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EN-111: College Writing and Critical Analysis: Narrative Essays

• About EN-111: Types of Essays
• Building Your 5-Paragraph Essay
• Narrative Essays
• Process Essays
• Compare & Contrast Essays
• How to Use the Databases

What is a Narrative Essay?

• Purdue OWL Narrative Essay Handout From the Purdue OWL, here are some guidelines for writing a narrative essay.

More Resources on Narrative Writing

Narration - the Purpose and Structure of Narrative Writing   ( Chapter 10 of  Writing for Success )

The Narrative Essay  ( Chapter 15 of  Writing for Success)

DOWNLOADABLE TEMPLATE: APA Narrative Essay Template

• 5 Paragraph NARRATIVE ESSAY TEMPLATE (Click here to download) To use this template, open it in MS Word or Google Docs, and simply begin typing. Replace the paragraphs below with your own writing, and don’t forget to delete unneeded elements.
• 5-Paragraph NARRATIVE ESSAY TEMPLATE
• PRESENTATION: Writing a Narrative Essay

SAMPLE Narrative Essay

• SAMPLE Student Narrative Essay This sample essay by Monroe College student Shanae Stephenson is reproduced here with her kind permission.
• << Previous: Building Your 5-Paragraph Essay
• Next: Process Essays >>
• Last Updated: May 1, 2024 9:24 AM
• URL: https://monroecollege.libguides.com/EN-111
• Research Guides |
• Databases |

Argument and Persuasion: Structuring and Writing an Argument Essay

• Find Articles
• Structuring and Writing an Argument Essay

Page Overview

This page deals with the process of writing the argument: planning, structuring, strategies, writing, revision.

Pre-Writing Considerations

There are things that should be given some attention before you begin writing your argument.  Thoughtful planning in the pre-writing stage increases the chances of your argument successfully convincing your audience.  A well-executed piece of writing should be unified, coherent, and complete.

unified = the paper presents only a single idea or, if more than one idea, one point is made the principal one and the others are subordinated to it 

coherent = the discussion flows smoothly and logically and is easy for the reader to follow; trying to make sense of the writing does not become an ordeal

complete = everything that should be said, has been said; no questions are left in the mind of the reader

Achieving a coherent, complete, unified piece of Argumentative Writing 

1.  Clearly state the argument/proposition of your essay.

2.  Analyze the proposition.  First, jot down points of conflict between your view and the opposing view.  Second, think over your jottings and try to decide which points are the issues on which your argument should hinge.  Third, arrange your jottings in order to give unity and coherence to your essay.

3.  Write a paragraph (or more if necessary) on each point of conflict.  (This step will have some variation, depending on whether you are using the block or point pattern of organization.)

4.  Analyze and evaluate what you have written to see whether (a) the evidence seems reliable and (b) the reasoning free of fallacies.

5.  Establish effective transitions between the discussions of the various points ( coherence ), keeping in mind that your objective is to connect each point to the main contention of your theme, the main proposition.

6.  Think of your introduction.  What makes the topic worth arguing about now (purpose)?  (NOTE:  Your topic should be broad enough to interest a large number of people, yet narrow enough that you can focus and manage the discussion.)  What kind of people are you writing for (audience)?  Can you depend on an interested and sympathetic hearing, or must you strive to gain attention and win people over?  If you have to gain attention, how will you go about it?  After you have thought about these things and written a first draft of your introduction, do you think it necessary to go back and revise the discussion in the body of your essay to make it better adapted to your audience?

7.  Treat your conclusion as the last impression you will leave on your readers.  Do you return here to your key point (your thesis), showing how your whole argument essay bears on and supports it?  Do you leave your readers with a positive impression of your effort, even if you cannot be sure of having totally convinced them by reason? 

Outlines for an Argument Essay

Pattern Outlines for an Argument Essay

(Based on https://apps.spokane.edu/.../Summary%20Response%20Essay%20Assignment.pdf

     In the context of argument, "pro" means agree/support, and "con" means disagree/oppose.   Whether you structure your argument to follow the block style or point-by-point pattern, the three principal components of presentation, support, and refutation must be included.  A point-by-point structure probably will be easier to follow, as the block style creates some separation between the "pro" and "con" sides of an argument which may require readers to do some up-and-down "scrolling" of the text.

Breaking it Down in Detail

• Argument Deconstructed Source: Mesa Community College. Provides multiple links to cover argument in-depth and from many aspects. Includes argument essay charts, outlines, and worksheets.

Defining Arguments:  defines what argument is and is not while providing some insights on laying the groundwork before the writing begins

How To Create an Argument:  covers the stages of pre-writng, writing, and revising an argument

Argument at a Glance: P.A.P.A.: a blank page with no content

Argument Claims:  discusses types of claims and perspectives from which to launch your argument; includes links to sample readings

Argument Outline:  provides outlines for various argument structures and types and also contains worksheets for preparing an argument

Rogerian Argument:  explains an alternative approach to the "traditional" argumentative style

Ethos, Logos, and Pathos:  offers tips on how to interact with the audience in an argumentative context

Fallacies:   a glossary of things to avoid

Sample Essays:  a selection of seven argumentative essays written by students

Argument on the Web

The Purdue OWL:   The OWL is the Online Writing Laboratory maintained by Purdue University.  It is a comprehensive, encyclopedic online reference source for nearly all aspects of research and writing, from topic selection to citation styles and source evaluation.  Every serious researcher should bookmark the OWL. 

For information regarding writing argumentative papers, either type "Purdue OWL"   argument  into an internet search box.  The first page of results provides links to more specific aspects of writing argument.  Or, you can type the word argument into the "Search the OWL" box (https://owl.purdue.edu/search.html).   Once you have landed on any OWL screen, it is good to scan the left pane for other pages which you may find useful.  

CAVEAT:  Purdue OWL has merged with Chegg, a for-profit company who has created a citation machine service for citation management.  This partnership has resulted in pop-up advertisements appearing on OWL screens as well as permitting Chegg influence on OWL's citation help pages.  Those using the OWL may wish to keep these things in mind.

Useful options besides the Purdue OWL are 

• Excelsior College Online Writing Lab  ( https://owl.excelsior.edu/ )
• Massey University OWLL ( http://owll.massey.ac.nz/index.php )

To locate information on the internet on argument, in the search box type argument along with a modifying term such as writing or structure.

To locate additional LibGuides on argument on the internet, in the search box type argument libguide.

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• Last Updated: Apr 19, 2024 7:27 AM
• URL: https://libguides.jsu.edu/argument

Undergraduate Admissions

Application Essays

Below are essay prompts for the 2024-2025 Common Application. First-time college students (future freshmen) will use the Common Application to  apply to Purdue .  

When applying to Purdue you should use the Common Application.

The essay demonstrates your ability to write clearly and concisely on a selected topic and helps you distinguish yourself in your own voice. What do you want the readers of your application to know about you apart from courses, grades, and test scores? Purdue's own  Online Writing Lab  offers advice on  writing essays for college applications .

The Common Application Freshman Essay Prompts 

Required minimum-maximum word count: 250-650

Some students have a background, identity, interest, or talent that is so meaningful they believe their application would be incomplete without it. If this sounds like you, then please share your story.

The lessons we take from obstacles we encounter can be fundamental to later success. Recount a time when you faced a challenge, setback, or failure. How did it affect you, and what did you learn from the experience?

Reflect on a time when you questioned or challenged a belief or idea. What prompted your thinking? What was the outcome?

Reflect on something that someone has done for you that has made you happy or thankful in a surprising way. How has this gratitude affected or motivated you?

Discuss an accomplishment, event, or realization that sparked a period of personal growth and a new understanding of yourself or others.

Describe a topic, idea, or concept you find so engaging that it makes you lose all track of time. Why does it captivate you? What or who do you turn to when you want to learn more?

Share an essay on any topic of your choice. It can be one you've already written, one that responds to a different prompt, or one of your own design. 

Purdue Questions 

Respond in 250 words or fewer.

• How will opportunities at Purdue support your interests, both in and out of the classroom?
• Briefly discuss your reasons for pursuing the major you have selected.

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Genres/Types of Documents

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Each "genre" (type of document) involves specific features that set it apart from other genres. Therefore, writers must understand the format and writing style expected of them. These resources provide basic information for students to understand an instructor's writing assignment and the features of some types of documents students may be asked to write.

(A-Z Index)

Annotated bibliography, argument/persuasive essay, book review, business article analysis, business case analysis, cause and effect essay, classification and division essay, commentary/op-ed, compare and contrast essay, cover letter, curriculum vitae/cv, definition essay, descriptive essay, dissertation/thesis, ethnography, explication, expository essay, film/movie review, historical document analysis, historical research paper, illustration essay, infographic, laboratory report, literature review, narrative essay, personal essay, personal letter, personal response, personal statement/application essay, photo essay, powerpoint slides, presentation, process essay, reflective writing, research report, rhetorical analysis, scientific report, social media, technical report, video essay, visual analysis, white paper, writer's notebook.

• Abstracts (NDSU Center for Writers)
• Abstracts (UNC Chapel Hill Writing Center)
• Abstracts: Samples (NDSU Center for Writers)
• Sample Abstracts (University of Montana Undergraduate Research and Creative Scholarship)
• Writing Abstracts (University of Indiana, Bloomington Writing Tutorial Services)
• Writing Report Abstracts (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Writing Scientific Abstracts (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Annotated Bibliographies (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Annotated Bibliographies (UNC Chapel Hill Writing Center)
• Annotated Bibliography (University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center)
• Annotated Bibliography Samples (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• How to Prepare an Annotated Bibliography (Cornell University Library)
• Sample Annotated Bibliography (Pennsylvania State University E-Education Institute Style Guide for Students)
• Tips on Writing an Annotated Bibliography (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Argument (UNC Chapel Hill Writing Center)
• Argumentative Essays (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Persuasive Essays (Hamilton College Writing Center)
• Graduate Record Exam (GRE) Analytical Writing   (Educational Testing Service)
• See It Across the Disciplines--Argumentative Essay (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• See It in Practice--Argumentative Essay (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• What Does It Look Like?--Argumentative Essay (Video) (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Blog Considerations (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Blogs (UNC Chapel Hill Writing Center)
• Effective Academic Blogging (University of Richmond Writing Center)
• How to Write an Effective Blog Post (Syracuse University School of Information Studies)
• Sample Blog Entries (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Writing a Book Review in History   (City University of New York)
• Book Reviews (UNC Chapel Hill Writing Center)
• Reading for a Book Review (University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center)
• Writing a Book Review (Hamilton College Writing Center)
• Writing a Book Review (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Writing Book Reviews (Indiana University, Bloomington Writing Tutorial Services)
• The Article Analysis (Grand Valley State University Center for Writing)
• The Case Analysis (Grand Valley State University Center for Writing)
• Case Studies (Cengage Learning)
• Case Study Report (University of Guelph Writing Services)
• How Do I Write a Business Case Study Analysis? (Webster University Library)
• Cause and Effect Essay (Austin Peay State University Writing Center)
• See It Across the Disciplines--Cause and Effect Essay (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• See It in Practice--Cause and Effect Essay (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• What Does It Look Like?--Cause and Effect Essay (Video) (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Division and Classification Essays (Austin Peay State University Writing Center)
• See It Across the Disciplines--Classification and Division Essay (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• See It in Practice--Classification and Division Essay (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• What Does It Look Like?--Classification and Division Essay (Video) (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• How to Write an Op-Ed Article (Duke University Office of News & Communications)
• How to Write an Op-Ed or Column (Harvard Kennedy School of Government)
• Tips for Op-Ed Writing (The OpEd Project)
• Writing and Submitting an Opinion Piece: A Guide (Columbia University Earth Institute)
• Compare/Contrast Essay (Austin Peay State University Writing Center)
• Comparing and Contrasting (UNC Chapel Hill Writing Center)
• How to Write a Comparative Analysis (University of Minnesota)
• Organizational Patterns for the Comparison/Contrast Essay (San Jose State University Writing Center)
• See It Across the Disciplines--Compare and Contrast Essay (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• See It in Practice--Compare and Contrast Essay (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• What Does It Look Like?--Compare and Contrast Essay (Video) (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Cover Letter  (NDSU Career Center)
• Cover Letters (Texas A&M University Writing Center)
• Cover Letters: Types and Samples (Virginia Tech Career Services)
• Job Search Letters (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Resumes, Cover Letters, Interviews: Guidelines, Tips and Examples (NDSU Career Center)
• Writing Cover Letters (University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center)
• Essay Critique Guidelines (Goshen College English Department)
• Writing Critiques (UNC Chapel Hill Writing Center)
• Curriculum Vita Guidelines and Tips (NDSU Career Center)
• Curricula Vitae (CVs) versus Resumes (UNC Chapel Hill Writing Center)
• How to Write a Curriculum Vitae (Pomona College Career Development Office)
• Writing the Curriculum Vitae (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Writing Your Curriculum Vitae (Dartmouth College Graduate Studies)
• Definition Essay (Austin Peay State University Writing Center)
• Definition Essays (Reed College Online Writing Lab)
• See It Across the Disciplines--Definition Essay (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• See It in Practice--Definition Essay (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• What Does It Look Like?--Definition Essay (Video) (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• The Descriptive Essay (Austin Peay State University Writing Center)
• Descriptive Essays (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Rhetorical Strategies: Description (Hunter College Reading/Writing Center)
• See It Across the Disciplines--Descriptive Essay (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• See It in Practice--Descriptive Essay (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• What Does It Look Like?--Descriptive Essay (Video) (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Demystifying the Dissertation Proposal (Chronicle of Higher Education)
• Dissertations (UNC Chapel Hill Writing Center)
• Dissertations, Theses, and Papers at NDSU (NDSU Graduate School)
• Business Email (Colorado State University Writing Studio)
• Effective E-mail Communication (UNC Chapel Hill Writing Center)
• Email (Virginia Tech Career Services)
• Email Etiquette (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Emails (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• How to E-mail Your Professor (Wellesley College Project on Social Computing)
• Re: Your Recent Email to Your Professor (Inside Higher Ed)
• Essay Exams (UNC Chapel Hill Writing Center)
• How to Take an Essay Test Part 1 (Old Dominion University Writing Center)
• How to Take an Essay Test Part 2 (Old Dominion University Writing Center)
• Taking an Essay Exam (Indiana University-Bloomington Writing Tutorial Services)
• Tips for Taking High-Stakes Essay Tests  (NDSU Center for Writers)
• Writing Essays for Exams (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Writing Tips: In-class Essay Exams (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Writers Workshop)
• Ethnography, Observational Research, and Narrative Inquiry (Colorado State University Writing Studio)
• Tips for Writing Thick Descriptions for Ethnographies and Case Studies (Vanderbilt University Writing Studio)
• Glossary of Poetic Terms (Poetry Foundation)
• Poetry Explication (Duke University Writing Studio)
• Poetry Explications (UNC Chapel Hill Writing Center)
• Expository Essay (Nova Southeastern University Tutoring and Testing Center)
• Expository Essays (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• How to Write a Book Review, Film Review, or Other Critique (Western Carolina University Writing and Learning Commons)
• How to Write About Film (University of Colorado-Denver Writing Center)
• Film Review (Duke University Writing Studio)
• Analyzing a Historical Document (Hamilton College Writing Center)
• History: The Document-Based Essay (Grand Valley State University Center for Writing)
• History: Sample Document-Based Paper (Grand Valley State University Center for Writing)
• How to Analyze a Primary Source (Carleton College History Department)
• History (UNC Chapel Hill Writing Center)
• History: The Research Paper (Grand Valley State University Center for Writing)
• History: Sample Research Paper (Grand Valley State University Center for Writing)
• How to Write a History Research Paper (Carleton College History Department)
• Writing a History Paper: The Basics (College of William and Mary History Writing Resource Center)
• See It Across the Disciplines--Illustration Essay (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• See It in Practice--Illustration Essay (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• What Does It Look Like?--Illustration Essay (Video) (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• The Beauty of Data Visualization (David McCandless--TED Talk)
• Making an Infographic of Your Own (Bellevue University Library)
• Journal Writing: Bungee Jumping for the Brain (Hamilton College Writing Center)
• Online Journals (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Maintaining a Personal Journal (Empire State College Online Writing Center)
• Tips for Writing Reading-Journals/Reflections (University of Vermont Writing Center)
• Improving Your Lab Report (North Carolina State University LabWrite)
• Lab Report (University of Waterloo Writing Centre)
• Lab Reports (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Center for Global Communication and Design)
• Laboratory Report Instructions (Reed College Online Writing Lab)
• Sample Lab Assignment (University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center)
• Tips From Tutors: Lab Reports (University of Vermont Writing Center)
• 8 Tips for Writing A Listicle That Will Get Published (Bustle)
• The Listicle as Literary Form (The University of Chicago Magazine)
• Rethinking the Listicle. What can it do for "serious" news? (Northwestern University Knight Lab)
• Learn How to Write a Review of Literature (University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center)
• Literature Review: Conducting and Writing (University of West Florida Libraries)
• Literature Reviews (NDSU Center for Writers)
• Literature Reviews (UNC Chapel Hill Writing Center)
• Literature Reviews: An Overview (Video) (North Carolina State University Libraries)
• Write a Literature Review (University of California Santa Cruz University Library)
• How to Write a Manifesto (University College London Union)
• Manifestos (NDSU Center for Writers)
• Manifestos: A Manifesto (The Atlantic)
• Business Memos (Colorado State University Writing Studio)
• Memos (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Memos (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Center for Global Communication and Design)
• Memos (Texas A&M University Writing Center)
• Writing Effective Memos (University of Maryland University College Effective Writing Center)
• The Memoir (University of Central Florida University Writing Center)
• Memoir: Tips for Writing about Your Life (University of Vermont Writing Center)
• Peer Editing Worksheet for Memoirs (National Council of Teachers of English)
• The Personal Memoir (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Self-Revision Worksheet for Memoirs (National Council of Teachers of English)
• Narrative Essays (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• See It Across the Disciplines--Narrative Essay (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• See It in Practice--Narrative Essay (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• What Does It Look Like?--Narrative Essay (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• How to Write a Personal Essay (Publishers Weekly)
• The Personal Essay: A Few Pointers (University of Vermont Writing Center)
• Personal Narrative Essays (San Jose State University Writing Center)
• Tips for Writing a Personal Essay (Poynter)
• Letter (BBC Bitesize)
• Letters (Gallaudet University Tutorial and Instructional Programs)
• Perfect Thank You Notes: Heartfelt and Handwritten (National Public Radio)
• Personal Letters (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Reviews and Reaction Papers (University of Maryland University College Effective Writing Center)
• Response Paper (Duke University Writing Studio)
• Types of Responses (Colorado State University Writing Studio)
• Application Essays (NDSU Center for Writers)
• Leave Dr. Seuss Out of It (The Chronicle of Higher Education)
• Personal Statements (Video) (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Writing Personal Statements: A Handbook (Pennsylvania State University Dutton e-Education Institute)
• Writing the Personal Statement (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Writing Tips: Personal Statements (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Writers Workshop)
• "5 types of photos that make for strong photo essays, audio slideshows" (The Poynter Institute)
• "Look: Photo essays from around the world" (The New York Times Magazine)
• Photo Essays (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Articles for Students & Teachers (Poetry Foundation)
• Poetry Invention Exercises (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Poetry Writing: Invention (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Showcase Your Work in an Online Career Portfolio (DePaul University Career Center)
• What is a Portfolio? (Clarke University Career Services)

E-Portfolio

• Argumentative Portfolio Letters (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Digital Portfolio Examples (Louisiana State University Communication Across the Curriculum Program)
• E-Portfolios (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• "How to compile a professional portfolio 1: aims and intended learning outcomes" (Nursing Times)
• "The Nursing Professional Portfolio: Pathway to Career Development" (Journal for Nurses in Staff Development)
• "What goes into your professional portfolio & what you'll get out of it" (American Nurse Today)
• The Teaching Portfolio (Rutgers University Center for Teaching Advancement & Assessment Research)
• Teaching Portfolios (Vanderbilt University Center for Teaching)
• Using Portfolios in Writing-Enhanced or Writing Rich Courses (Stetson University Writing Program)
• Creating Scientific and Research Posters (Video) (Carnegie Mellon University Global Communication Center)
• Designing Research Posters (Carnegie Mellon University Global Communication Center)
• Guide to Creating Research Posters (University of Texas at Austin Office of Undergraduate Research)
• Poster Presentations (University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center)
• Research Posters (Texas A&M University Writing Center)
• What Makes a Good Research Poster? (Video) (Texas A&M University Writing Center)
• Designing an Effective PowerPoint: Quick Guide (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Designing an Effective PowerPoint Part 1: Before You Start (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Designing an Effective PowerPoint Part 2: Design Principles (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Designing an Effective PowerPoint Part 3: Practical Guides (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Presentation Slides (Texas A&M University Writing Center)
• Conference Papers (UNC Chapel Hill Writing Center)
• Delivering a Presentation (Texas A&M University Writing Center)
• How to Convert your Paper into a Presentation (Duke University Writing Studio)
• Organizing a Presentation (Texas A&M University Writing Center)
• Speeches (UNC Chapel Hill Writing Center)
• Writing a Conference Paper (Maryland Center for Undergraduate Research)
• See It Across the Disciplines--Process Essay (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• See It in Practice--Process Essay (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• What Does It Look Like?--Process Essay (Video) (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Hearts and Guts: Writing the Personal Profile (The Poynter Institute)
• How to Write a Profile Feature Article (The New York Times Learning Network)
• Must-reads of 2012: profiles (Columbia Journalism Review)
• Profile (NDSU Center for Writers)
• Grant Proposals (UNC Chapel Hill Writing Center)
• Writing Academic Proposals: Conferences, Articles, and Books (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Critical Reflection (Texas A&M University Writing Center)
• Reflective Essays (DePaul University Center for Writing-based Learning)
• Reflection Papers (Cleveland State University Writing Center)
• Reflective Writing (Grand Valley State University Center for Writing)
• Reflective Writing (Wilfrid Laurier University Writing Centre)
• Sample Reflective Writing Pieces (Grand Valley State University Center for Writing)
• Handbook on Report Formats (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Structuring the Research Paper (University of Maryland Global Campus Writing Center)
• Writing a Research Paper (University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center)
• Apply (resumes, cover letters, grad school, CVs) (NDSU Career Center)
• 11 Things You Should Never Put on Your Resume (Business Insider)
• Resume and Cover Letter Development ( University of Arizona Office of University Communications)
• Introduction to and Expectations for Resumes (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• What Recruiters Look At During the 6 Seconds They Spend on Your Resume (Business Insider)
• Resume with Military Experience (Military One Source)
• Basic Questions for Rhetorical Analysis (Brigham Young University Silva Rhetoricae)
• Doing a Rhetorical Analysis of a Text (Colorado State University Writing Studio)
• Introduction to Rhetoric (Video) (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Rhetorical Analysis (Kennesaw State University Writing Center)
• Rhetorical Analysis (Texas A&M University Writing Center)
• Rhetorical Analysis Thesis Statements (Virginia Wesleyan College Learning Center)
• Sample Rhetorical Analysis (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Thinking Rhetorically (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Formatting Science Reports (University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center)
• The Scientific Manuscript (Grand Valley State University Center for Writing)
• Scientific Reports (UNC Chapel Hill Writing Center)
• Writing the Scientific Paper (Colorado State University Writing Studio)
• CDC'S Guide to Writing for Social Media (US Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
• Writing for Social Media: Tips, Best Practices, and More  (Concordia University, St. Paul)
• The Full Technical Report (Grand Valley State University Center for Writing)
• Reports, Proposals, and Technical Papers  (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Reporting Requirements for ABEN and ASM at Students NDSU (NDSU Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department)
• Writing a Project Report for CE 489 at NDSU (NDSU Center for Writers)
• Writing Engineering Reports (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• The Video Essay: Celebrating an Exciting New Literary Form (Northwestern University News)
• Video Essays (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Video Essay Suite: Introducing Six Video Essays (Blackbird: An Online Journal of Literature and the Arts)
• Analyzing Visual Images (Texas A&M University Writing Center)
• Formal Visual Analysis: The Elements & Principles of Composition (The Kennedy Center)
• Visual Analysis (Duke University Writing Studio)
• Visual Rhetoric: Analyzing Visual Documents (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Web Pages (Excelsior College Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Writing for the Web (US Department of Health and Human Services)
• Writing Student Papers for the Web (Prof. Ross Collins, NDSU Department of Communication)
• White Papers (Purdue University Online Writing Lab--OWL)
• Making and Using a Writer's Notebook (NDSU Center for Writers)

Writing a Persuasive Essay

Persuasive essays convince readers to accept a certain perspective. Writing a persuasive essay therefore entails making an argument that will appeal to readers, so they believe what you say has merit. This act of appealing to readers is the art of persuasion, also known as rhetoric. In classical rhetoric, persuasion involves appealing to readers using ethos, pathos, and logos.

In this tutorial, we refer to the sample persuasive draft and final paper written by fictional student Maggie Durham.

THE ART OF PERSUASION

Ethos refers to establishing yourself as a credible source of information. To convince an audience of anything, they must first trust you are being earnest and ethical. One strategy to do this is to write a balanced discussion with relevant and reliable research that supports your claims. Reliable research would include quoting or paraphrasing experts, first-hand witnesses, or authorities. Properly citing your sources, so your readers can also retrieve them, is another factor in establishing a reliable ethos. When writing for academic purposes, expressing your argument using unbiased language and a neutral tone will also indicate you are arguing fairly and with consideration of others having differing views.

When you appeal to your readers’ emotions, you are using pathos. This appeal is common in advertising that convinces consumers they lack something and buying a certain product or service will fulfill that lack. Emotional appeals are subtler in academic writing; they serve to engage a reader in the argument and inspire a change of heart or motivate readers toward a course of action. The examples you use, how you define terms, any comparisons you draw, as well as the language choices you use can draw readers in and impact their willingness to go along with your ideas.

Consider that one purpose of persuasion is to appeal to those who do not already agree with you, so it will be important to show that you understand other points of view. You will also want to avoid derogatory or insulting descriptions or remarks about the opposition. You wouldn’t want to offend the very readers you want to persuade.

Establishing an appeal of logos is to write a sound argument, one that readers can follow and understand. To do this, the facts and evidence you use should be relevant, representative, and reliable, and the writing as a whole should be well organized, developed, and edited.

STEPS FOR WRITING PERSUASIVELY

Step one: determine the topic.

The first step in writing a persuasive essay is to establish the topic. The best topic is one that interests you. You can generate ideas for a topic by prewriting, such as by brainstorming whatever comes to mind, recording in grocery-list fashion your thoughts, or freewriting in complete sentences what you know or think about topics of interest.

Whatever topic you choose, it needs to be:

• Interesting : The topic should appeal both to you and to your intended readers.
• Researchable : A body of knowledge should already exist on the topic.
• Nonfiction : The information about the topic should be factual, not based on personal opinions or conspiracy theories.
• Important : Your reader should think the topic is relevant to them or worthy of being explored and discussed.

Our sample student Maggie Durham has selected the topic of educational technology. We will use Maggie’s sample persuasive draft and final paper as we discuss the steps for writing a persuasive essay.

Step Two: Pose a Research Question

Once you have a topic, the next step is to develop a research question along with related questions that delve further into the first question. If you do not know what to ask, start with one of the question words: What? Who? Where? When? Why? and How? The research question helps you focus or narrow the scope of your topic by identifying a problem, controversy, or aspect of the topic that is worth exploration and discussion. Some general questions about a topic would be the following:

• Who is affected by this problem and how?
• Have previous efforts or polices been made to address this problem? – What are they?
• Why hasn’t this problem been solved already?

For Maggie’s topic of educational technology, potential issues or controversies range from data privacy to digital literacy to the impact of technology on learning, which is what Maggie is interested in. Maggie’s local school district has low literacy rates, so Maggie wants to know the following:

• Are there advantages and/or disadvantages of technology within primary and secondary education?
• Which types of technology are considered the best in terms of quality and endurance?
• What types of technology and/or programs do students like using and why?
• Do teachers know how to use certain technologies with curriculum design, instruction, and/or assessment?

Step Three: Draft a Thesis

A thesis is a claim that asserts your main argument about the topic. As you conduct your research and draft your paper, you may discover information that changes your mind about your thesis, so at this point in writing, the thesis is tentative. Still, it is an important step in narrowing your focus for research and writing.

The thesis should

1. be a complete sentence,

2. identify the topic, and

3. make a specific claim about that topic.

In a persuasive paper, the thesis is a claim that someone should believe or do something. For example, a persuasive thesis might assert that something is effective or ineffective. It might state that a policy should be changed or a plan should be implemented. Or a persuasive thesis might be a plea for people to change their minds about a particular issue.

Once you have figured out your research question, your thesis is simply the answer. Maggie’s thesis is “Schools should supply technology aids to all students to increase student learning and literacy rates.” Her next step is to find evidence to support her claim.

Step Four: Research

Once you have a topic, research question, and thesis, you are ready to conduct research. To find sources that would be appropriate for an academic persuasive essay, begin your search in the library. The Purdue Global Library has a number of tutorials on conducting research, choosing search teams, types of sources, and how to evaluate information to determine its reliability and usefulness. Remember that the research you use will not only provide content to prove your claim and develop your essay, but it will also help to establish your credibility as a reliable source (ethos), create a logical framework for your argument (logos), and appeal to your readers emotionally (pathos).

Step Five: Plan Your Argument; Make an Outline

Once you have located quality source information—facts, examples, definitions, knowledge, and other information that answers your research question(s), you’ll want to create an outline to organize it. The example outline below illustrates a logical organizational plan for writing a persuasive essay. The example outline begins with an introduction that presents the topic, explains the issue, and asserts the position (the thesis). The body then provides the reasoning for the position and addresses the opposing viewpoints that some readers may hold. In your paper, you could modify this organization and address the opposing viewpoints first and then give the reasoning for your viewpoints, or you can alternate and give one opposing viewpoint then counter that with your viewpoint and then give another opposing viewpoint and counter that with your viewpoint.

The outline below also considers the alternatives to the position—certainly, there are other ways to think about or address the issue or situation. Considering the alternatives can be done in conjunction with looking at the opposing viewpoints. You do not always have to disagree with other opinions, either. You can acknowledge that another solution could work or another belief is valid. However, at the end of the body section, you will want to stand by your original position and prove that in light of all the opposing viewpoints and other perspectives, your position has the most merit.

Sample Outline of a Persuasive Argument

• 1. Introduction: Tell them what you will tell them.
• a. Present an interesting fact or description to make the topic clear and capture the reader’s attention.
• b. Define and narrow the topic using facts or descriptions to illustrate what the situation or issue is (and that is it important).
• c. Assert the claim (thesis) that something should be believed or done about the issue. (Some writers also briefly state the reasons behind this claim in the thesis as Maggie does in her paper when she claims that schools should supply tablets to students to increase learning , engagement, and literacy rates ).
• 2. Body: Tell them.
• a. Defend the claim with logical reasons and practical examples based on research.
• b. Anticipate objections to the claim and refute or accommodate them with research.
• c. Consider alternate positions or solutions using examples from research.
• d. Present a final point based on research that supports your claim in light of the objections and alternatives considered.
• 3. Conclusion: Tell them what you told them.
• a. Recap the main points to reinforce the importance of the issue.
• b. Restate the thesis in new wording to reinforce your position.
• c. Make a final remark to leave a lasting impression, so the reader will want to continue this conversation and ideally adopt the belief or take the action you are advocating.

In Maggie’s draft, she introduced the topic with facts about school ratings in Texas and then narrowed the topic using the example of her local school district’s literacy rates. She then claimed the district should provide each student a tablet in order to increase learning (and thus, literacy rates).

Maggie defends her claim with a series of examples from research that proved how access to tablets, technology-integrated curriculums, and “flipped classrooms” have improved literacy rates in other districts. She anticipates objections to her proposal due to the high cost of technology and counter argues this with expert opinions and examples that show partnerships with businesses, personalized curriculums that technology makes possible, and teacher training can balance the costs. Maggie included an alternative solution of having students check out tablets from the library, but her research showed that this still left students needing Wi-Fi at home while her proposal would include a plan for students to access Wi-Fi.

Maggie concluded her argument by pointing out the cost of not helping the students in this way and restated her thesis reaffirming the benefits, and then left the reader with a memorable quote.

Click here to see Maggie’s draft with feedback from her instructor and a peer. Sample Persuasive Draft

Feedback, Revision, and Editing

After you write a draft of your persuasive essay, the next step is to have a peer, instructor, or tutor read it and provide feedback. Without reader feedback, you cannot fully know how your readers will react to your argument. Reader feedback is meant to be constructive. Use it to better understand your readers and craft your argument to more appropriately appeal to them.

Maggie received valuable feedback on her draft from her instructor and classmate. They pointed to where her thesis needed to be even more specific, to paragraphs where a different organization would make her argument more convincing, to parts of the paper that lacked examples, sentences that needed revision and editing for greater clarity, and APA formatting that needed to be edited.

Maggie also took a critical look at her paper and looked back at her writing process. One technique she found helpful was to read her paper aloud because it let her know where her wording and organization were not clear. She did this several times as she revised and again as she edited and refined her paper for sentence level clarity and concision.

In the end, Maggie produced a convincing persuasive essay and effective argument that would appeal to readers who are also interested in the way technology can impact and improve student learning, an important topic in 2014 when this paper was written and still relevant today.

Click here to see Maggie’s final draft after revising and editing. Sample Persuasive Revised

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Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quotiong from Purdue OWL

Citation styles - english predominately uses mla, annotated bibliography, common writing assignments from purdue writing lab, how to use refworks, unt writing lab, student publishing opportunities, office of disabilities access, what is thorough research, literature review and synthesizing sources.

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How to Write a Research Question

How to write an outline.

• Outlining Outlining is a tool we use in the writing process to help organize our ideas, visualize our paper’s potential structure, and to further flesh out and develop points. It allows the writer to understand how he or she will connect information to support the thesis statement and the claims of the paper. An outline provides the writer with a space to consider ideas easily without needing to write complete paragraphs or sentences.

Research Paper

Genre and the Research Paper by Purdue OWL

• Revising Why Revise? To make the draft more accessible to the reader. To sharpen and clarify the focus and argument. To improve and further develop ideas

Synthesizing Sources

• Synthesizing Sources from Purdue OWL When you look for areas where your sources agree or disagree and try to draw broader conclusions about your topic based on what your sources say, you are engaging in synthesis. Writing a research paper usually requires synthesizing the available sources in order to provide new insight or a different perspective into your particular topic (as opposed to simply restating what each individual source says about your research topic).

Close Reading and Critical Reading

• CRITICAL READING: WHAT IS CRITICAL READING, AND WHY DO I NEED TO DO IT? Critical reading means that a reader applies certain processes, models, questions, and theories that result in enhanced clarity and comprehension.
• Critical Reading You'll find many ways to read and understand a text, but keeping a journal as you read is one of the best ways of exploring a piece of writing. By integrating reading and writing, you can interact with the work more fully.
• Close Reading a Text and Avoiding Pitfalls Close reading a text. This covers prewriting, close reading, thesis development, drafting, and common pitfalls to avoid.
• Close Reading From Harvard College Writing Center
• Poetry: Close Reading By learning how to close read a poem you can significantly increase both your understanding and enjoyment of the poem. You may also increase your ability to write convincingly about the poem.
• Reading a Play These sections also discuss different approaches (literary theory/criticism) students may use to write about literature. These resources build on the Writing About Literature materials.
• Audience Analysis Overview In order to compose persuasive, user-centered communication, you should gather as much information as possible about the people reading your document. Your audience may consist of people who may have differing needs and expectations.

Developing a Thesis from a Story or Novel

Developing a Thesis from a Story or Novel

Understanding Rhetoric

• Understanding Rhetoric Understanding and being able to analyze rhetorical situations can help contribute to strong, audience-focused, and organized writing. The PowerPoint presentation in the Media box above is suitable for any classroom and any writing task. The resource below explains in more detail how to analyze rhetorical situations.

Rhetorical Analysis

• Organizing Your Analysis General tips for plotting out the overall form of your essay.
• Types of Outlines and Samples Types of Outlines from Purdue OWL
• Rhetorical Situations Understanding and being able to analyze rhetorical situations can help contribute to strong, audience-focused, and organized writing.
• Elements of Analysis How to write a rhetorical analysis essay of primarily visual texts with a focus on demonstrating the author’s understanding of the rhetorical situation and design principles.
• Analysis Analysis is a type of primary research that involves finding and interpreting patterns in data, classifying those patterns, and generalizing the results. It is useful when looking at actions, events, or occurrences in different texts, media, or publications.

Writing a Literature Review

• Writing a Literature Review A literature review is a document or section of a document that collects key sources on a topic and discusses those sources in conversation with each other (also called synthesis). The lit review is an important genre in many disciplines, not just literature (i.e., the study of works of literature such as novels and plays). When we say “literature review” or refer to “the literature,” we are talking about the research (scholarship) in a given field. You will often see the terms “the research,” “the scholarship,” and “the literature” used mostly interchangeably.

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• APA Style Guide from Purdue OWL APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (6th ed., 2nd printing).
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Annotated Bibliographies from Purdue OWL

A   bibliography   is a list of sources (books, journals, Web sites, periodicals, etc.) one has used for researching a topic.   An   annotation   is a summary and/or evaluation. Therefore, an   annotated bibliography   includes a summary and/or evaluation of each of the sources.

Common Writing Assignments

• RefWorks - Bibliographic Manager How to create your Refworks account. 1. Enter the access code 1890-1506, go to the UNT Refworks login page at refworks.proquest.com/signup/university-of-north-texas (this link is also included in the Databases tab and in the Most Requested section on library.unt.edu) 2. Enter the UNT access code and submit. 3. Next complete the registration, and then you can start using your new account. 4. You can now login with your username and password through https://refworks.proquest.com/ wherever you have an Internet connection. 5. Visit our RefWorks Guide to learn how to make your research more efficient. Video tutorials: https://guides.library.unt.edu/rwnew/videos
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• Student Publishing Opportunities If you are interested in publishing your article take a look at these possibilities.

Plagiarism occurs when you use other people’s writing or ideas without giving credit to the creator. Any sequence of more than three words is plagiarism

  We always give credit to other people’s creative and intellectual property. We respect the rights and property of others.

Some students make errors in citing because they do not give themselves enough time to cite their material while they write. Learning how to Quote, Summarize, and Paraphrase with In-text citation is critical and learning to include in-text citations while writing your paper will avoid possible citation errors. Please use the link above and practice citing material.

Once I contacted the author of an online resource and asked if I could use some of her information in a guide I was working on. She gave me permission and I cited the author in my guide.

Types of Plagiarism:

• Direct or Clone – taking someone else’s work directly. This plagiarism carries the most severe penalty because it demonstrates dishonesty and involves intent.
• Self Plagiarism – reusing work from a previous courses without permission from your professor.
• Mosaic, patch writing, or find and replace plagiarism. If you quote a source, or keep the basic format from the source and use synonyms to change a few words, without properly citing the information, then you are committing plagiarism.
• Accidental – this can occur if the student does not use their own critical analysis found from synthesizing the information learned, and instead uses the critical argument of another author.

Video:  Student Success Series, A Student’s Guide to Avoiding Plagiarism and Understanding Citations

Avoid Plagiarism by citing your material correctly

If you are not sure if you need to cite your material, it is always better to cite and not have a problem with plagiarism.

Student Academic Integrity

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Writing Center. (2018, January). Six Common Types of Plagiarism. Ashford University. https://writingcenter.ashford.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/Six%20Common%20Types%20of%20Plagiarism_0.pdf

Free Plagiarism Checker. (2021). Scan My Essay. Viper. https://www.scanmyessay.com/plagiarism/types-of-plagiarism.php

CopyLeaks. (2019, October 21). 4 Types of Olagiarism and How to Avoid Them. Copyleaks Technologies LTD. https://copyleaks.com/blog/types-of-plagiarism/

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"Thorough research" 

• Reviewing all sources and finding relevant information for your paper..
• Use correct sources (popular or scholarly) based on your assignment requirements. Use recommended databases from your school which guarantees the quality of the material found. If you use Google, Google Scholar, Yahoo or another search engine you have to evaluate the source which takes a considerable amount of time. 
• Using more than one sources gives a broader perspective on a subject. All journals write to a specific audience and the more articles or items you reference the greater your understanding of the current discussions surrounding your topic.

Evidence Explained. (2014, July 29). QuickTips. https://www.evidenceexplained.com/quicktips/

• Writing a Literature Review In a review of the literature, the writer provides an overview of the most important research and scholarship on a specific topic, problem, or question. (In this context, "literature" refers to the important scholarly sources on a topic including the current scholarly conversation.
• Synthesizing Sources Synthesizing Sources from Purdue OWL When you look for areas where your sources agree or disagree and try to draw broader conclusions about your topic based on what your sources say, you are engaging in synthesis. Writing a research paper usually requires synthesizing the available sources in order to provide new insight or a different perspective into your particular topic (as opposed to simply restating what each individual source says about your research topic).
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