PhD after completing an MPhil will be required to satisfy their potential supervisor, Head of Department and the Faculty Degree Committee that they have the skills and ability to achieve the higher degree.

The Postgraduate Virtual Open Day usually takes place at the end of October. It’s a great opportunity to ask questions to admissions staff and academics, explore the Colleges virtually, and to find out more about courses, the application process and funding opportunities. Visit the  Postgraduate Open Day  page for more details.

See further the  Postgraduate Admissions Events  pages for other events relating to Postgraduate study, including study fairs, visits and international events.

Key Information

3-4 years full-time, 4-7 years part-time, study mode : research, doctor of philosophy, department of medicine, course - related enquiries, application - related enquiries, course on department website, dates and deadlines:, lent 2024 (closed).

Some courses can close early. See the Deadlines page for guidance on when to apply.

Easter 2024 (Closed)

Michaelmas 2024 (closed), easter 2025, funding deadlines.

These deadlines apply to applications for courses starting in Michaelmas 2024, Lent 2025 and Easter 2025.

Similar Courses

• MD (Doctor of Medicine) MD
• Medical Science (Medicine) MPhil
• Biological Science (Pharmacology) by thesis MPhil
• Veterinary Medicine MV
• Pharmacology PhD

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Graduate Student Life at CWRU

Biomedical graduate student organization.

The Biomedical Graduate Student Organization (BGSO) seeks to unite biomedical graduate students pursuing master's and doctoral degrees in various biomedical graduate programs in the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, with the ultimate goal of enriching the student experience and promoting career and professional development.

BGSO was created by biomedical graduate students to represent and address the unique needs of all biomedical graduate students at Case Western Reserve University. In discussions with students, we have identified many important issues affecting student quality of life and educational training. We are committed to ensuring there is strong communication from the administration. BGSO will work with students and administrators to improve awareness about issues via newsletters, social media, and relevant seminars. 

BGSO is committed to creating social opportunities to allow students to create a supportive peer network. We are in regular communication with graduate department leadership and are committed to sharing student concerns whether they regard equity in academia, curriculum, training opportunities, or university resources. We hold regular general assembly meetings and social events. 

• Promote social and professional interaction between graduates and professionals of the School of Medicine
• Ease the transition into graduate school
• Connect students with appropriate university resources
• Advocate for the ever-changing needs of students

Alliance for Advancing Diverse Initiatives of Graduate Students

The underrepresented minority (URM) graduate students’ representative body of Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine is in development and is known as the Alliance for Advancing Diverse Initiatives of Graduate Students (AADIGS). 

With a goal to foster and elevate student identity groups, as well as promote, engage, and advance initiatives that build upon graduate students in the various social, racial, ethnic and cultural interests with others within the Case Western Reserve University community.

If you're interested in building your community, reach out to Isaac Anaya to get started!

SACNAS Chapter

The Society for Advancement of Chicanos/Hispanics and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS) is a society of scientists dedicated to fostering the success of Chicano/Hispanic and Native American scientists — from college students to professionals — to attain advanced degrees, careers, and positions of leadership in science.

The SACNAS Chapter here at CWRU is dedicated to helping diverse students with professional development and mentoring resources in STEM and other fields.

Graduate Student Council

The Graduate Student Council (GSC) is the university-wide governing body from all graduate students at CWRU. They have a variety of ways to get involved, and have many programs throughout the year dedicated to the experience and development of graduate students.

University-Wide Offices

The departments of the Division of Student Affairs meet the academic and co-curricular needs of CWRU students and the university. Explore the following offices.

Graduate Student Life

The Office of Graduate Student Life's goal is to provide resources and detailed information that will assist graduate students during their time at CWRU, and provide the resources they need to be successful personally, professionally and academically.

Explore the Office of Graduate Student Life.

Student Activities and Leadership 

The Office of Student Activities and Leadership provides a variety of programs, events, organizations, and leadership opportunities for both undergraduate and graduate students.

View the Office of Student Activities and Leadership.

Dean of Students

The Dean of Students Office serves in an advocacy role for all students. The office assists students, parents, faculty and staff with all matters related to student life for academic success at CWRU, and provides support of students experiencing a range of challenges.

Explore the Dean of Students Office.

Disability Resources

Disability Resources is committed to assisting all CWRU students with disabilities by creating opportunities to take full advantage of the University's educational, academic, and residential programs.

Learn more about Disability Resources.

Flora Stone Mather Center for Women

The Flora Stone Mather Center for Women empowers all women and promotes gender equity and inclusion throughout the Case Western Reserve University community.

Explore the Flora Stone Mather Center for Women.

LGBT Center 

The Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Center exemplifies Case Western Reserve University’s commitment to serving its diverse student, staff, faculty, and alumni.

Learn about the LGBT Center.

Multicultural Affairs

The Office of Multicultural Affairs (OMA) works to develop an inclusive CWRU community, one that supports all students, respects and celebrates their identities, and facilitates their success.

Explore the Office of Multicultural Affairs.

Student Centers 

Thwing Center is a central gathering place for students, faculty, and staff at Case Western Reserve University, housing several student and staff organizations, outside community institutions, and space for campus and community events in meeting rooms or the Thwing Ballroom.

Learn about Student Centers.

University Health and Counseling Services 

The mission of UH&CS is to advance the success of our diverse student body through integrated medical, mental health, and wellness services, and to promote a culture of safety, respect, and global citizenship that fosters lifelong resilience.

Learn more about University Health and Counseling Services.

Graduate profiles

Meet the class of 2024, harvard college.

Meet more Harvard College graduates

Isabella Madrigal

Isabella’s senior thesis screenplay, a genre-bending family drama full of magical realism, centers the issues of missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls, and two-spirit people.

Read more about Isabella

Dora Woodruff

Dora will next pursue a Ph.D. at MIT in algebraic combinatorics, a branch of mathematics that applies methods found in abstract algebra to discrete counting problems.

Aaron Shirley

Aaron dove into the world of medieval medicine with his thesis, “Holiness to Wholeness: Restoring Medieval Surgery to its Religious Cultural Context.”

Harvard Business School

Meet more HBS graduates

Davida Bynum

As a dual-degree candidate studying business and government, Davida is exploring the best ways to serve the public and private sectors.

Eduardo Avalos

With a focus on social entrepreneurship, Eduardo is hoping to create more equitable opportunities for those with fewer resources and less access.

Claudia Hill

By combining a degree in biomedical engineering with an M.B.A., Claudia plans to change millions of lives by creating life-saving drugs that can be distributed equitably.

Harvard Divinity School

Meet more Divinity School graduates

The growth I’ve experienced at HDS, both personal and academic, has been beyond anything I expected.” Samirah Jaigirdar Master of Theological Studies Learn more about Samirah’s studies

Jude Terna Ayua

Jude says his time at HDS changed his perspective about other faith traditions. After graduation, he will work as a private attorney and also run his non-profit, Keep Hope Alive Nigeria.

Christopher Siuzdak

While studying at HDS, Christopher’s favorite class was “Trends in World Christianity, 1900-2050,” which explored shifts in Christian confessions around the globe from a historical and social scientific perspective.

Harvard Extension School

Meet more Extension School graduates

Tomas Hernandez

Extension School graduate Tomas was able to complete his Master of Liberal Arts in Finance degree while working a full-time job, being a dad to three children, and pursuing his love of karate.

Vivien Kocsis

For her Master of Liberal Arts in Data Science capstone project, Vivien had a very specific sponsor in mind: NASA.

Brian Mazmanian

Of his journey at Harvard Extension School, Brian said, “I can honestly say that I’ve loved every minute of it.”

Harvard Graduate School of Design

Meet more graduates

For the first time, I truly felt like I was doing work that was very in touch with what GSD wants people to do, which is working with communities.” Priyanka Pillai Master in Design Engineering A joint Graduate School of Design and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences program Learn more about Priyanka’s work

Harvard Graduate School of Education

Meet more School of Education graduates

Kavya Krishna

Kavya was recently named among Forbes’ “30 Under 30” for her dedication to empowering girls with the digital literacy skills necessary to excel in a technology-driven society.

Alria and Vyankatesh Kharage

Alria and Vyankatesh met as undergraduates, fell in love, and began building a life together when their shared passion for education brought them to Harvard.

Moriah has turned her own struggles with sobriety and recovery into an opportunity to help others seeking higher education opportunities.

Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences

Meet more SEAS graduates

Ben Schroeder

During his internship at SpaceX, Ben talked to experts to help him finalize his design for a robotic hand to help astronauts perform tasks remotely without the fatigue imposed by a suit glove.

Maria Emilia Mazzolenis

While pursuing a master’s degree in data science, Maria always kept her focus on the responsibility and impact that technology can have on society.

Lachlain McGranahan

Whether on the Charles River as a skipper on the Harvard Crimson sailing team or on the ocean helping to decipher sperm whale communications, Lachlain was never too far from his love for water and engineering.

Harvard Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences

Meet more GSAS graduates

Thomas found a way to identify otherwise unrecorded 20th-century hurricanes, laying the foundation for a new field of historical environmental seismology.

Dylan Renaud

Dylan’s Harvard Horizons project combines research in the emerging field of nanoscale photonics—how light interacts with very small objects—with practical computing applications to create novel devices that move information via light.

Juhee Kang, who studied history and East Asian languages and civilizations, explored how psychological testing and mass data collection evolved in 20th-century Japan, where they became central across society.

Harvard Kennedy School

Meet more Kennedy School graduates

Ananya Chhaochharia

While pursuing a Master in Public Policy, Ananya learned how to turn a political campaign into an art form.

Adebayo Alonge

After founding a platform that provides safe pharmaceuticals in Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda, Adebayo decided to pursue a mid-career master’s degree to help him understand how to expand to even more countries.

For her capstone research project, Maya sought to understand and find solutions for the inequality in Boston’s core city services, which aren’t equitably distributed across its diverse neighborhoods and communities.

Harvard Law School

Meet more Harvard Law graduates

Nicholas Gonzalez

Nicholas was instantly smitten with the law when he took part in mock trial and moot court competitions in high school. The performative part of arguing a case felt both familiar and alluring.  

Phoebe Kotlikoff

After becoming one of the first female U.S. Navy submariners, Phoebe was inspired by the integration of submarine service and the repeal of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” to attend law school.

Harvard Medical School

Meet more HMS graduates

I often tell students two things: ‘You can do it,’ and ‘but not alone.’” David Velasquez Doctor of Medicine Learn what inspired David to earn a third Harvard degree

Deborah Plana

Personal experience with cancer in her family cemented Deborah’s determination to pursue a career that combines her passions for analysis and improving patient care.

Mitchell Winkie

There are only a handful of residency positions in dermatology for the U.S. military each year. There was only one spot in the Navy open to graduating medical students, and Mitchell was selected to fill it.

It was an online search for “science internships, Boston” that set Irene on a 10-year path to Harvard where she would ultimately complete a Ph.D. in biological and biomedical sciences.

Harvard School of Dental Medicine

Meet more School of Dental Medicine graduates

Sheridan Danquah

Growing up, Sheridan didn’t encounter a dentist until after moving from Ghana to the U.S. when he was 10. The experience made a profound impression on him and influenced him to enter the field.

Explore how Sheridan found his purpose

Jessica Latimer

Jessica turned a passion for doodling into a side job creating scientific illustrations that have landed in well-known medical and dental journals across the country.

Read about Jessica’s unique skill set

Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

Meet more Harvard Chan School graduates

I heard of people who had given birth during their incarceration, and I was really shocked.” Bethany Kotlar, who studied the impact of maternal incarceration during pregnancy and after birth on child development Learn more about Bethany’s research

Irfan Chaudhuri

Watching his grandmother battle Alzheimer’s disease inspired Irfan to explore the role public health could play in Alzheimer’s prevention.

After navigating the roadblocks involved in gender-affirming care, Ivan founded the startup Trans Health HQ to decrease barriers for clinicians and patients.

James Frater

As a child with asthma, James saw the dangers that come from inadequate health care. That’s why he decided to gain the skills to understand health systems and improve health equity across the globe.

MD, PhD Graduates Urged to Become Change Makers

With so much unrest around the world, natural disasters and medical challenges on a global scale, “We hope that you will become leaders in solving these issues,” said Antman.

The May 16 convocation at BU’s Track & Tennis Center bestowed 35 PhD, 144 MD, four combined MD/PhDs, three combined MD/MBAs, one MD/JD and two MD/OMFS (Oral Maxillofacial Surgery) degrees. Fifteen students earned cum laude honors, five magna cum laude and two students, Jonathan Berlowitz and Sarah Golden, graduated summa cum laude .

“The faculty know that you will use the knowledge, the research and clinical skills that you have mastered here to make a difference in the world going forward,” said C. James McKnight , PhD, associate dean and provost of Graduate Medical Sciences.

Two student speakers were chosen by their peers – Josiane Fofana was selected by PhD students.

“(I am) truly humbled, because humility reminds me of how far I’ve come and how much more there is to accomplish,” said Fofana who grew up in Senegal, moving to Boston in 2011 where she completed an associate degree in biological sciences at Bunker Hill Community College, followed by a BS in biochemistry from Brandeis University and finally her PhD in virology, microbiology & immunology at BU.

She asked students to look beyond their degree.

“In the pursuit of knowledge, we often overlook the importance of emotional intelligence,” said Fofana. “Brilliance devoid of empathy just renders us empty, contributing to the injustice in this world.”

Fofana is the mother of a 3-year-old and founded a non-profit providing quality and STEM-based education to children in Dakar, Senegal. She is pursuing a postdoctoral position at the University of Ghana as a Fogarty Global Health Fellow.

“Do not think that the degree or leadership position you’re holding grants you the ultimate wisdom on every issue,” Fofana cautioned. “Remain open to others’ experiences…embrace discomfort in order to grow.”

“One of the most beautiful aspects of our journey together has been the friendships we’ve formed and the shared experiences that have strengthened our bond,” said Merriman. “From our first days of orientation to the challenges of clinical rotations, we’ve grown together, supporting each other every step of the way.”

“I know…that you have the minds, the hearts and the souls of change makers,” she said.

“Healthcare is a basic human right, not a privilege,” she said. “Our profession should focus on improving health beyond the healthcare system – in communities – and focus on prevention of disease with equal focus as treatment of disease,” said Bharel.

At the level of patient interactions, Bharel told students to turn away from their screens, look their patients in the eyes and allow them to tell their story.

“Choose kindness and selflessness. Listen to your patients with humility. Connect your scientific endeavors to our most pressing health issues,” she said.

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Graduate School

Fyodor d. urnov: pioneering gene editing for medical breakthroughs.

A trailblazer in the field of therapeutic genome editing, Fyodor D. Urnov’s research focuses on developing medicines for devastating genetic diseases.

Fyodor D. Urnov ‘96 Ph.D. is Professor of Molecular Therapeutics in the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology at the University of California, Berkeley and Director of Technology and Translation at the Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI). He co-developed the toolbox for human genome and epigenome editing, co-named the term “genome editing”, and was on the team to advance the first-in-human applications in a clinic. 

Urnov also helped identify the genome editing target for the first medicine approved to treat sickle cell disease and beta-thalassemia. A major goal for the field of genome editing and a key focus of Urnov's work is expanding access to CRISPR therapies (which modify genomes) for genetic diseases to those most in need. 

He will receive the Horace Mann Medal at the Doctoral Ceremony during Brown University’s Commencement weekend. 

Prior to attending Brown, Urnov completed his undergraduate studies in biology at Moscow State University in Russia. He then joined the Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry (MCB) department at Brown where he earned his doctoral degree. His dissertation work focused on the DNA structure and chromatin dynamics of one of the scarce origins of replication that are thoroughly understood, initiating DNA synthesis prior to cellular division. He worked in the lab of Susan Gerbi, the George Eggleston Professor of Biochemistry and founding chair of the MCB department. 

Urnov credits his pioneering work on gene editing to the doctoral training he received at Brown. Urnov then completed postdoctoral training at the National Institutes of Health before joining Sangamo BioSciences, a biotech firm in the San Francisco bay area as a Senior Scientist and Team Leader. 

At every stage of his career, Urnov’s exceptional work has been marked by medical breakthroughs and awards. One of the most groundbreaking biological advancements in recent years involves the ability to safely and precisely modify DNA sequences within genes - gene editing. This innovation began with the development of proteins designed to selectively bind to specific DNA sequences and enact targeted alterations. These proteins, known as "zinc-finger nucleases" or ZFNs, have paved the way for transformative research in genetic engineering.

In 2005 at Sangamo, Urnov spearheaded a pivotal study showcasing the efficacy of ZFNs to precisely target a disease-causing  sequence in the genome and correct it. The study was published in the journal Nature. The field of therapeutic genome editing, which Urnov co-named, was thus born. This paper marked the inaugural instance of mutation correction in human cells. The study demonstrated remarkably efficient repair (i.e. editing) of a mutated gene linked to severe combined immune deficiency, underscoring the potential of gene editing technology in addressing genetic disorders - potential that has recently started to be realized.

After this initial publication, interest in using gene editing technology exploded. Stuart Orkin, the David G. Nathan Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School and Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute collaborated with Urnov to use gene editing to cure sickle cell disease (SCD) and beta-thalassemia (both inherited blood disorders), ushering in the first CRISPR gene editing clinical trial for a genetic disease, treating both SCD and thalassemia patients. In both of these inherited diseases, the gene for making beta-hemoglobin is disrupted. 

“Fyodor Urnov has been a visionary in the field of gene manipulation and editing, and is widely recognized both for his scientific contributions and his remarkable skill in communicating the work to other scientists and the public,” shares Orkin.

The outcome of the clinical trials have thus far been transformative for the around 100 patients involved; all have been symptom-free after gene editing. Based on these results the FDA has approved this approach as the first-ever gene-editing based medicine - a medicine for which a key foundation was the work Urnov did in collaboration with Orkin.

Urnov’s other collaborations at Sangamo led to the deployment of genome editing in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for basic science and translational applications. Examples include applied gene editing to Down syndrome and in vivo therapeutics for Huntington’s disease and Alzheimer’s dementia.

In 2019 Urnov moved to the University of California, Berkeley, where he took on the challenge of building CRISPR Cures research and development teams for genetic diseases of the blood and the brain, genetic disorders of the immune system, radiation injury, cystic fibrosis, and neurological disorders. 

Urnov explains gene editing technology in a New York Times article from December of 2022.

“Gene editing relies on a molecular machine called CRISPR, which can be instructed to repair a mutation in a gene in nearly any organism, right where that “typo” occurs. Impressively versatile, potential applications for CRISPR range from basic science to agriculture and climate change. In medicine, CRISPR gene editing allows physicians to directly fix typos in the patients’ DNA. And so much substantive progress has been made in the field of genetic medicine that it’s clear scientists have now delivered on a remarkable dream: word-processor-like control over DNA.” 

As Urnov explains in this piece, a wealth of regulatory hurdles and healthcare economics challenges have, to date, prevented gene editing from making a greater impact. Urnov shares, “the invention of CRISPR gene editing gave us remarkable treatment powers, yet no one should do a victory lap. Scientists can rewrite a person’s DNA on demand. But now what? Unless things change dramatically, the millions of people CRISPR could save will never benefit from it. We must, and we can, build a world with CRISPR for all.”

An effort to bring us closer to that world is now the centerpiece of Urnov’s professional life. His work currently focuses on developing scalable, affordable platforms to engineer gene editing cures on-demand for severe disorders of childhood. Urnov directs a unique academia-industry partnership, the IGI-Danaher Beacon for CRISPR Cures, that is advancing to the clinic innovative treatments for inborn errors of immunity that cause severe diseases of infancy.

Urnov has made an impact at UC Berkeley and IGI beyond his research. As the Covid-19 pandemic commenced, he assumed the task of organizing resources to set up a nonprofit diagnostic clinical laboratory at IGI for swift testing of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The objective was to offer greater throughput, faster results, and enhanced accuracy compared to existing commercial options - and provide such testing for free to communities most in need. 

As described in Walter Isaacson’s best selling book, The Codebreaker , Urnov emerged as a pivotal figure in this initiative, playing a significant role in resource mobilization encompassing equipment, personnel, and funding - and ultimately providing over 500,000 free COVID tests to individuals in socioeconomically disadvantaged communities when for-profit testing laboratories failed at the task.

Not only is Urnov renowned in the field of gene editing, but his list of publications, teaching ability, and public speaking acumen is also exceptional. Urnov has authored more than 100 scientific publications and is an inventor on 87 published patents related to genome editing and targeted gene regulation technology. His 2005 Nature paper has been cited over 2000 times, and a subsequent paper he wrote for Nature Reviews Genetics has been cited over 2500 times. Many of his other papers have been cited over 1000 times.

“Fyodor is a world class researcher at the forefront of arguably the most exciting and important biomedical research advance in our lifetimes – genome editing – because he is perhaps the most engaging orator I have ever heard speak, because he is a scholar of truly extraordinary depth and breadth of knowledge in biomedicine, and because he is a dedicated and highly effective teacher and mentor,“ shares David Drubin, Ernette Comby Chair in Microbiology and a professor of Cell and Development in the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology at UC Berkeley.

Urnov is also known for being a dynamic public speaker and teacher and is much sought after. Urnov credits his experience as a graduate student instructor here at Brown for his interest in teaching, starting with watching faculty at Brown, including George Eggleston Professor of Biochemistry, Susan Gerbi and Professor of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry  Kenneth Miller, in his first stint as a graduate student instructor. 

Urnov’s awards, not surprisingly, are quite notable. As far back as his time at Brown he was selected for the Barry J. Rosen Memorial Award For High Achievement In Molecular Biology and the President’s Award for Excellence in Teaching.

In 2014 he was named as one of “The World’s Most Influential Scientific Minds” by Thomson Reuters and received a Fellows Award for Research Excellence from the National Institutes of Health.

2024 Convocation Recognizes Exceptional Graduate Students

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Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences highlighted students in the Class of 2024 for their academic achievements during its convocation ceremony on May 15.

The ceremony honored students who are graduating with their master’s degrees, as well as those who earned special awards and prizes for their accomplishments in research, scholarship and service.

In addition to celebrating students, the ceremony also honored graduate school faculty. Dr. Cynthia Leifer (Ph.D. '99), professor of microbiology and immunobiology at the College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell University, won the 2024 Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences Award of Distinction. This award honors alumni who have demonstrated exceptional achievements and outstanding contributions to biomedical research and education.

2024 Award Winners

Distinguished Student Commencement Speaker Award

Chloe Lopez-Lee, Neuroscience Program; Mentor, Li Gan, Ph.D.

David P. Hajjar Excellence in Teaching and Mentoring Award

Jason Lewis, Ph.D.

Professor, Pharmacology Program

Member, Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute

Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Teaching and Mentoring Award

Theresa Lu, MD, Ph.D.

Member, Immunology Program, Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Director, Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program

Pharmacology Teaching and Mentoring Award

Kristen Pleil, Ph.D.

Associate Professor, Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Medicine

Executive MBA/MS Excellence in Healthcare Leadership Award

Waleed Javaid, M.S.

Executive MBA/MS in Healthcare Leadership

Julian R. Rachele Prize for significant research published in a scientific journal 

David J. Falvo, “A reversible epigenetic memory of inflammatory injury controls lineage plasticity and tumor initiation in the mouse pancreas.” Developmental Cell 58, 2959–2973 (2023). Mentor: Rohit Chandwani, M.D., Ph.D.

Albert S. Agustinus, “Epigenetic dysregulation from chromosomal transit in micronuclei.” Nature 619, 176–183 (2023). Mentors: Yael David, Ph.D. and Samuel F. Bakhoum, M.D., Ph.D.

Student Service Award

Kathleen Mills, Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program

In recognition of her mentorship of high school and undergraduate students and her service to the IMP Program and WCGS.

Student Diversity Award

Yasmine Issah, Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program

In recognition of her outstanding dedication to fostering an inclusive and diverse community.

Vincent du Vigneaud Research Symposium Awards

First-Year Poster Presentation Awards

First Place:

Peyton Carpen , “Impact of Calorie Restriction on Bone Marrow Stromal/Stem Cell Lineage Differentiation” (PI: Baohong Zhao, PhD) 

Ziqi (Christine) Yu , “Treating Triple Negative Breast Cancer in Brain Metastasis using P-selectin Targeting Nanoparticles” (PI: Daniel Heller, PhD)

Second Place:

Sarah Sheridan , “Effect of NKD1 Knockdown on Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation” (PI: David Scheinberg, MD, PhD)

Carolyn Ton , “Living Origami: How Cell Behaviors Drive Neural Tube Closure” (PI: Jennifer Zallen, PhD)

Austin Varela , “Harnessing Intrinsic Variability within the Tumor Microenvironment to Explainably Determine Cellular Communication” (PI: Ashley Laughney, PhD)

Second Year and Above Poster Awards

Hailey Goldberg , “A Nanoparticle-Based Platform for the Treatment of Senescence-Related Pathologies” (PI: Scott Lowe, PhD)

Moniquetta Shafer , “What Makes Methylmalonic Acid? Identifying and Characterizing the Functions of an Understudied Oncometabolite-Producing Enzyme” (PI: John Blenis, PhD)

Patrick Wallisch , “Interrogating the CD47-SIRP Axis in Chronic T Cell Stimulation to Translate Novel GvHD Therapies” (Professor David Scheinberg)

Rachel Payne , “Development of a PSMA Heterogeneous Tumor Model for Targeted Radiotherapy.” (PI Jason S. Lewis, Ph.D.)

Oral Presentation Awards

Madison Darmofal , “Deep Learning Model for Tumor Type Prediction using Targeted Clinical Genomic Sequencing Data” (PI: Quaid Morris, PhD)

Stephen Ruiz , “A Redox Stress-Modulated Phospholipase A2 Remodels Lipids to Regulate Ferroptosis in Cancer” (PI: Daniel Heller, PhD)

Celeste Parra Bravo , “Human iPSC 4R Tauopathy Model Uncovers Modifiers of Tau Propagation” (PI: Li Gan, PhD)

Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences 1300 York Ave. Box 65 New York, NY 10065 Phone: (212) 746-6565 Fax: (212) 746-8906