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Online Graduate Programs / Blog

What Are the Different Types of Psychology Degrees?

May 10, 2021 

Interested in a career that focuses on how the mind, brain and behavior work together? Earning a psychology degree may place you on the path to pursuing a variety of roles in the field. Professionals in this area observe, interpret and record individuals’ cognitive, emotional and social skills. They focus their work on how humans interact with one another and their environments. And in turn, they provide their clients with the resources to cope more effectively with challenging life issues. 

Different psychology degrees can be earned at every level of higher education. An associate degree may fulfill requirements for jobs as a medical assistant or preschool teacher, while a bachelor’s degree in psychology can lead to potential opportunities to be a training specialist or market research analyst. A master’s degree may satisfy requirements for psychologist positions in settings including industrial organizations. A master’s can also prepare individuals for jobs as marriage and family therapists or applied behavior analysts, or it can be a step toward a doctoral degree, which some states require to become a licensed therapist.

According to the American Psychological Association (APA), the two most common doctoral degrees are the Doctor of Philosophy, or PhD, and the Doctor of Psychology, or PsyD . The former is designed for students looking to engage in research and produce new knowledge and the latter focuses on the application of psychological science to provide a service to individuals or groups. 

Types of Psychology Graduate Programs

The APA explains that professionals may pursue master’s degrees in psychology to receive more training and credentials to qualify for a doctoral program or to gain skills and knowledge for advancement in a specific career or organization—from marriage and family therapy to applied behavior analysis. Graduates with master’s degrees may find employment in a variety of sectors, including private business, government, education and healthcare. They may pursue doctoral programs for greater depth of knowledge and to make new discoveries through scientific research.

Pepperdine University Graduate School of Education and Psychology (GSEP) offers master’s degree programs that provide skills for graduates to be able to become licensed and work as marriage and family therapists, clinical psychologists or applied behavior analysts. With a mission to prepare people to inspire change and enrich lives in their organizations and communities, Pepperdine’s online psychology graduate programs are available to students all over the world.

Learn about different psychology degrees to determine which type matches your professional goals.

Master of Arts in Clinical Psychology (LPC or LMFT)  

Clinical psychology programs may lead to a career as a licensed marriage and family therapist (LMFT) or licensed professional counselor (LPC). 

MA in clinical psychology programs usually require a bachelor’s degree. In addition, transcripts, a minimum undergraduate GPA, GRE scores, letters of recommendation, personal statements, a resume and application fee may be required.

Academic Experience: 

Curriculum for an MA in clinical psychology may cover a variety of topics including diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders, multicultural counseling, theory of counseling and psychotherapy, trauma in diverse populations, research methodology, psychological assessment and intervention science. Students can expect to complete a practicum where a practicing clinical psychologist supervises their work in a clinical setting.

Program Outcomes:  

Graduates of clinical psychology MA programs may pursue a doctoral degree in clinical psychology. They can also become research coordinators or research assistants, building their credentials to enter a doctoral program. Those interested in employment options can use their knowledge of research methods, analysis and intervention techniques in workplace settings that involve counseling, behavioral research or treatment development plans. In some states, MA clinical psychology graduates may apply for MFT licensure. Contact your state’s licensing board for more specifics.

As mentioned, Pepperdine offers online psychology graduate programs, including an MA in clinical psychology that offers paths to licensure for LPC or LMFT careers. The licensure paths available to students outside of California depend specifically on the program’s ability to operate within certain states. 

Master of Arts in Psychology (MAP)

Master of Arts in Psychology programs may lead to doctoral study in psychology, a career in the field of human services or professional advancement in a related field.

MAP programs typically require a bachelor’s degree. Other requirements may include transcripts, a minimum undergraduate GPA, GRE scores, letters of recommendation, personal statements, a resume and application fee. 

Curriculum for MA in psychology programs may encompass topic areas such as research methods, data collection and analysis, core psychological concepts, mental and emotional disorders, professional ethics and scientific writing in psychology. Students may learn how psychological principles can be used to evaluate behavior, personality and intelligence. Multiple electives may be offered, allowing a customized graduate program experience.

Professionals who have a MAP degree may use the breadth of knowledge that they acquired in graduate school in various settings. Their skills may be applied to high-level research, which can lead to doctoral degrees. Graduates who want to enter the workforce may find employment in areas such as behavioral counseling, human resources, advertising and market research.

Pepperdine offers online psychology graduate programs, including an MA in psychology. You are not required to provide GRE scores to apply to an online psychology program from Pepperdine’s GSEP.

Master of Science in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

Applied behavior analysis master’s programs may lead to careers involving the application of behavioral psychology. Students acquire skills to work with individuals diagnosed with impairments such as autism, developmental disabilities or traumatic brain injury.

MS in ABA programs usually require a bachelor’s degree. In addition, transcripts, a minimum undergraduate GPA, GRE scores, letters of recommendation, personal statements, a resume and application fee may be required.

Students in MS in applied behavior analysis programs typically take courses in areas such as concepts and principles of applied behavior analysis, autism spectrum disorders, assessment procedures, interventions, ethical and professional conduct, research methods and child psychopathology. Students usually are required to complete clinical training that helps them learn to observe and assess behavior patterns, identify target behaviors, consider evidence-based treatments and determine strategies to promote positive changes.

Some MS in ABA programs help prepare graduates to sit for the Board Certified Behavior Analysts (BCBA) exam. Graduates who become certified behavior analysts may seek employment in a sector of their choice—government, private industry, schools and colleges, hospitals and mental health clinics. They also may be qualified for a variety of roles, including behavior analyst, clinical director, educational consultant, instructional designer and organizational consultant. Applied behavior analysts often provide assessment and intervention services to people with autism spectrum disorders.

Pepperdine offers online psychology graduate programs, including an MS in ABA designed for students who want to learn more about human behavior to help those in need. 

Master of Science in Forensic Psychology

Master of Science in forensic psychology programs may open doors to careers that merge mental health and criminal justice. 

MS programs in forensic psychology usually require a bachelor’s degree. In addition, transcripts, a minimum undergraduate GPA, letters of recommendation, personal statements, a resume and application fee may be required.

Master’s in forensic psychology programs typically will include coursework in criminal law, psychopathology, criminal behavior, behavioral interventions, research methods and witness testimony. Graduates are generally expected to complete supervised field work that provides them with hands-on training in a forensic setting where they may perform administrative tasks and make clinical observations.

An MS in forensic psychology may open the door to opportunities for people looking to begin a career or advance in the realms of law enforcement, corrections, mental health advocacy and administration, criminal analysis, victim advocacy and policy analysis.

PhD in Psychology

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in psychology programs may prepare graduates to pursue careers in academia, where the emphasis is on engaging in research and producing new knowledge.

PhD in psychology programs, which often have areas of specialization, typically require a bachelor’s degree, and applicants may have a master’s degree. Professionals seeking PhDs in psychology usually have completed coursework in psychology and statistics and are able to show competence as researchers. In addition, transcripts, a statement of purpose, GRE scores, letters of recommendation, a resume, writing samples and an application fee may be required.

Professionals who earn a PhD in psychology may have a specialty area of graduate study. Specialities include clinical psychology, developmental psychology and quantitative psychology. They may be required to have teaching experience and will complete coursework on experimental procedures. A dissertation, internship experience, comprehensive written exam or oral examination may be required before graduation.

While licensing laws vary by state, most clinical and counseling psychologists need a doctoral degree, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Doctor of Psychology PsyD

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) programs may lead to careers that are focused more on administering psychological services rather than engaging in research. 

Applicants to PsyD programs typically have a bachelor’s degree in psychology or another subject, with additional classes such as general psychology, psychopathology, statistics, research methods and learning theory. In addition, transcripts, a statement of purpose, GRE scores, letters of recommendation, a resume, writing samples and an application fee may be required.

PsyD programs typically offer a curriculum that covers advanced psychotherapy and research methods, case studies and clinical training with supervision. Students are generally expected to complete a dissertation with guidance from faculty.

Professionals with PsyD degrees may pursue state licensure to work as practicing psychologists, according to an APA article.

Different Types of Psychology Fields

Psychology is an area of science that encompasses several specialties. While more ubiquitous areas include clinical psychology, applied behavioral analysis and counseling, other types of psychology and their concentrations include: 

Cognitive: Processes of thinking, remembering and learning.

Climate and environmental: Interaction of people with their environment.

Counseling: People’s development so they can be independent and thrive at all stages of life.

Developmental: Improving the lives of people with developmental challenges.

Experimental: Behavior of humans and animals.

Health: Improving people’s health and wellness using psychology.

Industrial and organizational: Behavior of people in organizations and at work.

Sports and performance: Improving psychological obstacles impeding athletic performance.

For professionals interested in pursuing a master’s degree in psychology, Pepperdine GSEP offers the following online graduate degree programs: MA in clinical psychology, MA in psychology and MS in applied behavior analysis.

The same master’s degree programs are available to those interested in earning a degree in person. Professionals who wish to further their education can consider Pepperdine GSEP’s Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) in Clinical Psychology program.  

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Doctor of Psychology Programs in America

1-25 of 197 results

Stanford University Department of Humanities and Sciences

Stanford, CA •

Stanford University •

Graduate School

Stanford University ,

Graduate School ,

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Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences

Cambridge, MA •

Harvard University •

• • Rating 4.56 out of 5   9 reviews

Other: I am Harvard Extension School student pursuing a master degree, ALM, in sustainability. I have achieved a 3.89 in this program so far and have qualified, applied, and accepted as a 'Special Student' in the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. Through this School, I will be focusing my time at the John A. Paulson school of Engineering & Applied Sciences. Looking forward to wrapping up my final year on campus! ... Read 9 reviews

Harvard University ,

CAMBRIDGE, MA ,

9 Niche users give it an average review of 4.6 stars.

Featured Review: Other says I am Harvard Extension School student pursuing a master degree, ALM, in sustainability. I have achieved a 3.89 in this program so far and have qualified, applied, and accepted as a 'Special Student'... .

Read 9 reviews.

The Graduate School at Duke

Durham, NC •

Duke University •

• • Rating 4.8 out of 5   5 reviews

Current Master's student: The program is the best in the nation. It is the origin of the profession and it has helped developed it to what it is today. They seem to ver much involve alumni and are involved in your future. ... Read 5 reviews

Duke University ,

DURHAM, NC ,

5 Niche users give it an average review of 4.8 stars.

Featured Review: Current Master's student says The program is the best in the nation. It is the origin of the profession and it has helped developed it to what it is today. They seem to ver much involve alumni and are involved in your future. .

Read 5 reviews.

Illinois Institute of Technology

Graduate School •

CHICAGO, IL

• • Rating 4.37 out of 5   38

The New School

NEW YORK, NY

• • Rating 4.46 out of 5   37

College of Arts, Sciences and Education - Florida International University

Florida International University •

School of Arts & Sciences - University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, PA •

University of Pennsylvania •

University of Pennsylvania ,

PHILADELPHIA, PA ,

Rice School of Social Sciences

Houston, TX •

Rice University •

Blue checkmark.

Rice University ,

HOUSTON, TX ,

Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences

Evanston, IL •

Northwestern University •

Northwestern University ,

EVANSTON, IL ,

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College of Arts and Science

Nashville, TN •

Vanderbilt University •

Vanderbilt University ,

NASHVILLE, TN ,

Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies

Hanover, NH •

Dartmouth College •

• • Rating 5 out of 5   1 review

Alum: I had a beautiful life-changing experience at the grand Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies. The Guarini graduate program MALS created so many beautiful opportunities in interdisciplinary learning. Guarini is well integrated within the College, which provides a unique world-class learning experience. Guarini went beyond my expectations and made this experience the best I had and will ever have in my life. The only thing I would like changed is having a GRAD diploma in Latin instead of English to keep up with College tradition. ... Read 1 review

Dartmouth College ,

HANOVER, NH ,

1 Niche users give it an average review of 5 stars.

Featured Review: Alum says I had a beautiful life-changing experience at the grand Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies. The Guarini graduate program MALS created so many beautiful opportunities in interdisciplinary... .

Read 1 reviews.

College of Arts and Letters - University of Notre Dame

Notre Dame, IN •

University of Notre Dame •

• • Rating 4.5 out of 5   2 reviews

Doctoral Student: The faculty at Notre Dame is excellent. The student to professor ratio makes for a wonderful one to one interaction between students and teachers. At Notre Dame, my interests, dreams, goals, research and career path matter. I loved this most. I feel taken seriously and supported with every possible resources for my mental, academic and career success. One gets many opportunities to grow talents through research, and presentations with helpful and supportive feedback from students and professors. For these reasons, I find it a place to be! On the down side, the weather is at first always a challenge for one who is not used to the harsh and gloomy midwestern winter. ... Read 2 reviews

University of Notre Dame ,

NOTRE DAME, IN ,

2 Niche users give it an average review of 4.5 stars.

Featured Review: Doctoral Student says The faculty at Notre Dame is excellent. The student to professor ratio makes for a wonderful one to one interaction between students and teachers. At Notre Dame, my interests, dreams, goals, research... On the down side, the weather is at first always a challenge for one who is not used to the harsh and gloomy midwestern winter. .

Read 2 reviews.

Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences

Los Angeles, CA •

University of Southern California •

University of Southern California ,

LOS ANGELES, CA ,

Cornell University College of Arts & Sciences

Ithaca, NY •

Cornell University •

Cornell University ,

ITHACA, NY ,

Rackham School of Graduate Studies

Ann Arbor, MI •

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor •

Master's Student: The Landscape Architecture program at UMich School for Environment and Sustainability is rooted in advancing sustainable design and ecological function, rather than pure aesthetics. We have some amazing faculty very dedicated to this mission, some of whom are legends within the field. This program attracts and retains students who are diverse, passionate, friendly and helpful, and the experience at this school has been very rewarding. The curriculum is challenging but thought provoking, and everyone in the studios is happy and willing to help, fostering a warm sense of comradery and support. ... Read 5 reviews

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor ,

ANN ARBOR, MI ,

Featured Review: Master's Student says The Landscape Architecture program at UMich School for Environment and Sustainability is rooted in advancing sustainable design and ecological function, rather than pure aesthetics. We have some... .

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Graduate School of Arts & Sciences - Georgetown University

Nw Washington, DC •

Georgetown University •

• • Rating 5 out of 5   2 reviews

Master's Student: The program is highly practical. The professors explain concepts in class and give us home works to submit on each topic discussed on a weekly basis. This enables us to grasp the concepts more. We are informed of the professors office time and so we can email them to make inquiries and get assistance when needed. We make presentations during class which train us to become more bold and be able to communicate the concepts easily. We are able to discuss and critic writings independently. We work on projects in groups of about 3-4 and discuss findings to the entire class and professor. We review research papers and make meta-analyses inform of class projects. The program is well structured and i am gaining skills. My worst experience is having to worry about Tuition and other related school bills. ... Read 2 reviews

Georgetown University ,

NW WASHINGTON, DC ,

2 Niche users give it an average review of 5 stars.

Featured Review: Master's Student says The program is highly practical. The professors explain concepts in class and give us home works to submit on each topic discussed on a weekly basis. This enables us to grasp the concepts more. We... .

UCLA College of Letters and Science

University of California - Los Angeles •

• • Rating 3 out of 5   1 review

University of California - Los Angeles ,

1 Niche users give it an average review of 3 stars.

Krieger School of Arts & Sciences

Baltimore, MD •

Johns Hopkins University •

• • Rating 4.53 out of 5   19 reviews

Master's Student: I have yet to enroll for Fall 2023 after receiving my acceptance letter due to a delay in my need-based financial aid from JHU. However the Homewood Campus in Baltimore is beautiful and my Student Advisor, Alexis has been extremely helpful in initiating my enrollment process and answering all of my questions in a timely matter. My intended Advanced Academic Program is the accelerated (2 semester), dual-modality, 40-credit M.S. in Biotechnology, Biodefense concentration. All of the anticipated course subjects are diverse and there's even a customizable core lab course on campus (at least until Summer 2024). I can't wait and I wish you all the best in your search for academic programs or professional certifications. ... Read 19 reviews

Johns Hopkins University ,

BALTIMORE, MD ,

19 Niche users give it an average review of 4.5 stars.

Featured Review: Master's Student says I have yet to enroll for Fall 2023 after receiving my acceptance letter due to a delay in my need-based financial aid from JHU. However the Homewood Campus in Baltimore is beautiful and my Student... .

Read 19 reviews.

Dietrich College of Humanities & Social Sciences

Pittsburgh, PA •

Carnegie Mellon University •

Carnegie Mellon University ,

PITTSBURGH, PA ,

The Graduate School of Arts & Sciences - University of Virginia

Charlottesville, VA •

University of Virginia •

• • Rating 4 out of 5   1 review

Alum: Very good in some areas, excellent in other areas, many academic choices available in all areas of study ... Read 1 review

University of Virginia ,

CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA ,

1 Niche users give it an average review of 4 stars.

Featured Review: Alum says Very good in some areas, excellent in other areas, many academic choices available in all areas of study .

Laney Graduate School

Atlanta, GA •

Emory University •

Master's Student: I chose the graduate programs at Emory because they are ranked among the best in the country. The school of nursing also provides the clinical experiences, something many of the online only nurse practitioner programs do not do. ... Read 2 reviews

Emory University ,

ATLANTA, GA ,

Featured Review: Master's Student says I chose the graduate programs at Emory because they are ranked among the best in the country. The school of nursing also provides the clinical experiences, something many of the online only nurse... .

UC Berkeley College of Letters & Science

Berkeley, CA •

University of California - Berkeley •

University of California - Berkeley ,

BERKELEY, CA ,

College of Arts & Sciences - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Chapel Hill, NC •

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill •

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ,

CHAPEL HILL, NC ,

College of Liberal Arts - University of Texas - Austin

Austin, TX •

University of Texas - Austin •

University of Texas - Austin ,

AUSTIN, TX ,

College of Arts and Sciences - Lehigh University

Bethlehem, PA •

Lehigh University •

Lehigh University ,

BETHLEHEM, PA ,

Virginia Tech College of Science

Blacksburg, VA •

Virginia Tech •

Virginia Tech ,

BLACKSBURG, VA ,

College of Public Health & Health Professions - University of Florida

Gainesville, FL •

University of Florida •

University of Florida ,

GAINESVILLE, FL ,

Graduate School of Arts & Sciences - Boston University

Boston, MA •

Boston University •

Boston University ,

BOSTON, MA ,

Mississippi State University

MISSISSIPPI STATE, MS

• • Rating 4.52 out of 5   50

BETHLEHEM, PA

Lehigh University

• • Rating 4.45 out of 5   20

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Doctorate in Psychology (Ph.D. and Psy.D.) – everything you need to know in 2024

What’s in this guide, ph.d. or psy.d..

• Why get a doctorate in psychology?

Entry Requirements

• PhD in psychology jobs
• How long does it take to study?

How to choose a program

How much does it cost, earning potential , find your degree.

By psychologyjobs.com Staff Writer

A doctorate in psychology is a terminal degree typically lasting 4-7 years. It prepares graduates for independent research, clinical practice, or university-level teaching careers in psychology.

There are many reasons you may want to pursue a doctorate degree in Psychology, the following guide will provide everything you need to know; from the options, costs, timeframes, career advantages and more.

First up, what are the two types of doctorate degree you can get and what are the differences?

The two doctorate degrees you can get in psychology are Ph.D. and Psy.D.

In simple terms, a Ph.D. in psychology is more research-focused, while a Psy.D. emphasizes clinical practice. The best choice between the two depends on your career goals and whether you prefer research and academia or direct clinical work.

Why study for a doctorate in psychology?

• Doctorate-level psychologists typically have higher earning potential compared to those with a master’s degree or bachelor’s degree in the field.
• Gain in-depth knowledge and expertise in your chosen area of specialization within psychology.
• Potentially make significant contributions to the field.
• Advanced career opportunities in various settings, such as academia, research institutions, government agencies, hospitals, and private practice.
• Connect with other professionals, researchers, and academics in the field of psychology, expanding your professional network

The minimum requirements to study a doctorate degree in psychology will vary from institution to institution. However, there are several common requirements:

• Bachelor’s degree:  all programs require applicants to have completed a  bachelor’s degree , in psychology or a related field. Some programs may accept candidates with a degree in another discipline if they have completed prerequisite coursework in psychology.
• Master’s degree : Some doctoral programs require applicants to have a  master’s degree in psychology  or a related field. Others may admit students directly from their bachelor’s degree and incorporate a master’s degree into the doctorate program.
• GPA : Many programs have a minimum GPA requirement, usually 3.0 or higher. Some competitive programs require a higher GPA.
• Letters of recommendation : Applicants typically need to submit letters of recommendation from professors or professionals who can speak to their academic and research abilities.
• Research experience : Prior research experience is often valued by doctoral programs in psychology. This may include experience working on research projects, completing a thesis, or participating in research internships or assistantships.
• Personal statement:  Applicants usually need to submit a personal statement or statement of purpose that outlines their academic and research interests, career goals, and why they are interested in the specific doctoral program.

Doctorate in psychology jobs

• Addiction Counselor
• ABA Therapist
• Mental Health Therapist
• Licensed Mental Health Conselor
• Licensed Professional Counselor
• Licensed Clinical Social Worker
• Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist
• School Psychologist
• Organizational Psychologist
• Forensic Psychologist
• Sports Psychologist
• Clinical Psychologist
• Counseling Psychologist
• Research Psychologist
• Professor of Psychology
• Child Psychologist

*Outside of the licensed psychologist jobs listed above many of the above roles  do not require a doctorate but it is important to note that employers for these roles are increasingly favoring candidates with a doctorate. 

How Long Does It Take To Study?

For the majority of students, a doctorate in Psychology may take anywhere from 4-7 years to finish, which will include a research dissertation and most likely residency or an internship in clinical or medical environments.

By far and away the question our career coaches get asked most frequently about doctorate degrees is how to choose a program. The choice of institutions and programs is truly overwhelming.

Here are some key factors to consider:

• Accreditation – Ensuring the program is accredited by the American Psychological Association . Accreditation affects the quality of education you will receive, your eligibility for professional licensure, and your job prospects after graduation.
• Program Focus and Curriculum –  Different programs may emphasize various aspects of psychology, such as clinical practice, counseling, research, or specific subfields like neuropsychology or health psychology. Match the program’s strengths and curriculum to your career interests and goals. Investigate whether the program offers courses and training that are critical to your desired career path.
• Faculty Expertise – Look into the backgrounds and areas of expertise of the faculty within the program. Consider how these align with your research interests or the professional skills you wish to acquire. Having mentors who are experts in your area of interest can provide invaluable guidance and opportunities for collaboration.
• Research Opportunities – For those interested in research, evaluate the resources available, such as labs, funding, and support for attending conferences or conducting fieldwork. Check if the program encourages or requires publications and what kind of support it offers to achieve these milestones.
• Clinical Training and Internships – For clinically oriented programs, look at the quality and variety of their practicum and internship placements. These are often required for licensure.
• Funding and Financial Support – Understand the types of financial support offered by the program, including teaching and research assistantships, fellowships, and grants. Funding can significantly impact your experience by allowing you to focus more fully on your studies and research without needing to seek employment externally.
• Alumni Success and Networking Opportunities –  Investigate where alumni of the program are currently working. This can give you a sense of the program’s reputation and effectiveness in placing graduates in jobs. Additionally, networking opportunities through alumni networks, professional associations, and academic conferences can be critical for career development.
• Program Size and Student Support Services – Consider the size of the program and the ratio of faculty to students, which can affect the amount of individual attention and mentoring you receive.
• Location – Certain locations might offer better practicum, internship, and employment opportunities in your field of interest due to the presence of significant healthcare facilities, research institutions, or industries.

Depending upon the institution, method of study, location and type of program then you can expect to pay $25,000-$80,000 per year to study for a doctorate in psychology.

An online program would likely fall at the lower end of this range whilst an out of state student in a private university might expect to pay the upper end of this range.

Many psychology doctoral programs, particularly in research-oriented universities, offer funding packages to their students. These can include full or partial tuition waivers, health insurance coverage, and a stipend to help with living expenses

The average salary for an individual with a doctorate in psychology is $114,768.

Earning potential varies considerably by specialty, location and industry but we see roles requiring a doctorate advertised in the $80,000-$130,000 range.

• PhD in Organizational Psychology
• PhD in Educational Psychology
• PhD in Forensic Psychology
• PhD in Counseling Psychology
• PhD in Behavioral Psychology
• PhD in Child Psychology
• PhD in Clinical Psychology
• PhD in Neuropsychology
• PhD in Sports Psychology

• Associate's
• Business Psychology
• Child Psychology
• Health Psychology
• Forensic Psychology
• Sport Psychology
• All Specialties
• Online Guide
• Pennsylvania

PhD in Psychology Degree Programs

• Author: Audrey Stoffle
• Expert Reviewer: Jonathan Adams, PhD
• Editorial Process

The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Psychology degree prepares graduates to practice as licensed clinical psychologists or to work in academia or research. This degree is usually offered at public or private research universities and trains students in research methods, perception, cognition, neuroscience, and behavior. PhDs in Psychology are typically focused on one of the specialties and proficiencies within the field. PhD programs in Clinical and Counseling Psychology are more research-focused than Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) programs , but both qualify students for licensure in applied psychology . According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), there are 191 non-profit colleges and universities that offer an advanced degree in clinical psychology (including master’s degrees, PsyDs, and PhDs) in the United States. 1

Table of Contents

• Reasons to Pursue a PhD in Psychology
• Program Options

Admission Requirements

• Core Concepts

Top-Rated PhD in Psychology Programs

• Select Program Profiles
• Jobs With a PhD in Psychology Degree

Frequently Asked Questions

Reasons to pursue a phd in psychology degree.

A PhD in Psychology degree represents a significant investment of time and money; therefore, most people who enter PhD programs do so to pursue one of the following career paths:

1. To become licensed practitioners. PhDs in Clinical Psychology prepare graduates to evaluate, diagnose, and treat patients in private, hospital, or other settings. All 50 states and Washington DC require a doctoral degree to become a licensed clinical psychologist, and a PhD is one of the primary degrees (in addition to the PsyD and the Doctor of Education (EdD) in some states, for school psychologists) that qualify candidates for clinical licensure.

2. To work in an academic or research setting. PhDs in Psychology equip graduates to work in academic or laboratory settings, where they can conduct research to learn about our most basic human functions and behaviors. If you are interested in becoming a college professor of psychology or a researcher, obtaining a PhD in Psychology may be the best way to begin your journey.

PhD in Psychology Program Options

In PhD in Psychology programs, students take courses in quantitative research theories and methodologies, and conduct research with the supervision of faculty mentors. A PhD in Psychology can take as little as four years to complete if you already have a master’s degree in a related area. If you enter the program with a bachelor’s degree, it usually takes five to seven years to complete. Typically, the degree is offered on campus since there are many hands-on research and teaching requirements.

Some common areas of specialization (also known as concentrations, specialties, or emphases) for PhD in Psychology programs include:

• Cognitive Behavioral Psychology
• Clinical Psychology
• Counseling Psychology
• Industrial-Organizational Psychology
• Neuropsychology
• School Psychology

Online Degree Formats

If you need a more flexible study option, an online PhD in Psychology program may be a good option. Keep in mind that the American Psychological Association (APA) does not accredit doctoral programs that are fully online; it does, however, accredit some hybrid programs that offer some coursework or content online. If you are choosing an online doctoral program, you should ensure that:

• The school has been accredited by an agency recognized by the US Department of Education or the Council for Higher Education Accreditation
• Online students have similar access to resources and services as traditional students
• The faculty teaching online courses are the same or equal to the ones teaching on-campus
• You will receive assistance in choosing a practicum placement
• The online program will qualify you for licensure in your state if you are interested in licensure

To read more about getting your psychology degree online, you can visit our Guide to Earning an Online Psychology Degree . While the guide focuses more on earning your bachelor’s degree in psychology online, it also includes some helpful tips for the PhD level.

PhD in Psychology applicants should have an undergraduate degree with in-depth psychology training including laboratory experience, statistics, and research methods. Requirements vary depending on the school, but applicants do not usually need a degree in psychology if all prerequisite courses are met. The minimum grade point average (GPA) for admittance is typically 3.0, but the average GPA of admitted students may be considerably higher due to strong competition for upper-level graduate degree programs. High marks in math and statistics are considered favorable. Some schools require applicants to submit transcripts, letters of recommendation, a personal statement, references, and GRE scores (though many schools are waiving this requirement).

Admission to traditional psychology PhD programs is more competitive than PsyD programs, with reportedly only 11% of applicants being admitted annually (compared to 40% of those applying to PsyD programs). 2 One reason for this selectivity could be because PhD students in psychology programs often depend on limited research assistantships, where schools offer students funding in exchange for research, teaching, or administrative work. In fact, according to a survey by the APA, 80-100% of PhD in Psychology students receive some funding and 60-90% receive full funding (tuition waiver plus stipend). 3 Since more applicants are vying for assistantships than schools have to offer, only a low percentage of applicants are admitted.

Core Concepts and Coursework

In the first three to four years of a psychology graduate degree program, students take courses in theory, research methods, and statistics, depending on the student’s prior experience and degrees. Required courses also include a student’s area of specialization, such as assessment and intervention for clinical psychology, statistical modeling for quantitative psychology, or laboratory skills for neuroscience. The final year of the program is typically devoted to independent research and the final dissertation. Common coursework in a PhD in Psychology program includes:

• Advanced Statistical Modeling
• Advances in Neuroscience
• Affective Science
• Attitudes and Social Judgement
• Developmental Psychology
• Foundations of Cognition
• Graduate Research Methods
• Perception and Reality
• Psychopathology
• Statistics for Psychology

US News & World Report’s Best Clinical Psychology Doctorate Programs 2020

• University of California-Los Angeles (#1)
• University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill (#2)
• Stony Brook University-SUNY (#3 tie)
• University of California-Berkeley (#3 tie)
• University of Minnesota-Twin Cities (#5 tie)
• University of Washington (#5 tie)
• University of Wisconsin-Madison(#5 tie)
• University of Pennsylvania (#8 tie)
• University of Pittsburgh (#8 tie)
• Harvard University (#10 tie)
• Indiana University-Bloomington (#10 tie)
• Pennsylvania State University-University Park (#10 tie)
• Temple University (#10 tie)
• University of Colorado-Boulder (#10 tie)
• University of Michigan-Ann Arbor (#10 tie)
• University of Texas-Austin (#10 tie)
• Washington University in St. Louis (#10 tie) 4

Select PhD in Psychology Programs

Traditional programs.

Stanford University

The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) program at Stanford University is open to students with wide psychology interests as it offers five different specialization areas in Cognitive, Developmental, Affective, Neuroscience, and Social Psychology. Students can also include a minor from another department at Stanford to further specialize their training. The psychology program teaches students the skills and techniques necessary to conduct rigorous and focused psychology research. It requires hands-on learning through the development and completion of a first-year project and a dissertation. Students must achieve at least a “B-” grade in all courses, or they may need to repeat courses. Opportunities to teach classes in undergraduate psychology and statistics are encouraged to prepare students for academic careers. A variety of funding opportunities, such as graduate scholarships, fellowships, and research and teaching assistantships are offered each year to help students pay for the program and gain valuable work experience.

University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

In addition to bachelor’s and master’s degree programs in psychology, the Department of Psychology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign offers a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) with nine possible concentrations in Attention & Perception; Behavioral Neuroscience; Cognitive Neuroscience; Clinical-Community; Cognitive; Developmental; Industrial-Organizational; Quantitative; and Social-Personality. The degree is designed to prepare students for research and academic careers, with the exception of the clinical/community concentration, which prepares students for practitioner careers and includes an internship in clinical psychology. Students with prior psychology graduate coursework may transfer up to 32 credits toward the doctoral program. All admitted students in good standing are offered financial support in the form of a nine-month, 50%-time research or teaching assistantship, traineeship, or fellowship. Teaching is mandatory in the program, and students must complete at least two semesters of teaching assistance.

University of Michigan

The University of Michigan (U of M) offers a PhD in Psychology with an embedded master’s degree that prepares graduates for either research or clinical careers. The degree takes five years to complete and students can customize their experience based on their chosen area of interest. The program offers six concentrations including Biopsychology; Clinical Science; Cognition and Cognitive Neuroscience; Developmental Psychology; Personality and Social Contexts; and Social Psychology. Joint programs are also offered with social work; education; and women’s and gender studies. Finally, PhD students in Psychology can engage with six affiliated programs including Culture and Cognition, Decision Consortium, the Detroit Initiative, Diversity in Psychology, Intergroup Relations, and the LIFE Course. The school offers an accelerated master’s program for high-achieving undergraduate students, although no stand-alone master’s degree is available. Teaching positions are offered, including the opportunity to design and teach a 400-level undergraduate class for upper-year PhD students, which can be advantageous for those wishing to pursue an academic career.

Hybrid and Online Programs

Fielding Graduate University

Fielding Graduate University offers a PhD in Clinical Psychology that can be completed partially online in a hybrid format. The New Student Orientation (NSO) portion of the program is an online component that lasts one month and includes an introduction to the program. The clinical practicum and clinical internship must be done in person, and training sites are often in your local community. The research and training portion is the final component of the PhD program. Concentrations are offered in Forensic Psychology; Health Psychology; Neuropsychology; and Social Justice and Diversity. To be admitted, students must submit an online application and fee, official transcripts, a Curriculum Vitae (CV), a critical thinking writing sample, and three recommendations. Fielding also offers PhDs in Infant and Early Childhood Development; Clinical Psychology; and Media Psychology.

Michigan State University

The College of Education at Michigan State University’s Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology & Special Education offers a hybrid Educational Psychology and Educational Technology (EPET) PhD program for students who need flexibility as they pursue their doctoral degrees. Students can choose to emphasize in either Educational Psychology or Educational Technology. Much of the coursework in the EPET PhD program can be completed online in an average of five years. Graduates are trained in how online learning and technology are transforming the educational model. They will be prepared to become leaders in the K-12 school system or colleges and universities. Two integrated hybrid courses are taken each summer starting the first year, and one online course is taken each fall and spring semester for all five years. Hybrid students are encouraged to arrange an annual campus visit at a time that is convenient for their studies. Students enrolled in the Hybrid Mode usually enroll in one to two courses per semester and continue working full-time. Hybrid students may qualify for teaching or research assistantships depending on their schedules and the funding available.

Jobs with a PhD in Psychology

Psychology PhD graduates need not feel limited to academic careers, as psychology knowledge and skills are valued by businesses, governments, and the nonprofit sectors. Examples of career options for PhD in psych grads include:

• Academic Researcher
• Clinical Psychologist
• Independent Consultant
• Industrial-Organizational Psychologist
• Laboratory Manager
• Neuroscientist
• Policy Advisor
• School Psychologist
• User Experience (UX) Researcher

Can I complete a PhD in Psychology part-time?

Yes. Some schools may offer PhD in Psychology programs on a part-time basis, but most students complete the program full-time due to the program’s demanding schedule and additional requirements, such as teaching or working in the labs.

How much can I make with a PhD in Psychology?

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), clinical and counseling psychologists earned an average annual salary of $99,640 in May 2021. 5 Postsecondary psychology teachers earned an average annual salary of $88,390. 9 Wages for psychologists vary depending on the work setting and the specialization, with industrial-organizational psychologists earning the highest average salary at $113,320. 6

Projections Central predicts employment for clinical, counseling, and school psychologists to grow by 10% from 2020 to 2030. 10 Postsecondary psychology teachers are also expected to see high job growth of 10% through 2030. 10 Industrial-organizational and all other psychologists can expect slower growth of around 2% through 2030. 10

How do I become a licensed psychologist?

To become a licensed psychologist, you generally need an APA-accredited doctoral degree, supervised professional experience including a qualifying internship, and a passing score on the Exam for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP) . However, licensure requirements vary by state. Students in research-based psychology degree programs do not need to be licensed to conduct research or teach upon graduation. You can read more about licensure in psychology and about how to get licensed in your state on our How to Become a Psychologist page.

Is it worth getting a PhD in Psychology?

If you plan to work in an academic setting, earning a PhD in Psychology will help you gain experience and move into management positions later in your career. Without a PhD, you may still find work as a research assistant but your career growth potential may be limited. Even if you do not plan to work in an academic setting, a PhD in Psychology can help you gain insight and expertise into a particular issue or population. A PhD will also qualify you to become licensed in clinical psychology should you choose to practice in the field.

Do I need to take the GRE Psychology subject test to apply?

While some schools require GRE test scores, it is becoming more common for the GRE score requirement to be waived. Even when GRE scores are required, it is not usually necessary to take the GRE Psychology subject test. Check the requirements of each school where you plan to apply for more information.

What’s the typical salary for a psychology professor?

Postsecondary psychology teachers (professors at colleges, universities, junior colleges, professional schools, and technical schools) earned an annual average wage of $88,390 as of May 2021. 9 You can read more about PhD in Psychology jobs and their respective salaries on our careers page.

References: 1. National Center for Education Statistics College Navigator: https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/ 2. American Psychological Association, Commission on Accreditation 2018 Annual Report Online, Summary Data: Doctoral Programs: https://www.apa.org/ed/accreditation/about/research/2018-doctoral-summary.pdf 3. American Psychological Association, Funding Stats: https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2010/01/funding-stats 4. US News & World Report Best Clinical Psychology Doctorate Programs 2020: https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-health-schools/clinical-psychology-rankings 5. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2021 Occupational Employment and Wages, Clinical and Counseling Psychologists: https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes193033.htm 6. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2021 Occupational Employment and Wages, Industrial-Organizational Psychologists: https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes193032.htm 7. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2021 Occupational Employment and Wages, School Psychologists: https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes193034.htm 8. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2021 Occupational Employment and Wages, Psychologists, All Other: https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes193039.htm 9. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2021 Occupational Employment and Wages, Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary: https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes251066.htm 10. Projections Central Long Term Occupational Projections: https://projectionscentral.org/Projections/LongTerm

PhD Program

The PhD is conferred upon candidates who have demonstrated substantial scholarship and the ability to conduct independent research and analysis in Psychology.

A student typically concentrates in one of several areas within Psychology. Across all areas, the training program emphasizes the development of research competence, and students are encouraged to develop skills and attitudes that are appropriate to a career of continuing research productivity.

Two kinds of experience are necessary for this purpose. One is the learning of substantial amounts of theoretical, empirical, computational and methods information . A number of courses and seminars are provided to assist in this learning, and students are expected to construct a program in consultation with their advisor(s) to obtain this knowledge in the most stimulating and economical fashion.

A second aspect of training is one that cannot be gained from the courses or seminars. This is first-hand knowledge of, and practical experience with, the methods of psychological investigation and study . Therefore, students are expected to spend half of their time on research and to take no more than 10 units of course work per quarter, beginning in the first quarter.

Students achieve competence in unique ways and at different rates. Students and advisors work together to plan a program to accomplish these objectives.

If current students have any questions about the PhD program, please email the Student Services Manager, Dena Zlatunich, at  denamz [at] stanford.edu (denamz[at]stanford[dot]edu) . The current Director of Graduate Studies is Professor Hyo Gwoen.

If you are interested in applying for our PhD program, please carefully review the information on the  PhD Admissions website . Follow-up questions can be directed to the admissions staff at  psych-admissions [at] stanford.edu (psych-admissions[at]stanford[dot]edu) .

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5 Types of Psychology Degrees

Psychology Degree Options and Jobs They Prepare You For

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Emily is a board-certified science editor who has worked with top digital publishing brands like Voices for Biodiversity, Study.com, GoodTherapy, Vox, and Verywell.

Psychology degree options include those at the undergraduate and graduate levels . The five main types are an associate degree, a bachelor's degree, a master's degree, a PhD, and a PsyD.

A psychology degree can help prepare students for careers in various fields, including mental health, education, counseling, research, and applied fields. For students thinking about earning a psychology degree , it's important to understand what level of education they need to enter their chosen career path.

For some professions, a bachelor's degree might be sufficient. Other career paths might require a graduate degree. Here are the psychology degree types, how long each one takes to earn, and the career options available at each degree level.

Associate Degree in Psychology

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An associate degree in psychology is an undergraduate-level degree that usually takes two years to complete. Many community colleges offer an associate psychology degree option.

One possible job option with an associate degree in psychology is to work as a psychiatric technician in a state mental hospital. In some states, you may also qualify for certain social work jobs, such as a casework aide or an addictions counselor assistant.

Jobs available at the associate level are somewhat limited as most entry-level psychology professions require a bachelor's degree at the very minimum. Because of this, an associate degree is commonly used as a stepping stone toward earning a bachelor's.

Earning your associate psychology degree is a great way to gain a solid background in the field before moving on to more advanced studies.

Bachelor's Degree in Psychology

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A bachelor's degree in psychology is an undergraduate-level degree that often takes four years to complete. At many universities, students can choose between a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) or a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degree . Generally speaking, B.A. degrees tend to require more liberal arts general education courses, while B.S. degrees require more science general education courses.

According to one survey, only about 27% of people with a bachelor's in psychology end up working in a field closely related to their degree. A few common job titles for people with this type of degree include case manager, psychiatric technician, career counselor , and rehabilitation specialist. Bachelor's degree holders often find work in other areas , including sales, management, and teaching.

There is often a much wider range of job opportunities for those with a graduate psychology degree. However, a bachelor's degree serves as a solid basis for graduate study in psychology and does offer a selection of entry-level career options.

Master's Degree in Psychology

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A master's degree in psychology is a graduate-level degree that usually takes between two and three years beyond the bachelor's degree to complete. Like the bachelor's degree, students can usually choose between a Master of Arts (M.A.) or Master of Science (M.S.) in psychology.

Graduates with a master's degree can find jobs in a variety of areas, including mental health services, government agencies, and business fields. While there are some opportunities for teaching at colleges and universities, these positions tend to be limited and highly competitive.

A few job titles that a master's degree holder might find include marriage and family therapist , rehabilitative counselor, school counselor , and human resources manager.

Jobs with a master's level psychology degree are far more plentiful than those at the bachelor's level, which is why this is one of the most popular degree options. While some master's programs offer what is known as a terminal degree, or an end-level degree designed to prepare students for the workforce, other master's programs focus on preparing students for doctoral-level study.

Ph.D. in Psychology

A Ph.D. in psychology , or Doctor of Philosophy in psychology, is a doctoral-level degree that can take four to six years of graduate study to complete. The Ph.D. degree tends to take a more research-oriented approach but does include both theoretical and applied training.

There are a wide variety of specialty areas to choose from with this psychology degree. Your choice will largely depend on what you choose to do after you graduate.

If you're interested in working in psychotherapy or opening your own private practice, you might want to earn a Ph.D . in either clinical or counseling psychology. If you're interested in teaching, research, or an applied area, you might earn a Ph.D. in a specialty such as social, developmental, industrial-organizational, or experimental psychology .

Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.)

The Psy.D., or Doctor of Psychology, was created as an alternative to the traditional Ph.D. Psy.D. programs tend to be more focused on the professional practice of psychology.

Those who earn a Psy.D. in clinical or counseling psychology and pass the required licensing exams are qualified to diagnose and treat mental disorders, conduct psychological tests, and provide psychotherapy.

In most cases, the Psy.D. degree takes approximately four to seven years to complete. During this time, students receive extensive training in topics such as diagnosing mental illness , performing psychological assessments , and conducting clinical interventions.

Just as with the Ph.D. degree, Psy.D. students are required to complete a supervised practicum and internship in a clinical setting. The practicum usually involves working part-time under the supervision of a licensed psychologist, while the internship is a full-time position that lasts at least one year.

Once students have completed their required coursework, practicum, and internship, they can take the state and national licensing exams.

You have many options for which educational path to take in psychology. It's wise to explore which careers each psychology degree can open for you, investing your education dollars wisely to meet your career goals.

Bureau of Labor Statistics. Field of degree: Psychology .

American Psychological Association.  By the numbers: How do undergraduate psychology majors fare?

Bureau of Labor Statistics. How to become a psychologist .

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

• Department of Psychological Science
• Applying to Graduate School in Psychology

Types of Psychology Graduate Programs

Note: The information on this page is designed to provide an overview of what to expect when applying to graduate school in psychology. If you are seriously considering applying to graduate school, you should connect with a faculty member from the Department of Psychological Science or PSYC Advising as soon as possible.

Types of Psychology Graduate Degrees

There are three main types of graduate degrees within the field of psychology: Master’s, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, and Doctor of Psychology (PsyD). The following table compares and contrasts the different focuses and lengths for Master’s, PhD, and PsyD programs.

To learn more about pursuing a graduate degree or career in psychology, visit the American Psychological Association (APA) website .

Differences Between Psychology and Psychiatry

While psychologists and psychiatrists are trained to identify and treat mental health disorders, the required education and training for these career paths differ. The following table compares and contrasts the different requirements for and responsibilities of psychologists and psychiatrists.

If you are interested in becoming a medical doctor or physician assistant, you should connect with an advisor from the College of Health Sciences (COHS) as soon as possible.

Which Type of Program Is Right for Me?

The type of graduate degree that you need will depend on the career you want to pursue. For example, if you want to become a forensic psychologist, you will need to obtain a doctoral degree (PhD, PsyD). If you want to become a counselor, however, you only need to obtain a Master’s degree (MA, MS). Before deciding which type of degree you want to pursue, you need to determine the type of career you are interested in. That way, you can ensure you are getting the appropriate level of education and training needed.

1 UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine. (n.d.). Psychologist vs psychiatrist – What is the difference? https://medschool.ucla.edu/news/psychologist-vs-psychiatrist-what-is-the-difference  

2 American Academy of Physician Assistants. (n.d.).  What is a PA? https://www.aapa.org/about/what-is-a-pa/

3 Indeed. (2023, January 24). What degree do you need to become a PA? (Plus licenses) . https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/finding-a-job/what-degree-does-pa-need#:~:text=To%20earn%20a%20PA%20master’s,Health%20Services%20(MCHS)%20title .

4 Types of Psychology Degrees: Picking the Right Program

Industry Advice Healthcare

Thanks to an increase in mental and behavioral health awareness, psychologists are looking to break down barriers that have previously impeded people’s ability to access effective mental health services. This trend is particularly prevalent in the mental health support of young people.

School psychology addresses some of these challenges by focusing on students’ educational and emotional well-being within schools. If you’re interested in pursuing a career in school psychology—or any career in this field—it’s important to understand the educational programs, degree levels, and specialties you need to earn in the different positions in the industry. Here’s an overview of how these factors are important in deciding what career path is right for you.

Psychology Degree Levels

Psychology offers many career options and levels of education to pursue. As with most industries, each type of degree offers specific opportunities within their given field. This means prospective students should choose their degrees based on their career goals. There are five degree levels that a psychology student can earn. Here’s a list of programs as well as the requirements for each degree level.

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Associate Degree

An associate degree in psychology , which is typically completed in two years, offers quick but extremely limited entry into the industry. In fact, those who earn their associate degree often only work in entry-level or support positions in social, mental, or human services. This is why obtaining this degree is often considered the first step to earning a more advanced degree.

Most associate degree programs require 60 completed credits of general education and introductory psychology courses on cognitive theory, human development, and analytical skills.

Bachelor’s Degree

Earning a bachelor’s degree in psychology is viewed as base-level education for most professionals in this industry. Even though it’s seen as a “requirement” for some career paths, it does offer more career opportunities than an associate’s degree. Most bachelor’s programs consist of about 160 credits that are typically completed over a ‌four-year span.

Although bachelor’s programs vary by institution, most psychology degrees focus on psychology theory and research methods, developmental psychology, human behavior, child development, and clinical experience. These courses are meant as prerequisites to the curriculum of a master’s-level program rather than specialized training for a career post-graduation.

Those with a different major, who find their love of psychology during their undergraduate years, can still position themselves for an MS in psychology as long as their degree is in a closely related field (e.g., child development, sociology, or education).

Graduates with a bachelor’s degree can work in social, community, and rehabilitation services, as well as pursue non-psychological fields. However, these roles often require working long hours with little pay, especially when compared to careers that require more advanced degrees and higher levels of education.

Master’s Degree

If you’re looking to pursue challenging and incredibly rewarding career opportunities that offer higher salary potential, it’s recommended you earn a master’s degree in psychology from an accredited program . For many, obtaining a master’s is the best course of action .

Earning a master’s degree requires an additional two to three years of study and provides the minimum education qualifications for counseling, administrative, and research positions in a wide range of work settings. Earning a master’s also enables you to pursue a doctoral degree and, depending on the program, may even give you specialized training in areas that reflect your personal and professional interests.

A typical master’s-level curriculum can include some, if not all, of the following courses:

• Introduction to Cognitive Assessment
• Behavior Management
• Child and Adolescent Psychopathology
• Understanding Culture and Diversity

While MS requirements may vary, Northeastern University’s Master of Science (MS) and Certificate of Advanced Graduate Study (CAGS) in School Psychology is a three-year, fully accredited program through the National Association of School Psychologists and the Massachusetts State Department of Education. Their program requires students to complete 62 semester hours and at least 1,200 internship hours (half of which must be completed in a school setting).

One of the highest levels of education you can earn within psychology is a doctoral degree. This degree isn’t always required to work as a psychologist, but individuals who pursue a PhD typically do so for the opportunity to conduct research, work in private practice, and/or pursue a career in academia.

Earning a PhD in psychology can take 5 to 6 years to complete, depending on your program. PhD curricula typically focus on statistical methodologies and conducting scientific research, and require the completion of a dissertation alongside a year-long internship approved by the American Psychological Association (APA) .

PsyD Degree

A PsyD program is best suited for students looking to pursue a career in clinical practice, administrative roles, or in a specialized field. While PhD programs are research-oriented, PsyD programs focus heavily on clinical applications, assessment strategies, and intervention techniques. Therefore, PsyD students typically pursue careers in clinical practice areas (e.g., therapy, school psychology, gerontology, and counseling).

It’s important to note that these positions don’t explicitly require a PsyD, but this additional education does open more doors to specialized positions within a given industry.

If this line of work interests you, you’ll be required to complete a year-long internship in your chosen area of expertise, regardless of the specialization you choose. Depending on your curriculum, you may also need to complete a capstone project. Many PsyD programs are completed in four to six years, but this depends on numerous factors (both personal and professional).

Understanding‌ Psychology Graduate Programs

Because many high-paying careers within psychology only require a master’s degree, it’s important to learn about the various programs and specializations available to you in order to identify which one will fit your personal and professional needs.

Clinical Psychology (MS)

A master’s in clinical psychology is one path you can choose from. This program is an excellent stepping stone toward the position of a clinical psychologist , who provides comprehensive mental, emotional, and behavioral health care to both individuals and families. They also act as consultants to agencies and communities by providing training, education, and research-based practice to best serve their diverse populations.

Within their patient pool, clinical psychologists can expect to handle a range of issues, from minor maladjustments to severe psychological disorders. As a clinical psychologist, you will need:

• In-depth understanding of psychopathology
• Ability to assess patient personalities
• Experience with diagnostic and intervention strategies
• Knowledge of human psychology across lifespans
• Effective communication skills with both patients and other healthcare professionals
• Excellent research skills
• Critical knowledge of clinical psychologist methods

Unlike school psychology, this career path requires a PhD or PsyD to truly enter into the field, and you’ll also need to obtain licensure for your state and given field post-graduation if you hope to qualify for a job immediately after earning an advanced degree.

Counseling Psychology (MS/CAGS)

Earning a master’s in counseling psychology is a wonderful option for those who are interested in the broader field of psychology. Mental health counselors counsel individuals and groups to promote optimum mental health. If you choose to further your education beyond a master’s degree in counseling psychology, there are many career paths and specialties you can pursue , including:

• Child and Adolescent Psychology: Focuses on providing mental health counseling to support young people with biological, developmental, and social issues that may arise. Most child and adolescent psychologists work in schools, rehabilitation centers, hospitals, and juvenile detention facilities.
• Health Psychology: Specializes in the different ways human health is affected by psychological, biological, and social factors. Psychologists working in this field implement psychological frameworks to improve the well-being of their patients. Hospitals, rehabilitation centers, private practices, and clinics employ most health psychologists.
• Forensic psychology: Applies clinical psychology to the legal system. For example, forensic psychologists may interview a witness to better understand their reliability. They are often employed by criminal and family courts, police stations, law firms, and prisons, and can even work as consultants or expert witnesses.
• Cultural Psychology: Studies the way culture both impacts and is impacted by the psychology of individuals. It’s important to note that this specialization is often grouped together with the lower two fields as well.
• Gender Psychology: Examines how gender affects psychology and human behavior.
• Political Psychology: Applies psychological frameworks to political activities, such as voting and the public perception of elected officials.

A Master’s in Counseling Psychology (MS/CAGS) prepares you for a wide range of job titles, such as a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC), Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC), Mental Health Specialist, or Rehabilitation Psychology Therapist.

Applied Behavior Analysis (Certificate/MS/CAGS)

Applied behavior analysis is a field of study within Applied Psychology , which uses scientific psychology methods and techniques to solve problems surrounding human behavior. Applied behavior psychologists can provide a range of services, such as lab work, field studies, and direct services to patients.

Within this field, you can pursue a career in education, human factor, law, sports, occupational health, and health psychology , which focuses on how psychological, social, and biological factors can influence the prevention and treatment of human health.

School Psychology (MS/CAGS)

School psychology is another career avenue you can pursue. School psychologists are behavioral and mental health experts who conduct psychological and educational assessments of young people to improve both their mental health and academic performance.

They work closely with school administrators to provide counseling to children and parents, monitor the mental health and performance of their students, teach social and behavioral skills, and act as a liaison for the school community. School psychologists are also tasked to identify problems that exist within the school system, then implement intervention and behavior management programs accordingly.

One benefit to being a school psychologist is the ability to work with a diverse population of students, all dealing with various mental health, educational, and life experiences.

If you enjoy working with children, working as a school psychologist is extremely rewarding because you can shape the lives of young people and help them achieve success academically and in their future careers.

The Best Fit For You

Psychology provides several career options across various settings and industries as the demand for mental health workers continues to rise.

For example, school psychology is a growing field that offers an opportunity to work closely with children and adolescents. Northeastern University (NEU) offers a Master of Science (MS) and a Certificate of Advanced Graduate Study (CAGS) in School Psychology , which is a three-year, fully accredited program through the National Association of School Psychologists and the Massachusetts State Department of Education. It requires 62 semester hours and a one-year internship consisting of at least 1,200 hours, half of which must be completed in a school setting.

There, you’ll learn the sector of preventative action in mental health, rather than reactive. If this closely aligns with your interests in the field of psychology, check out our ebook “How To Become A School Psychologist” to see if this career path is right for you. No matter which psychological degree you choose to pursue, working as a psychologist offers a stable and gratifying career.

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What is a PhD in Psychology?

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When surveying the options available in PhD programs, an important distinction to make is whether you want to work in a psychology-related field such as counseling, social work, therapy or education; or if you are striving to get a diploma conferring a "Doctorate of Psychology." Novices quite frequently confuse the academic Discipline of Psychology with alternative disciplines which are psychology-related and in the mental health field.

The "Doctorate of Psychology"

If you want to earn a doctorate in the discipline of psychology, you will  be presented with 2 options from which to choose within the field: you will be able to enroll in either a doctoral program which grants a Ph.D. or one that will culminate in the awarding of the Psy.D.  Scholars who are focused on research, data collection and processing, academics, professorship and authorship are best suited for the Ph.D. in Psychology. Individuals who are interested in research but are more people and practice-driven as well as; desirous of being on the front lines working with patients, interested in methodologies and enjoy making educational theory a reality are well served by enrolling in a Psy.D. program.

Dr. Emma Mansour is a licensed psychologist and founder of  "Life Matters Counseling and Psychological Services, LLC., with locations in Salt Lake City and Farmington, Utah.  Dr. Mansour is a graduate of  the Counseling Psychology Program at the University of Utah, as well as a former instructor. She has taught classes in Developmental Psychology, Group Counseling, Personality Psychology and Counseling Skills. In her capacity as educator, Dr. Mansour has come in contact and consulted with many students facing these exact questions. Regarding the choice between the Ph.D. and the Psy.D. her advice is straightforward;

"My advice would depend on the student's ultimate career goal. If the goal is to become a professor and engage in teaching and research as a career, there is really no option but to get a PhD. If the student is not interested in teaching or research and just wanted to be a private practicing psychologist, I would advise that they consider a PsyD program."

Learn more about a psychology doctoral degree .

Do I need a PhD to Achieve My Goals?

One of the pressing questions doctoral candidates face is whether or not they are primarily only interested in a career as a practicing counselor, therapist or educator. If this happens to be the case, technically speaking they do not need to go beyond the Master's Degree in Counseling, Therapy, Social Work, etc., to reach their goals. In other words, various careers  are accessible with a master's degree and do not require a PhD. On the other hand, some careers are only available if you have a PhD. This is the point at which clarification of your career objectives becomes imperative. Getting a PhD is an arduous process and if you are unsure of your ultimate goals, it is advised you thoroughly research all of your options. Experts agree: it pays to do your "homework" before you enroll in a doctoral program.

"Becoming a psychologist, versus a counselor or therapist, is certainly a longer process but it affords you many more possibilities and will ultimately open many more doors for you as a professional, both from the status of the degree to the possibility of branching out into many other areas. It is important to bear in mind that a students' current interests will likely change over the course of their career so the broader degree allows for ongoing growth and opportunity."

How Long Will it Take to Get a PhD in Psychology?

Universities are highly unique in their approaches to their doctoral programs. For example, UCLA's program is 6 years. In describing their program they write, "The Ph.D. program is a six year, full-time only program." In other words, students do not have the option of attending part-time. Many PhD programs can be completed within 5 years; most of them typically require the equivalent of 72 semester units. The design of the program can greatly influence the length of time it takes to earn the PhD; even for doctorates earned at the same institution. For example, NYU has 2 Psychology PhD programs: the PhD in Cognition and Perception and the PhD in Social Psychology. Although each doctorate requires 72 semester units, students who are "Teaching or Research Assistants" in the Cognition and Perception program usually take 3 courses per semester; the remaining student schedules are more flexible. Thus someone taking 2 courses a semester will graduate later than those taking 3 classes a semester. Most programs also have a maximum time limit to complete the PhD; at NYU if the matriculant has not finished their requirements after 7 years, their enrollment in the program is likely to be terminated.

Some of the questions you'll want to research with regards to the amount of time you will be in school are:

• Is the college on a semester or quarter system and how many units are required to complete the PhD in Psychology?
• Does the program have a minimum number of units to complete each quarter or semester?
• Is the program strictly full-time or is there a part-time option?
• Is there a time maximum within which the program must be completed?
• Is there a time limit condition on program grants, awards or special financing?

What Types of Classes Will I Take in a PhD Program?

PhD programs in the field of psychology consist of some or all of the following categories of study:

• Core Content Classes and Advanced Elective Courses
• Oral Examinations
• Presentation of Papers
• Practicum & Teaching
• Internships
• Special Event, Conference or Convention Attendance
• Doctoral Dissertation Proposal, Submission and Defense

Elements of the PhD in Psychology

• Core Content Classes and Advanced Elective Courses: The length and depth of core classes depend heavily on the nature of the PhD program and the university. Each college program varies on how many units are required, the title of the courses and how much emphasis is put on the ratio of research/clinical. Below is a very generalized sampling of what to expect.

Core classes prepare the student for the in-depth research they will embark upon as they advance in their prospective careers. Statistical proficiency is an important aspect of every program; examples of courses include:

• Mathematical Tools for Cognitive Science and Neuroscience (NYU)
• Statistics courses (UCLA)
• Developmental Psychology (Stanford)
• Foundations of Cognition (Stanford)
• Exploratory-Graphical Data Analysis (Vanderbilt)
• Multivariate Analysis (Vanderbilt)
• Psychological and Educational Measurement (Vanderbilt)

Advanced Electives: Some examples of Advanced Elective courses from NYU are:

• Principles of Neuroimaging
• Research in Social Psychology
• Cognitive Development
• Psycholinguistics
• Cellular, Molecular & Developmental Neuroscience
• Language Acquisition
• Biobehavioral Mechanisms of Stress and Disease
• Research: Every university expects the student to constantly be involved with research throughout their years of training. Throughout the process of research, students are supervised by at least one member of the faculty in some form of an advisory role. However, differences in a university's research emphasis, timing, manner of execution and application of research requirements is one of the factors you will confront when choosing a PhD program. For example, research dominates the 8 UCLA program specialties from which to choose. They write:

"Students are admitted by one of the department's eight areas: Behavioral Neuroscience, Clinical, Cognitive, Developmental Psychology, Health Psychology, Learning and Behavior, Quantitative and Social. With rare exception, this area affiliation is retained throughout a student's stay in the program. Much of the program is administered by the areas."   Also- " All areas are research-oriented. This applies to the Clinical area as well: although this area offers excellent clinical training, the emphasis lies in research, not in training private practitioners."    

At UCLA research is included in the core curriculum and has a designated time sequence:

"The core program has three parts: a two-quarter statistics series, four courses selected from among special offerings in each of the seven areas, and a two or three quarter research sequence. In the latter sequence the student designs, conducts, and writes up a research project under the direction of two faculty members. Core-program work is completed by the end of the second year."

In slight contrast, while the program at Vanderbilt also emphasizes research- "We expect students to be continually involved in research throughout their tenure in our program;" their description of the first 2 years is quite different:

"The faculty attempt always to tailor graduate training to meet the needs and the interests of each individual student" and "The curriculum is designed to: (a) familiarize students with the major areas of psychology; (b) provide specialized training in at least one of the five specific areas of psychology emphasized in the program; and (c) provide students sufficient flexibility to enroll in classes consistent with their interests and long-term developmental trajectory. During the first two years, students take several core courses in quantitative methods and in substantive areas. Beyond this, the program consists of seminars, further research participation, and other inquiries expressly designed to fulfill career objectives."

• Oral Examinations: As a PhD candidate you will need to be prepared to undertake oral examinations as part of the qualifying and requirements processes. Oral examinations can take place at both the MA/MS level as well as the PhD level. This method of examination may prove helpful in preparing for a license; according to the American Psychological Association (APA) 21 states require an oral examination to qualify for licensure.
• Presentation of Papers : Some universities may require the submission of yearly papers and encourage students to present these papers at conventions or other academic events. For example, one of the research requirements at NYU is a first, second and third year paper (the third year paper may or may not be the dissertation proposal, depending on the program). While students are not required to present papers, under a bold heading in the PhD Cognition and Perception program requirements it reads:

Highly Recommended

" Presentation of Research Papers at Professional Meetings The Program strongly encourages its students to present papers (or posters) on their research at relevant professional meetings around the country as a "real life" part of their education in becoming professional scientists and educators and to aid them in forming contacts for possible jobs and postdocs after the Ph.D."

• Practica: If you have tried to understand what a practicum is and have failed, do not dismay. Even the experts in the field admit that it means different things in different places. In the report, "Report on Practicum Competencies" by The Association of Directors of Psychology Training Clinics (ADPTC) Practicum Competencies Workgroup: Robert L. Hatcher, Ph.D. & Kim Dudley Lassiter, Ph.D. answer the question in the following way:

What is a Practicum?

Psychology programs vary considerably in their definition of practicum. Some consider the experience at their department’s in-house clinic to be the practicum, and may call subsequent pre-internship training in other settings  “traineeships.”  Others classify all pre-internship clinical experience as practica; others limit this definition to supervised experience only. This document is based on the definition that practicum experience includes all supervised pre-internship clinical training."

One of the strong suggestions made by the APA is that your practicum time is a phase of preparation for your internship. In the APA published cover article, "Steps to the Match: Laying the groundwork to land an internship starts on day one of your program" by Christopher Munsey, the author offers an informative, easy-to-read and must-read regarding practica for every psychology PhD candidate. The author outlines the best possible uses of time during "all supervised pre-internship clinical training."  Munsey advises that during your practicum you:

• Establish a positive connection with all practicum supervisors
• Acknowledge areas in which you excel and be sure to become and remain teachable in areas in which you perform poorly
• Work with all types of people; diversity in experience is a plus
• Develop superior communication skills
• Identify target internships
• Progress check to ensure your experiences are in alignment with your internship goals
• Accumulate lots of hours and keep immaculate records
• Network with psychologists
• Rehearse interviewing
• Give presentations

Teaching Requirements

Doctoral programs can include teaching experience as a requirement for successful completion of the degree. Each university has unique mandates about the nature of the teaching experience and when it occurs.

• Pre-Doctoral Internships: Currently (2016) the topic of the psychology internship is of serious concern. CareersInPsychology.org explains in detail the current dilemma which the APA is addressing in the article, " Internships in Counseling: Shedding Light on the Explosive 'Match .'"

To summarize, doctoral students are paired with internships which have earned APA approval. This process is called the "Match." The crisis stems from a profound lack of APA approved internships. While the APA is making strides in bridging the gap, the problem remains substantial. The progress made since 2012 is hopeful: in 2012 there were 1,041 students who could not progress in their doctoral studies because there were not enough matches. By 2015 the APA had reduced the number to 689 students. ( The APA Report can be accessed by following this link . ) For some students, waiting the year(s) to be matched was not an option. Some did non-approved internships, which had lifelong consequences.

A doctorate which includes a non-approved internship means that even when the PhD is granted, the graduated can never work for the Veterans Administration (one of, if not the largest employer of psychologists in the nation) or any military/government organizations. Secondly, many states will not grant a license to practice without an APA approved internship. The   Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB) has a database within which the  Handbook of Licensing and Certification Requirements can be accessed. Before reviewing the handbook, however, you will have to provide the ASPPB with basic information about yourself. (The link provided for the Handbook will take you immediately to the questionnaire.) In retrospect, it becomes clear why the APA advises you to begin to work on getting your internship as soon as you begin your doctoral program; if you do not, you might not finish the program.

• Special Event, Conference or Convention Attendance: While not every university requires you to attend events, some have a form of scholastically-based group which is a graduation requirement. The PhD degree requirements at NYU have two examples:

"Brown Bag Seminar: All members of the program are expected to participate in the weekly Brown Bag seminar. The seminar meets informally, over lunch, and is a forum for presenting current and planned research. Each student is required to present on his or her research once a year. The seminar is a key component of student training over the five years of doctoral study.

Mini-Convention: The Mini-Convention is a day-long, convention-type meeting currently held on the Friday a week-and-a-half after Labor Day in September. Faculty and students of the Program attend this meeting which provides a training experience in convention-style oral presentation. All first- and second-year students are required to present talks based on their research projects. Upper-year students with well-worked-out, interesting findings to report are encouraged to present talks, as well as those who have not presented at a Brown Bag for the past academic year."

• Doctoral Dissertation Proposal, Submission and Defense: The dissertation is required by all PhD students. This voluminous composition  includes and represents the entirety of the candidate's body of work, research and study focus. It presents an original thesis which the student is prepared to propose, submit and defend.

Proposal: Preparation for the dissertation-the proposal, begins and varies according to each university program. Examples of requirements from the colleges utilized thus far are:

NYU: " Dissertation Proposal . In the third year, it is expected that each student will have sufficiently clarified his or her interests to be able to formally propose a dissertation project." Note: NYU offers 2 choices regarding the dissertation. The student can present the Traditional Thesis or choose a " Publication Route ."

UCLA: " By the fourth year a student should have enough experience and knowledge of current research issues to begin formulating a dissertation proposal."

HARVARD: " The Dissertation Prospectus: By the end of the spring semester of their penultimate year, students must complete a dissertation prospectus for an original project that is meant to culminate in the dissertation."

Basic Elements of a Proposal: The following is a general list of what is contained in the proposal.

• Importance of the topic: The proposal should provide intellectual rationale for why the thesis is critical to the field of study
• A review of the literature currently in existence on the topic
• An explanation of the theoretical basis of the proposed thesis
• Detailed description of the research methods to be used
• Comprehensive discussion of proposed analyses
• Projected implications of the topic for the field

Proposal Resources: There are numerous proposal support avenues, the most obvious being the APA website. A valuable listing of their publications specifically dealing with the dissertation from start to finish can be found in their Education section under " Dissertations and Research " (link provided).    

Submitting: The proposal is typically submitted to the student's advisor(s); following their approval it is submitted to  department/governing committee for approval. The final "paper(s)" or dissertation is also submitted for final acceptance.

Defense: Dissertations are defended by the PhD candidate in a formal setting. Scholars in the field test the ability of the student to orally explain and defend their research findings. There are usually university-specific "norms" regarding the event and knowing what they are should be of utmost importance.

Funding : The time and research materials for the dissertation can run into the thousands of dollars. There are many ways to receive financial assistance; the APA is a good place to start. Their " Student Funding " page is helpful for finding grants, scholarships and the like. (link provided) They also have many advisory articles which offer real life examples of how others have managed the costs involved.

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Psychology Doctorates: The PhD

A psychology PhD is a ‘doctor of philosophy’ with a major in psychology. It is one of two doctoral degrees that is commonly granted in psychology. It typically represents five to seven years of graduate study.

There are multiple types of PhD programs. A person who plans to provide mental health services and evaluations will apply to a clinical, counseling, or school psychology program. There are multiple concentrations and subspecialties within these disciplines.

Walden University offers a Bachelor's, Master's and Doctoral programs in Psychology and Counseling .

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PhD students typically give consideration to the research interests of faculty members of the psychology programs they are considering. After all, these will be their mentors. The PhD is known as a scientist-practitioner degree. It will simultaneously prepare an individual for a career in clinical practice or a career in research and academia. It covers most of the same material as the PsyD, but there is relatively more attention given to research.

PhD Academic Coursework

The doctoral student typically takes seminars and courses in the early part of the program. Many states require that a psychologist has at least 60 semester hours of graduate coursework in psychology. Coursework covers the various bases of human behavior as well as the methodologies of the discipline.

Internship Requirement

Students in the health-related disciplines do a full year of internship. Some students spend two years in half-time internship positions. Although internship may be a graduation requirement, it is generally not done for academic credit in the form of semester or quarter hours.

Doctoral students generally go through a formal matching process through the American Psychological Association (APA) and/ or the Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC). Nationwide, not all students match the first time around. Having a stellar record – including practicum work in the desired sub-specialty — can help. PhD students have a better match rate than PsyD students, but the difference is slight.

A student in experimental psychology may not have a formal internship.

Research Requirement for PhD’s

Another major component of the doctoral program is research. PhD students often do both a master’s level research project and a dissertation. The dissertation may reflect several years of work.

Difference between the PhD and PsyD

One key difference between the PhD and the PsyD is that the PhD is heavier on research. It typically takes a little longer than a PsyD: about one year. The research can pay – in a literal sense. Long Island University notes that PhD students are working for the university. PhD students often receive generous stipends from their school. They are less likely than PsyD students to graduate with debt. Once they have that degree in hand, they often have an easier time securing tenure-track faculty positions – if that is indeed the goal.

On the other hand, the PhD isn’t always the degree of choice for the clinical practitioner. PhD students sometimes begin clinical work later than PsyD students ( http://web.indstate.edu/psychology/psyd_program/faq.htm ).

Programs often do not include as much training in psychological assessment. It’s important to remember, though, that the actual requirements vary by program – as do program reputation and outcomes. The American Psychological Association notes that the lines between PhD and PsyD are not as distinct as they used to be.

Getting Into a Psychology Doctorate Program

If a person has their eyes set on a PhD in psychology, it’s best to get some research experience as an undergraduate. PhD programs are more likely to place weight on publishing and presentations and may not place quite the same value on clinically related work experience, according to Long Island University.

Doctoral programs in psychology are highly competitive, and as a rule, the PhD is a little more so than the PsyD. Furthermore, City University of New York notes that PhD programs typically expects students to be full-time which is an impossible commitment for some students.

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Different Types of Psychology Degrees & Programs

The growing field of psychology remains a very popular degree option at all levels of the educational landscape, from bachelor’s degrees through doctorates. In fact, psychology degrees accounted for more than 6% of all bachelor’s degrees, making psychology one of the most popular majors for all undergrads.

Which psychology degree is right for each learner depends on what job they want to have and what areas of psychology interest them most. For instance, if you want to work directly with patients, you’ll generally need to earn a doctorate of psychology , but if you’d rather use your psychology background to work in fields other than direct therapy, a bachelor’s degree in general psychology could be perfect.

Here’s a look at what you need to know when deciding which type of psychology degree is right for you.

What’s On This Page

Psychology degree levels.

• Psychology Concentrations
• Licensing & Certification

Psychology degrees are available at all levels of the higher education ladder, though the ideal degree may depend largely on which eventual career or job title you’re seeking. Here’s a look at the main educational levels that are possible within psychology:

• Associate degree: Most often a two-year degree, an associate degree in psychology can provide a good first step for students who aren’t entirely sure what exactly they want to do within psychology or for people who already have obtained a bachelor’s degree in another field and are hoping to make the transition. For some people, an associate degree in psychology may qualify them for their ideal job, such as some law enforcement jobs and assistant-level functions in the mental health or social workspace.
• Bachelor’s degree: For most jobs in psychology, a minimum of a bachelor’s degree is required, and the undergraduate level is ideal for helping students identify an area of focus within psychology, such as substance abuse, family therapy or other areas. While most learners who want to provide counseling or therapy services will continue on to earn either a master’s or doctorate, many more jobs will become available with a bachelor’s degree in psychology, such as career counseling or case management.
• Master’s degree: Successful completion of a master’s degree in psychology will open up many popular psychology career options within the field, as it provides the foundation of the necessary licensure to become a school counselor as well as a mental health counselor. Program specifics vary widely at this level, and most students will need to closely examine both course options and internship requirements to determine the ideal program.
• Doctorate: At the highest levels of psychology are a pair of similar but specific degree options, a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and a Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) see also PsyD vs PhD degree differences . While both are considered doctoral degrees and can provide the foundation for licensure as a clinical psychologist, a Ph.D. program will have a more aggressive focus on research and academia, while a PsyD is more often focused on the hands-on practice of psychology. For this reason, in general, individuals who are certain they do not wish to teach psychology at the college level or higher and who only want to work with patients or clients may be better suited to a PsyD. A Ph.D. will usually be required to teach at post-secondary levels.
• M.D.: One important distinction to make is between psychiatry and psychology. Psychiatrists are medical doctors who specialize in the assessment and treatment of mental health disorders. While their day-to-day work may seem similar, individuals who want to be able to prescribe medication may want to consider medical school, as only five states currently grant psychologists prescribing authority — Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, New Mexico and Louisiana.

Psychology Specializations

For most students, the deeper they get into their educational journey, the more they’ll find one area or another to be most compelling. Here is a look at some of the potential degree concentrations students could consider as they progress up the higher education ladder:

• Developmental: Studying the unique stages of development that take place throughout life, and learners can focus on all the stages or just one, such as child psychology or teen therapy.
• Behavioral: Identifying patterns of behavior and modifying behaviors that may be problematic.
• Counseling: Helping people improve their emotional and psychological well-being.
• Engineering: Studying human behavior as it relates to the design and function of products, systems, and technology:
• Health: Assisting individuals as they interact with the healthcare system and/or go through long-term chronic disease care.
• Industrial/Organizational: Applying principles of psychology to large-scale systems, such as workplaces.
• Neuropsychology: Studying the connection between the physical state of the brain and resulting behavior.
• Social: Studying the way people interact with each other and often helping clients to improve their interpersonal relationships.
• Forensic: Assessing the mental health fitness of defendants, helping investigators develop criminal profiles and providing other psychological assessments to support the criminal justice system.
• Clinical: Assessing and treating mental, behavioral and emotional disorders.
• Cognitive-Perceptual: Studying perception, memory and thinking.
• Sports: Studying the behavioral benefits of physical activity and often helping athletes develop methods of coping with competitive stress.
• Experimental: Researching the nature of the brain and how it impacts human behavior and conducting experiments into mitigating or taking advantage of that connection.
• Quantitative: Studying and applying the principles of scientific measurement of various psychological attributes.
• Abnormal: Studying, assessing and treating acute mental health and behavioral disorders
• Educational: Researching the impact of education on human mental development and vice-versa.
• Gerontological: Studying the unique effects of aging on mental health and working with individual clients to improve their mental well-being into old age.

Psychology Licensing & Certification

The process for becoming certified or licensed for particular jobs will depend on the state where you intend to work as well as the occupation you’re seeking, but there a few jobs in psychology that generally require some additional steps beyond your degree:

• Clinical psychologist: In most states, it’s a legal requirement for anybody who wishes to practice using “ clinical psychologist ” in their job title to first earn state licensure. Specific requirements vary by state, but generally, that means a doctorate, an internship, a one- to a two-year period of supervised professional experience and potential passage of board certification exams.
• Mental health/substance abuse counselor: All states require substance abuse, behavioral disorder and mental health counselors in private practice to be licensed by the state, and this generally includes a master’s degree, between 2,000 and 4,000 hours of supervised experience and passage of a state exam. Some counselors outside of private practice can bypass some of these requirements, but those rules vary by state.
• School counselors: Counselors working in public schools must first obtain a state license to work in a school, which typically requires a master’s degree in school counseling , an internship, and completion of a certification test. Additionally, some states require counselors to have a teaching license as well as a background check.
• Marriage and family therapist: Every state requires a master’s degree, up to 4,000 hours of supervised experience and completion of a certification exam to legally practice as a marriage and family therapist .

The field of psychology is expanding all the time, and today’s psychology students study areas that weren’t even possibilities 20 years ago thanks to technological and scientific advances. With such exciting developments, psychology degrees are possible in almost every conceivable area.

Additional References

• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Psychologists. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/psychologists.htm
• National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics: 2017. Bachelor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by field of study: Selected years, 1970-71 through 2015-16. (2018.) Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_322.10.asp

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Which psychology field is right for me?

May 15, 2024

Reading time: 4 minutes

Are you interested in using theory, analysis and evidence-based approaches to understand how people think, learn, develop and behave and to help them thrive? If you want to explore new ways to make a difference, the options for discovering your professional path in psychology may seem endless – and you may have found that you need advanced knowledge and skills to take the next step.

What skills can I develop with a psychology degree?

The specific skills that can be useful in the field of psychology will vary depending on the area of study you pursue and your degree level. Some of the broad skills that are important to develop include:

• Communication: Strong communication skills are an asset for helping individuals, groups or organizations, conveying research findings or working with colleagues.
• Ethical awareness: You may be required to handle sensitive information, which means respecting confidentiality.
• Analysis and critical thinking: When you conduct research or work with your stakeholders, you should be able to interpret data and understand how to apply what you know to different situations.
• Patience: Making progress toward specific goals takes time, whether it’s discussing solutions with a patient or conducting research on a study.
• Empathy and active listening: Understanding and recognizing the feelings of others starts with giving your full attention and knowing how to recognize verbal and nonverbal cues.
• Inclusivity: Recognizing the diverse perspectives of people and their communities and examining your own biases can help you adapt your approach to different needs.

Which area of psychology is right for me?

As you explore areas of psychology, these questions may help you figure out your interests:

• Who do you want to help?
• Are you more interested in clinical or applied areas of psychology?
• What issues do you want to focus on?

Your answers to these questions can help you find paths to explore, including degree options that could help you pursue your professional goals. You will need to conduct your own research to understand what opportunities may be available to you. Note that some professional paths may require you to have previous experience, licensure,* certifications or other designations along with a degree.

While Capella cannot guarantee that a graduate will secure any specific career outcome – such as a job title, promotion, salary increase or other career outcome – we encourage you to research requirements for your job target and career goals.

*It is important to understand all educational and individual requirements for licensing. Capella University cannot guarantee licensure, certification or endorsement. State regulations vary regarding professional licensure. It is your responsibility to understand and comply with requirements for your state.

What can you do with a psychology degree?

Based on where your interests lie, explore some fields of psychology and degree options offered by Capella.

Clinical psychology:  Study human behavior and help people build wellness and emotional resilience.

• BS in Psychology Pre-Counseling & Therapy
• MS in Clinical Psychology
• PsyD in Clinical Psychology

Behavioral health:  Treat populations in distress to improve emotional, social and mental health.

• BS in Psychology, Applied Behavior Analysis
• MS in Applied Behavioral Analysis
• PhD in Behavior Analysis

Developmental psychology:  Promote positive development, social growth and emotional changes throughout all stages of life.

• MS in Psychology, Child & Adolescent Development
• PhD in Psychology, Developmental Psychology

Educational psychology: Study how people learn and retain knowledge.

• MS in Psychology, Educational Psychology
• PhD in Psychology, Educational Psychology

School psychology:  Apply principles of educational and developmental psychology to meet behavior and educational needs in a learning environment.

• MS in School Psychology
• EdS in School Psychology
• PsyD in School Psychology

Industrial/organizational psychology:  Support leaders and organizations through an understanding of human behavior to help create efficiencies and advance team performance.

• MS in Psychology, Industrial/Organizational Psychology
• PhD in Psychology, Industrial/Organizational Psychology  

Learn more about Capella’s  bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral psychology programs and graduate certificates.

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Start learning today.

Get started on your journey now by connecting with an enrollment counselor. See how Capella may be a good fit for you, and start the application process.

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Rachel Saunders

Pre-licensed professional , bs, my practice at a glance.

Plasencia and Associates

10406 Taft Street

Pembroke Pines, FL 33026

• Individual Sessions $1
• Couple Sessions $1

Qualifications

• Verified by Psychology Today Supervised by Maria Moncayo (Florida / MH10414) Rachel Saunders
• Attended University of North Florida , Bachelors of Science in Psychology , Graduated 2022

Specialties and Expertise

• Behavioral Issues
• Coping Skills
• Obsessive-Compulsive (OCD)

Endorsement

Client Focus

Participants, treatment approach, types of therapy.

• Cognitive Behavioral (CBT)
• Person-Centered

Primary Location

Nearby areas.

• Pembroke Pines, FL

Secondary Menu

Clinical research assistant position @ bradley hospital, east providence ri.

Job Descriptions:

Work with the Principal Investigator and collaborators to advance our understanding of the brain and behavior mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders. In particular there is a focus on autism spectrum disorder mood disorders and sleep difficulties. Under the general supervision of the Principal Investigator assist in the acquisition and analysis of participant information including assessments and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning. Interview participants to gather information. Prepare and maintain study records. Enter data and participate in qualitative/quantitative scoring and analysis of data. Opportunities to prepare and participate in presentations and posters may be available. Assist with coordination of research activities. This research experience would be helpful for candidates interested in applying for graduate and/or medical school in the future.

Responsibilities:

• Complete research assessments with children and families.
• Assist in identification and follow-up of participants meeting criteria for inclusion in clinical research studies. Ensure protocol eligibility requirements are met.
• Establish and/or maintain study record for each participant. Interview participant and/or family to explain nature of study; conduct telephone interviews. Elicit cooperation and gather information to complete study. Facilitate obtaining signed consent forms. Schedule participant interview to complete documentation. According to established protocol administer standardized and non-standardized research observations and assessments such as intelligence tests. Assist with Institutional Review Board (IRB) applications.
• Review medical records to abstract information per study protocols.
• Monitor adherence to protocol. Follow-up with participant to correct or complete documentation.
• Work within the team to gather MRI neuroimaging data.
• Process data by using Microsoft Excel SPSS and MRI image analysis software. Prepare data for presentation.
• May assist in planning research protocols. May assist in manuscript preparation.
• In collaboration with the Data Specialist and/or Principal Investigator collect and organize participant data into an appropriate format to facilitate data entry and analysis. Enter study information into database.
• May coordinate activities and participate in the training of volunteers or others assigned to research projects to interview participants to complete forms or to perform data abstraction or data entry duties.
• Review literature pertaining to research being conducted in order to better understand project and to gather relevant information.

Requirements:

• Bachelors Degree in Psychology Neuroscience Biological or Behavioral Sciences or related area including courses in research methodologies and statistics.
• Excellent computer and communication (verbal and written) skills.
• Strong organizational & interpersonal skills.
• The ability to work well with children adolescents and parents.
• Availability to regularly work some evenings and Saturdays is required.
• Prior research experience in human subjects (including with children and/or adolescents with neurodevelopmental and/or mental health conditions) psychology neuroscience neuroimaging or a data-driven behavioral science is strongly preferred.
• Minimum of six months of undergraduate or post-graduate research experience. Prior neuroimaging experience is a plus but not required.

Click here for more information and to apply

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