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The McDonaldization of Society

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This site is intended to enhance your use of  The McDonaldization of Society, eighth edition, by George Ritzer. Please note that all the materials on this site are especially geared toward maximizing your understanding of the material. 

Now in its  Eighth Edition , George Ritzer's  McDonaldization of Society  continues to stand as one of the pillars of modern day sociological thought. By linking theory to 21st century culture this book resonates with students in a way that few other books do, opening their eyes to many current issues, especially in the areas of consumption and globalization. Through vivid, story-telling prose, Ritzer provides an insightful introduction to this fascinating topic and aides students' critical development. This new edition has been fully updated to include a new focus on McDonaldization of the workforce.  

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge George Ritzer for writing an excellent text and for reviewing the assets on this site. Special thanks are also due to Susan Wortmann of Nebraska Wesleyan University and Jill Rowe of Western Michigan for creating the ancillaries on this site.

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The McDonaldization of Society Paperback – 3 Dec. 2014

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• ISBN-10 1483358941
• ISBN-13 978-1483358949
• Edition Eighth
• Publisher SAGE Publications, Inc
• Publication date 3 Dec. 2014
• Language English
• Dimensions 15.24 x 1.27 x 22.86 cm
• Print length 280 pages
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About the author.

George Ritzer is Distinguished University Professor at the University of Maryland, where he has also been a Distinguished Scholar-Teacher and won a Teaching Excellence Award. He was awarded the Distinguished Contributions to Teaching Award by the American Sociological Association, an honorary doctorate from LaTrobe University in Australia, and the Robin Williams Lectureship from the Eastern Sociological Society. His best-known work, The McDonaldization of Society (8th ed.), has been read by hundreds of thousands of students over two decades and translated into over a dozen languages. Ritzer is also the editor of McDonaldization: The Reader ; and author of other works of critical sociology related to the McDonaldization thesis, including Enchanting a Disenchanted World , The Globalization of Nothing , Expressing America: A Critique of the Global Credit Card Society , as well as a series best-selling social theory textbooks and Globalization: A Basic Text . He is the Editor of the Encyclopedia of Social Theory (2 vols.), the Encyclopedia of Sociology (11 vols.; 2nd edition forthcoming), the Encyclopedia of Globalization (5 vols.), and is Founding Editor of the Journal of Consumer Culture . In 2016 he will publish the second edition of Essentials of Sociology with SAGE.

Product details

• Publisher ‏ : ‎ SAGE Publications, Inc; Eighth edition (3 Dec. 2014)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• Paperback ‏ : ‎ 280 pages
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1483358941
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1483358949
• Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 15.24 x 1.27 x 22.86 cm
• Best Sellers Rank: 1,150,173 in Books ( See Top 100 in Books )

About the author

George ritzer.

George Ritzer is Distinguished University Professor at the University of Maryland, where he has been a Distinguished Scholar-Teacher and won a Teaching Excellence award by the American Sociological Association, and in 2004, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by LaTrobe University, Melborune, Australia. He has served as Chair of the American Sociological Association's Sections on Theoretical Sociology and organizations and Occupations. He held the UNESCO Chair in Social Theory at the Russian Academy of Sciences, a Fulbright-Hay Chair at York University in Canada, and a Fulbright-Hays award to the Netherlands. He has been Scholar-in-Residence at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study and the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study in the Social Sciences. Dr. Ritzer's main theoretical interests lie in metatheory as well as applied social theory. In metatheory, his contributions include Metatheorizing in Sociology(Lexington Books, 1991), Sociology: A Multiple Paradigm Science (Allyn and Bacon, 1975, 1980), and Toward an Integrated Sociological Paradigm (Allyn and Bacon). Professor Ritzer is perhaps best known for the McDonaldization of Society (4/e, 2004); translated into more than a dozen languages) and several related books (also with a number of translations, including Expressing America: A Critique of the Global Credit Card Society (1995), Enchanting a Disenchanted World: Revolutionizing the Means of Consumption (2/e, 2005),The Globalization of Nothing (2/e, 2007), and (with Craig Lair) Outsourcing: Globalization and Beyond. He edited the Encyclopedia of Social Theory (2005), and is the founding editor of the Journal of Consumer Culture. He just completed editing the eleven-volume Encyclopedia of Sociology (2007) and The Blackwell Companion to Globalization (2007). In 2006, McGraw-Hill published the second edition of Professor Ritzer's Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classic Roots: The Basics. In 2007, McGraw-Hill will publish the seventh edition of Modern Sociological Theory, and the fifth edition of Classical Sociological Theory. The latter texts, as well as this one, have been translated into a number of languages.

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McDonaldization The Reader

• George Ritzer - University of Maryland, USA

This is an excellent resource for understanding how globalisation and conglomerations like McDonalds have come to rule the world we live in.

The book is too specific

Excellent insight and alternative thinking provided for students This can be used across a wide range of sociological modules and I have recommended it for students wider reading

Parts of this book were beneficial but for a course on globalization, I needed a more introductory level textbook. I will be using chapters from this book though.

Whilst an excellent book, considered to take students in a direction that was too specialist for the Module that was taught.

George Ritzer

George Ritzer is Distinguished University Professor at the University of Maryland, where he has also been a Distinguished Scholar-Teacher and won a Teaching Excellence Award. He was awarded the Distinguished Contributions to Teaching Award by the American Sociological Association, an honorary doctorate from LaTrobe University in Australia, and the Robin Williams Lectureship from the Eastern Sociological Society. His best-known work, The McDonaldization of Society (8th ed.), has been read by hundreds of thousands of students over two decades and translated into over a dozen languages. Ritzer is also the editor of McDonaldization: The Reader ; and author of other works of critical sociology related to the McDonaldization thesis, including Enchanting a Disenchanted World , The Globalization of Nothing , Expressing America: A Critique of the Global Credit Card Society , as well as a series best-selling social theory textbooks and Globalization: A Basic Text . He is the Editor of the Encyclopedia of Social Theory (2 vols.), the Encyclopedia of Sociology (11 vols.; 2nd edition forthcoming), the Encyclopedia of Globalization (5 vols.), and is Founding Editor of the Journal of Consumer Culture . In 2016 he will publish the second edition of Essentials of Sociology with SAGE.

The McDonaldization of Society

8th Edition

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Now in its Eighth Edition, George Ritzer's McDonaldization of Society continues to stand as one of the pillars of modern day sociological thought. By linking theory to 21st century culture, this book resonates with students in a way that few other books do, opening their eyes to many current issues, especially in the areas of consumption and globalization. Through vivid, story-telling prose, Ritzer provides an insightful introduction to the ways in which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world. This new edition has been fully updated to include a new focus on McDonaldization of the workforce.

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McDonaldization of Society: Definition and Examples

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Undergraduate at Harvard University

Charlotte Nickerson is a student at Harvard University obsessed with the intersection of mental health, productivity, and design.

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On This Page:

Key Takeaways

• McDonaldization is a term used to describe the penetration of American cultural and economic products throughout the world. It is used symbolically and is drawn from the market and ideological success of Mcdonald’s fast-food franchises all over the world.
• McDonaldization is a process through which certain principles of fast food management, such as efficiency, come to dominate the ethos of various sectors of society. It was developed by sociologist George Ritzer in his 1995 book The McDonaldization of Society .
• McDonaldization is an updated version of Max Weber”s rationalization, which argues that the traditions, values, and emotions as motivators for behavior in society are being replaced with rational and calculated ones.
• The four characteristics of McDonaldized systems are efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control. In essence, McDonaldized systems are built to provide consistent services to many customers in a way that is often quick and low-cost.
• Critics have argued that McDonaldization spurs on effects contrary to its principles, in some cases decreasing efficiency, introducing costs that cannot be seen until far after the fact, and reducing the rights and wages of workers.

History and Overview

McDonaldization is the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant — efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control — come to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world (Ritzer, 2018).

McDonaldization, as described by Ritzer (2013), is a reconceptualization of rationalization and scientific management.

Rationalization refers to the replacement of traditions, values, and emotions as motivators for behavior in society with rational and calculated ones.

Whereas the sociologist Max Weber (2015) used the model of bureaucracy to represent the direction of his changing society, Ritzer sees the fast-food restaurant as being more representative of how contemporary societies are changing.

What are the Four Principles of McDonaldization?

McDonaldization, according to George Ritzer (2018) has four key principles: efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control through non-human technology.

These lie at the heart of the success of McDonald”s, and, more generally, of all McDonaldized systems.

Ritzer argues that McDonald”s and other McDonaldized systems have succeeded because they offer consumers, workers, and managers the advantages of these.

Efficiency involves finding and using the optimum method for getting from one point to another.

McDonald”s drive-through, for example, provides one of the fastest possible ways to get from being hungry to being full. The fast-food model also offers other methods for satisfying needs.

A business fashioned on the McDonald”s model may offer, or claim to offer, efficiency in, say, exercising, losing weight, lubricating cars, getting new glasses, completing taxes, making online purchases, or ride-hailing.

The workers in a McDonaldized system function by following steps in a predesigned and generally well-choreographed process (Ritzer, 2018).

Calculability

Calculability emphasizes the quantitative aspects of the products sold — such as their portion size or price — and services offered (how quickly someone can get the product).

In McDonaldized systems, quantity is equivalent to quantity — services that provide a lot of something, or are inexpensive or very fast are automatically better.

For example, the McDonald’s “Dollar Menu” quantifies both a low cost and the feeling that people are getting a lot of food for a small sum of money (Ritzer, 2018).

Consumers can also make calculations in terms of time. They may calculate, consciously or not, how much time it would take to go to a McDonald”s, be served food, eat it, and return home in comparison to the time required to prepare food at home.

Ritzer argues that this is important to other food delivery chains — say, pizza restaurants — as well as brands that emphasize obtaining any good or service quickly, such as fast fashion.

Workers within McDonaldized systems emphasize the quantitative, rather than the qualitative aspects of their work. Because the quality of work must be uniform, workers focus on how quickly tasks can be accomplished.

Ritzer (2018) argued that digital services such as Facebook and Amazon are heavily McDonalized, and that the calculability aspect of McDonaldization has been enhanced by “big data.”

Predictability

McDonaldization is also built on predictability, meaning that the products and services will be more or less the same over time and in all locations.

McDonald” ‘s hamburgers should be virtually identical today in New York as they will be next week in London. Consumers, according to Ritzer, take comfort in knowing that McDonald’s offers no surprises.

The workers in McDonaldized systems also behave in predictable ways, by following corporate roles and the demands of the systems in which they work. What workers do and even say is highly predictable (Ritzer, 2018).

The fourth element of McDonaldization, control, is exerted over the people who enter a McDonald’s. The lines, limited options, and uncomfortable seats of a McDonald’s encourage its customers to eat quickly and leave.

Workers in McDonaldized organizations are also controlled, often in a more blatant way. These employees are trained to do a limited number of tasks in exactly the way they are told to do them.

This control is reinforced by both the technologies used by the company and the way the organization is set up (Ritzer, 2018).

Advantages of McDonaldization

McDonaldization has numerous advantages, both for consumers and businesses. According to Ritzer (2018), these include:

A wider range of goods and services available to a larger proportion of the population

Availability of goods and services depends less on time or geographic location.

People can acquire what they want or need near-instantaneously

Goods and services of more uniform quality

Widely-available and economical alternatives to high-priced, customized goods and services

Services for a population that has less time due to longer working hours

The comfort of stable, familiar, and safe products

Consumers can more easily compare competing products due to quantification

Some products, such as exercise and diet programs, become safer in a carefully regulated and controlled system

People are more likely to be treated similarly despite their race, sex, social class, and so on

Organizational and technological innovations can be diffused quickly and easily through networks of identical businesses

The most popular products and services of one society can be more easily disseminated to others.

Downsides of McDonaldization

Although McDonaldized systems can enable people to do many things they were not able to do in the past, these systems also keep them from doing things they otherwise could do.

Ritzer notes that McDonaldization brings with it a number of seemingly contradictory inconsistencies, such as:

Inefficiency (rather than efficiency);

High cost (despite the promise the McDonalized goods and services are inexpensive);

falseness in the way employees relate to consumers;

disenchantment;

health and environmental dangers;

homogenization;

dehumanization.

Ritzer argues that, Although there have been many benefits that have resulted from McDonaldization such as variety, round-the-clock banking and shopping, and often speedier service, these rationally built services can lead to irrational outcomes.

By this, Ritzer means that they “deny the basic humanity, the human reason, of the people who work within or are served by them” (Ritzer, 1996).

For instance, the lines at a fast-food restaurant can be very long, and waiting to get through the drive-through can take longer than going inside. This rational system does not save people money: while people may spend less, they may do more work in the form of waiting for food.

Additionally, the food that people eat at restaurants is often less nourishing and contains high levels of flavor enhancers, fats, salt, and sugar. This contributes to the downstream health problems of society, such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity, ultimately costing more than was saved by the convenience of this fast food.

As children grow up within these systems, they can develop habits that ensure their increasing dependency upon the systems.

The packaging used in the fast food industry pollutes the environment. And the ritual of fast food may take the place of that of the communal meal, reducing quality social time (Ritzer, 1996).

Examples of McDonaldization

Worker’s rights and wages.

One notable criticism of McDonaldization is that it has, in many ways, replaced skilled work with workers who must engage in repetitive, routinized, highly focused, and compartmentalized tasks.

This, sociologists have observed, has reduced workers’ rights and wages throughout the world, as workers have become easier to replace and in higher supply due to the lack of skill required to do McDonalized jobs (Ritzer, 2013).

McDonaldization occurs when any institution follows its four principles: control, predictability, calculability, and efficiency. Amazon has a large database of items that they work with and sell. This includes groceries, electronics, and digital content.

With Amazon, consumers can order virtually any item online and these products will be delivered quickly and inspected carefully. This embodies the principle of efficiency.

Amazon also exhibits calculability — an emphasis on the quantitative aspects of products served and services offered. Amazon”s price listings provide the perception that one can seek out the best deal.

Amazon has also trained its employees to behave predictably. Customer service agents follow scripts when dealing with inquiries, and Amazon moderates what sellers can sell on their website. As a result, customers can make purchases, in theory, without worrying about whether or not sellers are trustworthy.

Finally, Amazon exerts control on both its consumers and employees. The company — albeit not without ethical criticism — emphasizes timing their workers when packaging goods to ensure that these are delivered within a specific amount of time.

Robots also automate the picking of some products from warehouses. In all, this allows the company to provide a reliable and uniform experience to customers throughout the world (Ritzer & Miles, 2019).

Essay Question

In a culture built on the diverse contributions of various immigrant groups over time and the development of innovative technology, what will be the long-term effect of increased McDonaldization?

Hartley, David. “ The ‘McDonaldization’of higher education: food for thought ?” Oxford Review of Education 21.4 (1995): 409-423.

Ritzer, George. “ An introduction to McDonaldization .” McDonaldization: The Reader 2 (2002): 4-25.

Ritzer, George. The McDonaldization of society: Into the digital age. Sage Publications, 2018.

Ritzer, George. The McDonaldization of society. Sage, 2013.

Ritzer, George. “The McDonaldization thesis: Is expansion inevitable?.” International Sociology 11.3 (1996): 291-308.

Ritzer, George, and Steven Miles. “The changing nature of consumption and the intensification of McDonaldization in the digital age.” Journal of Consumer Culture 19.1 (2019): 3-20.

Weber, Max. “Bureaucracy.” Working in America. Routledge, 2015. 29-34.

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UE: SOC 110HA: McDonaldization of Society - Dr. VOK: Home

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Course description

What can a fast-food chain teach us about society? Following George Ritzer’s theory of McDonaldization this course examines the pros and cons of living in a rationalized world where standardization, predictability, and control prevail. As students learn the sociological concepts of bureaucracy, consumer society, social structures, social change, and social interaction, they will develop their sociological imagination to reclaim a place for creativity, meaning, individuality, and free will in the late modern world.

Required texts

Ritzer, George. 2015. The McDonaldization of Society , 8th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

ISBN:978-  1483358949

Please check your syllabus for a list of additional readings.

Welcome to the McDonaldization LibGuide

Welcome to The McDonaldization of Society .

In this LibGuide, you will find a variety of resources on McDonaldization. Each tab is organized by type of resource: books; select original sources used in McDonaldization: The Reader; journal articles; other articles; webpages; and videos.

This is why you should take this course (An interview with George Ritzer)

In this short video, Ritzer explains why it is important for studetnts to learn about McDonaldization and the impact it has on their lives.

Subject Guide

Explore Sociology

Did you find this class interesting, don't miss other fascinating classes in sociology., consider a minor or major in sociology. , check out this guide, explore sociology.

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The McDonaldization of Society: New Century Edition 3rd Edition

Purchase options and add-ons.

One of the most noteworthy and popular sociology books of all time, The McDonaldization of Society demonstrates the power of the sociological imagination to today′s readers in a way that few books have been able to do. It is ideal for use in a wide range of undergraduate courses and will be of equal interest to anyone interested in social criticism. This book links a large number of social phenomena to McDonaldization, some which are directly affected by the principles of the fast-food restaurant and others where the effect is more indirect.

• ISBN-10 0761986286
• ISBN-13 978-0761986287
• Edition 3rd
• Publisher SAGE Publications, Inc
• Publication date January 19, 2000
• Language English
• Dimensions 6 x 0.5 x 9 inches
• Print length 296 pages
• See all details

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Editorial Reviews

"One of the most important and influential works of the last half of this century. . . . Ritzer was both an analyst and a prophet in this classic work, which is as relevant today as it was a decade ago."

"Every time I have used McDonaldization , class meetings have been characterized by active discussions in which virtually all students participate."

"Most undergraduate students today have never lived in an un-McDonald world, and because this book speaks to them, it sparks lively class discussion. This new edition is finely updated, and even more interesting, as it demonstrates the globalization of McDonaldization and the various different cultures individually adapt to it."

"Ritzer’s texts is in a class by itself. I can’t think of another as insightful and enjoyable."

About the Author

George Ritzer is Distinguished University Professor at the University of Maryland, where he has also been a Distinguished Scholar-Teacher and won a Teaching Excellence Award. He was awarded the Distinguished Contributions to Teaching Award by the American Sociological Association, an honorary doctorate from LaTrobe University in Australia, and the Robin Williams Lectureship from the Eastern Sociological Society. His best-known work, The McDonaldization of Society (8th ed.), has been read by hundreds of thousands of students over two decades and translated into over a dozen languages. Ritzer is also the editor of McDonaldization: The Reader ; and author of other works of critical sociology related to the McDonaldization thesis, including Enchanting a Disenchanted World , The Globalization of Nothing , Expressing America: A Critique of the Global Credit Card Society , as well as a series best-selling social theory textbooks and Globalization: A Basic Text . He is the Editor of the Encyclopedia of Social Theory (2 vols.), the Encyclopedia of Sociology (11 vols.; 2nd edition forthcoming), the Encyclopedia of Globalization (5 vols.), and is Founding Editor of the Journal of Consumer Culture . In 2016 he will publish the second edition of Essentials of Sociology with SAGE.

Product details

• Publisher ‏ : ‎ SAGE Publications, Inc; 3rd edition (January 19, 2000)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• Paperback ‏ : ‎ 296 pages
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0761986286
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0761986287
• Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 14.1 ounces
• Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6 x 0.5 x 9 inches
• #6,835 in Sociology (Books)
• #178,706 in Unknown

About the author

George ritzer.

George Ritzer is Distinguished University Professor at the University of Maryland, where he has been a Distinguished Scholar-Teacher and won a Teaching Excellence award by the American Sociological Association, and in 2004, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by LaTrobe University, Melborune, Australia. He has served as Chair of the American Sociological Association's Sections on Theoretical Sociology and organizations and Occupations. He held the UNESCO Chair in Social Theory at the Russian Academy of Sciences, a Fulbright-Hay Chair at York University in Canada, and a Fulbright-Hays award to the Netherlands. He has been Scholar-in-Residence at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study and the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study in the Social Sciences. Dr. Ritzer's main theoretical interests lie in metatheory as well as applied social theory. In metatheory, his contributions include Metatheorizing in Sociology(Lexington Books, 1991), Sociology: A Multiple Paradigm Science (Allyn and Bacon, 1975, 1980), and Toward an Integrated Sociological Paradigm (Allyn and Bacon). Professor Ritzer is perhaps best known for the McDonaldization of Society (4/e, 2004); translated into more than a dozen languages) and several related books (also with a number of translations, including Expressing America: A Critique of the Global Credit Card Society (1995), Enchanting a Disenchanted World: Revolutionizing the Means of Consumption (2/e, 2005),The Globalization of Nothing (2/e, 2007), and (with Craig Lair) Outsourcing: Globalization and Beyond. He edited the Encyclopedia of Social Theory (2005), and is the founding editor of the Journal of Consumer Culture. He just completed editing the eleven-volume Encyclopedia of Sociology (2007) and The Blackwell Companion to Globalization (2007). In 2006, McGraw-Hill published the second edition of Professor Ritzer's Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classic Roots: The Basics. In 2007, McGraw-Hill will publish the seventh edition of Modern Sociological Theory, and the fifth edition of Classical Sociological Theory. The latter texts, as well as this one, have been translated into a number of languages.

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