how to cite a bachelor thesis

APA Style 7th Edition: Citing Your Sources

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Adapted from American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed).  https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Formatting:

• Italicize the title
• Identify whether source is doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis in parentheses after the title

See Ch. 10 pp. 313-352 of APA Manual for more examples and formatting rules

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / MLA Format / How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in MLA

How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in MLA

Citing a thesis or dissertation.

Thesis – A document submitted to earn a degree at a university.

Dissertation – A document submitted to earn an advanced degree, such as a doctorate, at a university.

The formatting for thesis and dissertation citations is largely the same. However, you should be sure to include the type of degree after the publication year as supplemental information. For instance, state if the source you are citing is an undergraduate thesis or a PhD dissertation.

MLA Thesis and Dissertation Citation Structure (print)

Last, First M.  Title of the Thesis/Dissertation. Year Published. Name of University, type of degree.

MLA Thesis and Dissertation Citation Structure (online)

Last, First M.  Title of the Thesis/Dissertation. Year Published. Name of University, type of degree.  Website Name , URL.

Wilson, Peggy Lynn. Pedagogical Practices in the Teaching of English Language in Secondary Public Schools in Parker County . 2011. University of Maryland, PhD dissertation.

In-text Citation Structure

(Author Last Name page #)

In-text Citation Example

(Wilson 14)

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What is a thesis?

What is a dissertation, getting started, staying on track.

A thesis is a long-term project that you work on over the course of a semester or a year. Theses have a very wide variety of styles and content, so we encourage you to look at prior examples and work closely with faculty to develop yours. 

Before you begin, make sure that you are familiar with the dissertation genre—what it is for and what it looks like.

Generally speaking, a dissertation’s purpose is to prove that you have the expertise necessary to fulfill your doctoral-degree requirements by showing depth of knowledge and independent thinking.

The form of a dissertation may vary by discipline. Be sure to follow the specific guidelines of your department.

• PhD This site directs candidates to the GSAS website about dissertations , with links to checklists,  planning, formatting, acknowledgments, submission, and publishing options. There is also a link to guidelines for the prospectus . Consult with your committee chair about specific requirements and standards for your dissertation.
• DDES This document covers planning, patent filing, submission guidelines, publishing options, formatting guidelines, sample pages, citation guidelines, and a list of common errors to avoid. There is also a link to guidelines for the prospectus .
• Scholarly Pursuits (GSAS) This searchable booklet from Harvard GSAS is a comprehensive guide to writing dissertations, dissertation-fellowship applications, academic journal articles, and academic job documents.

Finding an original topic can be a daunting and overwhelming task. These key concepts can help you focus and save time.

Finding a topic for your thesis or dissertation should start with a research question that excites or at least interests you. A rigorous, engaging, and original project will require continuous curiosity about your topic, about your own thoughts on the topic, and about what other scholars have said on your topic. Avoid getting boxed in by thinking you know what you want to say from the beginning; let your research and your writing evolve as you explore and fine-tune your focus through constant questioning and exploration.

Get a sense of the broader picture before you narrow your focus and attempt to frame an argument. Read, skim, and otherwise familiarize yourself with what other scholars have done in areas related to your proposed topic. Briefly explore topics tangentially related to yours to broaden your perspective and increase your chance of finding a unique angle to pursue.

Critical Reading

Critical reading is the opposite of passive reading. Instead of merely reading for information to absorb, critical reading also involves careful, sustained thinking about what you are reading. This process may include analyzing the author’s motives and assumptions, asking what might be left out of the discussion, considering what you agree with or disagree with in the author’s statements and why you agree or disagree, and exploring connections or contradictions between scholarly arguments. Here is a resource to help hone your critical-reading skills:

http://writing.umn.edu/sws/assets/pdf/quicktips/criticalread.pdf

Conversation

Your thesis or dissertation will incorporate some ideas from other scholars whose work you researched. By reading critically and following your curiosity, you will develop your own ideas and claims, and these contributions are the core of your project. You will also acknowledge the work of scholars who came before you, and you must accurately and fairly attribute this work and define your place within the larger discussion. Make sure that you know how to quote, summarize, paraphrase ,  integrate , and cite secondary sources to avoid plagiarism and to show the depth and breadth of your knowledge.

A thesis is a long-term, large project that involves both research and writing; it is easy to lose focus, motivation, and momentum. Here are suggestions for achieving the result you want in the time you have.

The dissertation is probably the largest project you have undertaken, and a lot of the work is self-directed. The project can feel daunting or even overwhelming unless you break it down into manageable pieces and create a timeline for completing each smaller task. Be realistic but also challenge yourself, and be forgiving of yourself if you miss a self-imposed deadline here and there.

Your program will also have specific deadlines for different requirements, including establishing a committee, submitting a prospectus, completing the dissertation, defending the dissertation, and submitting your work. Consult your department’s website for these dates and incorporate them into the timeline for your work.

Accountability

Sometimes self-imposed deadlines do not feel urgent unless there is accountability to someone beyond yourself. To increase your motivation to complete tasks on schedule, set dates with your committee chair to submit pre-determined pieces of a chapter. You can also arrange with a fellow doctoral student to check on each other’s progress. Research and writing can be lonely, so it is also nice to share that journey with someone and support each other through the process.

Common Pitfalls

The most common challenges for students writing a dissertation are writer’s block, information-overload, and the compulsion to keep researching forever.

There are many strategies for avoiding writer’s block, such as freewriting, outlining, taking a walk, starting in the middle, and creating an ideal work environment for your particular learning style. Pay attention to what helps you and try different things until you find what works.

Efficient researching techniques are essential to avoiding information-overload. Here are a couple of resources about strategies for finding sources and quickly obtaining essential information from them.

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/subject_specific_writing/writing_in_literature/writing_in_literature_detailed_discussion/reading_criticism.html

https://students.dartmouth.edu/academic-skills/learning-resources/learning-strategies/reading-techniques

Finally, remember that there is always more to learn and your dissertation cannot incorporate everything. Follow your curiosity but also set limits on the scope of your work. It helps to create a folder entitled “future projects” for topics and sources that interest you but that do not fit neatly into the dissertation. Also remember that future scholars will build off of your work, so leave something for them to do.

Browsing through theses and dissertations of the past can help to get a sense of your options and gain inspiration but be careful to use current guidelines and refer to your committee instead of relying on these examples for form or formatting.

DASH Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard.

HOLLIS Harvard Library’s catalog provides access to ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global .

MIT Architecture has a list of their graduates’ dissertations and theses.

Rhode Island School of Design has a list of their graduates’ dissertations and theses.

University of South Florida has a list of their graduates’ dissertations and theses.

Harvard GSD has a list of projects, including theses and professors’ research.

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Citing Dissertations & Theses in APA Format

Dissertations & Theses

Dissertations and theses are formatted the same way in APA 7th edition. Theses are generally the culminating work for a master's or undergraduate degree and dissertations are often original research completed by doctoral students. Here are examples of a dissertation & a thesis, and how they would be formatted: 

Examples: 

Dissertation found in Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global: 

Reference:  

Banks, B. (2020). Addressing institutional racism in healthcare: A case study (Publication No. 28154307) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota]. Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global. 

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):  

(Banks, 2020).

In-Text Citation (Direct Quote):

(Banks, 2020, p. 157).

Master's thesis from a University scholarship database: 

Sears, L. B. (2017). The public voice and sustainable food systems: Community engagement in food action plans [Unpublished master's thesis]. University of Kansas.  https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/26899  

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):

(Sears, 2017). 

(Sears, 2017, p. 24). 

Carrie Forbes, MLS

Pages Referenced

Citation information has been adapted from the APA Manual (7th Edition). Please refer to page 333 of the APA Manual (7th Edition) for more information.

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Terminology - Thesis, dissertation or exegesis?

Published theses and dissertations, unpublished theses and dissertations.

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Thesis and dissertation can mean different things depending on where the degree is awarded. Always check the title page, or subsequent pages, to determine exactly what the work is and use the information for your reference. ​

Auckland University of Technology (and other NZ universities)

• Thesis is either for a doctoral or a master's degree.
• Dissertation is either for a master's or a bachelor's degree with honours.
• Exegesis is the written component of a practice-based thesis where the major output is a creative work;  e.g., a film, artwork, novel.

Other parts of the world

• In North America and some other countries, dissertation is used for a doctoral degree and thesis for a master's degree.

Theses available in a database, a university archive or from a personal website.

Reference format

Theses published online (e.g. in institutional repositories)

Theses from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global

Find how to cite in text on the  In-text citation  page.

 Unpublished thesis or dissertations are usually sourced directly from the university in print form.

 Reference format

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How to cite an undergraduate thesis in MLA

To cite an undergraduate thesis in a reference entry in MLA style 9th edition include the following elements:

• Author(s) name: Give the last name and name as presented in the source (e. g. Watson, John). For two authors, reverse only the first name, followed by ‘and’ and the second name in normal order (e. g. Watson, John, and John Watson). For three or more authors, list the first name followed by et al. (e. g. Watson, John, et al.)
• Thesis title: Titles are italicized when independent. If part of a larger source add quotation marks and do not italize.
• Year of publication: Give the year of publication as presented in the source.
• University: Give the name of the institution.
• Degree: Type of degree.

Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of an undergraduate thesis in MLA style 9th edition:

Author(s) name . Thesis title . Year of publication . University , Degree .

Take a look at our works cited examples that demonstrate the MLA style guidelines in action:

A bachelor thesis with two authors

Parekh, Pooja, and Vitalina Pishchenko . Factors Influencing the Choice of Bank – An International Student Perspective . 2013 . Dalarna U , Bachelor's thesis .

An undergraduate thesis with one author

Baslow, Wadim . The applicability of the Qualitative System Analysis as decision-making tool in public administration by the example of the municipality Ludwigsburg . 2015 . Leuphana U of Lüneburg , Undergraduate thesis .

This citation style guide is based on the MLA Handbook (9 th edition).

More useful guides

• MLA 8th ed. Style Guide: Dissertations, Theses
• MLA, 8th Edition: Master's Thesis or Project
• How do I cite a dissertation in MLA style?

More great BibGuru guides

• Harvard: how to cite a textbook book
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Njus, Jesse. Performing the Passion: A Study on the Nature of Medieval Acting . 2010. Northwestern U,

MA thesis.  ProQuest , search.proquest.com/docview/305212264?accountid=7432.

Dissertation

PhD dissertation.  ProQuest , search.proquest.com/docview/305212264?accountid=7432.

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How to Cite a Thesis in APA: A Comprehensive Guide to Proper Citations

Citing a thesis in APA format is a critical skill for students and researchers alike. This blog post will guide you through the essentials of APA citation for theses, ensuring your academic work adheres to widely accepted standards.

The American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is commonly used in the social sciences, education, and psychology fields. It provides a consistent framework for referencing sources, including theses.

Key Components of a Thesis Citation in APA

An APA citation for a thesis includes several key components: the author’s name, publication year, thesis title, university name, and the URL or database name (if applicable).

These elements are arranged in a specific order and format to ensure clarity and uniformity in scholarly communication. Understanding and correctly applying these components is crucial for accurate and ethical academic writing.

Why Accurate Citation Matters

Accurate citation is vital for several reasons. It acknowledges the original author’s work, provides readers with the context and sources of your research, and helps avoid plagiarism. Proper citation is not just a formal requirement; it’s a sign of academic integrity and respect within the research community.

For expert assistance in crafting your thesis and ensuring accurate APA citations, consider the specialized services offered at thesisrush.com , a resource dedicated to supporting students with their academic writing challenges.

Step-by-Step Guide to Citing a Thesis in APA

1. formatting the author’s name and publication year.

When citing a thesis in APA format, begin with the author’s last name followed by a comma, then the initial(s) of their first and middle names (if available).

After the author’s name, include the publication year in parentheses. This information is crucial as it identifies the thesis’s creator and the time of its creation, helping readers locate the source.

2. Citing the Thesis Title and University Name

Next, include the title of the thesis in sentence case, capitalizing only the first word and any proper nouns. Italicize the title to distinguish it from other elements of the citation.

Following the title, state the name of the university where the thesis was submitted. This detail provides context about the academic environment in which the research was conducted.

3. Including the URL or Database Name

If the thesis is available online, conclude the citation with the URL or the name of the database where it can be found.

This information is crucial in the digital age, as it allows readers to access the source material directly. Make sure the URL is accurate and leads to the specific document to ensure ease of access for your audience.

Examples of Thesis Citations in APA Format

Citing an Unpublished Thesis

When citing an unpublished thesis, the format slightly differs from a published one. An example of an unpublished thesis citation in APA format would be:

• Doe, J. (2020). Exploring Behavioral Patterns in Early Childhood Education (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Education.

This example demonstrates how to format each element, from the author’s name to the university’s name, for an unpublished thesis.

Citing a Published Thesis from a Database

For a published thesis retrieved from a database, the citation includes the database name or URL. An example is:

• Smith, A. B. (2018). A Comparative Study of Cognitive Development in Children (Doctoral dissertation, University of Psychology). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

This citation shows the inclusion of the database where the thesis can be accessed, a crucial detail for published theses.

Citing an Online Thesis

Citing a thesis found online requires including the direct URL. An example of this citation is:

• Lee, C. (2019). Innovative Teaching Methods in Higher Education. The University of Learning. Retrieved from (here you will insert URL)

This example illustrates the format for citing a thesis available on a university’s digital repository, emphasizing the inclusion of a retrievable URL.

Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them

Inaccurate author details.

One common mistake is inaccurately recording the author’s name or initials. Always double-check these details against the original source to ensure accuracy.

Incorrect Title Formatting

Another error is incorrect title formatting. Remember, the thesis title should be in sentence case and italicized. Paying attention to these details is crucial for consistency in APA citations.

Overlooking the University Name and URL

Omitting the university name or the URL (for online theses) can lead to incomplete citations. Ensure every element of the citation is included and correctly formatted.

Advanced Tips

Incorporating Direct Quotes from a Thesis

When including direct quotes from a thesis, it’s important to provide page numbers in the citation. This helps readers locate the specific part of the thesis you’re referencing. For instance:

• Doe, J. (2020). Exploring Behavioral Patterns in Early Childhood Education (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Education. (p. 45).

This citation shows how to incorporate a page number, enhancing the accuracy and usefulness of your reference.

Citing a Thesis with Multiple Authors

In cases where a thesis has multiple authors, list them in the order they appear in the source. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. For example:

• Doe, J., & Smith, A. B. (2018). A Comparative Study of Cognitive Development in Children. University of Psychology.

This format acknowledges all contributors, maintaining the integrity of your citation.

Handling Missing Information

Sometimes, certain information like the publication year or university name might be missing. In such cases, use placeholders like “n.d.” (no date) or provide as much information as possible. Be thorough in your search for information to minimize these occurrences.

Utilizing APA Citation Tools and Resources

Online generators.

There are numerous online tools available to assist with APA citation. These generators can automatically format your references, but it’s important to double-check their accuracy. Examples include Citation Machine and BibMe.

Academic Databases and Libraries

Academic databases and university libraries often provide guides and resources for APA citation. Utilizing these resources ensures that your citations are aligned with the latest APA standards.

Consultation with Instructors or Librarians

When in doubt, consulting with your instructor or a librarian can provide clarity and ensure that your citations are correct. Their expertise can be invaluable, especially for complex or unusual citation scenarios.

Concluding Thoughts

Mastering APA citations for theses is a fundamental skill for students and researchers. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of the process, from understanding the basics to correctly formatting each citation component.

By following these guidelines, you can ensure your academic work adheres to the highest standards of scholarly communication , maintaining integrity and credibility in your field.

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MLA Citation Style, 9th Edition

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• Indirect Source
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Thesis or Dissertation - Examples

Example 1 – MA Thesis

In-Text:       

( Gaudette 47 )

Works Cited:

Example 2 – PhD Dissertation

( Thomson 145-51 )

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Thesis/Dissertation – APA Reference List

Capitalization.

• The document title is in sentence case – Only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. Always capitalize the first word, the first word after a colon or a dash.
• The title of the thesis or dissertation is in title case – Each word in the name is capitalized, except for articles (a, an, the), prepositions (against, between, in, of, to), conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet), and the infinitive 'to'.

Thesis/Dissertation – Unpublished/Print version

For papers written in United States list City and State. For countries outside United States list City and Country.

Author , A . A . ( Year ). Title of dissertation/thesis  (Unpublished doctoral dissertation [OR] Unpublished master's thesis). Academic Institution , City , State [OR] Country .

• Considine, M. (1986). Australian insurance politics in the 1970s: Two case studies . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
• Kassover,A. (1987). Treatment of abusive males: Voluntary vs. court-mandated referrals (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Nova University, Fort Lauderdale, FL. 

Thesis/Dissertation – From a commercial database (e.g., ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database)

Author , A ( Year ). Title of dissertation/thesis (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Name of database . ( Accession or Order Number )

Cooley, T. (2009).  Design, development, and implementation of a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN): The Hartford Job Corps Academy case study (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3344745)

Thesis/Dissertation – Institutional Database (i.e. University website)

For U.S. thesis do not include university or locations. Include the university and location (City and Country) for a non-U.S. online thesis.

Author , A . A . ( Year ). Title of dissertation/thesis (Doctoral dissertation/Master's thesis). Retrieved from http:// url.com

• Adams, R. J. (1973). Building a foundation for evaluation of instruction in higher education and continuing education (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/
• Barua, S. (2010). Drought assessment and forecasting using a nonlinear aggregated drought index  (Doctoral dissertation, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia). Retrieved from http://vuir.vu.edu.au/1598

Thesis/Dissertation – Web

For U.S. thesis do not include locations. Include the location (City and Country) for a non-U.S. online thesis.

Author , A . A . ( Year ). Title of dissertation/thesis (Doctoral dissertation/Master's thesis, Institution issuing degree). Retrieved from http:// www.url.com

• Bruckman, A. (1997). MOOSE Crossing: Construction, community, and learning in a networked virtual world for kids (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Retrieved from http://www-static.cc.gatech.edu/~asb/thesis

Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis References

This page contains a reference example for an unpublished dissertation or thesis.

Harris, L. (2014). Instructional leadership perceptions and practices of elementary school leaders [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Virginia.

• Parenthetical citation : (Harris, 2014)
• Narrative citation : Harris (2014)
• When a dissertation or thesis is unpublished, include the description “[Unpublished doctoral dissertation]” or “[Unpublished master’s thesis]” in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title.
• In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the institution that awarded the degree.
• The same format can be adapted for other unpublished theses, including undergraduate theses, by changing the wording of the bracketed description as appropriate.
• If you find the dissertation or thesis in a database or in a repository or archive, follow the published dissertation or thesis reference examples .

Unpublished dissertation or thesis references are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 10.6 and the Concise Guide Section 10.5

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Citing in undergraduate thesis

I am presently working on my undergraduate thesis in mathematics. My work consists mainly of analyzing a handful of sources, internalizing proofs and methods and then fleshing out the rough outline given to me by my advisor. To a large extent I am simply trying to grasp what was done in other sources, and then doing the same thing myself, adding my own twist.

How do I cite or refer to the sources I am using? In which places is it appropriate?

For instance, if I include a theorem from some source, internalize the proof strategy and then formulate a proof without peeking at the source, should I mention the source of the theorem?

I am now halfway done and have only 3 citations.

• mathematics
• undergraduate

• 6 The fact that you are writing an undergraduate thesis is utterly irrelevant. If you use a source, you must cite it. If a result if not originally yours, you must cite its original source (or at least a credible and accessible secondary source). Every time. –  JeffE Commented Aug 2, 2016 at 15:19
• So when I include a standard theorem from a textbook for example, it is always necessary that I say something along the lines of "The following theorem is taking from [1]: ... " beforehand, right? @JeffE –  iwriteonbananas Commented Aug 2, 2016 at 15:39
• 4 There's a general exception for textbook-level material, since otherwise you fall down an infinite rabbit hole. However, you should include a sentence like "We use several standard results in algebraic topology; for further background, see Hatcher [5] or Munkres [8]." unless you expect your audience (by default: you six months ago) to be intimately familiar with those results already. –  JeffE Commented Aug 2, 2016 at 15:49
• 1 Is it acceptable if I preface a subsection by a sentence like "Throughout this subsection we largely follow the account laid out by Hatcher in [5]." so I won't have to cite Hatcher [5] again before every lemma/theorem? @JeffE –  iwriteonbananas Commented Aug 2, 2016 at 16:06

How do I cite or refer to the sources I am using?

Different institutions/publishers prefer different citation styles, there is a whole range to choose from. Popular ones include IEEE , MLA , Chicago , Elsevier , etc. You ought to refer your thesis writing guidelines as mentioned by your institution or ask your advisor for further clarifications on this one.

In which places is it appropriate?

If you understand why citing is important , you would know that you ought to cite every source you refer. Especially considering that your academic thesis is work you claim as your own, you ought to differentiate between what comes from you and what comes from others.

If I include a theorem from some source, internalize the proof strategy and then formulate a proof without peeking at the source, should I mention the source of the theorem?

Yes, you should . The theorem proof may be yours but the theorem itself isn't. As @JeffE suggested, cite the original source of the theorem, if you could find it. Otherwise, search for another secondary, yet credible and accessible, source of information that would point to your theorem.

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• Writing Tips

How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in Chicago Footnote Referencing

• 2-minute read
• 6th May 2020

Have you found useful ideas or data in someone else’s dissertation or thesis to support an argument in your own work? Our guide below explains how to cite a thesis or dissertation correctly in the Chicago footnote style.

Footnote Citation for a Thesis or Dissertation

The Chicago Manual of Style ’s footnote referencing system uses superscript numbers to point to citations. For instance:

Usually at the end of a sentence, like this. 1

The footnote format for a thesis or dissertation in Chicago referencing is similar to the one used for a book . The main difference is that you should use quote marks instead of italics for the title:

n. Author name, “Title of paper” (type of paper, academic institution, year of completion), page number, URL/database name (document ID).

Of course, you only need to give a URL or database name and ID if you accessed the paper online! To cite page 42 of John Smith’s printed PhD thesis, then, your footnote would look like this:

1. John Smith, “Useful Ideas for Research” (PhD diss., University of Learning, 2006), 42.

If you’re citing only an abstract, simply add the word “abstract” after the title:

2. Tom Persson, “Great Thoughts and Stuff,” abstract, (master’s thesis, Educational Establishment of City Name Here, 2012), 81, https://CityNameUniversity.edu/1901.11/39144.

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For repeat citations, use the standard shortened footnote format .

The Bibliography Entry

The bibliography entry for a thesis or dissertation will be similar to the first footnote citation. However, there are a few differences in the format:

• You will need to use a period between each element, not a comma.
• The first author’s name should be inverted (i.e., “Surname, First Name”)
• You do not need parentheses for the additional paper information (i.e., the paper type, institution, and year of completion).
• No page number is required.

So, bibliography entries for these sources should look like this:

Author Surname, Author First Name. “Title of paper.” Type of paper, academic institution, year of completion. URL/database ID.

Thus, you would present your bibliography entries as follows:

Persson, Tom. “Great Thoughts and Stuff.” Abstract. Master’s thesis, Educational Establishment of City Name Here, 2012. https://CityNameUniversity.edu/1901.11/39144.

Smith, John. “Useful Ideas for Research.” PhD diss., University of Learning, 2006.

The points above will help you cite a dissertation or thesis in Chicago footnote referencing. Want further help checking your references and writing are error free? Our team of expert proofreaders is available 24/7.

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Referencing a Bachelor's Thesis

LaTeX only offers @mastersthesis or @phdthesis , but no bachelor's thesis.

I tried to keep the entry as @misc , but the university name doesn't appear.

So I just used @mastersthesis and typed

Is there another way of doing this -- or could I create a new @bachelorthesis entry type in the .bst file?

• bibliographies

• This should be possible with biblatex (somewhat easily). I suspect if it is at all possible with standard .bst files, it's probably not worth the hassle. –  moewe Commented Sep 25, 2013 at 20:00
• @moewe - It's not much hassle either to modify a copy of a bibliography style such as plainnat . :-) –  Mico Commented Sep 25, 2013 at 20:57
• @Mico I did not think it would be that easy. Being a biblatex fan I really underestimated natbib and friends. –  moewe Commented Sep 25, 2013 at 21:00
• 9 There are many types of thesis and @mastersthesis provides the field type just for this purpose. I wouldn't bother creating a new entry type just for a couple of citations. Before editing (a copy) of an existing .bst style, consider that for a submission you would have to use @mastersthesis anyway and you can't share your .bib file with your coworkers unless they have the new .bst file: using personally modified styles limits document portability. –  egreg Commented Sep 25, 2013 at 21:56
• 1 I had a similar problem and solved with this technique: hci.rwth-aachen.de/materials/bib/?id=kluth2011a –  user75906 Commented Apr 9, 2015 at 23:03

3 Answers 3

The simplest way to do so is to use @masterthesis and then setting the type to Bachelor's Thesis which will get printed instead of the default Master's Thesis . That is:

The new way to reference a Bachelor's Thesis is to use @thesis , which also replaces @phdthesis and @mastersthesis (both can still be used).

In type you can write whatever you want. But mathesis and phdthesis are predefined for Master's Thesis and PhD Thesis respectively.

• 4 Can you provide a source for the @thesis type? –  andreas Commented Mar 22, 2018 at 10:19
• 8 This did not work for me, maybe because of an old LaTeX installation at my institution. The type and school were not shown. However, when I changed @thesis to @phdthesis it worked as expected. –  m00am Commented Jan 7, 2019 at 14:06
• That doesn't work with BibTeX. –  vonbrand Commented Jun 24, 2021 at 2:52
• Similar to m00am: "Warning--entry type for "joachim2018methodology" isn't style-file defined" –  Caleb Stanford Commented Jul 26, 2022 at 23:09

It's not LaTeX per se but the bibliography style you use that determines, among many things, which types of bibliographic entries are recognized. If you're using a bibliography style such as plainnat , it's not much work at all to create a new entry type named, say, @bachelorsthesis . The following instructions should work not just for plainnat but for many other bibliography styles too, as long as they feature a function called mastersthesis .

Find the file plainnat.bst in your TeX distribution. Make a copy of this file and call it, say, myplainnat.bst . (Don't edit an original file of the TeX distribution directly.)

Open the file myplainnat.bst in your favorite text editor and locate the function called mastersthesis . (It starts on line 910 in my copy of the .bst file.)

Copy the code of the entire function (ca. 16 lines) and paste the copy below the existing function.

Change the new function's name from mastersthesis to bachelorsthesis .

Change the string "Master's thesis" to "Bachelor's thesis" .

Save the new .bst file either in the same directory as your main .tex file or somewhere in your TeX distribution's search path. If you choose the latter method, you will probably need to update the filename database in a way that's appropriate for your TeX distribution.

Start using the new bibliography style by invoking it via \bibliographystyle{myplainnat) , rerun LaTeX, BibTeX, and LaTeX twice more to fully update all references and citation call-outs, and start creating and citing those entries of type @bachelorsthesis . :-)

Happy (Bib)TeXing!

Specifying the type of thesis within @mastersthesis

works for me when using \bibliographystyle{elsarticle-num}.

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July Newsletter: Education Program

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The Gottesman Libraries Education Program informs students, faculty and staff about the latest thinking in education, in ways that engage members of the community with one another and with a broad range of educational experts. The program also provides understanding of work being done throughout the College. Read more about offerings in July.

Regularly scheduled instructional offerings include workshops, tours, orientations, and course-specific instruction in coordination with staff and faculty of the College.

Your Research Journey  is a five-part library workshop series to help guide you in your research throughout the semester, by providing you with manageable tools and resources to use along your journey. Whether this is your first time conducting research, or you are a well-seasoned researcher and looking for a refresher, each workshop introduces fundamental information to lay a foundation of knowledge on which you can build your scholarly work. While the workshops in this series are designed to build upon each other, you are welcome to attend any workshop individually. All are held on Wednesdays, 3-4pm.

Elevate Your Research  builds upon the foundational series, Y our Research Journey , by presenting valuable new topics, resources, and methodologies to make you an even stronger and highly proficient researcher. Held on Thursdays, 3-4pm, this series also invites deeper, collaborative work to strengthen academic research initiatives.

The Literature Review , Tuesday, 7/2, 3-4pm

The Literature Review is an essential element of scholarly inquiry, allowing researchers to understand the context and conclusions around a specific topic. A literature review can be conducted as a section in a main project such as a thesis or dissertation, or it can be a standalone project for a course or publication. For whatever reason you are embarking on your literature review process, this workshop will introduce you to the concepts and guidelines behind the three primary types of literature reviews; the narrative review, scoping review, and systematic review. We will also cover strategies for locating the sources you need for your literature review. 

Presenter:  Ava Kaplan, Research and Instruction Librarian

Where: 101 Russell / Online

Charting Your Path , Wednesday, 7/10, 3-4pm

Graduate school research may feel daunting, but this foundational workshop will address the key concepts, strategies, and tools to help develop your research skills.   Charting Your Path  will start with a broad overview of what library research can look like, including the terms you may come across in your journey. We will also cover how to use Gottesman Libraries and the Columbia University Libraries to access physical and digital resources; discuss reference management tools; show how to create strong keyword searches; and end with a review of strategies for better search results. Attendees will leave this workshop with the information needed to be successful in Library research across all research disciplines.

Presenter: Ava Kaplan, Research and Instruction Librarian

Where: 101 Russell /Online

Managing Your Citations with Zotero , Wednesday, 7/17, 3-4pm

This workshop provides a quick start introduction including: downloading; tour of the interface;  nuts and bolts of how to ingest references through a web connector; and different ways of citing. This workshop will be followed by others in the  Elevate Your Research  series, offering more advanced features of Zotero and introductory sessions for Endnote and Mendeley -- all within ACRL (Association of College and Research Libraries) Frames.

Where:  101 Russell / Online

Literature Reviews in the Health Sciences , Thursday, 7/18, 3-4pm

The Literature Review is a form of evidence synthesis that is impactful and popular in the health sciences. Literature reviews can broaden the readers’ understanding of a topic, highlight research gaps that warrant new primary research, and offer clinicians and health practitioners insight into the efficacy of an impact or intervention, which can inform treatment. In this workshop, we will discuss what types of reviews are best suited for qualitative and quantitative research in the health sciences; what protocols and recommendations exists to guide the review process; how to search empirical literature methodologically and systematically in health-related databases; and answer any questions you may have about conducting a literature review in the health sciences. 

Searching Strategies , Wednesday, 7/24, 3-4pm

How do you know you are retrieving all the relevant information needed for your research topic? Do you find your catalog and database searches are not giving you the best results? This workshop will cover the strategies and concepts needed to give you confidence that you are finding the best results in your searches and take you beyond conducting simple searches by using tools to search in a variety of contexts. The workshop host will review how to use  Educat+ , the catalog of the Gottesman Libraries;  CLIO , the Columbia University Libraries catalog; and database providers, like  EBSCO  and  Proquest . We will then show how you can optimize your queries by using Boolean logic and punctuation to refine your search style and retrieve exactly the resources you seek.

 Where: 101 Russell /Online

Article Screening for Literature Reviews , Wednesday, 7/31, 3-4pm

Writing a literature review? Getting a lot of results for articles related to your topic, but now need to make sure they meet your eligibility criteria? Screening is the process of identifying studies from the literature search for inclusion in the review. In this workshop, we will share useful tips and tools for the article screening process of the literature review, including how to apply inclusion and exclusion criteria to search results and how to use digital tools like Covidence and Rayaan to make article screening more manageable and less time consuming.

The Everett Cafe Music Program sponsors performances by TC student and affiliated musicians. Come enjoy a variety of genres and styles! Please  contact   us if you are interested in playing! We welcome solos, duets, and trios -- and will resume a fuller program in the Fall of 2024.

Nicholas DiMaria Duet , Tuesday, 7/23, 4-5pm

Nicholas DiMaria is a trumpeter, teacher, and composer based in New York City. He draws inspiration from multiple genres and art forms in his compositions and is continuously inspired by expressing visual art in a musical medium. His music is described by audiences as introspective, passionate, and eclectic; influenced by jazz, hip-hop, and classical music.

Nicholas has lead groups at Carnegie Hall, The Northeast Wine and Jazz Festival, The Syracuse Jazz Festival, The Central New York Pride Festival, and restaurants and clubs across New York State. He has also performed at The Great New York State Fair, The CNY January Jazz Festival, the Disneyland All-American College Band, and opened for Grammy-Winner Lalah Hathaway. Nicholas is well-adapted to playing with jazz ensembles, wedding bands, and funk groups. He currently holds a weekly performance residency at Oliva Tapas, NYC (Thursdays and Fridays from 6-8pm). Nicholas is also a faculty member at Larchmont Music Academy, where he teaches trumpet and a jazz ensemble. In 2020, he received his Bachelor's in Jazz Arts from Manhattan School of Music where he studied with Scott Wendholt, Ingrid Jensen, Jim McNeely, and Jon Faddis.

Nicholas is joined by jazz pianist   Jack Gruber   who is pursuing his masters at Manhattan School of Music. Jack   Gruber was selected out of the whole state of Maryland to be the sole pianist in the 2013 and 2014 Maryland All State Jazz Band. He also performed at the Cleveland Tri-C Jazz Fest, and received a soloist award from acclaimed Jazz pianist Orrin Evans. He has performed alongside numerous notable musicians such as Delfeayo Marsalis, Zara Larrson, Jovan Jackson, Paul Carr, and Karen Summerville, Malik Washington, Qaasim Middleton, and Erena Terakubo. He has also performed at various venues and festivals such as the Mid-Atlantic Jazz Festival, Fat Cat, Minton’s, Twins Jazz, Afro Punk, Strathmore Concert Hall, the Silver Spring Jazz Festival and the Downbeat DC Jazz Festival.

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Book displays  are curated and designed by library staff to share the joy of books and reading, while encouraging greater awareness of available resources  and their significance to the Library and College.

Everett Cafe:   Memorable Memoirs

While an autobiography covers a person's entire life, a memoir explores what is learned from specific life experiences. Recounting stories -- often coming of age -- from their lives, memoirists share feelings, opinions, knowledge, wisdom, life lessons -- usually creatively -- while still aiming to be reasonably accurate in their writing. They may have common experiences, revealing how they conform, or do not conform, to acceptable conventions or standards within their family, school, society, or world at large.

This summer we present an interesting and diverse range of electronic memoirs that offer a variety of perspectives relevant to education, psychology, and health in their widest contexts. Across countries, decades, genders, abilities, and beliefs, we hope to share inspiration from memoirs -- particularly literary -- as a memorable medium for expression, teaching, and understanding of our human values.

Memorable Memoirs builds upon the Book Club hosted by the Teachers College Graduate Writing Center and Gottesman Libraries that began in Spring 2023 with a focus on the genre of memoir, mostly written by women. Stay tuned for Fall 2024 announcements of new readings added to the Book Club program.

Where: Everett Cafe

Staff Picks: Symptoms of Being Human

"What does it mean to be alive? What does it mean to have a body? How do we understand pain, suffering, and survivorship? And how is everything so beautiful still? How are we so beautiful still? How are we as fragile as we are and also as strong as we are? Here are some charming books that we believe share some beautiful insights on suffering and survivorship."

--Kungsang Palmo

Staff Picks is curated and designed each month by the Gottesman Libraries' staff to highlight resources on educational topics and themes of special interest.

Where: Second Floor Reading Room

Curiosity Cabinets: Student Voices in Print and Perpetuity

Student Voices in Print and Perpetuity  showcases an extraordinary range of Teachers College student publications from the early 1900s to the present day, with examples of yearbooks, literary and art magazines, newsletters, bulletins, and books – all of which show the vital role that students play; they inform their peers and community about campus events and occurrences; raise political, economic, and socio-cultural concerns; and share their creative talents, often built upon the curriculum. They learn to think, create, and act upon their values, opinions, beliefs, and perspectives while becoming leaders for change. In representing both the individual and collective perspective and actions of students within the context of education, the student voice serves to awaken us to the complexities of ourselves, our societies, and our world, as their publications provide a tangible record.

Where:  Third Floor Reading Room

News Displays

Need to keep current, look to the past, teach a topic? The Everett Cafe features daily postings of  news  from around the world, and also promotes awareness of historical events   from an educational context. Be sure to check the  Cafe News  postings on the library blog.

Thoreau Moves to Walden Pond , Thursday, 7/4

Re-introducing Etch a Sketch , Friday, 7/12

Rowing Across the Atlantic , Friday, 7/19

Liberia Becomes Africa's First Republic , Friday, 7/26

Every month we draw attention to select databases that strengthen learning, teaching, and research in academic areas and their relevance to current offerings and programs.

In July, we present resources relating to recreation and leisure, important elements of physical and mental health and well being, as we slip into the summer. Read more on the library's news feed.

Educational exhibitions are mounted in partnership with the Teachers College community and others with an interest in displaying unique and innovative educational materials, while also regularly showcasing Teachers College's Historical Art Collections. 

The library has several spaces in Russell Hall to exhibit diverse materials, and also features digital and web-based exhibitions when possible. 

Artivism:    Art from the Heart

Often the responsibility demanded by our relationships with others leads to a larger understanding and appreciation of one's responsibility to the world. Through love, we learn that what we give to one another is more important than what we may receive in return. And, by investing in our love and care for others,  selfless relationships become more special, deep or meaningful.

The annual exposition of Artivism focuses on artwork created in the spirit of love and generosity, as we close the seventh season of programming for weekly talks that connect us to each other -- building community, while raising awareness of significant issues that affect our lives and humanity  --  sustainability, health, equity, justice, and peace, to name a few. Through a variety of mediums, and with open hearts and minds, we also provide the unique opportunity for artists, including students, teachers, and others, to gift their work to a charity or organization for a good cause. 

Art from the Heart   complements   Student Voices in Print and Perpetuity , archival materials on display this summer in the adjacent Third Floor Curiosity Cabinets;   Thinking, Acting, and Learning: On Student Activism , an Everett Cafe book display (May-June) ; and the interactive art installation,   Spectrum of Togetherness .

Where: Offit Gallery

When:  May 30th - July 26th

Growth: Part One: Select Artworks from the Ziegfeld Collection of International Children's Art

The Ziegfeld Collection of International Children's Art is comprised of 361 paintings, drawings, prints, and collages made by adolescents aged 10 to 18 from 32 countries across the world. The Collection was first shown in 1967 at the High Museum in The Hague, the Netherlands. It was assembled by Professor Edwin Ziegfeld, then Chair of Art and Education at Teachers College. Columbia University, who was also President of the International Society for Art Education, an organization he helped found in 1954 under the auspices of the United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.

Under the direction of Macy Professor of Education Judith Burton and in collaboration with the Library, the Ziegfeld Collection was first shown at the Macy Art Gallery, Teachers College in 1999. Wrote Professor Emerita Maxine Greene, "this exhibition opened[d] new possibilities for those dedicated to the growth of children and, particularly, to enabling the adolescents of our time to find their way through the entangled forests of a difficult moment in history."(Catalog Introduction, The Ziegfeld Collection: International Artworks of Adolescents from the 1950s: A Celebration ). Created after the Second World War, the artworks spoke to the significance of adolescents who would continue the adult work of reshaping the world, its values, aspirations, skills, and behaviors, over the coming decades.

Growth, Part One: Select Works from the Ziegfeld Collection of International Children's Art focuses on representations of the family, school, and friendships -- a foundation for growth of the individual. These topics are also reflected in the Everett Cafe book display, Memorable Memoirs , international in scope but more adult in perspective. We invite viewers and readers to consider their formative years, from the nucleus of the family and schooling, to social growth -- and to explore common human experiences and emotions as they relate to our understanding of ourselves; the world around us; and our development as human beings.

Growth: Select Works from the Ziegfeld Collection of International Children's Art will be displayed in three parts over the Summer and Fall of 2024.

Where: First Floor

When: Part One, July through mid-September