An oral thesis defense is required and will satisfy the comprehensive examination requirement. If the thesis committee is not satisfied with a graduate student’s oral defense, they will specify all deficiencies the student must resolve. Should the thesis committee decide to hold a second oral defense, the chair of the thesis committee shall not schedule the second defense until the student has resolved all specified deficiencies.
Students who do not successfully complete the requirements for the degree within the timelines specified will be dismissed from the program.
If a student elects to follow the thesis option for the degree, a committee to direct the written thesis will be established. The thesis must demonstrate the student’s capability for research and independent thought. Preparation of the thesis must be in conformity with the Graduate College Guide to Preparing and Submitting a Thesis or Dissertation .
The student must submit an official Thesis Proposal Form and proposal to his or her thesis committee. Thesis proposals vary by department and discipline. Please see your department for proposal guidelines and requirements. After signing the form and obtaining committee members’ signatures, the graduate advisor’s signature if required by the program and the department chair’s signature, the student must submit the Thesis Proposal Form with one copy of the proposal attached to the dean of The Graduate College for approval before proceeding with research on the thesis. If the thesis research involves human subjects, the student must obtain exemption or approval from the Texas State Institutional Review Board prior to submitting the proposal form to The Graduate College. The IRB approval letter should be included with the proposal form. If the thesis research involves vertebrate animals, the proposal form must include the Texas State IACUC approval code. It is recommended that the thesis proposal form be submitted to the dean of The Graduate College by the end of the student’s enrollment in 5399A. Failure to submit the thesis proposal in a timely fashion may result in delayed graduation.
The thesis committee must be composed of a minimum of three approved graduate faculty members.
The completion of a minimum of six hours of thesis enrollment is required. For a student's initial thesis course enrollment, the student will need to register for thesis course number 5399A. After that, the student will enroll in thesis B courses, in each subsequent semester until the thesis is defended with the department and approved by The Graduate College. Preliminary discussions regarding the selection of a topic and assignment to a research supervisor will not require enrollment for the thesis course.
Students must be enrolled in thesis credits if they are receiving supervision and/or are using university resources related to their thesis work. The number of thesis credit hours students enroll in must reflect the amount of work being done on the thesis that semester. It is the responsibility of the committee chair to ensure that students are making adequate progress toward their degree throughout the thesis process. Failure to register for the thesis course during a term in which supervision is received may result in postponement of graduation. After initial enrollment in 5399A, the student will continue to enroll in a thesis B course as long as it takes to complete the thesis. Thesis projects are by definition original and individualized projects. As such, depending on the topic, methodology, and other factors, some projects may take longer than others to complete. If the thesis requires work beyond the minimum number of thesis credits needed for the degree, the student may enroll in additional thesis credits at the committee chair's discretion. In the rare case when a student has not previously enrolled in thesis and plans to work on and complete the thesis in one term, the student will enroll in both 5399A and 5399B.
The only grades assigned for thesis courses are PR (progress), CR (credit), W (withdrew), and F (failing). If acceptable progress is not being made in a thesis course, the instructor may issue a grade of F. If the student is making acceptable progress, a grade of PR is assigned until the thesis is completed. The minimum number of hours of thesis credit (“CR”) will be awarded only after the thesis has been both approved by The Graduate College and released to Alkek Library.
A student who has selected the thesis option must be registered for the thesis course during the term or Summer I (during the summer, the thesis course runs ten weeks for both sessions) in which the degree will be conferred.
Thesis deadlines are posted on The Graduate College website under "Current Students." The completed thesis must be submitted to the chair of the thesis committee on or before the deadlines listed on The Graduate College website.
The following must be submitted to The Graduate College by the thesis deadline listed on The Graduate College website:
After the dean of The Graduate College approves the thesis, Alkek Library will harvest the document from the Vireo submission system for publishing in the Digital Collections database (according to the student's embargo selection). NOTE: MFA Creative Writing theses will have a permanent embargo and will never be published to Digital Collections.
While original (wet) signatures are preferred, there may be situations as determined by the chair of the committee in which obtaining original signatures is inefficient or has the potential to delay the student's progress. In those situations, the following methods of signing are acceptable:
If this process results in more than one document with signatures, all documents need to be submitted to The Graduate College together.
No copies are required to be submitted to Alkek Library. However, the library will bind copies submitted that the student wants bound for personal use. Personal copies are not required to be printed on archival quality paper. The student will take the personal copies to Alkek Library and pay the binding fee for personal copies.
Master's level courses in Physics: PHYS
Physics (phys).
PHYS 1115. General Physics I Laboratory.
First of two laboratory courses in General Physics for science-related majors. The course introduces students to the basics of measurement. Topics cover mechanics and heat. Corequisite: PHYS 1315 or PHYS 1335 either with a grade of "D" or better.
PHYS 1125. General Physics II Laboratory.
This is the second of two laboratory courses in general Physics. The course introduces the students to experimental measurements and demonstration of principles of electricity, magnetism, optics, modern physics, electromagnetic waves. Corequisite: PHYS 1325 or PHYS 1345 with a grade of "D" or better.
PHYS 1310. Elementary Physics I.
This course is a non-mathematical survey of mechanics, properties of matter, heat, and sound. These topics are described conceptually with applications relating to the world around us. PHYS 1310 and PHYS 1320 are designed for the liberal arts student. The order in which they are taken is not important. They are not recommended for pre-engineering students or majors and minors in science.
PHYS 1315. General Physics I.
This is the first course in a two semester sequence which is a survey of the basic laws and principles of physics and includes the topics of mechanics and heat. The course is designed for students whose program requires technical physics, but who are not pre-engineering students or majors or minors in physics. Prerequisite: [ MATH 1315 or MATH 1317 or MATH 2321 or MATH 2417 or MATH 2471 with a grade of "C" or better] or [ACT Mathematics score of 24 or better] or [New ACT Mathematics score of 25 or better] or [SAT Mathematics score of 520 or better] or [SAT Math section score of 550 or better] or [Next-Generation Advanced Algebra and Functions Test score of 263 or better]. Corequisite: PHYS 1115 with a grade of "D" or better.
PHYS 1320. Elementary Physics II.
This course is a non-mathematical survey of electricity, magnetism, light, relativity, and atomic and nuclear physics. These topics are described conceptually with applications relating to the world around us. PHYS 1310 and PHYS 1320 are designed for the liberal arts student. The order in which they are taken is not important. They are not recommended for pre-engineering students or majors and minors in science.
PHYS 1325. General Physics II.
This is the second course in a two semester sequence which is a survey of the basic laws and principles of physics and includes the topics of waves, light, electricity and magnetism. This course is designed for students whose program requires technical physics, but who are not pre-engineering students or majors or minors in physics. Prerequisites: PHYS 1315 or PHYS 1335 with a grade of "C" or better.
PHYS 1335. General Physics I for Life Sciences Majors.
This is the first course in a two-semester sequence which surveys the fundamental principles of physics. This focus of this first course is on the topics of mechanics, fluids, and heat. The course is designed for biology, pre-health, and life-science majors whose program requires technical physics. Credit for both PHYS 1335 and PHYS 1315 cannot be given. Prerequisite: [ MATH 1315 or MATH 1317 or MATH 2321 or MATH 2417 or MATH 2471 with a grade of "C" or better] or [ACT Mathematics score of 24 or better] or [New ACT Mathematics score of 25 or better] or [SAT Mathematics score of 520 or better] or [SAT Math section score of 550 or better] or [AAF score of 263 - 300]. Corequisite: PHYS 1115 with a grade of "D" or better.
PHYS 1340. Astronomy: Solar System.
A study of the solar system. Topics included are a study of the sun, the planets and their satellites, the comets, and other components of the solar system. Some aspects of telescopes and ancient astronomy will be included also.
PHYS 1345. General Physics II for Life Science Majors.
This is the second course in a two-semester sequence which surveys the fundamental principles of physics. The focus of this second course is on the topics of oscillations, light, and electrical phenomena. This course is deigned for biology, pre-health, and life-science majors whose program requires technical physics. Prerequisite: PHYS 1315 or PHYS 1335 with a grade of "C" or better. Corequisite: PHYS 1125 with a grade of “D” or better.
PHYS 1350. Astronomy: Stars and Galaxies.
A study of the universe beyond the solar system. Topics included are a study of the stars and star clusters, nebulae, galaxies, and an introduction to some aspects of cosmology.
PHYS 1365. Physics for Educators.
This studio-style course introduces physics concepts through active exploration and discussion of physical phenomena. Course content includes developing concepts of force and motion, light, sound, waves, electricity, magnetism, energy, and conservation laws. Focus is on how physics helps make sense of everyday experience, and on the learning and teaching of children in grades K-8.
PHYS 2125. Mechanics Laboratory.
This course introduces students to experimental methods in the study of motion, forces, energy, momentum, and other topics in mechanics. This laboratory course is designed to accompany PHYS 2325 . Corequisite: PHYS 2325 with a grade of "D" or better.
PHYS 2126. Electricity and Magnetism Laboratory.
This course introduces students to experimental methods in the study of electric charges and fields, electric circuits, magnetic materials, and electromagnetic induction. This laboratory course is designed to accompany PHYS 2326 . Corequisite: PHYS 2326 with a grade of "D" or better.
PHYS 2135. Waves and Heat Laboratory.
This course introduces students to experimental methods in the study of geometrical and physical optics and of thermodynamics. This laboratory course is designed to accompany PHYS 2335 . Corequisite: PHYS 2335 with a grade of "D" or better.
PHYS 2150. Professional Development for Beginning Physicists.
This course introduces to physics majors career options and opportunities for internships, scholarships, and research internal and external to the university. The course also develops essential practical skills for job seekers. Prerequisite: PHYS 2326 and PHYS 2126 and PHYS 2335 and PHYS 2135 all with grades of "D" or better.
PHYS 2230. Introduction to Computational Modeling for Physics.
This course is an introduction to computational concepts and tools that physicists use for data analysis, simulation and modeling, and visualization in research and dissemination. Python and its various libraries are emphasized. Prerequisite: PHYS 2325 and PHYS 2125 with grades of "C" or better. Corequisite: [ PHYS 2326 and PHYS 2126 ] or [ PHYS 2335 and PHYS 2135 ] with grades of "C" or better.
PHYS 2325. Mechanics.
This course covers the principles of introductory classical mechanics through problem-solving and research-validated interactive instruction. Corequisite: MATH 2471 with a grade of "C" or better and PHYS 2125 with a grade of "D" or better.
PHYS 2326. Electricity and Magnetism.
This course covers the principles of classical electricity and magnetism through problem-solving and research-validated interactive instruction. Prerequisite: PHYS 2325 and [ MATH 2472 or MATH 2473 ] with grades of "C" or better. Corequisite: PHYS 2126 with a grade of "D" or better.
PHYS 2335. Waves and Heat.
This course covers the principles of thermodynamics, geometric optics, and physical optics through problem solving and research-validated interactive instruction. Prerequisite: MATH 2471 and PHYS 2325 with grades of "C" or better. Corequisite: [ MATH 2472 or MATH 2473 ] with a grade of "C" or better and PHYS 2135 with a grade of "D" or better.
PHYS 3210. Physics Cognition and Pedagogy.
This course is an introduction to physics-specific pedagogy and the methods and results of physics education research (PER). Students will investigate relevant literature in PER and cognitive science, engage in discussions about physics teaching and learning, and reflect on their own teaching practice in the role of Physics Learning Assistants. (WI).
PHYS 3301. Musical Acoustics.
A survey of the physics of sound and acoustic measurement. Special emphasis will be placed on sound production, propagation, and perception as applied to music.
PHYS 3311. Classical Mechanics.
This course discusses the fundamentals of classical mechanics focusing on the physical description of the behavior of single and multiple particle systems. Topics include advanced problem-solving strategies for systems with position and velocity dependent forces, simple harmonic oscillators, and non-inertial reference frames. Prerequisite: PHYS 2335 and PHYS 2135 with grades of "C" or better. Corequisite: PHYS 3320 with a grade of "C" or better.
PHYS 3312. Modern Physics.
This course is an introduction to the foundations of modern physics, including the following topics: relativistic mechanics, foundational experiments in the development of quantum mechanics, light and energy, wave nature of particles, and nuclear physics. Prerequisite: PHYS 2335 and PHYS 2135 with grades of "C" or better.
PHYS 3313. Astrophysics.
This course surveys a variety of issues in astrophysics through problem solving, quantitative measurements, and theoretical reasoning. Topics include celestial mechanics, stellar dynamics and evolution, galaxy evolution, and cosmology. Corequisite: PHYS 3312 with a grade of "D" or better.
PHYS 3315. Thermodynamics.
This course is a fundamental study of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Prerequisite: MATH 3323 and [( PHYS 2335 and PHYS 2135 ) or ( ENGR 2300 and PHYS 2326 and PHYS 2126 )] all with grades of "D" or better.
PHYS 3318. Galactic and Extragalactic Astrophysics.
A survey of the physical properties, dynamics, and distribution of galaxies. Topics include the contents, origin, and evolution of the Milky Way and other galaxies; the large-scale distribution of galaxies in groups, clusters and superclusters; interactions between galaxies; dark matter; active galaxies and supermassive black holes; high redshift Universe. Prerequisite: PHYS 3313 with a grade of "D" or better.
PHYS 3320. Introduction to Mathematical Physics.
This course is an introduction to the mathematical methods of theoretical physics with emphasis on development of mathematical tools used in upper division core physics courses. Students will also develop their ability to communicate mathematical ideas in the context of physics. Prerequisite: MATH 2393 and PHYS 2326 and PHYS 2126 all with grades of "C" or better. Corequisite: MATH 3323 with a grade of "C" or better.
PHYS 3411. Advanced Physics Laboratory.
This course is an introduction to experimental modern physics, with emphasis on the design and assembly of physics apparatus and the development of practical skills for controlling and automating data collection. (WI) Prerequisites: PHYS 2326 and PHYS 2126 with grades of "C" or better. Corequisites: PHYS 2335 and PHYS 2135 with grades of "C" or better.
PHYS 3416. Applied Electronics.
This Laboratory/lecture course is an introduction to electronic test bench methods for the construction, operation and analysis of important DC/AC circuits utilizing resistors, capacitors, diodes, BJTs, FETs, and OpAmps. The behavior of the circuits will be modeled in SPICE. Elementary semiconductor device physics and microfabrication methods will be discussed. (WI) Prerequisites: PHYS 2326 and PHYS 2126 and PHYS 2335 and PHYS 2135 all with grades of "C" or better.
PHYS 3417. Optics.
This course is a one-semester survey of geometrical and physical optics accompanied by laboratory experience. Topics covered include electromagnetic waves and their propagation, geometrical optics, polarization, interference, diffraction, Fourier optics, and holography. (WI) Prerequisites: PHYS 2326 and PHYS 2126 and PHYS 2335 and PHYS 2135 all with grades of "C" or better.
PHYS 3418. Methods in Observational Astrophysics.
This course is an introduction to methods and instrumentation used in observational astrophysics. Topics include image processing, data acquisition and analysis, and detectors for data across the electromagnetic spectrum. Prerequisite: PHYS 2326 and PHYS 2126 and PHYS 2335 and PHYS 2135 all with grades "C" or better.
PHYS 4121. Undergraduate Research.
This course represents a student’s research project in physics to be carried out under the supervision of a faculty member. The student must contact a faculty member in advance to arrange the topic and specific course objectives. This course may be repeated for credit. Prerequisite: Instructor approval.
PHYS 4221. Undergraduate Research.
PHYS 4305. Statistical Physics.
Statistical physics is the study of energy flow and energy distributions within systems in equilibrium. Students will explore a range of phenomena including black-body radiation, diffusion, phase transitions, and magnetism. Emphasis will be placed on topics of entropy, probability, free energy, Boltzmann distributions, and the atomic behavior of these systems. Prerequisite: MATH 3323 and PHYS 3312 and PHYS 3320 all with grades of "C" or better.
PHYS 4310. Electromagnetic Field Theory I.
An introduction to the electromagnetic field theory of classical physics for static fields. Topics included will be the electrostatic field, polarization and dielectrics, electrostatic energy, magnetic field of steady currents, magneto static energy, and magnetic properties of matter. Prerequisite: [ MATH 2393 or MATH 3373] and MATH 3323 and PHYS 3320 all with grades of "C" or better.
PHYS 4311. Condensed Matter Physics.
Application of physics principles to solid materials. Topics include crystal structure and the reciprocal lattice, including x-ray diffraction, crystal binding and elastic properties, lattice vibrations, energy bands, semiconductors and metals. Prerequisite: PHYS 3312 and PHYS 3320 both with grades of "C" or better.
PHYS 4312. Quantum Mechanics I.
This course introduces students to quantum mechanics. Topics include mathematical foundations, fundamental postulates, time development, and one dimensional problems. Prerequisite: PHYS 3312 PHYS 3320 both with grades of "C" or better.
PHYS 4315. Electromagnetic Field Theory II.
An introduction to the electromagnetic field theory of classical physics for time varying fields. Topics included will be electromagnetic induction, time varying electric and magnetic fields, Maxwell’s equations, electromagnetic energy, electromagnetic waves and radiation, and a brief introduction to some specialized topics. Prerequisite: PHYS 4310 with a grade of "C" or better.
PHYS 4320. Selected Study in Physics.
Topics are chosen in theoretical and experimental areas of current interest in physics with specific topic to be discussed agreed upon prior to registration. May be repeated once with different emphasis and professor for additional credit. Prerequisite: Instructor approval.
PHYS 4321. Undergraduate Research.
A research project in physics to be carried out under the supervision of a faculty member by upper division physics majors. Student must contact a faculty member in advance to arrange topic and specific course objective. Course may be repeated only as an elective towards the BS or BA in physics. Prerequisite: Instructor approval.
PHYS 4330. Relativity.
This course includes a review of special relativity, an introduction to the mathematics of tensor calculus and differential geometry, and covers such topics from general relativity as the Schwarzschild solution, black holes, tests of general relativity, cosmological models, gravitational waves, and the Einstein equation. Prerequisite: PHYS 3312 and PHYS 3320 with a grade of "C" or better. Corequisite: PHYS 3311 with a grade of "C" or better.
PHYS 4345. Biophysics.
This course applies the principles of physics to the study of living organisms. An emphasis will be placed on the topics of structure, fluids, diffusion, entropy, probabilities, and stochastic processes, as well as on scientific modes of thinking, including modeling, estimation, and data analysis. Prerequisite: PHYS 3320 and PHYS 2230 and PHYS 2335 and PHYS 2135 all with grades of "C" or better.
PHYS 4350F. Astronomical Spectroscopy.
A lecture course introducing students to spectroscopy in astronomy, with particular emphasis on molecular spectroscopy. The course will cover a broad range of aspects including the development of spectroscopy in astronomy, the theory of atomic and molecular spectra, spectra in different astrophysical environments, instrumentation and data reduction.
PHYS 4350G. Nuclear and Particle Physics.
This course covers the theoretical, phenomenological, and experimental foundations of nuclear and particle physics including the fundamental forces, particles, and composites. An emphasis will be on the fundamental structure of nucleus (nuclear masses and nuclear sizes), nuclear interactions (alpha, beta, and gamma radiation), Fission, Fusion, beyond nuclear physics (quarks and leptons as basic constituents of matter), brief introduction to the Standard model: electroweak interactions, Higgs boson, QCD and basic nuclear Astrophysics (nucleosynthesis of stellar particles). Prerequisite: PHYS 2326 and PHYS 2126 and PHYS 3312 all with grades of "C" or better.
PHYS 4350H. Optical Materials and Characterization Methods.
This course is an introduction to optical properties of solids including electronic and vibrational transitions in inorganic and organic thin films and multilayers. Various optical characterization methods and techniques will be reviewed including Raman, FTIR, Photoluminescence, and X-ray Fluorescence spectroscopy. Students will learn to work with those characterization methods and learn how to interpret the various spectra.
PHYS 4360. Physics Cognition and Pedagogy II.
This course addresses historical, philosophical, and cognitive perspectives on the learning, teaching, and discovery of physics, including results from contemporary research on learning. It is recommended for students pursuing teacher certification. Prerequisite: PHYS 3210 with a grade of "C" or better.
PHYS 5100. Professional Development.
This course covers topics related to teaching, research, and employment responsibilities. The completion of this course is required as a condition of employment for graduate assistants. This course does not earn graduate degree credit. Courrse is repeatable with different emphasis.
PHYS 5110. Seminar in Physics.
A course designed to acquaint the graduate student with current research areas in physics. May be repeated twice for total of three semester hour’s credit.
PHYS 5199B. Thesis.
This course represents a student’s continuing thesis enrollments. The student continues to enroll in this course until the thesis is submitted for binding.
PHYS 5200. Professional Development.
This course covers topics related to teaching, research, and employment rights and responsibilities. It provides a brief background on teaching and learning theories and consists of organized practice teaching. Completion is required as a condition of employment for graduate instructional and teaching assistants. This course does not earn graduate degree credit.
PHYS 5299B. Thesis.
PHYS 5302. Electricity and Magnetism.
An introduction to the electromagnetic field theory of classical physics for static fields. Topics included will be the electrostatic field, polarization and dielectrics, electrostatic energy, magnetic field of steady currents, magneto static energy, and magnetic properties of matter. This is a graduate leveling course in Electricity and Magnetism (stacked with PHYS 4310 ). This course does not earn graduate degree credit.
PHYS 5303. Quantum Mechanics.
This course is an introduction to quantum mechanics. Topics include mathematical foundations, fundamental postulates, time development, and one dimensional problems. This is a graduate leveling course in Quantum Mechanics (stacked with PHYS 4312 ). This course does not earn graduate degree credit.
PHYS 5304. Experimental Research Methods.
This is a laboratory based course introducing experimental methods used in physics research with emphasis on quantum effects through materials synthesis and characterization methods. The specific experiments are chosen by department faculty on topics of current research interests. The students are exposed to different research topics through laboratory rotations. Prerequisite: Instructor approval. Corequisite: PHYS 5314 with a grade of "C" or better.
PHYS 5312. Advanced Quantum Mechanics.
This course is a study of quantum mechanics including combination of two or more quantum mechanical systems, addition of angular momentum, time independent perturbation theory, and time dependent perturbation theory.
PHYS 5313. Mathematical Methods of Physics.
This course is a survey of mathematical methods of physics at the graduate level focusing on complex analysis of analytic functions (Laurent expansions and evaluation of residues) and methods of solving both ordinary and partial differential equations (Frobenius' method and Sturm-Liouville theory) with applications to mechanics and electromagnetic theory.
PHYS 5314. Statistical Physics.
This course is an introduction to the laws of statistical physics and their application to realistic problems at the graduate level. The topics include a brief review of equilibrium thermodynamics, Boltzmann and Gibbs distribution, Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein statistics, derivation of Planck's Law and black-body radiation, and heat capacity of solids.
PHYS 5320. Solid State Physics.
This is an introductory course at the graduate level intended for students who have not had a previous course in Solid State Physics. Topics covered include crystal structure, the reciprocal lattice, x-ray diffraction, lattice vibrations, electronic band structure, and optical, transport and magnetic properties of metals and semiconductors including applications. Prerequisite: PHYS 5312 with a grade of "C" or better.
PHYS 5322. Semiconductor Device Microfabrication.
This experimental methods course provides an in-depth overview of the physics and technology of semiconductor device micro and nano fabrication. Topics include materials used in electronic devices, thin film deposition, wet and dry etching, lithography processing, and topics relevant to semiconductor research and devices. Fabrication and characterization techniques will be covered. Corequisite: PHYS 5312 with a grade of "C" or better.
PHYS 5324. Thin Film Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory.
This advanced experimental course is designed as a research group project experience with emphasis on nanoscale device fabrication. All projects are conducted in university facilities with state-of-the-art thin film growth, processing, and characterization facilities. Prerequisite: PHYS 5322 with a grade of "C" or better. Corequisites: PHYS 5312 with a grade of "C" or better.
PHYS 5327. Semiconductor Device Physics.
This course demonstrates how solid state physics applies to describing important examples of thin film device operation with emphasis on semiconductor devices. Additional topics may include photon and phonon effects on electronic properties, quantum phenomena, many body effects in solids, carrier transport properties, micro-electromechanical systems, and materials interface issues. Corequisite: PHYS 5314 with a grade of "C" or better.
PHYS 5328. Advanced Solid State Physics.
Review of models of a solid and energy band theory. Additional topics may include interaction of electromagnetic waves with solids, lattice vibrations and phonons, many body effects in solids, device physics, quantum phenomena, carrier transport properties, current device configurations, and materials interface problems. Prerequisite: PHYS 5320 with a grade of "C" or better.
PHYS 5331. Electromagnetic Field Theory.
This course is an introduction to electrodynamics at the graduate level using rigorous mathematical formulation. Topics include methods of solving problems in electrostatics and magnetostatics, boundary value problems and Green’s Functions, fields in media, and Maxwell’s Equations and time varying fields.
PHYS 5332. Materials Characterization.
This course covers skills and knowledge required for microscopy methods including optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, scanning tunneling electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and confocal microscopy. Topics covered include x-ray and neutron diffraction techniques including structure analysis, powder and glancing angle diffraction, pole figure, texture analysis, and small angle scattering. Prerequisite: PHYS 5312 with a grade of "C" or better.
PHYS 5334. Relativity.
This course includes a review of special relativity, an introduction to the mathematics of tensor calculus and differential geometry, and such topics from general relativity as the Schwarzschild solution and black holes, tests of general relativity, cosmological models, and applications of relativity in the global positioning system (GPS).
PHYS 5350F. Astrophysics.
This course surveys a variety of issues in astrophysics through problem solving, quantitative measurements, and theoretical reasoning. Topics include celestial mechanics, stellar structure and evolution, star formation, and supernova remnants.
PHYS 5350G. Electrical and Magnetic Characterization Methods.
This course introduces electric and magnetic characterization methods important to metals, magnetic and semiconductor materials and devices. Various measurement techniques and methods will be reviewed. Students will learn to work with characterization tools.
PHYS 5350H. Astronomical Spectroscopy.
A lecture course introducing students to spectroscopy in astronomy, with particular emphasis on molecular spectroscopy. The course will cover a broad range of aspects including the development of spectroscopy in astronomy, the theory of atomic and molecular spectra, spectra in different astrophysical environments, instrumentation and data reduction. Prerequisite: Instructor approval.
PHYS 5350I. Advanced Computational Methods for Physics.
In this course students will learn and practice the Python computer language along with several of its scientific modules to model, visualize & analyze complex physical systems that cannot be described by mathematical equations with analytical solution. Special attention will be paid to programming techniques for data manipulation & analysis of large amounts of data residing in multiple data sets. The Python implementation of the (free) Anaconda distribution will be utilized. No previous knowledge of Python or programming required since a basic training will be provided in the first lectures, which will serve as an introduction or refresher for students.
PHYS 5350J. Optical Materials and Characterization Methods.
PHYS 5360. Physics Education Research: Teaching & Learning.
This course is an introduction to pedagogical issues in physics, including their related philosophical analysis and empirical research studies on student learning. Students will be guided to read, analyze, and present existing scholarly research that justifies approaching certain physics topics from particular perspectives and with particular instructional methods.The course is appropriate for future researchers in physics education and future physics teachers at secondary and post-secondary levels.
PHYS 5370. Problems in Advanced Physics.
Open to graduate students on an individual basis by arrangement with the Department of Physics. May be repeated with prior approval of the department. Prerequisite: Instructor approval.
PHYS 5395. Fundamentals of Research.
Course is available to graduate students only at the invitation of the department. May be repeated with prior approval of the department. Prerequisite: Instructor approval.
PHYS 5398. Industry Internship.
Supervised work experience in an appropriate high tech industry. Students will be required to keep a daily journal and make a final presentation (both written and oral) describing their accomplishments.
PHYS 5399A. Thesis.
This course represents a student’s initial thesis enrollment. No thesis credit is awarded until student has completed the thesis in PHYS 5399B .
PHYS 5399B. Thesis.
This course represents a student’s continuing thesis enrollments. The student continues to enroll in this course until the thesis is submitted for binding. Graded on a credit (CR), progress (PR), no-credit (F) basis.
PHYS 5599B. Thesis.
PHYS 5999B. Thesis.
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A PDF of the entire 2022-2023 catalog.
Introduction.
The master's program in physics, elective courses, undergraduate research, the informal curriculum.
How to declare the major.
We are proud of our undergraduate curriculum. Introductory Physics is taught in several formats, ranging from small, accelerated honors sections, Structured, Active, In-Class Learning (SAIL) sections, to larger lecture courses. (The main criteria for admission to the honors course is a sufficiently advanced math preparation to be able to handle the material at a higher level, and a willingness to work hard). We ask our very best faculty to teach in the introductory program; all of the department's major course offerings are taught by members of the faculty. Once past the year of introductory Physics, upper level courses are all taught in small classes. There are many opportunities for individual contact with the faculty. It is also straightforward to complete a double major. In recent years, students have combined the study of Physics with Mathematics, Economics, Electrical Engineering, and Chemistry. A large proportion of our graduating seniors go on to do graduate work in Physics at top-ranked institutions.
Because most of our faculty of 37 have active research programs, students have ample opportunities to be kept informed of, and participate in, the latest developments in cutting-edge research. Our research interests include Elementary Particle Physics, Condensed Matter Physics, and Astrophysics. We make a serious effort to involve interested undergraduates in the department's research activities, in the form of both independent research projects for academic credit and summer research jobs.
The basic Physics major program provides a solid background in classical and modern Physics. The development follows the historical origins of the subject, starting with mechanics and proceeding to electromagnetism and then to the contribution of the twentieth century, relativity and quantum mechanics. Pedagogically the program is cyclical: after an introductory survey the major provides courses focused on the primary divisions of the subject. Students planning graduate study in Physics will generally take several elective courses in the department while those intending to seek employment in industry, or further study in other fields after graduation, will take electives appropriate to their career objectives.
There are several flavors, or "concentrations" to the Physics major. All start with the same fundamental set of courses, but they differ in the choice of upper-division and elective courses:
The major in physics is divided into a core requirement plus all of the courses in one of five concentrations: Advanced Physical Theory and Experimental Techniques, Chemical Principles, Computer Techniques, Astrophysics, or Business and Technology. There is an overall requirement of 17 1/2 or 18 1/2 credit units (c.u.), depending on the concentration chosen. There is also an honors program for ambitious students. A Master's Program permits qualified students to submatriculate and obtain a master's degree.
With each concentration, we supply a "sample program." There is no single physics program suitable for all, since students arrive at the University with diverse scientific goals and backgrounds. Many students enter Penn with advanced placement credit in physics, mathematics, or both. On occasion, they may wish to substitute courses taken in other departments for physics department courses. Students who have transferred to Penn often require highly individualized programs which maximize their prior coursework while challenging them to explore other areas of the discipline.
Accordingly, the sample programs provided should serve as guides indicating the overall flow of the program, rather than as rigid patterns. It is imperative that all students intending to major in physics consult the undergraduate chair as early as possible in their careers in order to plan their course of study. The planned requirements for a major in Physics include the core courses listed below plus all of the courses in one of the five concentrations.
Core Courses: The following courses must be taken by all Physics majors, no matter what their concentration:
Math 1400, 1140, 2400, and 2410 (Math 104, 114, 240, and 241). Physics 0150 or 0170, Physics 0151 or 0171 (Physics 150 or 170, Physics 151 or 171). Physics 1230, 1250, 3351*, 3361, 3362, and 4411 (Physics 230, 250, 351*, 361, 362, and 411). *Physics 3351 is not required for the Biological Sciences concentration, but it is highly recommended.
Concentration Requirements
Fall | Spring | |
Freshman | Math 1040, Phys 0150 | Math 1140, Phys 0151 |
Sophomore | Math 2400, Phys 1230, Phys 3364 | Math 2410, Phys 1250, Phys 3351 |
Junior | Phys 3361, Phys 4411 | Phys 3362, Phys 4412 |
Senior | Phys 4401, Phys 4421 | Phys 4414 |
18.5 units total For students interested in biological applications of physics, Physics 1280 (Biophysics) is strongly recommended. It recommended, but not required, that students in this concentration also take either Physics 3364 or Physics 4414.
Fall | Spring | |
Freshman | Math 1040, Phys 0150, Chem 1101 | Math 1140, Phys 0151, Chem 1102 |
Sophomore | Math 2400, Phys 1230 | Math 2410, Phys 1250, Phys 3351 |
Junior | Phys 3361, Phys 4411 | Phys 3362 |
Senior | Phys 4401, Chem 2241 | Phys 4414, Chem 2242 |
Fall | Spring | |
Freshman | Math 1040, Phys 0150 | Math 1140, Phys 0151 |
Sophomore | Math 2400, Phys 1230, Phys 3364 | Math 2410, Phys 1250, Phys 3351 |
Junior | Phys 3361, Phys 4411 | Phys 3362, EE 2000 |
Senior | Phys 4401, Math 3200 | CIS 1200+1210 |
Fall | Spring | |
Freshman | Math 1040, Physics 0150 | Math 1140, Physics 0151 |
Sophomore | Math 2400, Physics 1230, Astro 1211 | Math 2410, Physics 1250, Astro 1212 |
Junior | Astro 1250, Physics 3361 | Physics 3351, Physics 3362 |
Senior | Physics 4411, Physics 4401 | Physics 5503, Physics 4414 |
Fall | Spring | |
Freshman | Math 1040, Physics 0150 | Math 1140, Physics 0151 |
Sophomore | Math 2400, Physics 1230, Physics 3364 | Math 2410, Physics 1250, Physics 3351 |
Junior | Physics 3361, Economics 0010 | Physics 3362, Economics 0020 |
Senior | Physics 4411, Math 3200 | Accounting 1010, Management 1010 |
Concentration in Biological Sciences (19.5 units)
This concentration reflects increasing contributions of physicists (including members of our Faculty) to implications of Physics to Biological Sciences. Undergraduate students choosing this concentration will prepare themselves for careers in scientific research or professional Medical Physics programs that have been instituted at Penn and other Universities, among other possibilities.
The proposed Concentration is distinct from the existing Biophysics Major, although the two share several required courses. The Biophysics Major requires much more chemistry, making it appropriate for students interested in protein science and other topics within the well-established field of Biophysics The Physics major with a Concentration in Biological Science targets students with interests in the emerging field of Biological Physics, where researchers directly apply physical concepts and techniques to investigate biological systems; the emphasis is on developing new insights regarding biological systems from a perspective strongly rooted in Physics.
Concentration requirements (19.5 CU):
In addition to core requirements (NOTE: Physics 240 rather than Phys 250; Physics 351 is not required, but highly recommended):
BIOL 121 – Introduction to Biology and Molecular Biology* * - after consultation with the Undergraduate Chair, students with a strong background in Biology may be allowed to replace BIOL 121 with CHEM 251 or a BIOL elective.
BIOL 204 - Biochemistry or BIOL 205 - Cell Biology BIOL 221 – Molecular Biology and Genetics PHYS 280 – Physical Models of Biological Systems (or PHYS 580) PHYS 401 – Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics
Two additional courses drawn from the following list:
Students may propose a relevant course not on this list as an elective by consulting the Undergraduate Chair before taking the class.
Example Curriculum for the proposed Physics Major with a Concentration in Biological Science:
Fall | Spring | |
Freshman | PHYS 150, MATH 104, BIOL 121 | PHYS 151, MATH 114, BIOL 221 |
Sophomore | PHYS 230, MATH 240, PHYS 280 | PHYS 240, MATH 241, BIOL 204 |
Junior | PHYS 361, PHYS 411 | PHYS 362, (PHYS 351) |
Senior | PHYS 401, PHYS 580 | BE 480 or PHYS 585 |
The combination of PHYS 580 and PHYS 585 would provide a solid grounding in concepts of computational neuroscience.
Other suggested coupled electives:
The department encourages students to enter the honors program. This program augments the regular major with the requirement (2 additional credits) that the student plan and carry out an individualized research project under the guidance of a faculty member. Research experience of this kind is invaluable to a future scientist: research is very different from course work, in that the latter is well-defined and bounded, while the former requires careful pre-planning on the part of the student and always involves an interesting element of risk.
To graduate with honors in physics, a student must achieve a GPA of at least 3.3 in major-related courses, must enroll for an additional 2 c.u. of Physics 4498 Senior Thesis Research (PHYS 5598 if you are submatriculating), and must write a thesis describing his or her research. The addition of these two courses means that the minimum requirement increases by 2 c.u., e.g. depending on the concentration from 17 1/2 c.u. to 19 1/2 c.u.
The honors program, which is a way of completing the degree in Physics, should not be confused with honors courses, which are accelerated courses in physics for ambitious students. Students hoping for a general honors degree need to take a certain number of honors courses; for more information you should talk to advisors in the College Advising Office. You do not need to be a physics honors major to take the honors courses (although many choose to do so) and you do not need to take the honors courses to be an honor major.
Advanced students may enroll in the Physics submatriculation program. A total of 8 courses are required for the Master of Science (MS) degree.
All 8 courses must be at the pure graduate level. Specifically, the requirements are a) 2 from the core grad courses PHYS5500/5516/5531/5532/6611 (PHYS500/516/531/532/611) with a B or better in each course, b) 2 PHYS/ASTR 500+ level courses, c) 4 electives, which can include relevant non-PHYS/ASTR courses as well as 2 credits for the Senior Honors Thesis. College students can also use up to 4 of these courses as a College electives - i.e., the minimum cu requirement for the BA+MS is 40 rather than 44. Students must apply during the Fall of their junior year between October and December when the graduate application opens.
Students must achieve a minimum GPA of 3.0 in their master's courses. The application form from can be picked up from the Physics Academic Office on the 2nd floor of DRL (or can be emailed to you electronically). Courses must be approved by both the undergraduate chair and the graduate chair.
Physics majors are strongly encouraged to take elective courses in physics, astronomy, mathematics, chemistry, or other sciences. The department offers mixed undergraduate and graduate courses in modern optics, condensed matter physics, and nuclear and elementary particle physics, special and general relativity, and astrophysics . And for the really ambitious student, there is the entire set of first-year graduate courses from which to choose. Many students take a course in computer programming (often CSE 110 or ESE 115) or in numerical methods using computers (e.g., Mathematics 320 and 321). Students with a theoretical bent frequently take electives in mathematics. Majors planning a career in the health professions must take courses in chemistry and biology; such students should consult a health professions advisor for advice on the specific courses required by the professional schools.
Pennsylvania is a research university. Physics majors are encouraged to participate in this aspect of the department's activities.
Apart from the individual research done as part of the honors program, students can carry out supervised research projects under the rubric of Physics and Astronomy 299 and 499 . Other students gain valuable research experience participating in summer internships at Penn or other universities and research programs at national facilities and laboratories. Click here for a description of faculty research interests.
In order to receive permission to register for PHYS 299 (independent study) or PHYS 499 (dissertation), students must submit a mini-proposal of estimated length 2-4 pages, including figures and reference s. The "target audience" of the mini-proposal should be a trained physicist who may not be an expert in the specific field of research. This mini-proposal should contain the following elements:
At the end of the semester, the student must turn in a final report (or thesis if this is the conclusion of an Honors Project). The estimated length of a final report is 5-10 pages, while a thesis could be substantially longer. The "target audience" is again a trained physicist who may not be an expert in the specific field of research. The report should cover the following:
The Department of Physics and Astronomy endeavors to provide a variety of informal opportunities for undergraduates to acquaint themselves with aspects of current research. For lack of a better term we dub these activities the "informal curriculum." Included in this category are Physics Club activities, departmental colloquia and seminars, and similar activities. The Departmental Colloquium (held nearly every Wednesday) is a forum in which speakers present aspects of their research at a level usually intelligible to advanced undergraduates. The Undergraduate Physics Club sponsors a number of activities, including lectures and discussions, field trips, and other events, specifically addressed to undergraduates. And at the "first-year seminar," a lecture series designed to acquaint graduate students with the various opportunities for thesis research in the department, undergraduates can gain insight into current research interests and problems.
The Physics minor consists of any 6 Physics courses (not units, but courses). No more than two of these can be at the 100 (introductory) level. A recommended minor is Physics 150, 151, 230, 250 and TWO advanced course at the 300 level or above. This program provides an introduction to physics through the 100 level courses, a full survey of the field through the 200 level courses, and advanced training in at least one area through the advanced course. Students may propose other minor programs to be approved by the undergraduate chair (e.g. replacing 200 level courses by more advanced courses.)
It is possible to pursue a major in physics simultaneously with a major in geology, engineering, mathematics, or other subjects. Interested students should consult the undergraduate chair.
You should contact our undergraduate chair Eleni Katifori after meeting with your pre-major advisor.
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The study investigates the effectiveness of productive failure learning using a contrasting-cases design of ill-structured problems followed by well-structured problems. Fifty-one future elementary school teachers, enrolled in an undergraduate physics course were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions: a) ill-structured followed by well-structured problems (IS-WS), b) well-structured followed by well-structured problems (WS-WS), and c) ill-structured followed by ill-structured problems (IS-IS). The study hypothesized that the first condition with a contrasting-case design would outperform the non-contrasting-case design. After solving treatment problems in their respective conditions, all the participants took a post-test that comprised both ill-structured and well-structured problems. The one-way and two-way ANOVA results showed that while productive failure learning (IS-WS) outperformed WS-WS on both procedural and conceptual knowledge in the well-structured post-test, there was no significant difference between the three learning conditions in the ill-structured post-test. The findings indicated that structuring instruction lies on a continuum between highly structured and unstructured. For higher-level physics education, productive failure learning provided the optimum balance of discovery learning via ill-structured problems and guided instruction via well-structured problems to activate prior knowledge, draw attention to critical features of the canonical concept, and facilitate motivation and excitement within learners, resulting in effective learning.
Advisor/supervisor/committee co-chair, additional committee member 2, usage metrics.
Thesis advisors from other departments: Each year a number of seniors have faculty members from other departments as their thesis advisors. Most of these theses are well within the realm of physics - it just happens that the best advisor for this topic is in, say, the Geology Department. In these cases, only one special procedure is required. The second reader for the thesis is chosen at the beginning of the year, by the deadline for reporting the thesis topic. This person, who must be in the Physics Department, is consulted as the topic is being finalized. He or she can then make sure that the topic will meet Physics Department requirements and that it is likely to turn into a good thesis.
Interdisciplinary thesis topics: The Department encourages students to follow interests beyond the traditional fields of physics by pursuing interdisciplinary thesis research. Many theses advised by faculty outside the Physics Department (e.g., biophysics, geophysics, various engineering topics) use standard physics methodology and thus require no special considerations. On the other hand, several years ago the Department expanded its thesis guidelines to allow students to choose topics well outside traditional areas. Examples would be: a history of physics thesis where the student's research was primarily on the history itself, rather than physics analysis of a historical topic; an analysis of disposal options for materials from nuclear weapons that focused on policy issues, including but not necessarily emphasizing technical ones. As with the choice of Departmental Courses, choice of such a topic should represent a serious interest, perhaps an area to which you intend to apply your physics training after graduation.
The following guidelines, while applicable to any thesis, are particularly meant to provide guidance to faculty and students who are considering theses in interdisciplinary areas.
The overriding factor, as always, is excellence of academic research. Is the content of the thesis, at least in principle, appropriate for a professional journal? Note, it is understood that the thesis as written is probably not ready for publishing, it is the quality of the content that should be quite substantial. Historically, examples have arisen of ill-contrived theses which turn out poorly because the selected topic did not lend itself easily to excellence in research at the undergraduate level. Theses with an interdisciplinary flavor require frequent contacts between the primary advisor and the student, and a careful choice of the research topic.
David Bohm and Hugh Everett were once ostracized for challenging the dominant thinking in physics. Now, science accepts their ideas, which are said to enrich our understanding of the universe.
The field of quantum mechanics dates to 1900, the year German scientist Max Planck (1858–1947) discovered that energy could come in discrete packages called quanta. It advanced in 1913, when Danish physicist Niels Bohr (1885–1962) used quantum principles to explain what had until then been inexplicable, the exact wavelengths of light emitted or absorbed by a gas of hydrogen atoms. And since the 1920s, when Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976) and Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961) built new quantum theories, quantum mechanics has consistently proven its value as the fundamental theory of the nanoscale and as a source of technology, from computer chips and lasers to LED bulbs and solar panels.
One question, however, still puzzles: how does the quantum world relate to the more familiar human-scale one? For a century, the Copenhagen interpretation , chiefly developed by Bohr and Heisenberg in that city, has been the standard answer taught in physics courses. It posits that the quantum scale is indeterminate; that is, operates according to the laws of probability. This world is utterly different from the deterministic and predictable “classical” human scale, yet the Copenhagen interpretation doesn’t clearly explain how reality changes between the two worlds.
Heisenberg and Bohr developed the Copenhagen interpretation amidst the blossoming of new quantum theories in the first half of the twentieth century. In 1927, Heisenberg announced his important uncertainty principle : at the quantum level, certain pairs of quantities, such as momentum and position, cannot be simultaneously measured to any desired degree of precision. The more exactly you measure one, the less well you know the other. Thus, we can never fully know the quantum world, a key feature of the Copenhagen interpretation.
Indeterminism also appears in the Schrödinger wave equation at the heart of the Copenhagen view. Einstein had shown that light waves can act like swarms of particles, later called photons; in 1924, Louis de Broglie assumed the inverse, that tiny particles are also wave-like. In 1926, Schrödinger published his equation for these “matter waves.” Its solution, the “wave function” denoted by the Greek letter Ψ (psi), contains all possible information about a quantum entity such as an electron in an atom. But the information is indeterminate: Ψ is only a list of probable values for all the different physical properties, such as position or momentum, that the electron could have in its particular surroundings. The electron is said be in a superposition , simultaneously present in all its potential states of actual being.
This superposition exists until an observer measures the properties of the electron, which makes its wave function “collapse”; the cloud of possible outcomes yields just one result, a definite value emerging into the classical world. It is as if, asked to pick a card out of a deck, the instant you select the three of hearts, the other fifty-one cards fade away. In this case, we know that the rejected cards still physically exist with definite properties, but in the Copenhagen view, subatomic particles aren’t real until they’re observed. Another problem is that the notion of a sudden wave function collapse seems an arbitrary addition to the Copenhagen interpretation; it contradicts the smooth evolution in time built into the Schrödinger equation.
These troubling features, called “the measurement problem,” were hotly debated in the 1920s. But overwhelming any objections was the fact that the Copenhagen interpretation works! Its results agree precisely with experiments, the final test of any theory, and inspire real devices. Even so, David Joseph Bohm (1917–1992) and Hugh Everett III (1930–1982) sought equally valid theories without any incongruities. In the 1950s, these two American physicists dared to challenge the conventional Copenhagen interpretation with their “pilot wave” and “many-worlds” theories, respectively. Though from different backgrounds, Bohm and Everett shared characteristics that helped them seek answers: mathematical aptitude, necessary to manipulate quantum theory; and unconventional career paths, which separated them from the orthodoxy of academic physics.
Bohm was a second-generation American, born into an immigrant family from Europe that operated a furniture store in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. In high school, where his physics instructor described him as “outstanding” and “brilliant,” Bohm developed his own alternative ideas about Bohr’s hydrogen atom. After undergraduate work at Penn State, he began earning a PhD in nuclear physics in 1941 under J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904–1967) at the University of California, Berkeley. The United States was engaged in World War II at the time and was about to build an atomic bomb. Bohm’s doctoral research was classified, and he was awarded his degree in 1943 without writing a dissertation. Though Oppenheimer wanted Bohm to work with him at Los Alamos, Bohm couldn’t get security clearance as he had briefly been, in the early 1940s, a member of the Communist Party.
In 1947, supported by theorist John Wheeler, Bohm became an assistant professor at Princeton. There he taught quantum mechanics and wrote Quantum Theory (1951), in which he presented the Copenhagen interpretation, only to disavow it the next year, when he published his alternative theory in a pair of papers in the Physical Review (in 1957, he expounded his ideas further in his book Causality and Chance in Modern Physics ).
But in 1951, his life had taken a serious turn. In that Cold War era of McCarthyism, Bohm was brought before the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC). He pleaded the Fifth Amendment against self-incrimination, and he was first indicted and jailed for contempt of Congress and then acquitted when the Supreme Court decriminalized this action. Still, the damage was done. Princeton didn’t renew Bohm’s contract and banned him from campus in June 1951. Unable to obtain a new academic position in the US, he began a life-long exile, taking temporary teaching positions in Brazil and elsewhere. Finally, in 1961, he accepted the offer of a chaired professorship in physics at Birkbeck College, London. He remained in that position until he retired in 1983, continuing to develop his new approach, the “pilot wave” theory.
When de Broglie postulated that tiny particles are also wave-like, he proposed the role of the waves as guiding or piloting the motions of real physical particles. Bohm fleshed out this insight by relating the pilot wave to Schrödinger’s wave function Ψ. In Bohm’s view, Ψ doesn’t collapse, but shepherds real subatomic particles into specific trajectories. This scenario yields the same results as the Schrödinger equation and resolves a great wave-particle quantum paradox. In the famous double-slit experiment , a stream of electrons or photons sent through two slits produces a pattern that could arise only from interfering waves, not particles. Bohm’s solution is that each particle traversing one of the slits rides a wave that pilots it into a complex path and generates an interference pattern from the swarm of particles.
For his part, Everett solved the measurement problem differently, as described by biographer Peter Byrne in an article , and later, a book . Born in Washington, DC, Everett showed an early interest in logical contradictions. At age twelve, he wrote to Einstein about the paradox “irresistible force meets immovable body,” and, as Everett reports, Einstein replied that there is no such paradox, but he noted Everett’s drive in attacking the problem. Everett graduated with honors from Catholic University as an engineer with strong backgrounds in math, operations research, and physics.
In 1953, Everett went to Princeton for graduate work. There he met Bohr, whose visit at the nearby Institute for Advanced Study sparked discussions about quantum mechanics. Later Everett said that the idea for his new theory came during a sherry-fueled session with one of Bohr’s assistants, among others. Everett was soon working out the consequences of his idea in a dissertation under John Wheeler, who had mentored Bohm and also Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman (1918–1988), and who called Everett “highly original.”
In the Copenhagen view, quantum reality as determined by the Schrödinger equation is separate from classical reality. Everett boldly asserted instead that the Schrödinger equation applies to everything, small or big, object or observer. The resulting universal wave function describes a reality without a boundary between microscopic and macroscopic or any need for the wave function to collapse. In his scheme, the measurement problem doesn’t exist.
This, however, comes at the cost of accepting a highly complex universe. If large objects and their observers obey the Schrödinger equation, then the universal wave function includes all observers and objects and their links in superposition. As Byrne explains: if the object could exist at either point A or B, in one branch of the universal wave function the observer sees the measurement result as “A,” and in another branch, a nearly identical person sees the result as “B.” (Everett called different elements of the superposition “branches.”) Further, without the jarring disruption of wave function collapse, the Schrödinger equation tells us that the branches go smoothly forward in time and do not interact, so each observer separately sees a normally unfolding macroscopic world.
In layman’s terms, this means that the universe, instead of being a unity that encompasses all reality, is filled with separate multiverses or bubbles of reality, each believed to be the entire universe by its inhabitants. The observer who saw result “A” now lives in that reality, and the person who saw “B” occupies a separately evolving reality according to their different outcome. Each of these unimaginable numbers of bubbles moves ahead into its own future, forming a totality filled with what have come to be called “parallel worlds.”
Bohr and his group scorned this grandiose idea as an answer to the measurement problem, one of his circle calling it “theology,” and another deriding Everett as “ stupid .” Wheeler had Everett rewrite his dissertation so it didn’t directly criticize the Copenhagen interpretation or its proponents. His thesis was published in 1957 and, according to Byrne, “slipped into instant obscurity.” All this should have been no surprise. As Olival Freire Jr. points out , Bohm’s earlier work—which Everett cited—had also been badly received, even with hostility, in a community dominated by Bohr and champions of the Copenhagen interpretation.
That was to change for both theories. In 1964, a bombshell result from theorist John Bell showed how to experimentally confirm the exceedingly strange quantum effect of entanglement, which Einstein called “ spooky action at a distance ”: the fact that two quantum entities can affect each other over arbitrary distances. Bell, it turns out, was strongly influenced by Bohm’s work, notes Freire. This shows that rethinking the foundations of quantum mechanics, downplayed by some physicists as only a philosophical exercise, can pay off in deep theoretical insights as well as in technology; entanglement today is used in quantum computation, communication, and cryptography.
Everett’s ideas too came to be more appreciated after The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (Bryce DeWitt and Neill Graham, editors) was published in 1973. It included Everett’s original dissertation and related papers. This and DeWitt’s evocative phrase “many-worlds interpretation” brought new interest in Everett’s work and linked it to multiverse theory , which has been developed to solve certain problems in cosmology and as an outcome of string theory. Everett won further recognition—this time in popular culture—in 1976, when his work appeared in Analog , a leading science fiction magazine. (In fact, multiverses and parallel worlds have become staples of popular culture, as the film Everything Everywhere All at Once (2022) and the streaming series Dark Matter (2024), based on the novel by Blake Crouch, make clear.)
By 2023, Bohm’s and Everett’s seminal papers had each amassed tens of thousands of citations in the scientific literature. Surveys have also asked hundreds of physicists which interpretation of quantum mechanics they consider best. Many chose the Copenhagen view, but an equal number favor either the pilot wave or many-worlds interpretation. It’s striking that what in the 1950s were outlaw ideas, met with disbelief and antagonism, today have a significant degree of acceptance and have greatly expanded our view of the quantum world and the universe.
That Bohm and Everett could produce novel theories reflects their special circumstances and their times as well as their abilities. McCarthyism interrupted Bohm’s career but also freed him from conventional views of quantum mechanics. Historian of science Christian Forstner cites a 1981 interview in which Bohm acknowledges the upside to his departure from Princeton. It “liberated me,” Bohm admitted. “I was able to think more easily and more freely…without having to talk the language of other people.” Forstner notes that in exile, the physicist had the freedom to choose like-minded colleagues so that “the US-community and its thought-style lost importance for Bohm.” Indeed, Bohm’s exile was highly productive.
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Everett’s expertise in operations research brought him the offer of a position with the Pentagon’s Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG) to analyze nuclear warfare after finishing his PhD. Wheeler wanted him to continue at Princeton but also knew, Byrne writes, that the lack of recognition for Everett’s ideas had left him “disappointed, perhaps bitter.” Nor did Everett enjoy truncating his thesis to mollify Bohr, and he must have realized that advocating an unpopular theory would cloud his academic career. In the end, he chose WSEG and never again worked in theoretical physics, but perhaps having this alternate possibility stiffened his resolve in presenting and defending his audacious idea. His talents shone at WSEG, but, according to Byrne, he was an alcoholic and died of a heart attack at age fifty-one.
The co-existing Copenhagen, Bohm, and Everett interpretations give the same results for many different tests of quantum behavior; and so we await the subtle experiment that distinguishes among them, showing which one is physically true and might give philosophers new insight into the nature of reality. Bohm’s and Everett’s sagas provide another valuable lesson. Science prides itself on being self-correcting; wrong theories are eventually made right, as in the old notion of a geocentric universe giving way to the modern view. The Copenhagen interpretation became unquestioned orthodoxy, but Bohm and Everett challenged it even at personal cost. That reflects the highest aspirations of science and deserves to be recognized in 2025, the upcoming International Year of Quantum Science and Technology.
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Choosing the right university to pursue a degree in physics is a crucial decision for aspiring physicists. South Africa, with its vibrant academic landscape, offers several institutions renowned for their excellence in physics education and research. Here’s a comprehensive look at some of the top universities in South Africa for physics majors:
The University of Cape Town is consistently ranked among the top universities in Africa and is renowned for its strong emphasis on research and academic excellence. The Department of Physics at UCT offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs that cover a wide range of physics disciplines, including astrophysics, condensed matter physics, and theoretical physics. The university boasts state-of-the-art research facilities and collaborations with international research institutions.
The University of the Witwatersrand, located in Johannesburg, is another prestigious institution known for its rigorous academic programs in physics. The School of Physics at Wits offers undergraduate degrees, Honours, Masters, and PhD programs in various fields of physics, such as nuclear and particle physics, computational physics, and optics. Wits has strong ties to industry and research organizations, providing students with practical experience and research opportunities.
Stellenbosch University, situated in the Western Cape province, is renowned for its strong research focus and high academic standards. The Department of Physics at Stellenbosch University offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs that encompass diverse areas of physics, including nanotechnology, biophysics, and laser physics. The university collaborates extensively with international research institutions and industry partners, enhancing opportunities for students to engage in cutting-edge research.
The University of Pretoria is a leading research-intensive university that offers comprehensive physics programs at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The Department of Physics at UP focuses on various specialized fields, including medical physics, plasma physics, and computational physics. The university’s strong research culture and partnerships with industry ensure that students receive a well-rounded education and practical experience in their chosen field.
Rhodes University, located in Grahamstown (Makhanda), is known for its small class sizes and personalized approach to education. The Department of Physics and Electronics at Rhodes University offers undergraduate programs in physics, as well as Honours, Masters, and PhD programs in areas such as theoretical physics, materials science, and astronomy. The university’s research facilities and close-knit academic community provide a conducive environment for student development and research collaboration.
The University of KwaZulu-Natal, with campuses in Durban and Pietermaritzburg, offers robust physics programs that cater to diverse student interests and career goals. The School of Physics at UKZN provides undergraduate degrees, Honours, Masters, and PhD programs in fields such as atmospheric physics, optics, and renewable energy physics. The university’s research initiatives and collaborations with international institutions offer students valuable opportunities for academic growth and research involvement.
Nelson Mandela University, located in Port Elizabeth, offers dynamic physics programs that emphasize both theoretical knowledge and practical skills. The Department of Physics at NMU provides undergraduate degrees and Honours programs in physics, with a focus on applied physics, renewable energy, and materials science. The university’s commitment to research and community engagement enhances students’ learning experiences and prepares them for careers in academia, industry, and research institutions.
Choosing a university for studying physics in South Africa involves considering factors such as academic reputation, research opportunities, faculty expertise, and campus facilities. The institutions listed above are recognized for their commitment to excellence in physics education and research, providing students with a solid foundation and opportunities for specialization in various fields of physics. Whether aspiring physicists are interested in theoretical research, applied physics, or interdisciplinary studies, these universities offer diverse programs and resources to support their academic and professional growth in the field of physics.
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STANFORD -- At age 105, Virginia Hislop has lived a full life with two children, four grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren. She has devoted much of her life to education and has served on school and college boards in central Washington, where she lives.
Despite her success, she says something was missing.
"From time to time, I wished I had finished and gotten my master's (degree)," Hislop said. "Part of it was the fact that I've been a college director for a good number of years and I didn't have the advanced degree that some of the other ones did."
Hislop had taken the required classes at Stanford University but had not yet submitted a master's thesis when the U.S. entered World War II in 1941.
"The Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor," Hislop explained.
She quickly married her college sweetheart before his Army deployment. She assisted in the war effort then focused on her family but never finished her thesis.
"Fast-forward 83 years -- we don't have a thesis requirement anymore so she's actually satisfied the requirements for Master of Arts in the Graduate School of Education," said Daniel Schwartz, dean of the Stanford Graduate School of Education. "So, 83 years later, we're honoring this woman who has done so much."
Sunday afternoon at the education department's commencement ceremony, fellow graduates and Hislop's family, many of whom live in the Bay Area, gave her a standing ovation as she walked onto the stage with a little support from her cane.
"So much gratitude. She's believed in all of us and cheered us on all the way through and we get to cheer her on now. It's pretty cool," said Elizabeth Jensen, Hislop's granddaughter. "I feel like this is the crowning glory of her amazing career. This is her lifetime achievement award."
Hislop received her master's academic hoop and her diploma.
"Very satisfied, very pleased," Hislop beamed.
She was quick to remind people it's never too late to get a college degree. And this one added one more highlight to her many accomplishments.
When asked what she'd do with the diploma, she smiled.
"Add it to the others I have in the basement," she said.
Da Lin is an award-winning journalist at KPIX 5 News. He joined KPIX 5 in 2012, but has been reporting the news in the Bay Area since 2007. Da grew up in Oakland, and before his return to the Bay Area, he spent five years covering the news at three other television stations in Texas, Southern and Central California. He also spent five years reporting at KRON 4.
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The senior thesis is the capstone of the physics major and an opportunity for intellectual exploration broader than courses can afford. It is an effort that spans the whole academic year. The thesis is a great opportunity to dive into research on an aspect of physics which most engages you. Whether your thesis is on biophysics, gravity and ...
Physics majors are granted a Bachelor of Science in Physics with Honors if they satisfy these two requirements beyond the general Physics major requirements. The student completes a Senior Thesis by meeting the deadlines and requirements described in the Senior Thesis guidelines section below. The student completes course work with an overall ...
Theses/Dissertations from 2020. PDF. A First-Principles Study of the Nature of the Insulating Gap in VO2, Christopher Hendriks. PDF. Competing And Cooperating Orders In The Three-Band Hubbard Model: A Comprehensive Quantum Monte Carlo And Generalized Hartree-Fock Study, Adam Chiciak. PDF.
The undergraduate curriculum allows students to acquire a deep conceptual understanding of fundamental physics through its core requirements. Students then choose one of two options to complete the degree, the Flexible track or the Focus track. Both options lead to the same degree, a Bachelor of Science in Physics. And both options are superb ...
Table of Contents. Your First Scientific Paper Ought to be good! A thesis should have a rigorous structure. Chapter 1: What I want to do and why. Chapter 2: How I intend to attack the problem. Remember: Pitfalls. Chapter 3: Technical details pertaining to the chosen solution.
The senior thesis is an option to satisfy the DC requirement for graduation in the Physics, Physics (Astrophysics), and Applied Physics majors. Students work on their senior thesis as coursework for PHYS 195A and PHYS 195B. The senior thesis is a clear, logical presentation of some independent, physics-related work done by the student under the ...
Departments collect the thesis documents on behalf of the MIT Thesis Library Archives and Physics graduate students will submit their thesis to Sydney Miller. ... (PDF). A second reader for the Master's degree thesis committee is assigned by the Graduate Program Faculty Coordinator. Note that there is no public defense required for an SM degree.
Senior Thesis. Senior Theses must be submitted and approved by your advisor by the last day of classes for the semester/term in which you need a grade for the thesis. Otherwise you can get a T grade until you complete it. As a BS Physics or BS Physics & Astronomy major (not applied physics, though applied majors can do a thesis and take 498R or ...
Emily Golitzin. Senior Thesis: Follow-up on a Swift/BAT Detected Seyfert II: Gas Ionization, Kinematics and the Spectral Energy Distribution of SWIFT J0446.4 + 1828. Advisor: Ryan Hickox. Raphael Hviding. Senior Thesis: Understanding the Galactic Scale Effect of AGN with Fabry-Perot Spectroscopy from SALT. Advisor: Ryan Hickox.
Students with >3.65 GPA are encouraged to write a formal senior honors thesis that will qualify them to receive a diploma with Latin Honors: The thesis shows a deep understanding of the concepts acquired as a Physics major, and that you can use these concepts to do original research. It should describe research performed by you in the Physics ...
So that two-weeks-early date should be the latest you should hand it in. Note that this is your planned FINAL SUBMISSION. This should NOT be the first time you have shown your thesis to the thesis examiner. So you should plan on a meeting with the thesis examiner even earlier than this two-week-early date.
Programmable Fermi-Hubbard Physics in Optical Tweezers and Lattices. Shuo Ma. Quantum Computing with Neutral Yb Atom Arrays. View past theses (2011 to present) in the Dataspace Catalog of Ph.D Theses in the Department of Physics. View past theses (1996 to present) in the ProQuest Database.
Course Requirements for Degree; Graduate Degree Programs. Other PhD Tracks; ... ALEXEY, B.S. (Moscow Institute of Physics & Technology) 1996. Beauty Meson Decays to Charmonium. (Feldman) FOX, DAVID CHARLES, A.B. (Princeton) 1991. (Harvard) 1994. ... PhD Theses in Physics. PhD Thesis Help; Tax Information; 17 Oxford Street Cambridge, MA 02138 ...
All physics majors (inside or outside concentrators) can pursue a senior thesis. Any physics faculty (and members of the field of Physics) can supervise a senior thesis. Students pursuing research outside the physics department can pursue a senior thesis, provided the thesis topic is related to physics.
In the senior year, each physics major does a senior thesis: an original research project on a topic chosen by the student in consultation with a faculty adviser. Senior thesis projects span the range of activities in physics research from constructing experimental apparatus, to running an experiment, to analyzing data, to developing computer ...
The Honors in the Major (HIM) Program, is designed to encourage the best juniors and seniors to undertake original and independent work in their major field. ... View past Honors in the Major thesis in Physics. Physics UCF Department of Physics 4111 Libra Drive Physical Sciences Bldg. 430 Orlando, FL 32816-2385 407-823-2325 407-823-5112 physics ...
B.S. In Physics. To help in deciding which introductory sequence is most suitable, students considering a major in Physics may contact the undergraduate program coordinator (elva [at] stanford.edu (elva[at]stanford[dot]edu)) to arrange an advising appointment with a Physics faculty advisor.Also, see this extensive list of Physics advising resources, including the Physics Placement Diagnostic.
Physics and applications of exceptional points, Qi Zhong. PDF. Synthetic Saturable Absorber, Armin Kalita. PDF. The Solvation Energy of Ions in a Stockmayer Fluid, Cameron John Shock. PDF. UNDERSTANDING THE VERY HIGH ENERGY γ-RAY EMISSION FROM A FAST SPINNING NEUTRON STAR ENVIRONMENT, Chad A. Brisbois. Theses/Dissertations/Reports from 2018 PDF
The Honors Thesis is a separate requirement and must be distinct from the B.A. Capstone project; it is not advised to complete the Capstone and Honors Thesis in the same semester. NB: Students pursuing a Physics B.S. from the College of Science and Engineering will still take PHYS 4052W, but CSE does not call this a "Capstone."
The Master of Science (M.S.) degree with a major in Physics requires 30 semester credit hours, including a thesis. Students who do not have the appropriate background course work may be required to complete leveling courses. An oral thesis defense is required and will satisfy the comprehensive examination requirement.
To graduate with honors in physics, a student must achieve a GPA of at least 3.3 in major-related courses, must enroll for an additional 2 c.u. of Physics 4498 Senior Thesis Research (PHYS 5598 if you are submatriculating), and must write a thesis describing his or her research.
Dec. 3, 2021. ( Link ) While much physics education research focuses on students' learning, this thesis explores physics faculty members' teaching practices. This focus is needed given the role faculty play as an essential link between students and physics content, culture, and practices. Commonly used change strategies in science education ...
The study investigates the effectiveness of productive failure learning using a contrasting-cases design of ill-structured problems followed by well-structured problems. Fifty-one future elementary school teachers, enrolled in an undergraduate physics course were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions: a) ill-structured followed by well-structured problems (IS-WS), b) well-structured ...
Interdisciplinary Theses Thesis advisors from other departments: Each year a number of seniors have faculty members from other departments as their thesis advisors. Most of these theses are well within the realm of physics - it just happens that the best advisor for this topic is in, say, the Geology Department. In these cases, only one special ...
Even so, David Joseph Bohm (1917-1992) and Hugh Everett III (1930-1982) sought equally valid theories without any incongruities. In the 1950s, these two American physicists dared to challenge the conventional Copenhagen interpretation with their "pilot wave" and "many-worlds" theories, respectively.
Response to the Thesis Presented in Jonathan Haidt's Book, The Anxious Generation. Damien Wilson, for the Chaos Group, June 18, 2024 Yes, I do think something is happening to today's youth that is substantially different than past generations. The I Gen has a number of issues that they need to face and they move into and ... Two Major Points:
Physics Wallah Private Limited (commonly known as Physics Wallah; or simply PW) is an Indian multinational educational technology company headquartered in Noida, Uttar Pradesh.The company was founded by Alakh Pandey in 2016 as a YouTube channel aimed at teaching the physics curriculum for the Joint Entrance Examinations (JEE). In 2020, Pandey, along with his cofounder Prateek Maheshwari ...
1. University of Cape Town (UCT) The University of Cape Town is consistently ranked among the top universities in Africa and is renowned for its strong emphasis on research and academic excellence. The Department of Physics at UCT offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs that cover a wide range of physics disciplines, including ...
105-year-old Stanford alum receives graduate degree after 83-year delay 02:30. STANFORD -- At age 105, Virginia Hislop has lived a full life with two children, four grandchildren and nine great ...
Chalmers University of Technology. "Breakthrough may clear major hurdle for quantum computers." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 18 June 2024. <www.sciencedaily.com / releases / 2024 / 06 ...