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Undergraduate Writing: Conclusion Paragraph Sample

Conclusion paragraph sample.

In conclusion, we present ourselves through both face-to-face and online communication. Becoming a skilled communicator has a positive impact on our personal and social interactions. Ethical and effective communication becomes even more vital when our messages are conveyed around the globe electronically. By analyzing face-to-face and online communication skills, I identified my strengths and weaknesses and developed some ideas on how to improve my communication skills to become a more knowledgeable and skilled communicator. I plan to be an effective and ethical communicator by further educating myself in this area and practicing verbal, nonverbal, and active listening skills that I learned in the communication course.

The Writing Center’s Response: The function of a conclusion is to offer a sense of closure or completion for the ideas presented earlier in the paper. In this sample, the writer signals the end with the phrase “In conclusion” and goes on to summarize the main points of the reflection paper. The success of this paragraph lies in its final sentence, though. In this sentence, the writer looks beyond the circumstances of the paper and into the future. This can be an effective strategy for a conclusion because it widens the view, guiding the reader from the page out into the world.

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In a short paper—even a research paper—you don’t need to provide an exhaustive summary as part of your conclusion. But you do need to make some kind of transition between your final body paragraph and your concluding paragraph. This may come in the form of a few sentences of summary. Or it may come in the form of a sentence that brings your readers back to your thesis or main idea and reminds your readers where you began and how far you have traveled.

So, for example, in a paper about the relationship between ADHD and rejection sensitivity, Vanessa Roser begins by introducing readers to the fact that researchers have studied the relationship between the two conditions and then provides her explanation of that relationship. Here’s her thesis: “While socialization may indeed be an important factor in RS, I argue that individuals with ADHD may also possess a neurological predisposition to RS that is exacerbated by the differing executive and emotional regulation characteristic of ADHD.”

In her final paragraph, Roser reminds us of where she started by echoing her thesis: “This literature demonstrates that, as with many other conditions, ADHD and RS share a delicately intertwined pattern of neurological similarities that is rooted in the innate biology of an individual’s mind, a connection that cannot be explained in full by the behavioral mediation hypothesis.”  

Highlight the “so what”  

At the beginning of your paper, you explain to your readers what’s at stake—why they should care about the argument you’re making. In your conclusion, you can bring readers back to those stakes by reminding them why your argument is important in the first place. You can also draft a few sentences that put those stakes into a new or broader context.

In the conclusion to her paper about ADHD and RS, Roser echoes the stakes she established in her introduction—that research into connections between ADHD and RS has led to contradictory results, raising questions about the “behavioral mediation hypothesis.”

She writes, “as with many other conditions, ADHD and RS share a delicately intertwined pattern of neurological similarities that is rooted in the innate biology of an individual’s mind, a connection that cannot be explained in full by the behavioral mediation hypothesis.”  

Leave your readers with the “now what”  

After the “what” and the “so what,” you should leave your reader with some final thoughts. If you have written a strong introduction, your readers will know why you have been arguing what you have been arguing—and why they should care. And if you’ve made a good case for your thesis, then your readers should be in a position to see things in a new way, understand new questions, or be ready for something that they weren’t ready for before they read your paper.

In her conclusion, Roser offers two “now what” statements. First, she explains that it is important to recognize that the flawed behavioral mediation hypothesis “seems to place a degree of fault on the individual. It implies that individuals with ADHD must have elicited such frequent or intense rejection by virtue of their inadequate social skills, erasing the possibility that they may simply possess a natural sensitivity to emotion.” She then highlights the broader implications for treatment of people with ADHD, noting that recognizing the actual connection between rejection sensitivity and ADHD “has profound implications for understanding how individuals with ADHD might best be treated in educational settings, by counselors, family, peers, or even society as a whole.”

To find your own “now what” for your essay’s conclusion, try asking yourself these questions:

• What can my readers now understand, see in a new light, or grapple with that they would not have understood in the same way before reading my paper? Are we a step closer to understanding a larger phenomenon or to understanding why what was at stake is so important?  
• What questions can I now raise that would not have made sense at the beginning of my paper? Questions for further research? Other ways that this topic could be approached?  
• Are there other applications for my research? Could my questions be asked about different data in a different context? Could I use my methods to answer a different question?  
• What action should be taken in light of this argument? What action do I predict will be taken or could lead to a solution?  
• What larger context might my argument be a part of?  

What to avoid in your conclusion  

• a complete restatement of all that you have said in your paper.  
• a substantial counterargument that you do not have space to refute; you should introduce counterarguments before your conclusion.  
• an apology for what you have not said. If you need to explain the scope of your paper, you should do this sooner—but don’t apologize for what you have not discussed in your paper.  
• fake transitions like “in conclusion” that are followed by sentences that aren’t actually conclusions. (“In conclusion, I have now demonstrated that my thesis is correct.”)
• picture_as_pdf Conclusions

How to Write a Conclusion for an Essay

By the time you get to the final paragraph of your paper, you have already done so much work on your essay, so all you want to do is to wrap it up as quickly as possible. You’ve already made a stunning introduction, proven your argument, and structured the whole piece as supposed – who cares about making a good conclusion paragraph?

The only thing you need to remember is that the conclusion of an essay is not just the last paragraph of an academic paper where you restate your thesis and key arguments. A concluding paragraph is also your opportunity to have a final impact on your audience. 

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How to write a conclusion paragraph that leaves a lasting impression – In this guide, the team at EssayPro is going to walk you through the process of writing a perfect conclusion step by step. Additionally, we will share valuable tips and tricks to help students of all ages impress their readers at the last moment.

Instead of Intro: What Is a Conclusion?

Before we can move on, let’s take a moment here to define the conclusion itself. According to the standard conclusion definition, it is pretty much the last part of something, its result, or end. However, this term is rather broad and superficial.

When it comes to writing academic papers, a concluding statement refers to an opinion, judgment, suggestion, or position arrived at by logical reasoning (through the arguments provided in the body of the text). Therefore, if you are wondering “what is a good closing sentence like?” – keep on reading.

What Does a Good Conclusion Mean?

Writing a good conclusion for a paper isn’t easy. However, we are going to walk you through this process step by step. Although there are generally no strict rules on how to formulate one, there are some basic principles that everyone should keep in mind. In this section, we will share some core ideas for writing a good conclusion, and, later in the article, we will also provide you with more practical advice and examples.

Here are the core goals a good conclusion should complete:

• “Wrap up” the entire paper;
• Demonstrate to readers that the author accomplished what he/she set out to do;
• Show how you the author has proved their thesis statement;
• Give a sense of completeness and closure on the topic;
• Leave something extra for your reader to think about;
• Leave a powerful final impact on a reader.

Another key thing to remember is that you should not introduce any new ideas or arguments to your paper's conclusion. It should only sum up what you have already written, revisit your thesis statement, and end with a powerful final impression.

When considering how to write a conclusion that works, here are the key points to keep in mind:

• A concluding sentence should only revisit the thesis statement, not restate it;
• It should summarize the main ideas from the body of the paper;
• It should demonstrate the significance and relevance of your work;
• An essay’s conclusion should include a call for action and leave space for further study or development of the topic (if necessary).

How Long Should a Conclusion Be? 

Although there are no strict universal rules regarding the length of an essay’s final clause, both teachers and experienced writers recommend keeping it clear, concise, and straight to the point. There is an unspoken rule that the introduction and conclusion of an academic paper should both be about 10% of the overall paper’s volume. For example, if you were assigned a 1500 word essay, both the introductory and final clauses should be approximately 150 words long (300 together).

Why You Need to Know How to End an Essay:

A conclusion is what drives a paper to its logical end. It also drives the main points of your piece one last time. It is your last opportunity to impact and impress your audience. And, most importantly, it is your chance to demonstrate to readers why your work matters. Simply put, the final paragraph of your essay should answer the last important question a reader will have – “So what?”

If you do a concluding paragraph right, it can give your readers a sense of logical completeness. On the other hand, if you do not make it powerful enough, it can leave them hanging, and diminish the effect of the entire piece.

Strategies to Crafting a Proper Conclusion

Although there are no strict rules for what style to use to write your conclusion, there are several strategies that have been proven to be effective. In the list below, you can find some of the most effective strategies with some good conclusion paragraph examples to help you grasp the idea.

One effective way to emphasize the significance of your essay and give the audience some thought to ponder about is by taking a look into the future. The “When and If” technique is quite powerful when it comes to supporting your points in the essay’s conclusion.

Prediction essay conclusion example: “Taking care of a pet is quite hard, which is the reason why most parents refuse their children’s requests to get a pet. However, the refusal should be the last choice of parents. If we want to inculcate a deep sense of responsibility and organization in our kids, and, at the same time, sprout compassion in them, we must let our children take care of pets.”

Another effective strategy is to link your conclusion to your introductory paragraph. This will create a full-circle narration for your readers, create a better understanding of your topic, and emphasize your key point.

Echo conclusion paragraph example: Introduction: “I believe that all children should grow up with a pet. I still remember the exact day my parents brought my first puppy to our house. This was one of the happiest moments in my life and, at the same time, one of the most life-changing ones. Growing up with a pet taught me a lot, and most importantly, it taught me to be responsible.” Conclusion:. “I remember when I picked up my first puppy and how happy I was at that time. Growing up with a pet, I learned what it means to take care of someone, make sure that he always has water and food, teach him, and constantly keep an eye on my little companion. Having a child grow up with a pet teaches them responsibility and helps them acquire a variety of other life skills like leadership, love, compassion, and empathy. This is why I believe that every kid should grow up with a pet!”

Finally, one more trick that will help you create a flawless conclusion is to amplify your main idea or to present it in another perspective of a larger context. This technique will help your readers to look at the problem discussed from a different angle.

Step-up argumentative essay conclusion example: “Despite the obvious advantages of owning a pet in childhood, I feel that we cannot generalize whether all children should have a pet. Whereas some kids may benefit from such experiences, namely, by becoming more compassionate, organized, and responsible, it really depends on the situation, motivation, and enthusiasm of a particular child for owning a pet.”

What is a clincher in an essay? – The final part of an essay’s conclusion is often referred to as a clincher sentence. According to the clincher definition, it is a final sentence that reinforces the main idea or leaves the audience with an intriguing thought to ponder upon. In a nutshell, the clincher is very similar to the hook you would use in an introductory paragraph. Its core mission is to seize the audience’s attention until the end of the paper. At the same time, this statement is what creates a sense of completeness and helps the author leave a lasting impression on the reader.

Now, since you now know what a clincher is, you are probably wondering how to use one in your own paper. First of all, keep in mind that a good clincher should be intriguing, memorable, smooth, and straightforward.

Generally, there are several different tricks you can use for your clincher statement; it can be:

• A short, but memorable and attention-grabbing conclusion;
• A relevant and memorable quote (only if it brings actual value);
• A call to action;
• A rhetorical question;
• An illustrative story or provocative example;
• A warning against a possibility or suggestion about the consequences of a discussed problem;
• A joke (however, be careful with this as it may not always be deemed appropriate).

Regardless of the technique you choose, make sure that your clincher is memorable and aligns with your introduction and thesis.

Clincher examples: - While New York may not be the only place with the breathtaking views, it is definitely among my personal to 3… and that’s what definitely makes it worth visiting. - “Thence we came forth to rebehold the stars”, Divine Comedy - Don’t you think all these advantages sound like almost life-saving benefits of owning a pet? “So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.”, The Great Gatsby

Conclusion Writing Don'ts 

Now, when you know what tricks and techniques you should use to create a perfect conclusion, let’s look at some of the things you should not do with our online paper writing service :

• Starting with some cliché concluding sentence starters. Many students find common phrases like “In conclusion,” “Therefore,” “In summary,” or similar statements to be pretty good conclusion starters. However, though such conclusion sentence starters may work in certain cases – for example, in speeches – they are overused, so it is recommended not to use them in writing to introduce your conclusion.
• Putting the first mention of your thesis statement in the conclusion – it has to be presented in your introduction first.
• Providing new arguments, subtopics, or ideas in the conclusion paragraph.
• Including a slightly changed or unchanged thesis statement.
• Providing arguments and evidence that belong in the body of the work.
• Writing too long, hard to read, or confusing sentences.

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Conclusion Paragraph Outline

The total number of sentences in your final paragraph may vary depending on the number of points you discussed in your essay, as well as on the overall word count of your paper. However, the overall conclusion paragraph outline will remain the same and consists of the following elements:

• A conclusion starter:

The first part of your paragraph should drive readers back to your thesis statement. Thus, if you were wondering how to start a conclusion, the best way to do it is by rephrasing your thesis statement.

• Summary of the body paragraphs:

Right after revisiting your thesis, you should include several sentences that wrap up the key highlights and points from your body paragraphs. This part of your conclusion can consist of 2-3 sentences—depending on the number of arguments you’ve made. If necessary, you can also explain to the readers how your main points fit together.

• A concluding sentence:

Finally, you should end your paragraph with a last, powerful sentence that leaves a lasting impression, gives a sense of logical completeness, and connects readers back to the introduction of the paper.

These three key elements make up a perfect essay conclusion. Now, to give you an even better idea of how to create a perfect conclusion, let us give you a sample conclusion paragraph outline with examples from an argumentative essay on the topic of “Every Child Should Own a Pet:

• Sentence 1: Starter
• ~ Thesis: "Though taking care of a pet may be a bit challenging for small children. Parents should not restrict their kids from having a pet as it helps them grow into more responsible and compassionate people."
• ~ Restated thesis for a conclusion: "I can say that taking care of a pet is good for every child."
• Sentences 2-4: Summary
• ~ "Studies have shown that pet owners generally have fewer health problems."
• ~ "Owning a pet teaches a child to be more responsible."
• ~ "Spending time with a pet reduces stress, feelings of loneliness, and anxiety."
• Sentence 5: A concluding sentence
• ~ "Pets can really change a child life for the better, so don't hesitate to endorse your kid's desire to own a pet."

This is a clear example of how you can shape your conclusion paragraph.

How to Conclude Various Types of Essays

Depending on the type of academic essay you are working on, your concluding paragraph's style, tone, and length may vary. In this part of our guide, we will tell you how to end different types of essays and other works.

How to End an Argumentative Essay

Persuasive or argumentative essays always have the single goal of convincing readers of something (an idea, stance, or viewpoint) by appealing to arguments, facts, logic, and even emotions. The conclusion for such an essay has to be persuasive as well. A good trick you can use is to illustrate a real-life scenario that proves your stance or encourages readers to take action. More about persuasive essay outline you can read in our article.

Here are a few more tips for making a perfect conclusion for an argumentative essay:

• Carefully read the whole essay before you begin;
• Re-emphasize your ideas;
• Discuss possible implications;
• Don’t be afraid to appeal to the reader’s emotions.

How to End a Compare and Contrast Essay

The purpose of a compare and contrast essay is to emphasize the differences or similarities between two or more objects, people, phenomena, etc. Therefore, a logical conclusion should highlight how the reviewed objects are different or similar. Basically, in such a paper, your conclusion should recall all of the key common and distinctive features discussed in the body of your essay and also give readers some food for thought after they finish reading it.

How to Conclude a Descriptive Essay

The key idea of a descriptive essay is to showcase your creativity and writing skills by painting a vivid picture with the help of words. This is one of the most creative types of essays as it requires you to show a story, not tell it. This kind of essay implies using a lot of vivid details. Respectively, the conclusion of such a paper should also use descriptive imagery and, at the same time, sum up the main ideas. A good strategy for ending a descriptive essay would be to begin with a short explanation of why you wrote the essay. Then, you should reflect on how your topic affects you. In the middle of the conclusion, you should cover the most critical moments of the story to smoothly lead the reader into a logical closing statement. The “clincher”, in this case, should be a thought-provoking final sentence that leaves a good and lasting impression on the audience. Do not lead the reader into the essay and then leave them with dwindling memories of it.

How to Conclude an Essay About Yourself

If you find yourself writing an essay about yourself, you need to tell a personal story. As a rule, such essays talk about the author’s experiences, which is why a conclusion should create a feeling of narrative closure. A good strategy is to end your story with a logical finale and the lessons you have learned, while, at the same time, linking it to the introductory paragraph and recalling key moments from the story.

How to End an Informative Essay

Unlike other types of papers, informative or expository essays load readers with a lot of information and facts. In this case, “Synthesize, don’t summarize” is the best technique you can use to end your paper. Simply put, instead of recalling all of the major facts, you should approach your conclusion from the “So what?” position by highlighting the significance of the information provided.

How to Conclude a Narrative Essay

In a nutshell, a narrative essay is based on simple storytelling. The purpose of this paper is to share a particular story in detail. Therefore, the conclusion for such a paper should wrap up the story and avoid finishing on an abrupt cliffhanger. It is vital to include the key takeaways and the lessons learned from the story.

How to Write a Conclusion for a Lab Report

Unlike an essay, a lab report is based on an experiment. This type of paper describes the flow of a particular experiment conducted by a student and its conclusion should reflect on the outcomes of this experiment.

In thinking of how to write a conclusion for a lab, here are the key things you should do to get it right:

• Restate the goals of your experiment
• Describe the methods you used
• Include the results of the experiment and analyze the final data
• End your conclusion with a clear statement on whether or not the experiment was successful (Did you reach the expected results?)

How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper

Writing a paper is probably the hardest task of all, even for experienced dissertation writer . Unlike an essay or even a lab report, a research paper is a much longer piece of work that requires a deeper investigation of the problem. Therefore, a conclusion for such a paper should be even more sophisticated and powerful. If you're feeling difficulty writing an essay, you can buy essay on our service.

However, given that a research paper is the second most popular kind of academic paper (after an essay), it is important to know how to conclude a research paper. Even if you have not yet been assigned to do this task, be sure that you will face it soon. So, here are the steps you should follow to create a great conclusion for a research paper:

• Restate the Topic

Start your final paragraph with a quick reminder of what the topic of the piece is about. Keep it one sentence long.

• Revisit the Thesis

Next, you should remind your readers what your thesis statement was. However, do not just copy and paste it from the introductory clause: paraphrase your thesis so that you deliver the same idea but with different words. Keep your paraphrased thesis narrow, specific, and topic-oriented.

• Summarise Your Key Ideas

Just like the case of a regular essay’s conclusion, a research paper’s final paragraph should also include a short summary of all of the key points stated in the body sections. We recommend reading the entire body part a few times to define all of your main arguments and ideas.

• Showcase the Significance of Your Work

In the research paper conclusion, it is vital to highlight the significance of your research problem and state how your solution could be helpful.

• Make Suggestions for Future Studies

Finally, at the end of your conclusion, you should define how your findings will contribute to the development of its particular field of science. Outline the perspectives of further research and, if necessary, explain what is yet to be discovered on the topic.

Then, end your conclusion with a powerful concluding sentence – it can be a rhetorical question, call to action, or another hook that will help you have a strong impact on the audience.

• Answer the Right Questions

To create a top-notch research paper conclusion, be sure to answer the following questions:

• What is the goal of a research paper?
• What are the possible solutions to the research question(s)?
• How can your results be implemented in real life? (Is your research paper helpful to the community?)
• Why is this study important and relevant?

Additionally, here are a few more handy tips to follow:

• Provide clear examples from real life to help readers better understand the further implementation of the stated solutions;
• Keep your conclusion fresh, original, and creative.

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So, What Is a Good Closing Sentence? See The Difference

One of the best ways to learn how to write a good conclusion is to look at several professional essay conclusion examples. In this section of our guide, we are going to look at two different final paragraphs shaped on the basis of the same template, but even so, they are very different – where one is weak and the other is strong. Below, we are going to compare them to help you understand the difference between a good and a bad conclusion.

Here is the template we used: College degrees are in decline. The price of receiving an education does not correlate with the quality of the education received. As a result, graduated students face underemployment, and the worth of college degrees appears to be in serious doubt. However, the potential social and economic benefits of educated students balance out the equation.

Strong Conclusion ‍

People either see college as an opportunity or an inconvenience; therefore, a degree can only hold as much value as its owner’s skillset. The underemployment of graduate students puts the worth of college degrees in serious doubt. Yet, with the multitude of benefits that educated students bring to society and the economy, the equation remains in balance. Perhaps the ordinary person should consider college as a wise financial investment, but only if they stay determined to study and do the hard work.

Why is this example good? There are several key points that prove its effectiveness:

• There is a bold opening statement that encompasses the two contrasting types of students we can see today.
• There are two sentences that recall the thesis statement and cover the key arguments from the body of the essay.
• Finally, the last sentence sums up the key message of the essay and leaves readers with something to think about.

Weak Conclusion

In conclusion, with the poor preparation of students in college and the subsequent underemployment after graduation from college, the worth associated with the college degree appears to be in serious doubt. However, these issues alone may not reasonably conclude beyond a doubt that investing in a college degree is a rewarding venture. When the full benefits that come with education are carefully put into consideration and evaluated, college education for children in any country still has good advantages, and society should continue to advocate for a college education. The ordinary person should consider this a wise financial decision that holds rewards in the end. Apart from the monetary gains associated with a college education, society will greatly benefit from students when they finish college. Their minds are going to be expanded, and their reasoning and decision making will be enhanced.

What makes this example bad? Here are a few points to consider:

• Unlike the first example, this paragraph is long and not specific enough. The author provides plenty of generalized phrases that are not backed up by actual arguments.
• This piece is hard to read and understand and sentences have a confusing structure. Also, there are lots of repetitions and too many uses of the word “college”.
• There is no summary of the key benefits.
• The last two sentences that highlight the value of education contradict with the initial statement.
• Finally, the last sentence doesn’t offer a strong conclusion and gives no thought to ponder upon.
• In the body of your essay, you have hopefully already provided your reader(s) with plenty of information. Therefore, it is not wise to present new arguments or ideas in your conclusion.
• To end your final paragraph right, find a clear and straightforward message that will have the most powerful impact on your audience.
• Don’t use more than one quote in the final clause of your paper – the information from external sources (including quotes) belongs in the body of a paper.
• Be authoritative when writing a conclusion. You should sound confident and convincing to leave a good impression. Sentences like “I’m not an expert, but…” will most likely make you seem less knowledgeable and/or credible.

Good Conclusion Examples

Now that we've learned what a conclusion is and how to write one let's take a look at some essay conclusion examples to strengthen our knowledge.

The ending ironically reveals that all was for nothing. (A short explanation of the thematic effect of the book’s end) Tom says that Miss Watson freed Jim in her final will.Jim told Huck that the dead man on the Island was pap. The entire adventure seemingly evaporated into nothingness. (How this effect was manifested into the minds of thereaders).

All in all, international schools hold the key to building a full future that students can achieve. (Thesis statement simplified) They help students develop their own character by learning from their mistakes, without having to face a dreadful penalty for failure. (Thesis statement elaborated)Although some say that kids emerged “spoiled” with this mentality, the results prove the contrary. (Possible counter-arguments are noted)

In conclusion, public workers should be allowed to strike since it will give them a chance to air their grievances. (Thesis statement) Public workers should be allowed to strike when their rights, safety, and regulations are compromised. The workers will get motivated when they strike, and their demands are met.

In summary, studies reveal some similarities in the nutrient contents between the organic and non-organic food substances. (Starts with similarities) However, others have revealed many considerable differences in the amounts of antioxidants as well as other minerals present in organic and non-organic foods. Generally, organic foods have higher levels of antioxidants than non-organic foods and therefore are more important in the prevention of chronic illnesses.

As time went by, my obsession grew into something bigger than art; (‘As time went by’ signals maturation) it grew into a dream of developing myself for the world. (Showing student’s interest of developing himself for the community) It is a dream of not only seeing the world from a different perspective but also changing the perspective of people who see my work. (Showing student’s determination to create moving pieces of art)

In conclusion, it is evident that technology is an integral part of our lives and without it, we become “lost” since we have increasingly become dependent on its use. (Thesis with main point)

You might also be interested in reading nursing essay examples from our service.

How To Write A Conclusion For An Essay?

How to write a good conclusion, how to write a conclusion for a college essay.

Daniel Parker

is a seasoned educational writer focusing on scholarship guidance, research papers, and various forms of academic essays including reflective and narrative essays. His expertise also extends to detailed case studies. A scholar with a background in English Literature and Education, Daniel’s work on EssayPro blog aims to support students in achieving academic excellence and securing scholarships. His hobbies include reading classic literature and participating in academic forums.

is an expert in nursing and healthcare, with a strong background in history, law, and literature. Holding advanced degrees in nursing and public health, his analytical approach and comprehensive knowledge help students navigate complex topics. On EssayPro blog, Adam provides insightful articles on everything from historical analysis to the intricacies of healthcare policies. In his downtime, he enjoys historical documentaries and volunteering at local clinics.

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Conclusions wrap up what you have been discussing in your paper. After moving from general to specific information in the introduction and body paragraphs, your conclusion should begin pulling back into more general information that restates the main points of your argument. Conclusions may also call for action or overview future possible research. The following outline may help you conclude your paper:

In a general way,

• Restate your topic and why it is important,
• Restate your thesis/claim,
• Address opposing viewpoints and explain why readers should align with your position,
• Call for action or overview future research possibilities.

Remember that once you accomplish these tasks, unless otherwise directed by your instructor, you are finished. Done. Complete. Don't try to bring in new points or end with a whiz bang(!) conclusion or try to solve world hunger in the final sentence of your conclusion. Simplicity is best for a clear, convincing message.

The preacher's maxim is one of the most effective formulas to follow for argument papers:

Tell what you're going to tell them (introduction).

Tell them (body).

Tell them what you told them (conclusion).

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How to Write a Conclusion

Last Updated: July 15, 2023

Template and Sample Conclusion

This article was co-authored by Christopher Taylor, PhD and by wikiHow staff writer, Danielle Blinka, MA, MPA . Christopher Taylor is an Adjunct Assistant Professor of English at Austin Community College in Texas. He received his PhD in English Literature and Medieval Studies from the University of Texas at Austin in 2014. This article has been viewed 480,530 times.

Writing the introduction and body of a paper is a big accomplishment. Now you need to write your conclusion. Writing a conclusion can feel difficult, but it's easier if you plan ahead. First, format your conclusion by revisiting your thesis, summarizing your arguments, and making a final statement. Then, re-read and revise your conclusion to make it effective.

• Let’s say your thesis reads, “Allowing students to visit the library during lunch improves campus life and supports academic achievement because it encourages reading, allows students to start assignments early, and provides a refuge for students who eat alone.”
• You might restate it as, “Evidence shows students who have access to their school’s library during lunch check out more books and are more likely to complete their homework; additionally, students aren’t forced to eat alone.”

• You might write, “According to data, students checked out more books when they were allowed to visit their library during lunch, used that time to do research and ask for help with homework, and reported feeling less alone at lunch time. This shows that opening up the library during lunch can improve student life and academic performance."
• If you’re writing an argument essay, address the opposing argument, as well. You might write, “Although administrators worry that students will walk the halls instead of going to the library, schools that allow students into the library during lunch reported less behavioral issues during lunch than schools that don’t allow students in the library. Data show that students were spending that time checking out more books and working on homework assignments.” [3] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source

• Call your reader to action . For example, “By working with school administrators, Greenlawn ISD can increase academic achievement by letting students use the library during lunch.”
• End with a warning . You might write, “If students aren’t allowed to use the library during lunch, they are missing out on a valuable learning opportunity they’ll never get back.”
• Evoke an image . Write, “Next year, students at Greenlawn could be gathered around a table in the library reading or broadening their minds.”
• Compare your topic to something universal to help your reader relate . You might write, “Everyone knows how stressful it is to have a planner full of assignments, so having extra time to work on them during lunch would be a great relief to many students.”
• Show why the issue is significant. Write, "Giving students more time to spend in the library will help them become more comfortable spending time there, which also helps the library's mission."
• Predict what would happen if your ideas are implemented . Say, “Next year, students at Greenlawn could increase their academic achievements, but results will only happen if they can use the library during lunch.”
• End with a compelling quote . For instance, "As author Roald Dahl once said, 'If you are going to get anywhere in life, you have to read a lot of books.'"

• You could also ask your instructor if you can see an example of a well-written conclusion to give you an idea about what they expect you to write.

• If you want to use an introductory phrase, use a stronger one like “based on the evidence” or “ultimately.” You might also begin your first sentence with a word like “although,” “while,” or “since.” [6] X Trustworthy Source University of North Carolina Writing Center UNC's on-campus and online instructional service that provides assistance to students, faculty, and others during the writing process Go to source
• Additionally, avoid “to conclude,” “in summary,” or “in closing.”

• For example, you may have opened your introduction with an anecdote, quote, or image. Bring it back up in your conclusion. Similarly, if you opened with a rhetorical question, you might offer a potential answer in your conclusion.

• For example, you wouldn’t want to end your essay about allowing students to use the library during lunch by stating, “As the evidence shows, using the library at lunch is a great way to improve student performance because they are more likely to do their homework. On a survey, students reported using the library to do research, ask homework questions, and finish their assignments early.” This leaves out your points about students reading more and having a place to spend their lunch period if they don’t like eating in the cafeteria.

• If you have introduced something you think is really important for your paper, go back through the body paragraphs and look for somewhere to add it. It’s better to leave it out of the paper than to include it in the conclusion.

• If something doesn’t make sense or your conclusion seems incomplete, revise your conclusion so that your ideas are clear.
• It’s helpful to read your entire paper as a whole to make sure it all comes together.

Community Q&A

• Don’t put any evidence or statistics in your conclusion. This information belongs in the body of your paper. [11] X Trustworthy Source University of North Carolina Writing Center UNC's on-campus and online instructional service that provides assistance to students, faculty, and others during the writing process Go to source Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 0
• Make sure you aren’t simply repeating what you’ve written earlier. While you want to restate your ideas, present them in a new way for the reader. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
• Don’t write your conclusion until you’ve written the entire paper. It’ll be much easier to come up with your concluding thoughts after the body of the paper is written. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

• Never copy someone else’s words or ideas without giving them credit, as this is plagiarism. If you are caught plagiarizing part of your paper, even just the conclusion, you’ll likely face severe academic penalties. Thanks Helpful 5 Not Helpful 2
• Don’t express any doubts you may have about your ideas or arguments. Whenever you share your ideas, assume the role of expert. [12] X Research source Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

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• ↑ http://writing2.richmond.edu/writing/wweb/conclude.html
• ↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/conclusions/
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/common_writing_assignments/argument_papers/conclusions.html
• ↑ https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/ending-essay-conclusions

About This Article

Writing a conclusion can seem difficult, but it’s easier if you think of it as a place to sum up the point of your paper. Begin your conclusion by restating your thesis, but don’t repeat it word-for-word. Then, use 1-2 sentences to summarize your argument, pulling together all of your points to explain how your evidence supports the thesis. End the paper with a statement that makes the reader think, like evoking a strong image or concluding with a call to action. Keep reading for tips on how to avoid cliches in your conclusion! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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How to Write a Conclusion for Research Papers (with Examples)

The conclusion of a research paper is a crucial section that plays a significant role in the overall impact and effectiveness of your research paper. However, this is also the section that typically receives less attention compared to the introduction and the body of the paper. The conclusion serves to provide a concise summary of the key findings, their significance, their implications, and a sense of closure to the study. Discussing how can the findings be applied in real-world scenarios or inform policy, practice, or decision-making is especially valuable to practitioners and policymakers. The research paper conclusion also provides researchers with clear insights and valuable information for their own work, which they can then build on and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field.

The research paper conclusion should explain the significance of your findings within the broader context of your field. It restates how your results contribute to the existing body of knowledge and whether they confirm or challenge existing theories or hypotheses. Also, by identifying unanswered questions or areas requiring further investigation, your awareness of the broader research landscape can be demonstrated.

Remember to tailor the research paper conclusion to the specific needs and interests of your intended audience, which may include researchers, practitioners, policymakers, or a combination of these.

Table of Contents

What is a conclusion in a research paper, summarizing conclusion, editorial conclusion, externalizing conclusion, importance of a good research paper conclusion, how to write a conclusion for your research paper, research paper conclusion examples.

• How to write a research paper conclusion with Paperpal? 

Frequently Asked Questions

A conclusion in a research paper is the final section where you summarize and wrap up your research, presenting the key findings and insights derived from your study. The research paper conclusion is not the place to introduce new information or data that was not discussed in the main body of the paper. When working on how to conclude a research paper, remember to stick to summarizing and interpreting existing content. The research paper conclusion serves the following purposes: 1

• Warn readers of the possible consequences of not attending to the problem.
• Recommend specific course(s) of action.
• Restate key ideas to drive home the ultimate point of your research paper.
• Provide a “take-home” message that you want the readers to remember about your study.

Types of conclusions for research papers

In research papers, the conclusion provides closure to the reader. The type of research paper conclusion you choose depends on the nature of your study, your goals, and your target audience. I provide you with three common types of conclusions:

A summarizing conclusion is the most common type of conclusion in research papers. It involves summarizing the main points, reiterating the research question, and restating the significance of the findings. This common type of research paper conclusion is used across different disciplines.

An editorial conclusion is less common but can be used in research papers that are focused on proposing or advocating for a particular viewpoint or policy. It involves presenting a strong editorial or opinion based on the research findings and offering recommendations or calls to action.

An externalizing conclusion is a type of conclusion that extends the research beyond the scope of the paper by suggesting potential future research directions or discussing the broader implications of the findings. This type of conclusion is often used in more theoretical or exploratory research papers.

Align your conclusion’s tone with the rest of your research paper. Start Writing with Paperpal Now!  

The conclusion in a research paper serves several important purposes:

• Offers Implications and Recommendations : Your research paper conclusion is an excellent place to discuss the broader implications of your research and suggest potential areas for further study. It’s also an opportunity to offer practical recommendations based on your findings.
• Provides Closure : A good research paper conclusion provides a sense of closure to your paper. It should leave the reader with a feeling that they have reached the end of a well-structured and thought-provoking research project.
• Leaves a Lasting Impression : Writing a well-crafted research paper conclusion leaves a lasting impression on your readers. It’s your final opportunity to leave them with a new idea, a call to action, or a memorable quote.

Writing a strong conclusion for your research paper is essential to leave a lasting impression on your readers. Here’s a step-by-step process to help you create and know what to put in the conclusion of a research paper: 2

• Research Statement : Begin your research paper conclusion by restating your research statement. This reminds the reader of the main point you’ve been trying to prove throughout your paper. Keep it concise and clear.
• Key Points : Summarize the main arguments and key points you’ve made in your paper. Avoid introducing new information in the research paper conclusion. Instead, provide a concise overview of what you’ve discussed in the body of your paper.
• Address the Research Questions : If your research paper is based on specific research questions or hypotheses, briefly address whether you’ve answered them or achieved your research goals. Discuss the significance of your findings in this context.
• Significance : Highlight the importance of your research and its relevance in the broader context. Explain why your findings matter and how they contribute to the existing knowledge in your field.
• Implications : Explore the practical or theoretical implications of your research. How might your findings impact future research, policy, or real-world applications? Consider the “so what?” question.
• Future Research : Offer suggestions for future research in your area. What questions or aspects remain unanswered or warrant further investigation? This shows that your work opens the door for future exploration.
• Closing Thought : Conclude your research paper conclusion with a thought-provoking or memorable statement. This can leave a lasting impression on your readers and wrap up your paper effectively. Avoid introducing new information or arguments here.
• Proofread and Revise : Carefully proofread your conclusion for grammar, spelling, and clarity. Ensure that your ideas flow smoothly and that your conclusion is coherent and well-structured.

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Remember that a well-crafted research paper conclusion is a reflection of the strength of your research and your ability to communicate its significance effectively. It should leave a lasting impression on your readers and tie together all the threads of your paper. Now you know how to start the conclusion of a research paper and what elements to include to make it impactful, let’s look at a research paper conclusion sample.

How to write a research paper conclusion with Paperpal?

A research paper conclusion is not just a summary of your study, but a synthesis of the key findings that ties the research together and places it in a broader context. A research paper conclusion should be concise, typically around one paragraph in length. However, some complex topics may require a longer conclusion to ensure the reader is left with a clear understanding of the study’s significance. Paperpal, an AI writing assistant trusted by over 800,000 academics globally, can help you write a well-structured conclusion for your research paper. 

• Sign Up or Log In: Create a new Paperpal account or login with your details.  
• Navigate to Features : Once logged in, head over to the features’ side navigation pane. Click on Templates and you’ll find a suite of generative AI features to help you write better, faster.  
• Generate an outline: Under Templates, select ‘Outlines’. Choose ‘Research article’ as your document type.  
• Select your section: Since you’re focusing on the conclusion, select this section when prompted.  
• Choose your field of study: Identifying your field of study allows Paperpal to provide more targeted suggestions, ensuring the relevance of your conclusion to your specific area of research. 
• Provide a brief description of your study: Enter details about your research topic and findings. This information helps Paperpal generate a tailored outline that aligns with your paper’s content. 
• Generate the conclusion outline: After entering all necessary details, click on ‘generate’. Paperpal will then create a structured outline for your conclusion, to help you start writing and build upon the outline.  
• Write your conclusion: Use the generated outline to build your conclusion. The outline serves as a guide, ensuring you cover all critical aspects of a strong conclusion, from summarizing key findings to highlighting the research’s implications. 
• Refine and enhance: Paperpal’s ‘Make Academic’ feature can be particularly useful in the final stages. Select any paragraph of your conclusion and use this feature to elevate the academic tone, ensuring your writing is aligned to the academic journal standards. 

By following these steps, Paperpal not only simplifies the process of writing a research paper conclusion but also ensures it is impactful, concise, and aligned with academic standards. Sign up with Paperpal today and write your research paper conclusion 2x faster .  

The research paper conclusion is a crucial part of your paper as it provides the final opportunity to leave a strong impression on your readers. In the research paper conclusion, summarize the main points of your research paper by restating your research statement, highlighting the most important findings, addressing the research questions or objectives, explaining the broader context of the study, discussing the significance of your findings, providing recommendations if applicable, and emphasizing the takeaway message. The main purpose of the conclusion is to remind the reader of the main point or argument of your paper and to provide a clear and concise summary of the key findings and their implications. All these elements should feature on your list of what to put in the conclusion of a research paper to create a strong final statement for your work.

A strong conclusion is a critical component of a research paper, as it provides an opportunity to wrap up your arguments, reiterate your main points, and leave a lasting impression on your readers. Here are the key elements of a strong research paper conclusion: 1. Conciseness : A research paper conclusion should be concise and to the point. It should not introduce new information or ideas that were not discussed in the body of the paper. 2. Summarization : The research paper conclusion should be comprehensive enough to give the reader a clear understanding of the research’s main contributions. 3 . Relevance : Ensure that the information included in the research paper conclusion is directly relevant to the research paper’s main topic and objectives; avoid unnecessary details. 4 . Connection to the Introduction : A well-structured research paper conclusion often revisits the key points made in the introduction and shows how the research has addressed the initial questions or objectives. 5. Emphasis : Highlight the significance and implications of your research. Why is your study important? What are the broader implications or applications of your findings? 6 . Call to Action : Include a call to action or a recommendation for future research or action based on your findings.

The length of a research paper conclusion can vary depending on several factors, including the overall length of the paper, the complexity of the research, and the specific journal requirements. While there is no strict rule for the length of a conclusion, but it’s generally advisable to keep it relatively short. A typical research paper conclusion might be around 5-10% of the paper’s total length. For example, if your paper is 10 pages long, the conclusion might be roughly half a page to one page in length.

In general, you do not need to include citations in the research paper conclusion. Citations are typically reserved for the body of the paper to support your arguments and provide evidence for your claims. However, there may be some exceptions to this rule: 1. If you are drawing a direct quote or paraphrasing a specific source in your research paper conclusion, you should include a citation to give proper credit to the original author. 2. If your conclusion refers to or discusses specific research, data, or sources that are crucial to the overall argument, citations can be included to reinforce your conclusion’s validity.

The conclusion of a research paper serves several important purposes: 1. Summarize the Key Points 2. Reinforce the Main Argument 3. Provide Closure 4. Offer Insights or Implications 5. Engage the Reader. 6. Reflect on Limitations

Remember that the primary purpose of the research paper conclusion is to leave a lasting impression on the reader, reinforcing the key points and providing closure to your research. It’s often the last part of the paper that the reader will see, so it should be strong and well-crafted.

• Makar, G., Foltz, C., Lendner, M., & Vaccaro, A. R. (2018). How to write effective discussion and conclusion sections. Clinical spine surgery, 31(8), 345-346.
• Bunton, D. (2005). The structure of PhD conclusion chapters.  Journal of English for academic purposes ,  4 (3), 207-224.

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17 Essay Conclusion Examples (Copy and Paste)

Essay conclusions are not just extra filler. They are important because they tie together your arguments, then give you the chance to forcefully drive your point home.

I created the 5 Cs conclusion method to help you write essay conclusions:

I’ve previously produced the video below on how to write a conclusion that goes over the above image.

The video follows the 5 C’s method ( you can read about it in this post ), which doesn’t perfectly match each of the below copy-and-paste conclusion examples, but the principles are similar, and can help you to write your own strong conclusion:

💡 New! Try this AI Prompt to Generate a Sample 5Cs Conclusion This is my essay: [INSERT ESSAY WITHOUT THE CONCLUSION]. I want you to write a conclusion for this essay. In the first sentence of the conclusion, return to a statement I made in the introduction. In the second sentence, reiterate the thesis statement I have used. In the third sentence, clarify how my final position is relevant to the Essay Question, which is [ESSAY QUESTION]. In the fourth sentence, explain who should be interested in my findings. In the fifth sentence, end by noting in one final, engaging sentence why this topic is of such importance.

Remember: The prompt can help you generate samples but you can’t submit AI text for assessment. Make sure you write your conclusion in your own words.

Essay Conclusion Examples

Below is a range of copy-and-paste essay conclusions with gaps for you to fill-in your topic and key arguments. Browse through for one you like (there are 17 for argumentative, expository, compare and contrast, and critical essays). Once you’ve found one you like, copy it and add-in the key points to make it your own.

1. Argumentative Essay Conclusions

The arguments presented in this essay demonstrate the significant importance of _____________. While there are some strong counterarguments, such as ____________, it remains clear that the benefits/merits of _____________ far outweigh the potential downsides. The evidence presented throughout the essay strongly support _____________. In the coming years, _____________ will be increasingly important. Therefore, continual advocacy for the position presented in this essay will be necessary, especially due to its significant implications for _____________.

Version 1 Filled-In

The arguments presented in this essay demonstrate the significant importance of fighting climate change. While there are some strong counterarguments, such as the claim that it is too late to stop catastrophic change, it remains clear that the merits of taking drastic action far outweigh the potential downsides. The evidence presented throughout the essay strongly support the claim that we can at least mitigate the worst effects. In the coming years, intergovernmental worldwide agreements will be increasingly important. Therefore, continual advocacy for the position presented in this essay will be necessary, especially due to its significant implications for humankind.

As this essay has shown, it is clear that the debate surrounding _____________ is multifaceted and highly complex. While there are strong arguments opposing the position that _____________, there remains overwhelming evidence to support the claim that _____________. A careful analysis of the empirical evidence suggests that _____________ not only leads to ____________, but it may also be a necessity for _____________. Moving forward, _____________ should be a priority for all stakeholders involved, as it promises a better future for _____________. The focus should now shift towards how best to integrate _____________ more effectively into society.

Version 2 Filled-In

As this essay has shown, it is clear that the debate surrounding climate change is multifaceted and highly complex. While there are strong arguments opposing the position that we should fight climate change, there remains overwhelming evidence to support the claim that action can mitigate the worst effects. A careful analysis of the empirical evidence suggests that strong action not only leads to better economic outcomes in the long term, but it may also be a necessity for preventing climate-related deaths. Moving forward, carbon emission mitigation should be a priority for all stakeholders involved, as it promises a better future for all. The focus should now shift towards how best to integrate smart climate policies more effectively into society.

Based upon the preponderance of evidence, it is evident that _____________ holds the potential to significantly alter/improve _____________. The counterarguments, while noteworthy, fail to diminish the compelling case for _____________. Following an examination of both sides of the argument, it has become clear that _____________ presents the most effective solution/approach to _____________. Consequently, it is imperative that society acknowledge the value of _____________ for developing a better  _____________. Failing to address this topic could lead to negative outcomes, including _____________.

Version 3 Filled-In

Based upon the preponderance of evidence, it is evident that addressing climate change holds the potential to significantly improve the future of society. The counterarguments, while noteworthy, fail to diminish the compelling case for immediate climate action. Following an examination of both sides of the argument, it has become clear that widespread and urgent social action presents the most effective solution to this pressing problem. Consequently, it is imperative that society acknowledge the value of taking immediate action for developing a better environment for future generations. Failing to address this topic could lead to negative outcomes, including more extreme climate events and greater economic externalities.

See Also: Examples of Counterarguments

On the balance of evidence, there is an overwhelming case for _____________. While the counterarguments offer valid points that are worth examining, they do not outweigh or overcome the argument that _____________. An evaluation of both perspectives on this topic concludes that _____________ is the most sufficient option for  _____________. The implications of embracing _____________ do not only have immediate benefits, but they also pave the way for a more _____________. Therefore, the solution of _____________ should be actively pursued by _____________.

Version 4 Filled-In

On the balance of evidence, there is an overwhelming case for immediate tax-based action to mitigate the effects of climate change. While the counterarguments offer valid points that are worth examining, they do not outweigh or overcome the argument that action is urgently necessary. An evaluation of both perspectives on this topic concludes that taking societal-wide action is the most sufficient option for  achieving the best results. The implications of embracing a society-wide approach like a carbon tax do not only have immediate benefits, but they also pave the way for a more healthy future. Therefore, the solution of a carbon tax or equivalent policy should be actively pursued by governments.

2. Expository Essay Conclusions

Overall, it is evident that _____________ plays a crucial role in _____________. The analysis presented in this essay demonstrates the clear impact of _____________ on _____________. By understanding the key facts about _____________, practitioners/society are better equipped to navigate _____________. Moving forward, further exploration of _____________ will yield additional insights and information about _____________. As such, _____________ should remain a focal point for further discussions and studies on _____________.

Overall, it is evident that social media plays a crucial role in harming teenagers’ mental health. The analysis presented in this essay demonstrates the clear impact of social media on young people. By understanding the key facts about the ways social media cause young people to experience body dysmorphia, teachers and parents are better equipped to help young people navigate online spaces. Moving forward, further exploration of the ways social media cause harm will yield additional insights and information about how it can be more sufficiently regulated. As such, the effects of social media on youth should remain a focal point for further discussions and studies on youth mental health.

To conclude, this essay has explored the multi-faceted aspects of _____________. Through a careful examination of _____________, this essay has illuminated its significant influence on _____________. This understanding allows society to appreciate the idea that _____________. As research continues to emerge, the importance of _____________ will only continue to grow. Therefore, an understanding of _____________ is not merely desirable, but imperative for _____________.

To conclude, this essay has explored the multi-faceted aspects of globalization. Through a careful examination of globalization, this essay has illuminated its significant influence on the economy, cultures, and society. This understanding allows society to appreciate the idea that globalization has both positive and negative effects. As research continues to emerge, the importance of studying globalization will only continue to grow. Therefore, an understanding of globalization’s effects is not merely desirable, but imperative for judging whether it is good or bad.

Reflecting on the discussion, it is clear that _____________ serves a pivotal role in _____________. By delving into the intricacies of _____________, we have gained valuable insights into its impact and significance. This knowledge will undoubtedly serve as a guiding principle in _____________. Moving forward, it is paramount to remain open to further explorations and studies on _____________. In this way, our understanding and appreciation of _____________ can only deepen and expand.

Reflecting on the discussion, it is clear that mass media serves a pivotal role in shaping public opinion. By delving into the intricacies of mass media, we have gained valuable insights into its impact and significance. This knowledge will undoubtedly serve as a guiding principle in shaping the media landscape. Moving forward, it is paramount to remain open to further explorations and studies on how mass media impacts society. In this way, our understanding and appreciation of mass media’s impacts can only deepen and expand.

In conclusion, this essay has shed light on the importance of _____________ in the context of _____________. The evidence and analysis provided underscore the profound effect _____________ has on _____________. The knowledge gained from exploring _____________ will undoubtedly contribute to more informed and effective decisions in _____________. As we continue to progress, the significance of understanding _____________ will remain paramount. Hence, we should strive to deepen our knowledge of _____________ to better navigate and influence _____________.

In conclusion, this essay has shed light on the importance of bedside manner in the context of nursing. The evidence and analysis provided underscore the profound effect compassionate bedside manner has on patient outcome. The knowledge gained from exploring nurses’ bedside manner will undoubtedly contribute to more informed and effective decisions in nursing practice. As we continue to progress, the significance of understanding nurses’ bedside manner will remain paramount. Hence, we should strive to deepen our knowledge of this topic to better navigate and influence patient outcomes.

See More: How to Write an Expository Essay

3. Compare and Contrast Essay Conclusion

While both _____________ and _____________ have similarities such as _____________, they also have some very important differences in areas like _____________. Through this comparative analysis, a broader understanding of _____________ and _____________ has been attained. The choice between the two will largely depend on _____________. For example, as highlighted in the essay, ____________. Despite their differences, both _____________ and _____________ have value in different situations.

While both macrosociology and microsociology have similarities such as their foci on how society is structured, they also have some very important differences in areas like their differing approaches to research methodologies. Through this comparative analysis, a broader understanding of macrosociology and microsociology has been attained. The choice between the two will largely depend on the researcher’s perspective on how society works. For example, as highlighted in the essay, microsociology is much more concerned with individuals’ experiences while macrosociology is more concerned with social structures. Despite their differences, both macrosociology and microsociology have value in different situations.

It is clear that _____________ and _____________, while seeming to be different, have shared characteristics in _____________. On the other hand, their contrasts in _____________ shed light on their unique features. The analysis provides a more nuanced comprehension of these subjects. In choosing between the two, consideration should be given to _____________. Despite their disparities, it’s crucial to acknowledge the importance of both when it comes to _____________.

It is clear that behaviorism and consructivism, while seeming to be different, have shared characteristics in their foci on knowledge acquisition over time. On the other hand, their contrasts in ideas about the role of experience in learning shed light on their unique features. The analysis provides a more nuanced comprehension of these subjects. In choosing between the two, consideration should be given to which approach works best in which situation. Despite their disparities, it’s crucial to acknowledge the importance of both when it comes to student education.

Reflecting on the points discussed, it’s evident that _____________ and _____________ share similarities such as _____________, while also demonstrating unique differences, particularly in _____________. The preference for one over the other would typically depend on factors such as _____________. Yet, regardless of their distinctions, both _____________ and _____________ play integral roles in their respective areas, significantly contributing to _____________.

Reflecting on the points discussed, it’s evident that red and orange share similarities such as the fact they are both ‘hot colors’, while also demonstrating unique differences, particularly in their social meaning (red meaning danger and orange warmth). The preference for one over the other would typically depend on factors such as personal taste. Yet, regardless of their distinctions, both red and orange play integral roles in their respective areas, significantly contributing to color theory.

Ultimately, the comparison and contrast of _____________ and _____________ have revealed intriguing similarities and notable differences. Differences such as _____________ give deeper insights into their unique and shared qualities. When it comes to choosing between them, _____________ will likely be a deciding factor. Despite these differences, it is important to remember that both _____________ and _____________ hold significant value within the context of _____________, and each contributes to _____________ in its own unique way.

Ultimately, the comparison and contrast of driving and flying have revealed intriguing similarities and notable differences. Differences such as their differing speed to destination give deeper insights into their unique and shared qualities. When it comes to choosing between them, urgency to arrive at the destination will likely be a deciding factor. Despite these differences, it is important to remember that both driving and flying hold significant value within the context of air transit, and each contributes to facilitating movement in its own unique way.

See Here for More Compare and Contrast Essay Examples

4. Critical Essay Conclusion

In conclusion, the analysis of _____________ has unveiled critical aspects related to _____________. While there are strengths in _____________, its limitations are equally telling. This critique provides a more informed perspective on _____________, revealing that there is much more beneath the surface. Moving forward, the understanding of _____________ should evolve, considering both its merits and flaws.

In conclusion, the analysis of flow theory has unveiled critical aspects related to motivation and focus. While there are strengths in achieving a flow state, its limitations are equally telling. This critique provides a more informed perspective on how humans achieve motivation, revealing that there is much more beneath the surface. Moving forward, the understanding of flow theory of motivation should evolve, considering both its merits and flaws.

To conclude, this critical examination of _____________ sheds light on its multi-dimensional nature. While _____________ presents notable advantages, it is not without its drawbacks. This in-depth critique offers a comprehensive understanding of _____________. Therefore, future engagements with _____________ should involve a balanced consideration of its strengths and weaknesses.

To conclude, this critical examination of postmodern art sheds light on its multi-dimensional nature. While postmodernism presents notable advantages, it is not without its drawbacks. This in-depth critique offers a comprehensive understanding of how it has contributed to the arts over the past 50 years. Therefore, future engagements with postmodern art should involve a balanced consideration of its strengths and weaknesses.

Upon reflection, the critique of _____________ uncovers profound insights into its underlying intricacies. Despite its positive aspects such as ________, it’s impossible to overlook its shortcomings. This analysis provides a nuanced understanding of _____________, highlighting the necessity for a balanced approach in future interactions. Indeed, both the strengths and weaknesses of _____________ should be taken into account when considering ____________.

Upon reflection, the critique of marxism uncovers profound insights into its underlying intricacies. Despite its positive aspects such as its ability to critique exploitation of labor, it’s impossible to overlook its shortcomings. This analysis provides a nuanced understanding of marxism’s harmful effects when used as an economic theory, highlighting the necessity for a balanced approach in future interactions. Indeed, both the strengths and weaknesses of marxism should be taken into account when considering the use of its ideas in real life.

Ultimately, this critique of _____________ offers a detailed look into its advantages and disadvantages. The strengths of _____________ such as __________ are significant, yet its limitations such as _________ are not insignificant. This balanced analysis not only offers a deeper understanding of _____________ but also underscores the importance of critical evaluation. Hence, it’s crucial that future discussions around _____________ continue to embrace this balanced approach.

Ultimately, this critique of artificial intelligence offers a detailed look into its advantages and disadvantages. The strengths of artificial intelligence, such as its ability to improve productivity are significant, yet its limitations such as the possibility of mass job losses are not insignificant. This balanced analysis not only offers a deeper understanding of artificial intelligence but also underscores the importance of critical evaluation. Hence, it’s crucial that future discussions around the regulation of artificial intelligence continue to embrace this balanced approach.

This article promised 17 essay conclusions, and this one you are reading now is the twenty-first. This last conclusion demonstrates that the very best essay conclusions are written uniquely, from scratch, in order to perfectly cater the conclusion to the topic. A good conclusion will tie together all the key points you made in your essay and forcefully drive home the importance or relevance of your argument, thesis statement, or simply your topic so the reader is left with one strong final point to ponder.

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 15 Animism Examples
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 10 Magical Thinking Examples
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ Social-Emotional Learning (Definition, Examples, Pros & Cons)
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ What is Educational Psychology?

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Traditional Academic Essays In Three Parts

Part i: the introduction.

An introduction is usually the first paragraph of your academic essay. If you’re writing a long essay, you might need 2 or 3 paragraphs to introduce your topic to your reader. A good introduction does 2 things:

• Gets the reader’s attention. You can get a reader’s attention by telling a story, providing a statistic, pointing out something strange or interesting, providing and discussing an interesting quote, etc. Be interesting and find some original angle via which to engage others in your topic.
• Provides a specific and debatable thesis statement. The thesis statement is usually just one sentence long, but it might be longer—even a whole paragraph—if the essay you’re writing is long. A good thesis statement makes a debatable point, meaning a point someone might disagree with and argue against. It also serves as a roadmap for what you argue in your paper.

Part II: The Body Paragraphs

Body paragraphs help you prove your thesis and move you along a compelling trajectory from your introduction to your conclusion. If your thesis is a simple one, you might not need a lot of body paragraphs to prove it. If it’s more complicated, you’ll need more body paragraphs. An easy way to remember the parts of a body paragraph is to think of them as the MEAT of your essay:

Main Idea. The part of a topic sentence that states the main idea of the body paragraph. All of the sentences in the paragraph connect to it. Keep in mind that main ideas are…

• like labels. They appear in the first sentence of the paragraph and tell your reader what’s inside the paragraph.
• arguable. They’re not statements of fact; they’re debatable points that you prove with evidence.
• focused. Make a specific point in each paragraph and then prove that point.

Evidence. The parts of a paragraph that prove the main idea. You might include different types of evidence in different sentences. Keep in mind that different disciplines have different ideas about what counts as evidence and they adhere to different citation styles. Examples of evidence include…

• quotations and/or paraphrases from sources.
• facts , e.g. statistics or findings from studies you’ve conducted.
• narratives and/or descriptions , e.g. of your own experiences.

Analysis. The parts of a paragraph that explain the evidence. Make sure you tie the evidence you provide back to the paragraph’s main idea. In other words, discuss the evidence.

Transition. The part of a paragraph that helps you move fluidly from the last paragraph. Transitions appear in topic sentences along with main ideas, and they look both backward and forward in order to help you connect your ideas for your reader. Don’t end paragraphs with transitions; start with them.

Keep in mind that MEAT does not occur in that order. The “ T ransition” and the “ M ain Idea” often combine to form the first sentence—the topic sentence—and then paragraphs contain multiple sentences of evidence and analysis. For example, a paragraph might look like this: TM. E. E. A. E. E. A. A.

Part III: The Conclusion

A conclusion is the last paragraph of your essay, or, if you’re writing a really long essay, you might need 2 or 3 paragraphs to conclude. A conclusion typically does one of two things—or, of course, it can do both:

• Summarizes the argument. Some instructors expect you not to say anything new in your conclusion. They just want you to restate your main points. Especially if you’ve made a long and complicated argument, it’s useful to restate your main points for your reader by the time you’ve gotten to your conclusion. If you opt to do so, keep in mind that you should use different language than you used in your introduction and your body paragraphs. The introduction and conclusion shouldn’t be the same.
• For example, your argument might be significant to studies of a certain time period .
• Alternately, it might be significant to a certain geographical region .
• Alternately still, it might influence how your readers think about the future . You might even opt to speculate about the future and/or call your readers to action in your conclusion.

Handout by Dr. Liliana Naydan. Do not reproduce without permission.

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Understanding Assignments

What this handout is about.

The first step in any successful college writing venture is reading the assignment. While this sounds like a simple task, it can be a tough one. This handout will help you unravel your assignment and begin to craft an effective response. Much of the following advice will involve translating typical assignment terms and practices into meaningful clues to the type of writing your instructor expects. See our short video for more tips.

Basic beginnings

Regardless of the assignment, department, or instructor, adopting these two habits will serve you well :

• Read the assignment carefully as soon as you receive it. Do not put this task off—reading the assignment at the beginning will save you time, stress, and problems later. An assignment can look pretty straightforward at first, particularly if the instructor has provided lots of information. That does not mean it will not take time and effort to complete; you may even have to learn a new skill to complete the assignment.
• Ask the instructor about anything you do not understand. Do not hesitate to approach your instructor. Instructors would prefer to set you straight before you hand the paper in. That’s also when you will find their feedback most useful.

Assignment formats

Many assignments follow a basic format. Assignments often begin with an overview of the topic, include a central verb or verbs that describe the task, and offer some additional suggestions, questions, or prompts to get you started.

An Overview of Some Kind

The instructor might set the stage with some general discussion of the subject of the assignment, introduce the topic, or remind you of something pertinent that you have discussed in class. For example:

“Throughout history, gerbils have played a key role in politics,” or “In the last few weeks of class, we have focused on the evening wear of the housefly …”

The Task of the Assignment

Pay attention; this part tells you what to do when you write the paper. Look for the key verb or verbs in the sentence. Words like analyze, summarize, or compare direct you to think about your topic in a certain way. Also pay attention to words such as how, what, when, where, and why; these words guide your attention toward specific information. (See the section in this handout titled “Key Terms” for more information.)

“Analyze the effect that gerbils had on the Russian Revolution”, or “Suggest an interpretation of housefly undergarments that differs from Darwin’s.”

Additional Material to Think about

Here you will find some questions to use as springboards as you begin to think about the topic. Instructors usually include these questions as suggestions rather than requirements. Do not feel compelled to answer every question unless the instructor asks you to do so. Pay attention to the order of the questions. Sometimes they suggest the thinking process your instructor imagines you will need to follow to begin thinking about the topic.

“You may wish to consider the differing views held by Communist gerbils vs. Monarchist gerbils, or Can there be such a thing as ‘the housefly garment industry’ or is it just a home-based craft?”

These are the instructor’s comments about writing expectations:

“Be concise”, “Write effectively”, or “Argue furiously.”

Technical Details

These instructions usually indicate format rules or guidelines.

“Your paper must be typed in Palatino font on gray paper and must not exceed 600 pages. It is due on the anniversary of Mao Tse-tung’s death.”

The assignment’s parts may not appear in exactly this order, and each part may be very long or really short. Nonetheless, being aware of this standard pattern can help you understand what your instructor wants you to do.

Interpreting the assignment

Ask yourself a few basic questions as you read and jot down the answers on the assignment sheet:

Why did your instructor ask you to do this particular task?

Who is your audience.

• What kind of evidence do you need to support your ideas?

What kind of writing style is acceptable?

• What are the absolute rules of the paper?

Try to look at the question from the point of view of the instructor. Recognize that your instructor has a reason for giving you this assignment and for giving it to you at a particular point in the semester. In every assignment, the instructor has a challenge for you. This challenge could be anything from demonstrating an ability to think clearly to demonstrating an ability to use the library. See the assignment not as a vague suggestion of what to do but as an opportunity to show that you can handle the course material as directed. Paper assignments give you more than a topic to discuss—they ask you to do something with the topic. Keep reminding yourself of that. Be careful to avoid the other extreme as well: do not read more into the assignment than what is there.

Of course, your instructor has given you an assignment so that they will be able to assess your understanding of the course material and give you an appropriate grade. But there is more to it than that. Your instructor has tried to design a learning experience of some kind. Your instructor wants you to think about something in a particular way for a particular reason. If you read the course description at the beginning of your syllabus, review the assigned readings, and consider the assignment itself, you may begin to see the plan, purpose, or approach to the subject matter that your instructor has created for you. If you still aren’t sure of the assignment’s goals, try asking the instructor. For help with this, see our handout on getting feedback .

Given your instructor’s efforts, it helps to answer the question: What is my purpose in completing this assignment? Is it to gather research from a variety of outside sources and present a coherent picture? Is it to take material I have been learning in class and apply it to a new situation? Is it to prove a point one way or another? Key words from the assignment can help you figure this out. Look for key terms in the form of active verbs that tell you what to do.

Key Terms: Finding Those Active Verbs

Here are some common key words and definitions to help you think about assignment terms:

Information words Ask you to demonstrate what you know about the subject, such as who, what, when, where, how, and why.

• define —give the subject’s meaning (according to someone or something). Sometimes you have to give more than one view on the subject’s meaning
• describe —provide details about the subject by answering question words (such as who, what, when, where, how, and why); you might also give details related to the five senses (what you see, hear, feel, taste, and smell)
• explain —give reasons why or examples of how something happened
• illustrate —give descriptive examples of the subject and show how each is connected with the subject
• summarize —briefly list the important ideas you learned about the subject
• trace —outline how something has changed or developed from an earlier time to its current form
• research —gather material from outside sources about the subject, often with the implication or requirement that you will analyze what you have found

Relation words Ask you to demonstrate how things are connected.

• compare —show how two or more things are similar (and, sometimes, different)
• contrast —show how two or more things are dissimilar
• apply—use details that you’ve been given to demonstrate how an idea, theory, or concept works in a particular situation
• cause —show how one event or series of events made something else happen
• relate —show or describe the connections between things

Interpretation words Ask you to defend ideas of your own about the subject. Do not see these words as requesting opinion alone (unless the assignment specifically says so), but as requiring opinion that is supported by concrete evidence. Remember examples, principles, definitions, or concepts from class or research and use them in your interpretation.

• assess —summarize your opinion of the subject and measure it against something
• prove, justify —give reasons or examples to demonstrate how or why something is the truth
• evaluate, respond —state your opinion of the subject as good, bad, or some combination of the two, with examples and reasons
• support —give reasons or evidence for something you believe (be sure to state clearly what it is that you believe)
• synthesize —put two or more things together that have not been put together in class or in your readings before; do not just summarize one and then the other and say that they are similar or different—you must provide a reason for putting them together that runs all the way through the paper
• analyze —determine how individual parts create or relate to the whole, figure out how something works, what it might mean, or why it is important
• argue —take a side and defend it with evidence against the other side

More Clues to Your Purpose As you read the assignment, think about what the teacher does in class:

• What kinds of textbooks or coursepack did your instructor choose for the course—ones that provide background information, explain theories or perspectives, or argue a point of view?
• In lecture, does your instructor ask your opinion, try to prove their point of view, or use keywords that show up again in the assignment?
• What kinds of assignments are typical in this discipline? Social science classes often expect more research. Humanities classes thrive on interpretation and analysis.
• How do the assignments, readings, and lectures work together in the course? Instructors spend time designing courses, sometimes even arguing with their peers about the most effective course materials. Figuring out the overall design to the course will help you understand what each assignment is meant to achieve.

Now, what about your reader? Most undergraduates think of their audience as the instructor. True, your instructor is a good person to keep in mind as you write. But for the purposes of a good paper, think of your audience as someone like your roommate: smart enough to understand a clear, logical argument, but not someone who already knows exactly what is going on in your particular paper. Remember, even if the instructor knows everything there is to know about your paper topic, they still have to read your paper and assess your understanding. In other words, teach the material to your reader.

Aiming a paper at your audience happens in two ways: you make decisions about the tone and the level of information you want to convey.

• Tone means the “voice” of your paper. Should you be chatty, formal, or objective? Usually you will find some happy medium—you do not want to alienate your reader by sounding condescending or superior, but you do not want to, um, like, totally wig on the man, you know? Eschew ostentatious erudition: some students think the way to sound academic is to use big words. Be careful—you can sound ridiculous, especially if you use the wrong big words.
• The level of information you use depends on who you think your audience is. If you imagine your audience as your instructor and they already know everything you have to say, you may find yourself leaving out key information that can cause your argument to be unconvincing and illogical. But you do not have to explain every single word or issue. If you are telling your roommate what happened on your favorite science fiction TV show last night, you do not say, “First a dark-haired white man of average height, wearing a suit and carrying a flashlight, walked into the room. Then a purple alien with fifteen arms and at least three eyes turned around. Then the man smiled slightly. In the background, you could hear a clock ticking. The room was fairly dark and had at least two windows that I saw.” You also do not say, “This guy found some aliens. The end.” Find some balance of useful details that support your main point.

You’ll find a much more detailed discussion of these concepts in our handout on audience .

The Grim Truth

With a few exceptions (including some lab and ethnography reports), you are probably being asked to make an argument. You must convince your audience. It is easy to forget this aim when you are researching and writing; as you become involved in your subject matter, you may become enmeshed in the details and focus on learning or simply telling the information you have found. You need to do more than just repeat what you have read. Your writing should have a point, and you should be able to say it in a sentence. Sometimes instructors call this sentence a “thesis” or a “claim.”

So, if your instructor tells you to write about some aspect of oral hygiene, you do not want to just list: “First, you brush your teeth with a soft brush and some peanut butter. Then, you floss with unwaxed, bologna-flavored string. Finally, gargle with bourbon.” Instead, you could say, “Of all the oral cleaning methods, sandblasting removes the most plaque. Therefore it should be recommended by the American Dental Association.” Or, “From an aesthetic perspective, moldy teeth can be quite charming. However, their joys are short-lived.”

Convincing the reader of your argument is the goal of academic writing. It doesn’t have to say “argument” anywhere in the assignment for you to need one. Look at the assignment and think about what kind of argument you could make about it instead of just seeing it as a checklist of information you have to present. For help with understanding the role of argument in academic writing, see our handout on argument .

What kind of evidence do you need?

There are many kinds of evidence, and what type of evidence will work for your assignment can depend on several factors–the discipline, the parameters of the assignment, and your instructor’s preference. Should you use statistics? Historical examples? Do you need to conduct your own experiment? Can you rely on personal experience? See our handout on evidence for suggestions on how to use evidence appropriately.

Make sure you are clear about this part of the assignment, because your use of evidence will be crucial in writing a successful paper. You are not just learning how to argue; you are learning how to argue with specific types of materials and ideas. Ask your instructor what counts as acceptable evidence. You can also ask a librarian for help. No matter what kind of evidence you use, be sure to cite it correctly—see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial .

You cannot always tell from the assignment just what sort of writing style your instructor expects. The instructor may be really laid back in class but still expect you to sound formal in writing. Or the instructor may be fairly formal in class and ask you to write a reflection paper where you need to use “I” and speak from your own experience.

Try to avoid false associations of a particular field with a style (“art historians like wacky creativity,” or “political scientists are boring and just give facts”) and look instead to the types of readings you have been given in class. No one expects you to write like Plato—just use the readings as a guide for what is standard or preferable to your instructor. When in doubt, ask your instructor about the level of formality they expect.

No matter what field you are writing for or what facts you are including, if you do not write so that your reader can understand your main idea, you have wasted your time. So make clarity your main goal. For specific help with style, see our handout on style .

Technical details about the assignment

The technical information you are given in an assignment always seems like the easy part. This section can actually give you lots of little hints about approaching the task. Find out if elements such as page length and citation format (see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial ) are negotiable. Some professors do not have strong preferences as long as you are consistent and fully answer the assignment. Some professors are very specific and will deduct big points for deviations.

Usually, the page length tells you something important: The instructor thinks the size of the paper is appropriate to the assignment’s parameters. In plain English, your instructor is telling you how many pages it should take for you to answer the question as fully as you are expected to. So if an assignment is two pages long, you cannot pad your paper with examples or reword your main idea several times. Hit your one point early, defend it with the clearest example, and finish quickly. If an assignment is ten pages long, you can be more complex in your main points and examples—and if you can only produce five pages for that assignment, you need to see someone for help—as soon as possible.

Tricks that don’t work

Your instructors are not fooled when you:

• spend more time on the cover page than the essay —graphics, cool binders, and cute titles are no replacement for a well-written paper.
• use huge fonts, wide margins, or extra spacing to pad the page length —these tricks are immediately obvious to the eye. Most instructors use the same word processor you do. They know what’s possible. Such tactics are especially damning when the instructor has a stack of 60 papers to grade and yours is the only one that low-flying airplane pilots could read.
• use a paper from another class that covered “sort of similar” material . Again, the instructor has a particular task for you to fulfill in the assignment that usually relates to course material and lectures. Your other paper may not cover this material, and turning in the same paper for more than one course may constitute an Honor Code violation . Ask the instructor—it can’t hurt.
• get all wacky and “creative” before you answer the question . Showing that you are able to think beyond the boundaries of a simple assignment can be good, but you must do what the assignment calls for first. Again, check with your instructor. A humorous tone can be refreshing for someone grading a stack of papers, but it will not get you a good grade if you have not fulfilled the task.

Critical reading of assignments leads to skills in other types of reading and writing. If you get good at figuring out what the real goals of assignments are, you are going to be better at understanding the goals of all of your classes and fields of study.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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Yankees DFA Newly-Acquired Pitcher After Surprisingly Short Stint With Club

Patrick mcavoy | may 20, 2024.

• New York Yankees

The New York Yankees made a handful of moves on Monday.

New York announced that right-handed pitcher Ian Hamilton was placed on the seven-day COVID-19 Injured List, selected left-handed pitcher Clayton Andrews to the active roster, and designated newly-acquired hurler Colby White to make room on the roster.

"Prior to today’s game, the Yankees made the following roster moves: Placed (right-handed pitcher) Ian Hamilton on the 7-day COVID-19 injured list (retroactive to 5/19)," the club said. "Selected (left-handed pitcher) Clayton Andrews (#74) to the active roster. Designated (right-handed pitcher) Colby White for assignment."

White was claimed off waivers by New York, earlier this May, and made just two appearances in the organization for the Double-A Somerset Patriots. The 25-year-old only pitched 2/3 innings combined in the two outings and allowed two earned runs, one home run and walked two batters.

New York landed White off waivers from the rival Tampa Bay Rays after he struggled in their organization to begin the season.

He now will be looking for his next opportunity as he looks to get back on track. White was selected in the sixth round of the 2019 Major League Baseball June Amateur Draft by Tampa Bay and worked his way up through the organization. He showed flashes in the Rays' organization, but injuries have significantly impacted his young career to this point.

Hopefully, he will be able to land with another club quickly and get back on a field soon.

More MLB: Yankees Linked To Veteran Pitcher As 'Outside-The-Box' Trade Target

PATRICK MCAVOY

Patrick McAvoy's experiences include local and national sports coverage at the New England Sports Network with a focus on basketball and baseball. 

Sony a9 III in-depth review

Product photos: Richard Butler

The Sony a9 III is the company's latest high-speed pro sports camera. It features a Stacked CMOS sensor capable of shooting at 120 fps and able to capture all its pixels' data simultaneously: the long hoped-for 'global' shutter.

Key features

• 24MP global shutter Stacked CMOS sensor
• High speed shooting up to 120 fps
• Pre-burst capture of up to 1 sec before the shutter is fully pressed
• Shutter speeds up to 1/80,000 with flash sync across the full range
• 9.44M dot (2048 x 1536px) OLED viewfinder with 0.9x magnification
• 2.0M dot rear LCD with tilting cradle on a fully articulated hinge

The a9 III is available now at a recommended price of $6000. This is a $1500 increase over the previous iteration from 2019. A matching VG-C5 battery grip that provides space for two batteries is available for an additional $398.

How it compares

• Body & handling

Image quality

Autofocus and action photography, sample galleries.

• Specifications

Global shutter sensor

The big news with the a9 III is the move to a sensor that offers a global electronic shutter: ending the exposure for all its pixels simultaneously so that there's no lag or rolling shutter effect. Such sensors have existed before (some CCD chips, for instance), but this is the first one to use a full-frame sensor in a modern mirrorless camera to deliver the full potential benefits.

The sensor delivers the camera's two main selling points: the global shutter, which extends what the camera can offer in three specific areas , and sheer speed. As well as having no motion distortion from its capture, the a9 III is able to shoot at up to 120 frames per second.

Its fast readout also allows incredibly high speed capture, with shutter speeds that extend to 1/80,000 sec. The global readout also means it can sync with flashes all the way up to its maximum shutter speed (though the power of the flash will be reduced at the very shortest exposures and may require the timing of the flash trigger signal to be fine-tuned so that the exposure syncs with the brightest point of the flash output).

There are downsides to the sensor, though: the global shutter design works by using what is effectively a second photodiode within each pixel to act as a buffer: holding the charge generated by the exposure so it can all be read out later. This reduces the effective size of the photodiode used to capture the image, reducing the amount of charge each pixel can hold before it becomes full.

This reduced capacity for charge means the pixel becomes saturated sooner, so it can tolerate less light before clipping. In turn, this means it needs to be given less exposure, which is reflected in the base ISO of 250, 1.3EV higher than typical. Giving a sensor less light instantly reduces the image quality, because light itself is noisy , and this noise is more visible, the less light you capture.

120fps shooting

The super-fast sensor readout allows the a9 III to deliver a faster shooting rate than we've ever seen from a sensor this large. Whereas the previous generation of Stacked CMOS sensors with progressive readout would shoot at up to 30 frames per second, the a9 III quadruples this to 120. Sony has published a list of its lenses that can operate at this full speed.

It's a reasonable question to consider how often even the most demanding sports photographers will need to shoot at 120 frames per second, and how much more sorting and selecting work will be created by generating so many additional files.

You can lower the burst rate to whatever makes the most sense for your specific subject, but there's also an option to temporarily jump back to a faster rate when you hold a button down, meaning you could shoot at, say, 30 fps in the buildup to what you expect to be the critical moment, then press a custom button to give a faster, more concentrated burst around the moment of interest itself.

Interestingly, the a9 III continues to use Sony's preferred CFexpress Type A cards, which have half the read/write channels of the larger Type B format. This means the a9 III has to depend that bit more heavily on its internal buffer. It has the capacity to shoot 196 uncompressed 14-bit Raw files in a burst, allowing 1.6 seconds of capture at its fastest rate. This is nearly 10GB of data, which gives some idea of the size of the camera's buffer but also of how quickly you'd fill up your cards if you shot at full tilt in Raw.

Pre-capture

The a9 III becomes the first Sony to have a pre-capture feature: starting to buffer images when you half-press the shutter button or hold the AF-On button, then retaining up to one second's worth of images when you fully press the shutter. You can reduce the time period to as little as 1/200 sec if you're really confident in your ability to anticipate the crucial moment, but the pre-buffer time isn't affected by your choice of shooting rate.

Dedicated 'AI' processor

The a9 III gains the 'AI' processor that Sony first introduced in the a7R V. This does not add any 'intelligence' or learning in and of itself, but is designed to process the complex subject algorithms created by machine learning for functions such as subject recognition. This should boost the camera's subject recognition performance compared to previous generations of cameras, such as the a1, making the tracking more responsive and more robust.

8EV image stabilization

The a9 III also gains the latest image stabilization processing algorithms, helping it deliver performance that's rated at up to 8.0EV of correction, using the CIPA standard methodology. This is an appreciable increase over the 5.5EV offered by previous generations of cameras. Unlike Canon's system, this doesn't depend on synchronized use of in-body and in-lens IS mechanisms, so users should see an increase in correction performance over a wide range of lenses, though the peak correction may not be quite so well maintained at extremely long and short focal lengths.

C2PA authentication

Although not present at launch, Sony says it plans to add C2PA authentication to the a9 III. This is a cryptographic metadata standard developed by a range of software makers, camera makers and large media organizations that will provide a secure record of the file's provenance and edit history, allowing media organizations to know that the images they are receiving can be traced back to a specific camera and haven't been inappropriately manipulated.

With its high shooting speed and pro-friendly features, the a9 III's closest competitors are the pro sports bodies from Canon and Nikon, as well as Sony's own a1. This is an exclusive group, not only in the sense of commanding a significant price but also in that they have professional support networks established to ensure working pros have the most possible 'up' time. While other cameras promise fast shooting and capable autofocus, these are the models that the most demanding professionals rely on.

*Viewfinder res and display size are reduced **AF and AE locked, in bursts of up to 50 images. ***Whole stop increments only between 1/16,000 and 1/64,000

The a9 III stands out, even from the other manufacturer's pro-grade cameras, in offering 120 fps shooting as a standard mode, with full AF and Raw capture, whereas Canon's R3 locks AF and AE at the first exposure (rarely ideal for the kinds of action shooting that require high speed bursts) and the Nikon outputs significantly reduced resolution JPEGs.

Like the EOS R3, the a9 III opts for speed over resolution, meaning it can't deliver the 8K footage that the a1 and Z9 can. Also, any users hoping for Raw video will need to buy an external recorder, rather than being able to capture this in-camera, as you can on the Canon and Nikon.

The biggest apparent shortcoming is the relatively low battery life of the a9 III, as it's a single grip camera and hence lacks the space for the larger batteries included in the Canon and Nikon. Adding the BG-C5 battery grip adds space for a second battery, as well as providing duplicate portrait orientation controls.

Body and handling

Although the company's a7, a9 and a1 models all look similar, each generation has seen the control layout reworked and details such as the handgrip tweaked. The a9 III sees a larger than typical re-working of Sony's ergonomics.

The grip is a little deeper, with a more prominent dent for the middle finger to rest in, but more significantly, the shutter button is placed on a surface that angles forward rather than sitting in the same plane as the camera's top plate. This means you don't have to rotate your hand or stretch your finger quite so far to reach the shutter. In turn, the custom buttons on the camera's top plate have been extended upwards so that they're still accessible from this less stretched position.

It's a relatively small adjustment but enough that you'll notice it after several hours of shooting. Given the a9 III's target audience, it's hard not to make assumptions that this change has been made in response to Sony's tie-up with the Associated Press, giving the company more feedback from a large pool of working pros.

Beyond this, the body is pretty familiar from the previous generation of cameras, with most of the control points and custom buttons existing in the same places. The main exception to this is that the a9 III gains a fifth custom button, on its front panel. By default, this is used for the 'speed boost' function, but this can be modified.

The a9 III has the same 9.44M dot (2048 x 1536px) OLED viewfinder that first appeared in the Sony a1. The optics in front of the panel give an impressive 0.9x magnification, meaning it's very large to look at, and the fast sensor means its full resolution is used even when refreshing at 120fps. There's a 240fps mode if you need an even more frequent update of what's going on in the scene, but this runs at a reduced resolution. The viewfinder shows no blackout at all when shooting images.

The rear screen is a 2M dot panel that's arranged on a tilting cradle that is itself hinged at the side, providing a wide range of movement and adjustment.

The a9 III uses the same NP-FZ100 battery as all the most recent full-frame cameras have. It's a well-sized 16.4Wh unit that powers the camera to a rating of 530 shots per charge, using the rear LCD according to CIPA standard tests. This drops to 400 shots per charge if you use the viewfinder. These are strong numbers compared to most cameras but some way behind those of its pro sports peers, which typically have a twin-grip body with space for a much larger battery.

Battery life can be increased significantly through the addition of the optional VG-C5 vertical grip. This adds the space for a second FZ100 and more than doubles the battery life, as Sony has developed a system for treating the two batteries as a single large power source.

It's also worth noting that the CIPA standard tests are even less reflective of the behavior of pro sports cameras than they are elsewhere. Bursts of images use much less power than the individual shoot-and-review process that standard testing assumes. As such, a rating of 400 shots per charge for a camera that shoots at 120 frames per second should not be taken to mean that the battery will only last for 3.3 seconds of holding the shutter down. This is nowhere close to being true.

Our test scene is designed to simulate a variety of textures, colors and detail types you'll encounter in the real world. It also has two illumination modes to see the effect of different lighting conditions.

We've looked at the a9 III's image quality and have found that its performance is up to a stop behind those of contemporary full-frame cameras. Essentially the halving of the photodiode size halves the amount of light the sensor can tolerate. This raises the base ISO, limiting the maximum image quality the camera can deliver (ie: comparing base ISO to base ISO).

The added complexity of the sensor's design also means that it isn't able to offer a second low-noise readout path as has become common in dual conversion gain sensors that dominate the market. This sees up to a stop noise penalty, relative to its full-frame peers.

So, while the a9 III's sensor tech may not make as much sense in other cameras, for the high-speed users it's designed for, these aren't necessarily a significant drawback.

Exposure Latitude | ISO Invariance

By Carey Rose

Being Sony's most sports-focused flagship, it should come as no surprise that the a9 Mark III comes with outstanding autofocus performance across almost any situation you might think to put it in. Of course, no camera can fully substitute for a photographer's given experience and skill, but the a9 III gives you a high chance of success for your action-photography endeavors. It certainly netted this photographer plenty of keepers, under varieties of bright, dim, natural and artificial light.

If you've used any of Sony's recent camera bodies, the a9 III's autofocus interface will be familiar. You get a standard array of autofocus areas, as well as 'Tracking' equivalents of most of them. While you can certainly choose a static AF area and manually follow your subjects yourself with a very high hit-rate, much of the technology in the a9 III is designed to support its own tracking and subject recognition algorithms, so that's principally what we put to the test.

Autofocus setup

For general reportage and lifestyle shooting, I tended to keep the a9 III in one of its 'Flexible Spot: Tracking' modes, which works impressively well. In essence, you can choose your starting AF area size (small, medium or large), and then place that area over your intended subject and initiate tracking with the shutter or AF-On button.

This tracking sticks to your subject tenaciously even if it's not necessarily identifying it as a subject such as a bird or a plane. The a9 III will follow anything around the frame, like a flower, or a portion of someone's clothing, allowing you to experiment with composition while the camera keeps your chosen subject in focus. If you happen to initiate tracking over a person's face, the camera will automatically track their eyes if you have face and eye priority enabled. Use this technique for casual shooting and you'll basically never get an image out of focus (a hallmark of Sony cameras for a couple of generations now).

I found, however, that this wasn't my preferred method of photographing sports and action.

When I tried to work this way with team sports, the camera would often latch onto a player's arm, or portion of their uniform, or really whatever bit of them I could catch in the viewfinder and initiate focus on. And often, their face would be just noticeably outside the plane of focus.

So off I went to the camera's 'Custom' tracking AF areas, and dialed-in a tall, narrow rectangle that I could then move around the frame as I saw fit. I also programmed the camera to alter my AF area when I switched to portrait shooting orientation, so the rectangle would remain vertically oriented regardless of how I was holding the camera. In essence, I made my AF area the rough size and area of a human player or torso in the frame. Finally, I also instructed the camera to prioritize the tracking of human faces and eyes, if it could find them.

What this gave me was the ability to quickly identify which player I wanted the camera to track, after which the camera would reliably and quickly identify the player's eyes or face, and I could focus on following the action.

Another setting I ended up experimenting with that netted me further keepers was slowing the camera's default response to other subjects passing between me and the player I was following. I found it would too quickly jump off to other subjects in its default setting, for the sports I was shooting. I reduced this sensitivity, referred to in the camera as "AF Lvl for Crossing", by one notch and found that to be a sweet spot.

But as stated at the outset, sophisticated tracking algorithms aren't a panacea. The camera did an impressive job in spite of my less-than-perfect technique, but there were situations where I would be acquiring focus as two players overlapped, and the camera might track the unintended player.

Or I'd smash the shutter, attempting to drive focus to the correct point as well as start firing off a burst of shots, just as I spotted a crucial moment happening. The camera would often, amazingly, find correct focus, but I would occasionally get short bursts of out-of-focus images in these rushed scenarios. The blame for this result in these types of edge cases can hardly be laid at the camera's feet, though. You simply need to be realistic with your expectations and consider your own technique and reaction time accordingly. Even with a pricey sports flagship.

Other action photography considerations

Another of the headline features on the a9 III is its 120fps burst shooting mode. While I was reticent to use this swiftest shooting speed that often due to the sheer amount of data it produces, I appreciated the option for a custom button to enable this burst speed only when held.

It works very well in practice and is eminently useful when set up this way; I've found that 10-20fps is my sweet spot for most sports, but for certain moments, I boosted the camera to 120fps and enjoyed having the extra options to choose from.

Take the above image, for example. The 120fps burst option allowed me to have a large degree of control in the final image over where the ball is in the air in relation to the player. It's a level of nit-pickiness that I can understand and respect, but I also think 20-30fps is realistically the maximum most people need most of the time.

In terms of displays, I appreciate the array of options relating to viewfinder speed and size, but I have to admit that I tended to keep the viewfinder out of its fastest setting, even for the most demanding sports. The resolution just drops too dramatically, to the point where it was difficult to tell if focus on a distant player was even accurate.

I also found that battery life was on the short side of my expectations, and while I never ran out, I found myself feeling motivated to turn the camera off and on again more often than I'd like during a given event. That said, I fully expect (and would recommend) that anyone looking at the a9 III should be budgeting for the battery grip. Not only do you get double the battery life, but I find it a necessity for shooting vertical, telephoto images handheld.

Autofocus summary

The a9 III is unquestionably a capable, high-performance autofocusing machine. Its subject tracking is seriously impressive, locking onto my intended subjects immediately and tracking them steadfastly. Put simply, if you find that you can't get the shot with the a9 III, I wouldn't necessarily look to blaming the camera first.

As capable as the camera is, it's also highly customizable, and you will absolutely benefit from some experimentation and dialing in preferred settings for the way you work and the subjects you shoot. This isn't a knock against the camera, just a fact of life for all sports camera flagships to varying degrees. And though I do expect AI-trained automatic modes will continue to improve, there must always be some method of your intentions about subject matter reaching the camera's processor, and so some customization will likely remain necessary for the foreseeable future.

As it stands, if you're after some of the best autofocus performance money can buy and also want the fastest burst shooting we've seen in a full-frame camera to date, the a9 III is a compelling option and worthy of your consideration.

The a9 III's global shutter has major implications for video shooters as well as stills photographers. Being able to end the entire frame's capture simultaneously means it doesn't exhibit any rolling shutter artefacts at all. So there's no risk of warped verticals with moving subjects and no risk of banding when shooting under uncontrolled artificial lighting.

It's worth noting that while the a9 III's sensor can end its exposure instantaneously, this doesn't mean it can read-out its sensor as immediately. It's still quick enough to allow 4K/120 footage to be created from 6K full-width capture, though, making it one of the fastest hybrid cameras on the market.

Its video feature set is consistent with recent Alpha models, meaning it can shoot 10-bit video in H.264 (long GOP or All-I) or H.265 codecs. It can also shoot small proxy versions of its video in parallel with the main clips, for quicker editing and can output raw data over its HDMI socket if you have an external recorder to capture it.

The a9 III offers the Auto Framing option that uses subject recognition to crop-in and follow a subject within the frame, allowing a single presenter/operator to capture more dynamic video. There's also breathing compensation, which works with Sony's own-brand lenses, cropping in to the tightest angle of view that the lens offers and then adjusting the crop to remove the change of framing that would otherwise happen as the lens changes focus distance.

On top of this, the a9 III delivers some of the most dependable video autofocus we've seen. As with most cameras you can adjust the speed at which the focus is driven, depending on whether you're trying to tightly maintain focus on a constantly moving subject or smoothly drift between different focus distances. Taken together these features make it relatively easy to shoot good-looking footage with the a9 III even if your background isn't in video.

What the a9 III lacks is many of the videographer-focused features present in Sony's video line. So there's no option to set exposure in terms of shutter angle, rather than shutter speed (something that would be really valuable on a camera that can shoot 4K/120 as readily as it can 4K/24). There are no waveform displays or vectorscopes and no option to use the EI exposure system, rather than ISO.

You do get the attractive, low contrast S-Cinetone color profile, though, and when shooting in Log, you can upload up to 16 LUTs which you can use to give you a corrected preview, with the option to embed the LUT alongside the footage, or directly apply it to your footage in-camera.

Overall it's a flexible, capable video camera but one that seems careful not to tread on the toes of models aimed more pointedly at videographers.

The a9 III is an undeniably ground-breaking camera. The global shutter sensor, which lets it start and end exposure for all its pixels simultaneously, means electronic shutter with no concern about strobing advertising boards, zero rolling shutter in video and the ability to sync flash at incredibly high speeds with no blackout of the viewfinder. Then there's the ability to shoot at up to 120 frames per second: not something a lot of people will need to do all the time, but a capability that will undoubtedly expand photographers' options.

All of this is allied to what's probably the most capable autofocus systems we've yet encountered, with highly reliable tracking being at least as relevant as the en vogue subject recognition modes it gains. Top-level sports shooting will require a degree of behavior tuning, as different sports and shooting styles require different responses, but we were hugely impressed by the hit rates we got from the a9 III.

It's not an unalloyed success, though. We found the fastest, most sports-friendly viewfinder mode gave up too much resolution to be confident in the camera's focus. And Sony's decision to use a single grip design for its sports and photojournalism cameras is being challenged by the greater power consumption of its newer models: we expect and would recommend the a9 III will be used with a battery grip in many circumstances.

We have fewer concerns when it comes to image quality. The a9 III's relatively high base ISO means it can't match the IQ of its direct rivals at their peak performance, but as soon as your shot requires ISO 250 or higher, the a9 III's added speed gives it the edge. Likewise, whereas it falls a little behind in side-by-side comparisons at higher ISOs, there are likely to be situations in which the a9 III captures a fractionally noisier version of a photo that another camera might simply miss.

Ultimately the a9 III sets a new standard for what we can expect from a pro sports camera, and Sony appears to be adding the workflow features that the most demanding pros are requesting. There are some trade-offs being made to deliver the a9 III's super-fast capabilities but taken as a whole they allow it to pull ahead of the field.

Scoring is relative only to the other cameras in the same category. Click here to learn about what these numbers mean.

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All gallery images are uncropped out-of-camera JPEGs with accompanying lossless-compressed Raw files.

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It’s interesting…. There are lots of naysayers harping on the DR, the base iso, and poo-pooing the benefits of unlimited flash sync and global shutter, 120fPS, etc…

All while a few true believers are commenting how they’re actually using the A9III in their work.. others ignore these comments and the written review and continue to put down the new tech.

This is all very reminiscent of the BS technology deniers back in 2017 when the original A9 with stacked sensor came out. The talk back then was “who needs silent shooting” “who needs electronic shutter” “20 FPS is for spray and pray hacks who aren’t skilled photographers”, “Mirrorless won’t replace DSLR for pro bodies”…

Of course now that Canon and Nikon have stacked sensor cameras that shoot at 20FPS all that fake drama is gone…. But now we have new drama with the next newest technology. As usual, history is repeating itself, and it’s perhaps new brand warriors from the same old brands putting down the new technology…

I wonder if those guys ever went back to review their ridiculous (sometimes insulting) comments from 2017. I wonder if any of you will come back in 5 years and review your comments here…

If they can't afford it, then putting it down helps them deal.

Jealousy, sour grapes, lots of terms for the phenomenon.

Have you noticed that some of them repeat phrases they got from the earliest reviews - the reviews that came out when the camera was announced, and the reviewers were careful about it, perhaps for fear of being seen as too enthusiastic? The later reviews are more positive, but phrases from those early reviews get repeated over and over.

Does anyone reliably know how fast the frame rate is with adapted and third party lenses?

Sometimes, freezing the action does not make a great photograph.

Sometimes freezing the action makes a photograph great.

I really prefer frozen action. Sports moves so damned fast that being able to observe that frozen moment does a lot more for me than some "arty" blurred photo.

I'm surprised by the noise level at ISO 2500 in the following pic:

https://www.dpreview.com/files/p/articles/3931777890/AF-photos-edited/DSC01570.acr_crop.jpeg

Is that normal for FF of that caliber?

It's normal for global shutter with some stronger editing also enhancing noise. I got even worse with a non GS sensor at 800 ISO with a very very low contrast scene after editing (and I'm not a Sony user). Especially when you have to shoot through something causing stronger haze. GS has an impact for sure (even if Sony says it doesn't have) but the editing may distort it a bit in this case.

So...when can us peasants expect this technology to trickle down to a sub $2k model? (I kid, I kid)

absolutely no interest in a camera of this price, but so awesome to see some real innovation in the space. Now if only someone can figure out a way to make real strides from the IQ we've generally had for the past decade or so

Small typo in the cons list in conclusion: "Performance at highest ISOs falls a behind its peers"

Not a typo, but man when was the last time Sony had battery life mentioned at all in the cons list? Tells you how much hardware this thing is packing: "Battery life can be a concern in highly demanding shoots"

Regarding the sample picture of the line-out. I get that 120 fps burst was used to be able to select a picture where the ball is where you want it, but I'm struggling to see the advantage in that scenario compared to older cameras. That type of photo is a common one taken in most games & there are plentiful examples of excellent photos taken without requiring 120 fps. The ball is also blurred & the whole image looks soft (120 fps is no help if the shutter speed isn't fast enough). I understand the shutter speed may have been dialed down so the ISO was not pushed to high, but is this a case where the noise penalty compared to its peers (as mentioned in the article) was a detriment? e.g. could one of its peer have had the same level of noise but have been better able to freeze the action because you could have shot at 1/1000 of a second, instead of 1/500th? Outside of top end pro sports at events where the lighting is not so good, is this camera the best option?

Sony A9iii at iso6400 in raw no better than my Nikon Z50.

Good for you, now take your Z50 to the summer Olympics :)

Folk used to take film cameras and pre focus. I bet that the Z50 would do just fine.

I would also bet a good photographer would do just fine with a z50 at the Olympics with the same range of lenses as other pros. I used to take sports action photos with a old EOS 620 and it worked just fine; you can't chimp with film either yet somehow people got their photos.

I have both the A9 III and the Z50 and the Z50 is a joke on of the works camera I got and I regretted buy-ing it. I should have moves to Sony back when got my two Z6s I still have but we do still use one of them on double shoot weddings.

I am totally disinterested in the Olympics.

The options for autofocus are sure complex. I imagine a future day when AI chips end up in a camera (or a phone APP) allowing the settings controlled by the photographer's voice: "Keep the forward number 5 in focus when she has the ball"

Nope, at that point AI would be the photographer. Human assistant would be required to lug equipment around and put it where AI commands.

AI will replace many photography jobs sooner than later. The people that learn to make AI images with replace many photographers that dont. We will see it be normal for not having a photo shoot and the AI artist makes the new images for the customer from a set of cell phone images the customer sends in. You can do that now for some things like head shots and commercial and product photos.

does it come in a version with canon colors?

No, only in Sony black.

An acquaintance who shoots lots of outdoor portraits with flash rented one to try and bought his own that very day. He says it's completely transformative to his work, and the man doesn't impress easily.

if it transforms your work completely then you must have used your old camera wrong

Your old digital camera or any other brand of digital camera right now can not do what the A9 II I can do for portrait photography. If you don understand what then you need to learn more about portrait photography.

I use the A9III myself for portraits and it has changed everything no older digital camera can do what this can do. When outdoors in a place with many other photographers all shooting portraits I can now do things non of them can do. No more ND filters needed no more sun blockers needed and I can shoot at more wide open F stops super easy with flash and super fast recycle times. Yes it has changed portrait photography..

If you think unrestricted flash sync can’t be transformative for certain types of photography then you must not grasp what it means…

You need to use the flash in HSS mode and this sucks out on a job. we could never use that as in no time your recycle time get up past 30 seconds before you can take the next shot. Great for making YouTube videos showing it off by on a real job I am shooting 5 to 10 or more shots in a row very fast HSS can not keep up or even come close to keeping up. We do one hour portrait sessions and shoot from 400 to 600 images in that hour HSS flash can not even make it the first 5 mins. We shoot around 120 jobs a year the A9 III is the first camera that gives us what you could do with some old film cameras that was normal back then that was removed when digital had come out.

I'd rather have one good shot then 120 bad ones 😂

You did a nice job. Reading the AF performance section really gives on a clear idea about the autofocus.

I bought one to shoot large music concerts. What I found was that the camera failed to focus on the artist onstage in the semi-dark venue, whereas my Canon R3 and R6ii didn't have any problems. Very disappointing AF performance.

The 120fps and pre-capture were very handy, and just about everything about the camera lived up to the hype. But without consistent AF in low light conditions, this camera was useless to me as a concert photographer. And as for its price, I have to say it costs too much. Maybe $5000, definitely not $6000. I put it up for sale the next day.

@dash2k8 what lens did you use? Did you read the manual? In dark conditions setting "Aperture Drive" to "focus priority" would give you the best low light AF on the market. Don't even need an A9III for that, my ancient A9II does the same. Sounds like operator error to me.

I was using the 70-200mm f2.8 II, which is clearly not a slouch of a lens. As for reading the manual... I've shot numerous concerts with up to 80,000 fans in attendance, I know my way around a concert, thank you very much. When a camera cannot focus on a single performer on the stage without any obstructions, that is not an "operator error." But hey, if you want to think me an idiot, knock yourself out.

Been using it on jobs from the week I got it when it had came out. Battery life is very good shooting small weddings and portraits and have not once ran out of battery power not even close. Using the flash sync speeds at anything I want now has changed how we shoot portraits forever now. I just set it to what ever shutter speed I want to knock down the background even in bright sunlight and start shooting with off camera flash at any F stop. No HSS flash needed or ND filters needed for flash or natural light even shooting at F 1.2. Super fast flash recycle times as I can now shoot at more wide open F stops so very little flash output is needed now. This changes everything for any portrait or wedding shooter. Then the high speed shooting changes it for sports shooters. This is the best all around digital camera to come out from the start of digital, Focus tracking is amazing it is all we use now it just never misses.

Thanks for your excellent comment. It seems this camera makes it so much easier for professional, and all portrait and wedding photographers to control subject lighting and backgrounds. And with the avoidance of banding due to lighting, and rolling shutter effects of high speed subjects, this camera and its technology are likely very desirable to most photographers. Cheers

Meh, I'll wait until Fujifilm releases it's first GFX Series MF camera with global shutter. 😉

Start saving now and you should be able to afford it when it arrives. And some lenses, too - their new telephoto looks good!

A global shutter that big is gonna cost a lot.

What is that port below the usb-c port? it looks like either micro-hdmi or micro-usb but the camera has a full size hdmi port and a usb-c port?

It’s a “MULTI” port which is used primarily for controlling remotes. (Or remote control)

It takes the wired remote shutter release (and it still works, even though I bought the wired remote to use with an A7RIV in 2019). It’s a modified USB port with extra pins.

To much $$$$$ for nothing.

Nothing? what you can do with this camera you can not do with any other camera unless it has a leaf shutter and then still not as much. We are doing this on every job now we could never do before.

This is such a cool technology! I don’t shoot sports or action, but this camera looks top tier for it.

Dream idea I can’t afford… It will be interesting as a future camera combines HEIF for more dynamic range, Nikon’s blackout-less viewfinder, Sony’s global shutter, Nikon’s lowlight anstro mode for low -EV sensitivity and turning all UI into red/black, Sony/Nikon’s pre-capture and all the other fancy things coming out. Also, Canon R3 iris focus, which sounded very gimmicky for hose it did not work with, but still sounds cool.

Observation, the Nikon Z9 is killing it on high ISO low noise compared to the other 3 cameras by default. Look at the RAW 6400, 12,800 ISO. Lettering and fine thread details are way clearer Z9.

Sure. The Nikon is the only high res camera in that group of four. No idea why they decided to put the APS-C A6600 in the group. The A9II is a reasonable comparison because it shows the previous gen non global shutter version of this camera… but change the A6600 to the A1, and the Z9 and A1 look very similar…

This is fundamentally why so many sports and PJ guys have been moving to high resolution bodies ever since cameras like the A1 and Z9 came to market offering no compromise high res capability…

You need to look at real world use I dont know of anyone that shoots at super high ISO for any real paid work its not needed. I almost never go past iso 2000 for any jobs we ever do as that is what flash is for in darker places like a dark wedding reception.

Super high iso is useful mostly for the pro sports shooters covering high school sports in lousy lighting. Most of the pro stadiums and arenas now have good enough lighting that you can be above 1/1000s shutter and below ISO6400 at f2.8 where this camera produces a plenty clean enough image.

The flash sync thing is really an interesting capability…. I think most people that don’t have actual practical experience with unrestricted sync speed don’t fully understand the benefit…

$6000 for crop sensor picture quality... Only Sony could get away with this.

Did you even bother reading the pros and cons?

I image quality is fantastic we are using it almost every day now as our main camera on all our jobs. What you can do with it you can not do with other cameras. Nikon and Canon and Fuji has nothing like this. If you dont understand the features you are missing in other cameras then you dont need them as you dont understand why you would want this to use them every day. I waited over 20 years for the features it has.

Remarkable Sony pulled this off and equally remarkable the competition can't duplicate it now or perhaps in near future.

unless you really need those features . A1 is a butter choice.

Not for vegans... ;-)

I think he's trying to say that this camera isn't as good for Sony's profit margarines.

Actually I think it's suitable for a spread of users.

With its buttery smooth focus, the A1 is a great option. :)

It definitely seems to be smooth.

A9 III It's the perfect camera for portrait shooters, wedding shooters and sports shooters. No other camera can do this like this.

Except for maybe the Z8 or R3.

Fuji X-H2S or even the OM-1 II. All really fast cameras.

Bolton read his other comments to see why he says what he says before you say, but Nikon, but canon…

@MikeRan I feel like 20fps RAW and 30fps JPEG is more than adequate for portraits, wedding, and sports.

This new Sony is the usual spec monster from them. Nothing wrong with that, esp. if you need the Ethernet port. But 'perfect' is subjective, and not every wedding and portrait shooter can afford $6K for APS-C quality. When a guy can get a brand new GFX camera for $5k and get a respectable 8fps of 102mp portraiture.. I feel like that might be a better deal if you can learn all about constant lighting and maybe high speed sync flash.

But I'm old enough to remember when 8fps was blistering fast for a sports gun.

“ I feel like 20fps RAW and 30fps JPEG is more than adequate for portraits, wedding, and sports.”

This sounds cherry picked because these are exactly the capabilities of the Z8/Z9…. lol. Anyway. You are only reading the bits you want to read and ignoring other key capabilities of the global shutter that you don’t have a counterpoint for your Nikon.

That’s okay. You don’t have to buy it.

I didn't ignore the full size Ethernet port, which is pretty rare. I also mentioned working within the limits of regular shutter and flash which does acknowledge the higher speed sync abilities of the A9 III.

Within its niche it does offer, well other than super high speed flash sync, exactly what that I couldn't real world accomplish in a portrait or wedding shoot with a variety of other cameras including the X-H1s I currently own?

I've shot portraits and weddings. 120fps and 1/80,000 sec flash sync aren't needed for those things. Cool that you can do it, but outside of some edge use cases, it's spec monster overkill.

The X-H2s can do 40fps e-shutter, so there, not just cherry picking the Nikon specs ;-)

@Heritage Cameras My sunflower butter raises an objection ;-) (oh and I'm not a vegan)

Camera like this is arguably too cheap, only the select few elites of society should be able to carry one, I am not happy about people who own bad equipment like a Nikon Z9 should be able to buy a superior product like A9 III, a camera for real camera people, global shutter allows stunning images with superior everything.

I own 20 of these A9 III, I had to make sure to buy up as much stock as possible so fewer people can abuse this God given tool for the chosen man.

It's hard to nit-pick this camera. It's a tool designed for a purpose & it appears to do that very, very well. As sports / fast action cameras go its arguably the best on the market today. The global shutters disadvantage, in my opinion, is not the small hit to overall image quality, which is not an issue for its intended purpose. It's the price premium over the A9ii, which itself is still a very capable camera. $5999 v $4499 is a big jump, but there's always a price of new technology.

While the Sony A9 III excels in speed, particularly for high-stakes wildlife and sports photography, other cameras offer better image quality while still delivering commendable performance.

How is this comment shedding anything that wasnt expressed in the article

Other cameras can also keep a couple grand more money in the photographer's pocket, or else they can grab a lens or maybe two. Even with other Sony cameras.

So there's that.

Depending on which camp the contributions come from, DPR comment section "discussions" about a specific product sample tend to resemble discussions about religions: Very often, facts do not matter, beliefs do and taint the corresponding comments. Attempting to engage the respective believers in a discussion by offering facts (too) often appears as a waste of time. With that said: I believe (!) the A9III excels at the tasks it has been designed forand that the DPR review says that, too. Quote: "The a9 III pairs the fastest full-frame sensor available with the most dependable AF system and an increasingly sophisticated set of professional workflow tools. There's a slight image quality price to be paid for this speed but it's minor in comparison to the performance the camera brings, overall." Also, I believe that DPR was clever by avoiding terms like "game changer" - which might have spilled fuel on DPR comment section & fora fires eventually ignited with the release of their review.

When Sony first announced this global shutter model, it was Sony Über Alles around here, with DPR slobbering all over it with phrases like "game changer" and "revolutionary". Some of the articles read like straight Sony marketing, and often conflated a theoretically perfect implementation of a global shutter with the actual product. So what's changed? Has Sony underdelivered? It seems more like they squeaked out a Gold Participation Medal to satisfy fanboys, rather than murderizing the competition, as they promised.

One would have expected galleries of images that demonstrated the real-world advantage of the global shutter over the likes of the now-obsolete Nikon Z9. Perhaps those will be forthcoming? Or maybe real-world benefit is so exceedingly rare that it wasn't worth the time or effort to find any?

The global shutter now seems reduced to a footnote.

Unfortunately the review has ignored another area where the camera excells, the concert photography. You no longer have to worry about the LED lights banding (full mechanical shutter nor stacked sensor doesn't fully prevent the issue) and the AF/Eye tracking in low-light is absolutely stunning. I have never seen anything like that before. It sticks all the time no matter how dark or foggy the stage is. As for the noise, I compared it with my A7C and I haven't found any significant difference in very bad light conditions. Not better, not worse. I use AI denoising anyway. This is amazing camera.

I don’t think, technically, this is a very good review. It seems to be self-contradictory in parts (because it appears to have been shared between two authors?) and not as comprehensive as might be expected. And. . .why did it take five months to appear? During which time we’ve all seen a number of reviews and analyses, and not all of them by regular Sony users either.

I'm a bit confused as to reviews of specialty cameras. Is the 91% compared to other sports cameras? Or all cameras?

The global shutter puts it in a class by itself. For now.

I thought that the current face/eye tracking AF was shared among a variety of Sony cameras. Or is this one different?

Wrong weight???

in the comparison: The weight of the Canon R3 is maybe wrong! Nikon is 1340g with batteries and R3 is 1015g with batteries. The Z9 is a little bit on the heavy side, but this difference is too big!

The Nikon is indeed 1340g. The R3's weight is correct too.

Amazing piece of kit. Look forward to seeing where this technology goes.

I think it will go where all new tech goes: first for the high end, then the tech is refined, then improved, then it goes more mainstream. In a few years lots more cams will have it.

Yes, probably. I think we will see a 3-way segmentation with BSI at one end prioritizing low price and highest IQ with GS at the other end prioritizing speed and with Stacked Sensor in the middle.

Seems like that's already what's happening.

I would have expected that a significant part of the sample gallery would be devoted to showing what the global shutter and incredibly high sync speed can do better/easier than other cameras.

Yeah that's one area that is lacking. Also, I think it would be nice to have banding tests, flickering tests and rolling shutter tests. For ex on the A9iii with flickering lights, you will catch different phases of equal illumination, but it means that sometimes the image will be completely dark, but at least if you take enough shots, you will also have a decent amount of perfect shots.

Like I mentioned elsewhere, the Global Shutter was almost reduced to a footnote. Seems the honeymoon is over for DPR.

It's a respectable image gallery, but there's nothing here that can't be done with a variety of cameras dating back into the mirrored DSLR era.

It's alarming that the camera is a series of tradeoffs, excelling in some areas but lagging in others.

Why does this alarm you? Engineering/product development is always a series of trade offs. This is no different.

The good news is if you don’t need the global shutter Sony still has you covered with a wide range of options.

@MrBrightSide

The camera is not a 'series of tradeoffs', that's a misrepresentation.

In fact at its base ISO of 250 the A9III is a quarter of a stop better than the R3 and three quarters of a stop better than the R6. https://www.photonstophotos.net/Charts/PDR.htm#Canon%20EOS%20R3(ES),Canon%20EOS%20R6(ES),Sony%20ILCE-9M3

Canon and Nikon would love to have this sensor.

At low ISO, no current camera is lacking image quality, and the differences there only become relevant in very special applications, and however well photons to photos might be representing real world performance there at all, in general low light applications the image quality of this camera is down to APS-C level. Not even MFT is far away. That, and the fact that there are cameras other than Canon which have better low ISO performance, too, is perfectly well described by "series of tradeoffs", and that's what the review says, too. This is not an all-rounder, it is a specialist, and anyone who is not a specialist photographer themselves is better served with another camera. I don't think DPReview makes this clear enough, by the way.

@RubberDials

Why do you compare the Canons in electronic shutter mode? Are mechanical shutters unusable now? Is a 1.9EV difference at respective base ISO not a tradeoff?

@MikeRan: This *is* different in that a – however groundbreaking – improvement in one or two specialty areas is achieved by sacrificing a whole EV worth of general image quality.

@ eleivr - why did RubberDials compare the Canons in electronic shutter mode? One fact: Canon EOS R3 and R6 max out at 12 FPS with mech shutter, hence they need to be run with electronic shutter to get somewhat closer to 120 FPS. In this shutter mode, both Canons appear to shoot with DR a wee bit less than the A9III (assuming the interpretation of PhotonstoPhotos data is correct as that has been discussed elsewhere to hair-splitting degrees). Additional fact: Of course, the A9III cannot be run with a mech shutter to improve its base ISO DR.

Ralf B very thoughtfully replied for me. Thanks Ralph!

The image quality of the A9 III camera is not down to APS-C level. I am using it on all our jobs nothing about it has bad image quality it has fantastic image quality just as good as my Nikon FF cameras in fact we shoot both side by Side at weddings. It is a great portrait and wedding and sports camera exceeding other brands of cameras by far. Using the global shutter to shoot at any flash sync speed is just amazing we are doing this all the time now. We could never do this is the past with a digital camera. So we are able to get photos now we could never do before. No HSS ever needed now and no ND filters needed now. Also the best focus and tracking system of any camera on the market. And no rolling shutter for video as well. We are have shot plenty now to more then cover the cost of the camera.

@goactive: Mind you, "APS-C level" is not "bad image quality". It's just roughly one stop more noise. When shooting at lower ISOs, you obviously won't even notice the difference, except when you have to brighten shadows to the extreme or something like that. But in low light, the difference should be there. Anyway you seem to be one of the specialists who profit from the camera's special features, so I wouldn't even begin to question your choice. But someone who doesn't, who rarely has issues because of rolling shutter and doesn't need the flash sync improvements, either, it's not the best camera.

The Canons have less DR in ES because of the 12 Bit readout. Of course you can compare it that way, but the R6 was never meant to be a fast camera anyway. So I think this is still cherry picking to make the Sony look like its on rolling shutter FF level. And a mechanical shutter will not improve the A9 III as it already reads out at 14 Bit, unless of course the sensor can do more.

@RubberDials Sure it is (a series of tradeoffs). Just off the top of my head, with the Nikon Z9 you get much lower base ISO, bigger images, and 8K video, a big grip and a bigger battery. These aren't trivial things.

But the the Nikon Z9 can not do what the A9 III can do for portraits at all. making the A9 III the best choice for wedding portrait and sports shooters. The lower base iso is nothing as it can still not flash seen to any speed you need. and the higher MPs is not need as we could and did print any size print anyone every needed back with 12MP cameras. The battery in the A9III is great we have never run it down shooting full jobs will be going to wedding later today with it and shot a portrait session with it yesterday. I was a Nikon shooter and still have three Nikon Z cameras and a lot of z lens the A9II is not less quality at all its better in fact for what we can do now.

The best camera to shoot a 155mm shell out of a gun and other extremely fast action, but only for that. Overkill for sports imo, and bad high iso.

what are you basing this on I have it and that is not true. Its by far the best camera to come out in over 20 years.

None, based on the specs, but my R6 fill my needs better than this cam.

Perfectly reasonable to decide that the R6 suits you better. No one can realistically disagree with that.

However, to claim that the camera is incapable of shooting other kinds of work is a huge presumption, and not based on fact. I own an A9 III, and I have been using it for shooting a variety of shots. It is more versatile than you think.

Don’t worry, we won’t force you to get one :-D

Now if only RawTherapee would extract the raws.

I was delighted that Adobe added the A9 III to Adobe Camera RAW in December, well before I got mine. I've been through the wait for RAW support many times, and it's not fun. This time, no wait! Well, for me.

It will come, but the wait is never fun.

It'll be interesting so see if I can spot Global Shutter photos once the summer Olympics gets rolling. I'll be on the lookout.

According to reports from users that I've read the A9iii seems to be Sony's most comprehensively well designed release to date. Bodes well for an A1II. Not sure about global shutter. Maybe it's the future but I suspect not. Too much on-chip structure and complexity to solve a problem that will mostly go away after another generation of fast rolling shutter sensors.

If Canon ever gets around to releasing their R1 it will be interesting to see how they compare head to head. Two completely different tools but designed to more or less compete for the chance to perform the same elite task. Good stuff.

I think the question will be do you see images with banding from artificial light? You can know that banding wouldn’t be present in a global shutter exposure.

Anyway Paris is going all out and I expect good lighting and not much of that..

Full 120FPS RAW (for those specific situations), and the best AF in any camera on the market are what’s going to make the A9III shine at the Olympics…

Also high speed flash sync one or the main features so many photographers dont seem to understand how that this changes portrait photography.

Don't conflate banding caused by general lighting with the refresh rate on typical LED displays in sports arenas, the way Sony wants you to. If you use a high shutter speed, you'll get lines in those displays.

Interestingly it’s already on sale. It seems it’s not selling well. Still a good camera.

Abe’s of Maine doesn’t count…

Actually most retailers are selling it for list.. $5999. Who has it on sale?

(Speaking like a true cũlť member. ŠMH) 😜

$5998 at Amazon. MAP is fraying at the edges ... lol

Oh sorry it’s on sale for $1.00 off. lol… 😂

@MikeRan - Don't knock Abe's Of Maine. I have bought gear for him that was just as good as B&H,

Some people have had good luck with them. There are many horror stories…. My point was just because AoM is offering below MSRP doesn’t mean it’s “on sale, must not be selling well.”

Are they selling grey market? (Sincere question, I've never dealt with them so I wouldn't know).

Usually…. They also do bait and switch and other shady tricks. Some people get lucky…. But…

https://www.bbb.org/us/nj/linden/profile/electronic-equipment-dealers/westpark-electronics-llc-0221-27002918

And yes this is Abe’s of Maine’s business. And no they aren’t in Maine. lol..

Pretty sure the back screen should also be in green, possibly together with the R3, because the 4d screen system is way better than a flip screen.

Also: "Not so good for: Photography not requiring the a9 III's speed." => speed means the fps here? or GS means speed too? Because it's amazing for eliminating banding, distortion and for flash, even when shooting at low fps.

If you don't need the speed, then you can get the same image quality out of an APS-C camera, or significantly better from a variety of other full framers at a third of the price. And the other full frame makers haven't been sitting on their hands when it comes to autofocus, either.

If you do need this level of speed and pro body connectivity however, then yes it becomes a good deal.

I was always curious what the criteria are for marking a spec red/green in the comparison sheet. It is obvious IMO that the pixel count should be red for A8 III and R3, and that ISO should be red for A9 III.

The green/red markings seem to mostly be used for the more performance-related specs. The advantage of having more pixels or a higher ISO is perhaps more dependent on individual needs and specific use cases, so they choose not to single out any camera as universally better or worse in those respects. I'm just guessing here, but I could imagine that being the reason.

Pixels and ISO are definitely more important than say battery life. Both are among critical performance metrics evaluated by any buyer IMO.

Yes, but usually they are (or should be) evaluated in relation to one's individual needs and preferences. It's not just a simple case of "more is better". Things like longer battery life and higher res screens, on the other hand, can probably be appreciated by everyone, regardless of what type of photographer one is. But yeah, I agree that some clarification of the thinking behind the red/green markings wouldn't be out of place.

I do not care about the battery life, and, say, sensor resolution is much more important for me than screen resolution. And I am positive I am in majority here.

I'm not saying anything about which aspects of a camera are the most important. That's a personal opinion, and I happen to agree with your preferences. I'm just saying that DPR probably choose not to mark the features green/red, if their advantage/disadvantage is highly dependent on the use case.

Interesting to see DPR finally acknowledge that a pro sports/PJ body doesn’t have to be huge. It’s small size even listed as a pro..

But carrying 4x the batteries as a larger camera has negates the weight savings and adds to anxiety of running out of juice when it matters.

3 small Sony batteries equals 2 larger/heavier Nikon batteries in terms of useful battery life.

And a Sony camera with grip and 2 batteries will last way longer than a z9 with its battery before you need to change.

Nice try though.

Oh the A9III, Battery Grip, and two batteries is lighter than the Z9 with no battery, so no, your Z9 kit is still heavier…. Less weight, longer battery life, and less anxiety…. LOL…

"3 small Sony batteries equals 2 larger/heavier Nikon batteries in terms of useful battery life. And a Sony camera with grip and 2 batteries will last way longer than a z9 with its battery before you need to change."

How do you know? And please don't cite CIPA numbers. Cite from actual use. Good try though. Have you ever used a gripped body vs a body with add on grip? Not the same experience. Up here, a Z9 with a second battery is about $2000 cheaper than an a9III, grip and 2 extra batteries. That is significant. It also has less failure points and remains environmentally sealed. The weight difference is marginal and immaterial, especially to someone who uses it day in and day out, and often preferential when dealing with long lenses. Z9 users don't care about the weight of the Z9. Only users of other brands trying to knock it do.

From the review: "I fully expect (and would recommend) that anyone looking at the a9 III should be budgeting for the battery grip. Not only do you get double the battery life, but I find it a necessity for shooting vertical, telephoto images handheld." Maybe some advantages to that extra size?

"Z9 users don't care about the weight of the Z9." Pretty obvious. If they cared for weight (or speed) they would not be Nikon users. They would be Sony users

@whitelens or maybe Z9 users don’t find a few hundred grams heavy. And speed? You mean 120 fps? Not that fast when you have to wait many seconds for the buffer to clear. But as always, Sony users are the ultimate spec sheet warriors regardless of what it’s like to actually use it.

You don’t have to wait for the buffer to clear. As the buffer clears you can keep shooting. And the whole 230 shot buffer clears in 11 seconds if you want it completely empty. Anyone shooting 120FPS bursts filling the buffer more often than every 11 seconds is going to have much bigger problems than the buffer clearing time.

I know you love to hate on Sony and love to promote Nikon but perhaps you should read what’s written from actual users of the camera and also talk to your friends that have actually used it…. and get your own head out of the spec sheets.

The A9iii's buffer fills in 1.6s @ 120 fps (commentators on the R8 review complained that a similar buffer filling time is unusable, they were wrong there as well). And while the A9iii can still be used while its buffer clears, only at a much reduced speed. This from FredMiranda https://www.fredmiranda.com/forum/topic/1856860/

"It is interesting to compare the A9III data with the A1 data in the prior post. IMO, the most surprising difference is that the A9III rate is 5 FPS when the buffer is full and the A1 rate is ~10 FPS.......I had anticipated the A9III buffer might be larger and clear faster."

That is a negative, but not a major issue, given how rarely 120fps will be used in practice & I doubt many people will mash the button for longer than 1.6s at that fps (or they will be shooting jpeg only which increases buffer times anyway).

It slows to 22FPS before it slows to 5FPS…. And again release the button for 1-2 seconds and you get another 30-50 frames at 120FPS.

Actually if a Z9 user is concerned about the weight they can become a Z8 user, can’t they?

@MikeRan, "I know you love to hate on Sony and love to promote Nikon but perhaps you should read what’s written from actual users of the camera and also talk to your friends that have actually used it…. and get your own head out of the spec sheets". Is that calling the kettle black?

I don't hate on Sony. I hate on the toxicity and misinformation spread about other brands by Sony users, often with zero expereince about the particular camera they're ripping on. Then when the reverse happens they are called out and told to get their head out of the spec sheets. That's rich.

I'm so tired about hearing about weight like that's the only metric that's important. Weight is a stated spec, yes. But weight is also a perception by the user. Let the user figure out if they can deal with the weight rather than bash the system becasue of what your physical abilities are.

120 fps? I don't actually care. But it's annoying to hear ridiculous, misinformed comments isn't It?

“ But weight is also a perception by the user.” Weight is weight. You brought it up actually. As if an extra (snalll battery) was going to have some big weight impact. And yeah if I don’t need the grip and I don’t have to handhold an extra pound all day well that’s a pound.

The reality is your weight argument was exactly the “toxicity and misinformation spread about other brands” that I’m responding to. You are so blind for your love of Nikon that you don’t even realize you are the one bringing the misinformation into the discussion.

Sorry man. Something wrong with you. I can’t help you.

Oh and “4x the batteries”? GTFO. One Nikon battery does not equal 4 Sony batteries. More toxic misinformation from the Nikon fanbois..

I made one simple comment about the *size* being listed as a pro and you couldn’t leave it alone.. the Nikon FB had to come in with your toxic misinformation and make it about your Z9…. lol.

You are so blind.

If you say so Mike. Word.

“Interesting to see DPR finally acknowledge that a pro sports/PJ body doesn’t have to be huge. It’s small size even listed as a pro..”

“But carrying **4x the batteries** as a larger camera has negates the **weight** savings and adds to **anxiety of running out of juice** when it matters.”

Yep. Pretty obvious who is writing the toxic misinformation. lol…

“whereas it falls a little behind in side-by-side comparisons at higher ISOs, there are likely to be situations in which the a9 III captures a fractionally noisier version of a photo that another camera might simply miss”

I like this wording ^ Where some others have put an emphases on painting the iso performance as the biggest failure ever seen in a camera while negating any benefits to the A9III, dpreview has put it perfectly. A very fair and well worded review of the A9III.

I really appreciate you saying that. Thank you.

Mr. Butler's reviews are always exacting in their phraseology. They simply are a joy to read. No one on the Internet of photog writes better. Not a one.

I remember also reading that sentence twice, because it's like a perfect summary.

This camera is not for me, but it is a great camera no matter how people feel about it. Most complaints come from two groups, one for whom the price is high, and the other who feel they need every bit of DR they can get (as with A7R IV/V).

The thought that keeps coming back in my mind, also true for other brands, is that they messed up the naming/numbering of the models.

In this case, the only common feature with the previous model is the 24MP resolution. The price, sensor technology and all the benefits that come from this sensor are at a different level. Sony could have called it A5 or A3 but that would lose its significance once an A1 successor comes out with 50MP GS sensor. They couldn't have called this one A1 II because it's only 24MP. May be "A1 S" (for speed) would have been a better fit.

A lot of money for a niche camera. I can buy two perfectly capable cameras at a lower price for events and still include a lens for that price

I purchased a Nikon D40 with a global shutter for $59 a few months ago. I'm going to take it to the Olympics and see if I can compete with the big boys.

@Horshack you've just stated how niche the camera is. Thank you

@madeinlisboa, Yep, I certanly wasn't disagreeing with you.

I am looking for the very niche Nikon N80. The late mountain photographer, Galen Rowell, used it to make one of the most recognizable photos in the world, when he was shouting for GQ. I think it will make me a better photographer.

@MyReality that's the problem of bad photographers. Thinking that a better camera will make them better. Poor guys.. How did they manage to get great pictures? It was called skill. Now, everyone is a "great" photographer because they have the best cameras. LOL

A really cheap niche camera. It is 30% cheaper than the M11 what does not even have AF.

One question - does the Global shutter have any advantage for video over the stacked sensors for 180 degree shutters? With a 17-21ms exposure time if you can read the sensor in a ms or few will rolling shutter show up?

BTW which do you prefer, the 9MP EVF or the R3 in DSLR mode?

Thanks for putting in all the effort to get this out.

On any progressive scan (rolling shutter) electronic shutter sensor, shutter speed (exposure time) and shutter rate (readout speed) are unrelated.

The sensor takes as long to read out, regardless of your shutter speed. So it's not uncommon to see cameras with relatively slow shutter rates (in the 1/60th second range) offering shutter speeds as short as 1/16,000 sec. In this instance, each line of the sensor is only exposed for 1/16,000 of a second, but the last line is read out 1/60 sec after the first one, so the bottom of the frame is still taken 1/60 sec later than the top was. So rolling shutter is unrelated to shutter speed.

Stacked sensors do have very low rolling shutter (though typically worse in video than stills), so you're unlikely to see many skewed verticals. But banding from lighting and sign boards that are flickering risks being an issue, which it wouldn't be for a global shutter sensor.

I think it’s still a reasonable question. As the shutter speed gets slower, for a fast readout sensor the entire frame is exposed for a larger percentage of the total exposure time and the “flickering” or banding effect is reduced. That said i have done video with an A1 with variable shutter and you can still get banding at 1/48s.

Also I think most of the stacked sensors only have blazing fast readout in stills mode. In Video mode it seems for whatever reason they are not using the stacked sensor capability for readout and the readout is slower than stills mode.

Edit per Horshack’s data: R3 4k24p readout is 9.5ms Z9/Z8 4k24p and 8k24p readout is 14.4ms A1 4k24p readout is 8.0ms and 8k24p readout is 15.4ms

All of these numbers are substantially slower (more than double) than full readout stills mode readout.

According to the A9 datasheet, the stacked memory is disabled in video mode. The reason isn't given but power and/or thermal issues are likely. Not using the stacked memory means the camera has to move frames from the sensor to memory over the traditional (and slower) LVS interface, hence much slower readouts and poor rolling shutter performance for video.

Slower readout for video vs stills is nearly universal for stacked sensors on all the cameras I've measured and the disparity is very large. The only exception is the OM-1, although its video performance indicates it may not be fully oversampling the sensor so its faster readout could be a result of subsampling.

Here's my GitHub project that measures both the stills and video readout rates for many cameras:

https://horshack-dpreview.github.io/RollingShutter/

@MikeRan and @Horshack - Thank you, most excellent responses...

BTW I used to get Rolling Shutter numbers from here (and contributed some videos): https://www.dvxuser.com/threads/measuring-rolling-shutter-put-a-number-on-this-issue.307186/ Alas seems to have stopped being updated as of late 2020... but might have some interesting numbers still...

@Richard Butler: Artifacts, such as missing lines/section on LED displays depends largely on the scan rate of the display itself. It's still a bit like pointing a camera at a CRT, if you're at a high shutter speed, you're going to get lines, global shutter or no.

That's true. I believe a lot of the LED sign boards refresh globally, rather than progressively, so the artifacts we've seen as particularly prominent on stacked sensor progressive sensors are a capture rate issue, rather than a display rate issue. But I guess we'll find out now the a9 III is in wider use.

So, they copied the OM System OM-1 and offer it at 3x the price. Nice.

Yeah… that’s what they did…. LOL… Tell me you have no clue what this is about without telling me…

Talking about not having a clue, your expertise in that matter is impressive.

Dpreview has a side-by-side camera comparison tool. Give it a go? Look at: drive , sync speed, sensor size, its fun!

https://www.dpreview.com/products/compare/side-by-side?products=sony_a9iii&products=omsystem_om1ii

Yes, three times the price, but you are also getting 4 times the sensor size!

Are DR, low ISO and high ISO performances 1 stop behind the competition? So Z9 can use 1 stop faster shutter speed than A9 III with a similar lens? That EVF looks great on paper. Does it look as sharp and bright as rivals? Are optics improved as well? I remember that my A7R III had very good EVF on paper but Eos R and Z6 had much clearer and brighter EVFs. Maybe Sony has improved EVF?

Brightness-and-optics wise, I had no EVF complaints, myself. But I sometimes found myself disappointed in detail / resolution while shooting (though playback, which is always at full-resolution, looks amazing). I didn't unfortunately have sufficient time with the camera to exhaustively test each viewfinder setting and compare / contrast them quantitatively, but I just wasn't 'wowed' by the viewfinder in a way that I thought 9+ million dots of resolution could provide, even set to lower refresh speeds.

YMMV, but my favorite EVF continues to be the Z9 (in spite of its resolution and refresh rate 'disadvantage'), followed by the R3 (also excellent clarity and smoothness, but with more visual clutter as a result of the information presented by the autofocus system...this may have been updated with firmware and / or there may be more optimal settings to use that I wasn't able to experiment with at the time).

In short, and as is often the case, the spec sheets don't tell the whole story.

The a9 III's base ISO is 2.0EV higher than the Z9s, so you can potentially get up to two stops of IQ improvement (noise and DR) in circumstances where you can use a slower shutter speed.

In situations where you need ISO 250, there's not a lot of difference.

At very high ISOs there's up to a stop difference so you could potentially use a shutter speed that's up to a stop faster if you want the same noise. But I'd expect freezing action to be more relevant than noise performance in terms of picking shutter speed, in most instances.

"But I'd expect freezing action to be more relevant than noise performance in terms of picking shutter speed, in most instances." So at the same shutter speed at high ISOs, A9 III will have at least 1 stop more noise, which also means Z9 can stop the same action with a better image quality.

I think the effective buffer capacity should be measured in reviews for high-speed cameras like this, ie the buffer capacity + buffer clearing rate = effective FPS when the buffer is full. For example, David Clark on FM found the A9 III's 120fps mode dropped to 5fps when the buffer is full:

https://www.fredmiranda.com/forum/topic/1856860/

That’s a puzzling result (kind of related to the discussion we had a few days ago). The 120FPS slows to 22FPS and then later slows to 5FPS…. If the buffer can clear 236 frames in 11 seconds (22FPS), then why does the camera need to slow down further to 5FPS?

It’s bizarre.

@Mike, The OP of that thread wondered the same. I'm thinking it's caused by the additional bandwidth or processing demands of the new incoming frames at the same time the camera is processing previously deposited frames. Those new incoming frames consume bus/DRAM bandwidth.

@Mike, Btw, there are several additional experiments that could be performed to tease out the cause but the OP wasn't very receptive to some of my suggestions.

Personally, I would miss not having a top plate display....the basics: ISO, Shutter speed and Aperture. Surprised Sony left this off.

I am glad that someone else feels that way. The absence of that particular feature is the single most important reason I did not opt for Sony when they started the industry-wide FF hybrid migration. I cannot imagine living without having permanent visibility of key exposure data. I like the screen on the Nikon Z8/9 or Leica SL2/3 for example, but the best of the best is the "always on" screen offered by Fujifilm on its latest GFX bodies: very high legibility, all key data visible even when camera is powered off (with no discernible impact on battery life), etc, etc. In my personal case, I opted for retro knobs and dials to get permanent sight of exposure triad settings (Nikon Zf), but that is because I am an old hipster. Why Sony skipped that top screen feature is a real mystery.

You shouldn’t be surprised. No other Sony mirrorless camera has that. You absolutely get used to not having it. It’s on the EVF and in the viewfinder always. If you think having that information available in a third location is a requirement, then yeah this camera probably isn’t for you.

I use the rear display for that, never missed it. Of course, you are entitled to have your own opinion. But I have to admit that I feel people tend to make a bit too much fuss about details that definitely never kept me from getting a good image - if it wasn't good there were other reasons. But maybe when you used a camera where you had to cock the shutter and pull out a dark slide yourself gets things in perspective, similar to how camping in a tent suddenly makes tap water turn out to be pure luxury.

I’m surprised you’re just noticing this about Sony mirrorless cameras now ¯\_(ツ)_/¯

Not a Sony user, I never realized none of their cams have that. I'm just thinking about when you are out on the street, being able to take a quick glance down at the dedicated display while not losing awareness of your surroundings is handy.

Yep. I angle the camera down slightly as I rotate my head down to look and I have a very clear view of the LCD screen. My wrist can handle that task easily, and my brain is advanced enough to move my head and my wrist at the same time.

@MikeRan I know full well all that info and more is available on the back screen and through the EVF, and I have often used those for that purpose on cameras with poor or no top plate LCD (my current Ricoh GRIII is a prime example). That is precisely the reason why I appreciate well designed top plate LCDs all the more. The back screen (and the EVF) show the scene about to be photographed, with the shooting data as an overlay, spread across the screen's surface. That makes it often hard to read and to focus on with a single glance. I know you can select to see only such data on those screens, but then you have to switch between display modes to actually frame a picture. I find all that fiddly. A well designed, contrasty, top plate screen allows to see all the key shooting data (and only that data) with a one tenth of a second glance, before you even consider taking a picture. I understand Sony users are accustomed to Sony's UI, and happy with that. I am not.

@JacquesBalthazar: I use the screen with just the data on the back screen, not showing the scene. I use the screen with the scene plus data overlay only when I don't or can't use the EVF for composing. The data-only screen is quite readable for my taste. I would be happy with a third, top-plate, display but not if it would make the camera larger or more crammed. I'm happy that Sony offers my preferred compromise. If other people prefer differently there are manufacturers offering that, so everybody should be happy.

On the Sony cameras the basic information like aperture, iso, and shutter speed is NOT an overlay. It is below the frame on a black background. So there is no trouble to read it against a busy image.

The aspect ratio of the LCD screen is such that the 3:2 aspect ratio of the photo leaves a strip of unused LCD where the key information is located.

@MikeRan: "Yep. I angle the camera down slightly as I rotate my head down to look and I have a very clear view of the LCD screen. My wrist can handle that task easily, and my brain is advanced enough to move my head and my wrist at the same time."

By golly, I can do that as well, but I still prefer looking at the top plate. To each their own :)

I’d miss having the controls that a top-plate display would displace.

I check the settings in the EVF or on the rear screen - haven’t missed a top plate display, ever (I have used cameras with them).

IMHO, the top lcd is just a relic from the film era that was carried over and still useful on DSLR, but redundant on mirrorless. I personally believe it’s something that some companies continue to carry over only to appease old schoolers, as they have that lineage and legacy of users that they have to keep happy. Anytime canon or Nikon makes a dramatic change or tries something new, they get pushback from many of their longtime users. Sony didn’t have that baggage so they were free to design their system from scratch with the Alpha.

The table comparing model lists the A1 as having a fully articulated screen - that’s wrong - it’s one-way tilt only.

Focusbracketing & macro on A9mlll question. I'm Sony user but bought an OM1 for having the ability to do focusbracketing on a higher speed than my A7r5. The fps was between 3 to 4 fps with my A7r5. With the OM1 I'm able to get 10fps with flash and 20 fps without while doing focusbracketing. Must say it works very well. But any idea how the A9mlll performs ? Does it work with flash ? Friendly greetings

Have you read the manual?

Only info about the settings...no info about speed

Why do they always write the global shutter has simultaneous readout of all pixels? That would require an ADC for each pixel, I doubt they do that here. To be a global shutter it only needs to expose all the pixels simultaneously.

https://andor.oxinst.com/learning/view/article/rolling-and-global-shutter

You're right, the captured charge is all transferred away from the pixels simultaneously but read out progressively. The key is the separation of capture and readout (vs progressive scan CMOS sensors that use the readout process to end the capture).

Thanks for clarifying. it seems all the sites are calling it simultaneous readout not just DPR, not sure why.

Because it has the effect of reading all the pixels simultaneously - that’s the key difference from the bulk of other CMOS sensors.

Would you be happier if it were expressed as “captures the value of all pixels simultaneously”? That’s what brings the key advantage of the global shutter: immunity to rolling shutter and banding.

If were really reading all the pixels simultaneously, it could do some crazy burst rates... but its not. It would also need an ADC per pixel and be very expensive. It's "exposing" all the pixels simultaneously, as implied by the name "global shutter". Pixel readout speed is basically the same as it ever was, line by line.

I received mine in Australia in late January.

A slight error in the text:

"The a9 III has the same 9.44M dot (2048 x 1536px) OLED viewfinder that first appeared in the Sony a7R V."

Yes, it is the same OLED panel, but it first appeared on the A1 in 2021, rather than the A7RV in 2022 :-) It makes an excellent viewfinder, and I'm glad Sony chose it.

Congrats!!!!

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