the conclusion of research report mcq

MCQs on Research Report Writing [Additional 30 Questions] for NTA NET and SLET Exam

MCQs on Research Report Writing Also useful for B.Com/M.Com, NTA NET / JRF and SET Exam

In this Post You will get Additional 30 MCQs on Reseach Report Writing which is very helpful for the students of B. Com, M. Com, NTA NET and SLET Exam . More than 200 MCQs are added including the first part and more questions will be added soon.

Research methodology Chapter wise MCQs are also available on our blog. Links are given below:

a) Research Methodology MCQs [Part 1] (40 Questions)

b) Research Methodology MCQS Part I1 (35 Questions)

c) Sampling MCQs (35 Questions)

d) MCQ on Research Problem and Research Plan (20 Questions)

e) Collection of data MCQs (33 Questions)

f) MCQ on Research Report Writing (30 Questions)

***********************************************

1. The first page of the research report is:

a) Appendix.

b) Bibliography.

d) Title page.

Ans: d) Title page .

2. The last page of the research report is:

Ans: a) Appendix .

3. The content of the research report is can be classified into 3 parts which are:

a) Prefatory items.

c) Terminal/References.

d) All of the above.

[Note: Bibliography contains the sources of references taken and consulted.]

Ans: d) All of the above .

4. Bibliography means

a) Foot Note.

b) Quotations.

c) List of Books referred.

d) Biography.

Ans: c) List of Books referred .

5. The list of special terms and phrases used is given in the form of a:

c) Glossary.

d) Bibliography.

Ans: c) Glossary .

6. An abstract is a:

a) Synopsis.

Ans: a) Synopsis .

7. In research methodology, interpretation is the search of:

a) Statistical data.

b) Research problem.

c) Research findings.

d) Research plan.

Ans: c) Research findings.

8. Interpretation should be:

a) Subjective.

b) Objective.

c) Integrity.

d) None of the above.

Ans: a) Subjective .

9. Which of the following statements are true about interpretation of data?

a) Interpretation can’t proceed without analysis.

b) Analysis and interpretation are interdependent.

c) The data to be interpreted should be homogeneous in nature.

a) All of the above.

Ans: a) All of the above .

10. The last state of research process is:

a) Review of literature.

b) Report writing.

c) Research design.

d) Analysis of data.

Ans: b) Report writing .

11. A long essay on a single piece of work is called:

a) Research report.

b) Monograph.

c) Dissertation.

Ans: b) Monograph .

12. Thesis is also known as:

Ans: c) Dissertation .

13. A detailed disclosure on the subject under study is called:

c) Dissertation or thesis.

Ans: c) Dissertation or thesis .

14. Which of the following is not true about e-journals?

a) They are distributed through digital methods.

b) They also have editors or editorial boards.

c) They are publications of serial nature.

d) They are always free of cost.

Ans: d) They are always free of cost .

15. In which of the following, reporting format is formally prescribed ?

a) Doctoral level thesis.

b) Conference of researchers.

c) Workshops and seminars.

d) Symposia.

Ans: a) Doctoral level thesis .

16. Which of the following is an optional supplement of a research paper?

b) Appendix.

Ans: b) Appendix .

17. In a thesis, figures and tables are included in

a) the appendix.

b) a separate chapter.

c) the concluding chapter.

d) the text itself.

Ans: a) the appendix .

18. A thesis statement is

a) an observation.

c) an assertion.

d) a discussion.

Ans: c) an assertion .

19. An abstract contains:

a) A brief summary of research problems.

b) A brief summary of the findings of the report.

c) A brief analysis of data.

d) A brief interpretation of data.

Ans: b) A brief summary of the findings of the report.

20. When academicians are called to deliver lecture or presentation to an audience on certain topics or a set of topics of educational nature, it is called

a) Training Program.

b) Seminar.

c) Workshop.

d) Symposium.

Ans: b) Seminar .

21. The core elements of a dissertation are:

a) Introduction; Data Collection; Data Analysis; Conclusions and Recommendations.

b) Executive Summary; Literature review; Data gathered; Conclusions; Bibliography.

c) Research Plan; Research Data; Analysis; References.

d) Introduction; Literature Review; Research Methodology; Results; Discussion and Conclusion.

Ans: a) Introduction; Data Collection; Data Analysis; Conclusions and Recommendations .

22. A written format of a research work is known as:

a) Research Paper.

c) Project report.

d) Research report.

Ans: d) Research report .

23. List of important abbreviations used in footnote and bibliography:

24. Row headings of a table is known as:

c) Columns.

Ans: b) Stub .

25. A treatise on single subject is called:

26. ICSSR stands for

a) Indian Council for Survey and Research.

b) Indian Council for strategic Research.

c) Indian Council for Social Science Research.

d) Inter National Council for Social Science Research.

Ans: c) Indian Council for Social Science Research.

27. UGC Stands for

a) University Grants Commission.

b) Union Government Commission.

c) University Governance Council.

d) Union government Council.

Ans: a) University Grants Commission.

28. The Report submitted when there is a time lag between data collection and presentation of Result is called

b) Interim Report.

c) Summary Report.

d) Article.

Ans: b) Interim Report.

29. JRF is for

a) Junior Research Functions.

b) Junior Research Fellowship.

c) Junior Fellowship.

Ans: b) Junior Research Fellowship.

30. Concept is of two types

a) Abstract and Coherent.

b) Concrete and Coherent.

c) Abstract and concrete.

Ans: c) Abstract and concrete.

My New website for the Students who are preparing for NTA Net Exam and SLET Exam.

Posted by Kumar Nirmal Prasad

You might like, 0/post a comment/comments.

Kindly give your valuable feedback to improve this website.

Research Report writing MCQs with answers

Every research leads to the creation of a research report. The report is the formal logical presentation of the research that has been conducted. The purpose of the research report is to convey to the interested persons the whole result of a study in sufficient detail and to determine the validity of the conclusions.

In this post, we have listed 21 Multiple Choice Questions on Report Writing with answers .

1. What is a legal report?

A report which deals specifically with a legal problem

It’s a brief statement of the most significant facts necessary for the investigation

Both a and b

2. Guidelines for report writing includes:

Knowledge of the research material

Organizing of research material

Rough drafts

Bibliography, footnotes and head notes

All o.f the above

3. Bibliography is :

At the end of the study arranged in alphabetical order

Anywhere in the study

Beginning of the study

Not necessary to be included

4. Which of the following become the initial part of a report:

Preface

Foreword

Table of cases

List of abbreviations

All of the above

5. The conceptual framework and background of research which will become the source for formulation of the hypothesis is known as:

Methodology

Review of literature

Data analysis

None of the above

6. Appendix to the report includes:

Questionnaires

Sample information

Mathematical derivations

7. Bibliography is;

all the consulted sources of data whether primary or secondary, reference books, articles, reports, unpublished material

8. The purpose of bibliography is:

Add to the volume of the study

Provide cross-reference and authenticity to the report

9. Formatting, spaces, spellings and grammar becomes part of:

Analysis

Proofreading +

10. Diagrammatic representation is used:

To confuse the reader

To make the report more interesting and easy

11. In the research process, report writing is:

Important

The final step in the research

Only a

12. One of the useful skills for a researcher is:

The ability to understand the research

The ability to write an effective research report

13. The introduction of a report should state which of the following:

Nature of the study

Sources of information

Scope of the study

14. Which of the following must be mentioned by the researcher in the report:

Problems in collecting the data

Possible discrepancies in data collection

Suggestions to subsequent investigators on the same topic in the same context

15. The main text provides the complete outline of the research report along with all details. It includes:

Introduction

Analysis and interpretation

Findings and Recommendations

16. Report is the formal logical presentation of the research that has been conducted.

False

17. A report which deals specifically with a legal problem is said to be a legal research report.

18. Which of the following forms part of the preliminary section of a legal research report:

Title page

Preface/ Acknowledgement

19. Report is a:

Formal logical presentation of the research

Summary of the research

No, the answer is incorrect.

20. The objective of a research report are:

Conveying of knowledge to the concerned people in the field of research

Proper presentation of the findings for further utilization of the recommendations.

Give impetus to research in the concerned knowledge area.

To re-examine the validity of generalizations drawn by the researcher after the report has been submitted.

21. Which of the following is not a form of research report?

Thesis

Enquiry report of a commission

Precise

Dissertation

Solved MCQs on Basic Research
MCQs on Legal Research with answers
MCQs on sampling in research methodology with answers
MCQ on Citation and Referencing in Research
Research Ethics MCQs with answers
Solved MCQs on Sampling in research methodology
20 MCQs with answers on plagiarism
MCQs on Hypothesis

| MCQ on project report writing | MCQ on report writing in business communication | Multiple Choice Questions on writing a research paper |

How to Write a Conclusion for Research Papers (with Examples)

The conclusion of a research paper is a crucial section that plays a significant role in the overall impact and effectiveness of your research paper. However, this is also the section that typically receives less attention compared to the introduction and the body of the paper. The conclusion serves to provide a concise summary of the key findings, their significance, their implications, and a sense of closure to the study. Discussing how can the findings be applied in real-world scenarios or inform policy, practice, or decision-making is especially valuable to practitioners and policymakers. The research paper conclusion also provides researchers with clear insights and valuable information for their own work, which they can then build on and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field.

The research paper conclusion should explain the significance of your findings within the broader context of your field. It restates how your results contribute to the existing body of knowledge and whether they confirm or challenge existing theories or hypotheses. Also, by identifying unanswered questions or areas requiring further investigation, your awareness of the broader research landscape can be demonstrated.

Remember to tailor the research paper conclusion to the specific needs and interests of your intended audience, which may include researchers, practitioners, policymakers, or a combination of these.

What is a conclusion in a research paper, summarizing conclusion, editorial conclusion, externalizing conclusion, importance of a good research paper conclusion, how to write a conclusion for your research paper, research paper conclusion examples.

How to write a research paper conclusion with Paperpal?

Frequently Asked Questions

A conclusion in a research paper is the final section where you summarize and wrap up your research, presenting the key findings and insights derived from your study. The research paper conclusion is not the place to introduce new information or data that was not discussed in the main body of the paper. When working on how to conclude a research paper, remember to stick to summarizing and interpreting existing content. The research paper conclusion serves the following purposes: 1

Warn readers of the possible consequences of not attending to the problem.
Recommend specific course(s) of action.
Restate key ideas to drive home the ultimate point of your research paper.
Provide a “take-home” message that you want the readers to remember about your study.

Types of conclusions for research papers

In research papers, the conclusion provides closure to the reader. The type of research paper conclusion you choose depends on the nature of your study, your goals, and your target audience. I provide you with three common types of conclusions:

A summarizing conclusion is the most common type of conclusion in research papers. It involves summarizing the main points, reiterating the research question, and restating the significance of the findings. This common type of research paper conclusion is used across different disciplines.

An editorial conclusion is less common but can be used in research papers that are focused on proposing or advocating for a particular viewpoint or policy. It involves presenting a strong editorial or opinion based on the research findings and offering recommendations or calls to action.

An externalizing conclusion is a type of conclusion that extends the research beyond the scope of the paper by suggesting potential future research directions or discussing the broader implications of the findings. This type of conclusion is often used in more theoretical or exploratory research papers.

Align your conclusion’s tone with the rest of your research paper. Start Writing with Paperpal Now!

The conclusion in a research paper serves several important purposes:

Offers Implications and Recommendations : Your research paper conclusion is an excellent place to discuss the broader implications of your research and suggest potential areas for further study. It’s also an opportunity to offer practical recommendations based on your findings.
Provides Closure : A good research paper conclusion provides a sense of closure to your paper. It should leave the reader with a feeling that they have reached the end of a well-structured and thought-provoking research project.
Leaves a Lasting Impression : Writing a well-crafted research paper conclusion leaves a lasting impression on your readers. It’s your final opportunity to leave them with a new idea, a call to action, or a memorable quote.

Writing a strong conclusion for your research paper is essential to leave a lasting impression on your readers. Here’s a step-by-step process to help you create and know what to put in the conclusion of a research paper: 2

Research Statement : Begin your research paper conclusion by restating your research statement. This reminds the reader of the main point you’ve been trying to prove throughout your paper. Keep it concise and clear.
Key Points : Summarize the main arguments and key points you’ve made in your paper. Avoid introducing new information in the research paper conclusion. Instead, provide a concise overview of what you’ve discussed in the body of your paper.
Address the Research Questions : If your research paper is based on specific research questions or hypotheses, briefly address whether you’ve answered them or achieved your research goals. Discuss the significance of your findings in this context.
Significance : Highlight the importance of your research and its relevance in the broader context. Explain why your findings matter and how they contribute to the existing knowledge in your field.
Implications : Explore the practical or theoretical implications of your research. How might your findings impact future research, policy, or real-world applications? Consider the “so what?” question.
Future Research : Offer suggestions for future research in your area. What questions or aspects remain unanswered or warrant further investigation? This shows that your work opens the door for future exploration.
Closing Thought : Conclude your research paper conclusion with a thought-provoking or memorable statement. This can leave a lasting impression on your readers and wrap up your paper effectively. Avoid introducing new information or arguments here.
Proofread and Revise : Carefully proofread your conclusion for grammar, spelling, and clarity. Ensure that your ideas flow smoothly and that your conclusion is coherent and well-structured.

Write your research paper conclusion 2x faster with Paperpal. Try it now!

Remember that a well-crafted research paper conclusion is a reflection of the strength of your research and your ability to communicate its significance effectively. It should leave a lasting impression on your readers and tie together all the threads of your paper. Now you know how to start the conclusion of a research paper and what elements to include to make it impactful, let’s look at a research paper conclusion sample.

How to write a research paper conclusion with Paperpal?

A research paper conclusion is not just a summary of your study, but a synthesis of the key findings that ties the research together and places it in a broader context. A research paper conclusion should be concise, typically around one paragraph in length. However, some complex topics may require a longer conclusion to ensure the reader is left with a clear understanding of the study’s significance. Paperpal, an AI writing assistant trusted by over 800,000 academics globally, can help you write a well-structured conclusion for your research paper.

Sign Up or Log In: Create a new Paperpal account or login with your details.
Navigate to Features : Once logged in, head over to the features’ side navigation pane. Click on Templates and you’ll find a suite of generative AI features to help you write better, faster.
Generate an outline: Under Templates, select ‘Outlines’. Choose ‘Research article’ as your document type.
Select your section: Since you’re focusing on the conclusion, select this section when prompted.
Choose your field of study: Identifying your field of study allows Paperpal to provide more targeted suggestions, ensuring the relevance of your conclusion to your specific area of research.
Provide a brief description of your study: Enter details about your research topic and findings. This information helps Paperpal generate a tailored outline that aligns with your paper’s content.
Generate the conclusion outline: After entering all necessary details, click on ‘generate’. Paperpal will then create a structured outline for your conclusion, to help you start writing and build upon the outline.
Write your conclusion: Use the generated outline to build your conclusion. The outline serves as a guide, ensuring you cover all critical aspects of a strong conclusion, from summarizing key findings to highlighting the research’s implications.
Refine and enhance: Paperpal’s ‘Make Academic’ feature can be particularly useful in the final stages. Select any paragraph of your conclusion and use this feature to elevate the academic tone, ensuring your writing is aligned to the academic journal standards.

By following these steps, Paperpal not only simplifies the process of writing a research paper conclusion but also ensures it is impactful, concise, and aligned with academic standards. Sign up with Paperpal today and write your research paper conclusion 2x faster .

The research paper conclusion is a crucial part of your paper as it provides the final opportunity to leave a strong impression on your readers. In the research paper conclusion, summarize the main points of your research paper by restating your research statement, highlighting the most important findings, addressing the research questions or objectives, explaining the broader context of the study, discussing the significance of your findings, providing recommendations if applicable, and emphasizing the takeaway message. The main purpose of the conclusion is to remind the reader of the main point or argument of your paper and to provide a clear and concise summary of the key findings and their implications. All these elements should feature on your list of what to put in the conclusion of a research paper to create a strong final statement for your work.

A strong conclusion is a critical component of a research paper, as it provides an opportunity to wrap up your arguments, reiterate your main points, and leave a lasting impression on your readers. Here are the key elements of a strong research paper conclusion: 1. Conciseness : A research paper conclusion should be concise and to the point. It should not introduce new information or ideas that were not discussed in the body of the paper. 2. Summarization : The research paper conclusion should be comprehensive enough to give the reader a clear understanding of the research’s main contributions. 3 . Relevance : Ensure that the information included in the research paper conclusion is directly relevant to the research paper’s main topic and objectives; avoid unnecessary details. 4 . Connection to the Introduction : A well-structured research paper conclusion often revisits the key points made in the introduction and shows how the research has addressed the initial questions or objectives. 5. Emphasis : Highlight the significance and implications of your research. Why is your study important? What are the broader implications or applications of your findings? 6 . Call to Action : Include a call to action or a recommendation for future research or action based on your findings.

The length of a research paper conclusion can vary depending on several factors, including the overall length of the paper, the complexity of the research, and the specific journal requirements. While there is no strict rule for the length of a conclusion, but it’s generally advisable to keep it relatively short. A typical research paper conclusion might be around 5-10% of the paper’s total length. For example, if your paper is 10 pages long, the conclusion might be roughly half a page to one page in length.

In general, you do not need to include citations in the research paper conclusion. Citations are typically reserved for the body of the paper to support your arguments and provide evidence for your claims. However, there may be some exceptions to this rule: 1. If you are drawing a direct quote or paraphrasing a specific source in your research paper conclusion, you should include a citation to give proper credit to the original author. 2. If your conclusion refers to or discusses specific research, data, or sources that are crucial to the overall argument, citations can be included to reinforce your conclusion’s validity.

The conclusion of a research paper serves several important purposes: 1. Summarize the Key Points 2. Reinforce the Main Argument 3. Provide Closure 4. Offer Insights or Implications 5. Engage the Reader. 6. Reflect on Limitations

Remember that the primary purpose of the research paper conclusion is to leave a lasting impression on the reader, reinforcing the key points and providing closure to your research. It’s often the last part of the paper that the reader will see, so it should be strong and well-crafted.

Makar, G., Foltz, C., Lendner, M., & Vaccaro, A. R. (2018). How to write effective discussion and conclusion sections. Clinical spine surgery, 31(8), 345-346.
Bunton, D. (2005). The structure of PhD conclusion chapters. Journal of English for academic purposes , 4 (3), 207-224.

Paperpal is a comprehensive AI writing toolkit that helps students and researchers achieve 2x the writing in half the time. It leverages 21+ years of STM experience and insights from millions of research articles to provide in-depth academic writing, language editing, and submission readiness support to help you write better, faster.

Get accurate academic translations, rewriting support, grammar checks, vocabulary suggestions, and generative AI assistance that delivers human precision at machine speed. Try for free or upgrade to Paperpal Prime starting at US$19 a month to access premium features, including consistency, plagiarism, and 30+ submission readiness checks to help you succeed.

Experience the future of academic writing – Sign up to Paperpal and start writing for free!

7 Ways to Improve Your Academic Writing Process

Paraphrasing in Academic Writing: Answering Top Author Queries

Preflight For Editorial Desk: The Perfect Hybrid (AI + Human) Assistance Against Compromised Manuscripts

You may also like, how to write a high-quality conference paper, academic editing: how to self-edit academic text with..., measuring academic success: definition & strategies for excellence, phd qualifying exam: tips for success , ai in education: it’s time to change the..., is it ethical to use ai-generated abstracts without..., what are journal guidelines on using generative ai..., quillbot review: features, pricing, and free alternatives, what is an academic paper types and elements , should you use ai tools like chatgpt for....

Home » Research Paper Conclusion – Writing Guide and Examples

Research Paper Conclusion – Writing Guide and Examples

Table of Contents

Research Paper Conclusion

Definition:

A research paper conclusion is the final section of a research paper that summarizes the key findings, significance, and implications of the research. It is the writer’s opportunity to synthesize the information presented in the paper, draw conclusions, and make recommendations for future research or actions.

The conclusion should provide a clear and concise summary of the research paper, reiterating the research question or problem, the main results, and the significance of the findings. It should also discuss the limitations of the study and suggest areas for further research.

Parts of Research Paper Conclusion

The parts of a research paper conclusion typically include:

Restatement of the Thesis

The conclusion should begin by restating the thesis statement from the introduction in a different way. This helps to remind the reader of the main argument or purpose of the research.

Summary of Key Findings

The conclusion should summarize the main findings of the research, highlighting the most important results and conclusions. This section should be brief and to the point.

Implications and Significance

In this section, the researcher should explain the implications and significance of the research findings. This may include discussing the potential impact on the field or industry, highlighting new insights or knowledge gained, or pointing out areas for future research.

Limitations and Recommendations

It is important to acknowledge any limitations or weaknesses of the research and to make recommendations for how these could be addressed in future studies. This shows that the researcher is aware of the potential limitations of their work and is committed to improving the quality of research in their field.

Concluding Statement

The conclusion should end with a strong concluding statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader. This could be a call to action, a recommendation for further research, or a final thought on the topic.

How to Write Research Paper Conclusion

Here are some steps you can follow to write an effective research paper conclusion:

Restate the research problem or question: Begin by restating the research problem or question that you aimed to answer in your research. This will remind the reader of the purpose of your study.
Summarize the main points: Summarize the key findings and results of your research. This can be done by highlighting the most important aspects of your research and the evidence that supports them.
Discuss the implications: Discuss the implications of your findings for the research area and any potential applications of your research. You should also mention any limitations of your research that may affect the interpretation of your findings.
Provide a conclusion : Provide a concise conclusion that summarizes the main points of your paper and emphasizes the significance of your research. This should be a strong and clear statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.
Offer suggestions for future research: Lastly, offer suggestions for future research that could build on your findings and contribute to further advancements in the field.

Remember that the conclusion should be brief and to the point, while still effectively summarizing the key findings and implications of your research.

Example of Research Paper Conclusion

Here’s an example of a research paper conclusion:

Conclusion :

In conclusion, our study aimed to investigate the relationship between social media use and mental health among college students. Our findings suggest that there is a significant association between social media use and increased levels of anxiety and depression among college students. This highlights the need for increased awareness and education about the potential negative effects of social media use on mental health, particularly among college students.

Despite the limitations of our study, such as the small sample size and self-reported data, our findings have important implications for future research and practice. Future studies should aim to replicate our findings in larger, more diverse samples, and investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the association between social media use and mental health. In addition, interventions should be developed to promote healthy social media use among college students, such as mindfulness-based approaches and social media detox programs.

Overall, our study contributes to the growing body of research on the impact of social media on mental health, and highlights the importance of addressing this issue in the context of higher education. By raising awareness and promoting healthy social media use among college students, we can help to reduce the negative impact of social media on mental health and improve the well-being of young adults.

Purpose of Research Paper Conclusion

The purpose of a research paper conclusion is to provide a summary and synthesis of the key findings, significance, and implications of the research presented in the paper. The conclusion serves as the final opportunity for the writer to convey their message and leave a lasting impression on the reader.

The conclusion should restate the research problem or question, summarize the main results of the research, and explain their significance. It should also acknowledge the limitations of the study and suggest areas for future research or action.

Overall, the purpose of the conclusion is to provide a sense of closure to the research paper and to emphasize the importance of the research and its potential impact. It should leave the reader with a clear understanding of the main findings and why they matter. The conclusion serves as the writer’s opportunity to showcase their contribution to the field and to inspire further research and action.

When to Write Research Paper Conclusion

The conclusion of a research paper should be written after the body of the paper has been completed. It should not be written until the writer has thoroughly analyzed and interpreted their findings and has written a complete and cohesive discussion of the research.

Before writing the conclusion, the writer should review their research paper and consider the key points that they want to convey to the reader. They should also review the research question, hypotheses, and methodology to ensure that they have addressed all of the necessary components of the research.

Once the writer has a clear understanding of the main findings and their significance, they can begin writing the conclusion. The conclusion should be written in a clear and concise manner, and should reiterate the main points of the research while also providing insights and recommendations for future research or action.

Characteristics of Research Paper Conclusion

The characteristics of a research paper conclusion include:

Clear and concise: The conclusion should be written in a clear and concise manner, summarizing the key findings and their significance.
Comprehensive: The conclusion should address all of the main points of the research paper, including the research question or problem, the methodology, the main results, and their implications.
Future-oriented : The conclusion should provide insights and recommendations for future research or action, based on the findings of the research.
Impressive : The conclusion should leave a lasting impression on the reader, emphasizing the importance of the research and its potential impact.
Objective : The conclusion should be based on the evidence presented in the research paper, and should avoid personal biases or opinions.
Unique : The conclusion should be unique to the research paper and should not simply repeat information from the introduction or body of the paper.

Advantages of Research Paper Conclusion

The advantages of a research paper conclusion include:

Summarizing the key findings : The conclusion provides a summary of the main findings of the research, making it easier for the reader to understand the key points of the study.
Emphasizing the significance of the research: The conclusion emphasizes the importance of the research and its potential impact, making it more likely that readers will take the research seriously and consider its implications.
Providing recommendations for future research or action : The conclusion suggests practical recommendations for future research or action, based on the findings of the study.
Providing closure to the research paper : The conclusion provides a sense of closure to the research paper, tying together the different sections of the paper and leaving a lasting impression on the reader.
Demonstrating the writer’s contribution to the field : The conclusion provides the writer with an opportunity to showcase their contribution to the field and to inspire further research and action.

Limitations of Research Paper Conclusion

While the conclusion of a research paper has many advantages, it also has some limitations that should be considered, including:

I nability to address all aspects of the research: Due to the limited space available in the conclusion, it may not be possible to address all aspects of the research in detail.
Subjectivity : While the conclusion should be objective, it may be influenced by the writer’s personal biases or opinions.
Lack of new information: The conclusion should not introduce new information that has not been discussed in the body of the research paper.
Lack of generalizability: The conclusions drawn from the research may not be applicable to other contexts or populations, limiting the generalizability of the study.
Misinterpretation by the reader: The reader may misinterpret the conclusions drawn from the research, leading to a misunderstanding of the findings.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

How to Cite Research Paper – All Formats and...

Data Collection – Methods Types and Examples

Delimitations in Research – Types, Examples and...

Research Paper Format – Types, Examples and...

Research Process – Steps, Examples and Tips

Research Design – Types, Methods and Examples

Request new password
Create a new account

Research Methods in Early Childhood: An Introductory Guide

Student resources, multiple choice quiz.

Test your understanding of each chapter by taking the quiz below. Click anywhere on the question to reveal the answer. Good luck!

1. What is an abstract?

A short footnote in the text of your work
A chance to acknowledge those who have helped you in your research project, placed at the beginning of the written-up project
A brief resume of the study to entice the reader to read more
An introduction to the research

2. What should always be included in an introduction?

Detail of your research findings
Your interview schedule (or detail of any other research instruments)
A rationale for conducting the study and key research questions
Recommendations for early childhood practice in detail

3. What is a literature review?

A place to provide autobiographic detail
A place to outline all the reading you have done in your studies
A place to link your reading to your research findings
A place to discuss literature which helps to frame your study

4. Where is a literature review typically found in written-up research?

Before the methodology chapter
After the findings chapter
In the appendices
Integrated into the data analysis

5. What would you expect to find in a methodology chapter in a piece of empirical research?

Detail of the methodological approach taken
Detail of the methods employed
Detail of ethical considerations linked to the research project
All of the above

6. Should data and discussion of data be presented as two separate chapters?

Never. They are inappropriate for early childhood research
Always. Students tend to undertake qualitative research projects
Possibly, depending on the kind of research undertaken and tutor advice
Possibly, depending if there is time to complete two chapters as opposed to one larger chapter

7. What should a conclusion chapter contain?

A sense of the research story
A summary of the key findings
Reflection on what these findings mean
Discussion of possible implications for practice or future research

8. Having read the chapter, what do Mukherji and Albon advise in relation to using ‘I’ when writing up research?

You should always use the personal pronoun when writing up research as it reflects that it is a personal piece of work
Writing seems far too ‘chatty’ if you use ‘I’ when writing. In order to write academically use of ‘I’ should always be avoided
If talking about the decisions you made in research and your own viewpoint, it is hard to avoid use of ‘I’ and it does not necessarily mean lack of academic tone if used judiciously (but do ask your tutor!)
You could be in danger of failing a module if you use the personal pronoun in your work. You will never see academic journal articles using ‘I’

Definitions

Verbal Ability

Interview Q

Send your Feedback to [email protected]

Help Others, Please Share

Learn Latest Tutorials

Transact-SQL

Reinforcement Learning

R Programming

React Native

Python Design Patterns

Python Pillow

Python Turtle

Preparation

Interview Questions

Company Questions

Trending Technologies

Artificial Intelligence

Cloud Computing

Data Science

Machine Learning

B.Tech / MCA

Data Structures

Operating System

Computer Network

Compiler Design

Computer Organization

Discrete Mathematics

Ethical Hacking

Computer Graphics

Software Engineering

Web Technology

Cyber Security

C Programming

Control System

Data Mining

Data Warehouse

Visit the University of Nebraska–Lincoln
Apply to the University of Nebraska–Lincoln
Give to the University of Nebraska–Lincoln

Search Form

Research review: frequency of ddgs supplementation impacts gains of yearlings on grass.

This article is a review of the 2024 Nebraska Beef Cattle Report, Strategies for DDGS Supplementation Frequency to Grazing Yearling Steers .

The situation

Protein supplementation can be provided to cows daily, once every three days, or once every six days without impacting body weight or body condition score. By reducing the frequency of feeding from every day to once every three or six days, producers can reduce labor and feeding expenses.

Distillers grains is often used to supplement cattle on pasture, but the impact of supplementation frequency on gains of yearlings has shown inconsistent results.

A recent study was completed by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln to further evaluate the performance of yearling steers grazing smooth bromegrass pasture supplemented with dry distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) either daily or three times a week. Steers went to grass in May weighing 700 lb and either received no supplementation, 5.6 lb DDGS daily, or 13 lb DDGS three times a week (dry matter basis) for a 97-day grazing period.

Non-supplemented steers gained 1.86 pounds per day on grass.
Steers supplemented DDGS three times a week gained 2.45 pounds per day.
Steers supplemented daily gained 2.75 pounds per day.

The differences in gain were reflected in similar differences in ending weight: 878 lb for non-supplemented steers, 933 lb for steers supplemented three times a week, and 961 lb for steers supplemented daily. These results support previous research by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln ( 2003 Nebraska Beef Cattle Report ) which showed supplementing heifers DDGS three times a week reduced gain by approximately 10% compared to daily supplementation.

While reducing supplementation frequency to yearlings on grass may reduce labor and feeding expenses, it is important to consider how much gain is being sacrificed and the impact on ending weight. Depending on the distance traveled to provide supplementation, only supplementing three times a week vs. daily may make up for the reduction in gain per pound of supplement provided. Daily supplementation costs and target weight gain during the growing phase should be evaluated when determining the appropriate supplementation strategy for an operation.

Receive timely topics for beef cattle producers and other beef cattle industry personnel the first of each month.

Subscribe to BeefWatch

Cattle Production

Nutrition Management
Reproduction & Genetics
Backgrounding & Feedlot
Pasture & Range
Beef Forage Crop Systems
By-Product Feeds
Herd Health & BQA
Livestock and the Environment
Marketing & Budgets
Calving Resources
Beef Producer Toolbox

Los artículos de BeefWatch ahora están disponibles en español.

Leer BeefWatch en español

Online Beef Cattle Production

Master of applied science.

Develop an understanding of beef production as a system and be exposed to alternative production practices that may enhance profitability and stewardship.

Are Markups Driving the Ups and Downs of Inflation?

Download PDF (158 KB)

FRBSF Economic Letter 2024-12 | May 13, 2024

How much impact have price markups for goods and services had on the recent surge and the subsequent decline of inflation? Since 2021, markups have risen substantially in a few industries such as motor vehicles and petroleum. However, aggregate markups—which are more relevant for overall inflation—have generally remained flat, in line with previous economic recoveries over the past three decades. These patterns suggest that markup fluctuations have not been a main driver of the ups and downs of inflation during the post-pandemic recovery.

In the recovery from the pandemic, U.S. inflation surged to a peak of over 7% in June 2022 and has since declined to 2.7% in March 2024, as measured by the 12-month change in the personal consumption expenditures (PCE) price index. What factors have been driving the ups and downs of inflation? Production costs are traditionally considered a main contributor, particularly costs stemming from fluctuations in demand for and supply of goods and services. As demand for their products rises, companies need to hire more workers and buy more intermediate goods, pushing up production costs. Supply chain disruptions can also push up the cost of production. Firms may pass on all or part of the cost increases to consumers by raising prices. Thus, an important theoretical linkage runs from cost increases to inflation. Likewise, decreases in costs should lead to disinflation.

Labor costs are an important factor of production costs and are often useful for gauging inflationary pressures. However, during the post-pandemic surge in inflation, nominal wages rose more slowly than prices, such that real labor costs were falling until early 2023. By contrast, disruptions to global supply chains pushed up intermediate goods costs, contributing to the surge in inflation (see, for example, Liu and Nguyen 2023). However, supply chains have more direct impacts on goods inflation than on services inflation, which also rose substantially.

In this Economic Letter , we consider another factor that might drive inflation fluctuations: changes in firms’ pricing power and markups. An increase in pricing power would be reflected in price-cost markups, leading to higher inflation; likewise, a decline in pricing power and markups could alleviate inflation pressures. We use industry-level measures of markups to trace their evolving impact on inflation during the current expansion. We find that markups rose substantially in some sectors, such as the motor vehicles industry. However, the aggregate markup across all sectors of the economy, which is more relevant for inflation, has stayed essentially flat during the post-pandemic recovery. This is broadly in line with patterns during previous business cycle recoveries. Overall, our analysis suggests that fluctuations in markups were not a main driver of the post-pandemic surge in inflation, nor of the recent disinflation that started in mid-2022.

Potential drivers of inflation: Production costs and markups

To support households and businesses during the pandemic, the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target to essentially zero, and the federal government provided large fiscal transfers and increased unemployment benefits. These policies boosted demand for goods and services, especially as the economy recovered from the depth of the pandemic.

The increase in overall demand, combined with supply shortages, boosted the costs of production, contributing to the surge in inflation during the post-pandemic recovery. Although labor costs account for a large part of firms’ total production costs, real labor costs were falling between early 2021 and mid-2022 such that the increases in prices outpaced those in nominal wages. This makes it unlikely that labor costs were driving the surge in inflation.

Instead, we focus on another potential alternative driver of inflation that resulted from firms’ ability to adjust prices, known as pricing power. As demand for goods surged early in the post-pandemic recovery, companies may have had a greater ability to raise their prices above their production costs, a gap known as markups. Following a sharp drop in spending at the height of the pandemic, people may have become eager to resume normal spending patterns and hence more tolerant to price increases than in the past. In fact, growth of nonfinancial corporate profits accelerated in the early part of the recovery (see Figure 1), suggesting that companies had increased pricing power. Some studies have pointed to the strong growth in nonfinancial corporate profits in 2021 as evidence that increased markups have contributed to inflation (see, for example, Weber and Wasmer 2023). However, the figure also shows that growth in corporate profits is typically volatile. Corporate profits tend to rise in the early stages of economic recoveries. Data for the current recovery show that the increase in corporate profits is not particularly pronounced compared with previous recoveries.

Figure 1 Profit growth for nonfinancial businesses

More importantly, corporate profits are an imperfect measure of a firm’s pricing power because several other factors can drive changes in profitability. For instance, much of the recent rise in corporate profits can be attributed to lower business taxes and higher subsidies from pandemic-related government support, as well as lower net interest payments due to monetary policy accommodation (Pallazzo 2023).

Instead of relying on profits as a measure of pricing power, we construct direct measures of markups based on standard economic models. Theory suggests that companies set prices as a markup over variable production costs, and that markup can be inferred from the share of a firm’s revenue spent on a given variable production factor, such as labor or intermediate goods. Over the period of data we use, we assume that the specific proportion of a company’s production costs going toward inputs does not change. If the share of a firm’s revenue used for inputs falls, it would imply a rise in the firm’s price-cost margin or markup. In our main analysis, we use industry-level data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) to compute markups based on the share of revenue spent on intermediate inputs. Our results are similar if we instead use the share of revenue going toward labor costs.

We compare the evolution of markups to that of prices, as measured by the PCE price index, since the recovery from the pandemic. In constructing this price index, the BEA takes into account changes in product characteristics (for instance, size) that could otherwise bias the inflation measure by comparing the prices of inherently different products over time. Similarly, based upon standard economic theory, our markup measure implicitly captures changes in those characteristics (see, for example, Aghion et al. 2023).

The post-pandemic evolution of markups

We examine the evolution of markups in each industry since the third quarter of 2020, the start of the post-pandemic recovery. Figure 2 shows that some sectors, such as the motor vehicles and petroleum industries, experienced large cumulative increases in markups during the recovery. Markups also rose substantially in general merchandise, such as department stores, and for other services, such as repair and maintenance, personal care, and laundry services. Since the start of the expansion, markups in those industries rose by over 10%—comparable in size to the cumulative increases over the same period in the core PCE price index, which excludes volatile food and energy components. However, the surge in inflation through June 2022 was broad based, with prices also rising substantially outside of these sectors. Thus, understanding the importance of markups for driving inflation requires a macroeconomic perspective that examines the evolution of aggregate markups across all sectors of the economy.

Figure 2 Cumulative changes in markups for salient industries

The role of aggregate markups in the economy

To assess how much markup changes contribute to movements in inflation more broadly, we use our industry-level measurements to calculate an aggregate markup at the macroeconomic level. We aggregate the cumulative changes in industry markups, applying two different weighting methods, as displayed in Figure 3. In the first method (green line), we match our industry categories to the spending categories in the core PCE price index for ease of comparison; we then use the PCE weights for each category to compute the aggregate markup. Alternatively, we use each industry’s cost weights to compute the aggregate markup (blue line). Regardless of the weighting method, Figure 3 shows that aggregate markups have stayed essentially flat since the start of the recovery, while the core PCE price index (gray line) rose by more than 10%. Thus, changes in markups are not likely to be the main driver of inflation during the recovery, which aligns with results from Glover, Mustre-del-Río, and von Ende-Becker (2023) and Hornstein (2023) using different methodologies or data. Markups also have not played much of a role in the slowing of inflation since the summer of 2022.

Figure 3 Cumulative changes in aggregate markups and prices

Moreover, the path of aggregate markups over the past three years is not unusual compared with previous recoveries. Figure 4 shows the cumulative changes in aggregate markups since the start of the current recovery (dark blue line), alongside aggregate markups following the 1991 (green line), 2001 (yellow line), and 2008 (light blue line) recessions. Aggregate markups have stayed roughly constant throughout all four recoveries.

Figure 4 Cumulative changes of aggregate markups in recoveries

Firms’ pricing power may change over time, resulting in markup fluctuations. In this Letter , we examine whether increases in markups played an important role during the inflation surge between early 2021 and mid-2022 and if declines in markups have contributed to disinflation since then. Using industry-level data, we show that markups did rise substantially in a few important sectors, such as motor vehicles and petroleum products. However, aggregate markups—the more relevant measure for overall inflation—have stayed essentially flat since the start of the recovery. As such, rising markups have not been a main driver of the recent surge and subsequent decline in inflation during the current recovery.

Aghion, Philippe, Antonin Bergeaud, Timo Boppart, Peter J. Klenow, and Huiyu Li. 2023. “A Theory of Falling Growth and Rising Rents.” Review of Economic Studies 90(6), pp.2,675-2,702.

Glover, Andrew, José Mustre-del-Río, and Alice von Ende-Becker. 2023. “ How Much Have Record Corporate Profits Contributed to Recent Inflation? ” FRB Kansas City Economic Review 108(1).

Hornstein, Andreas. 2023. “ Profits and Inflation in the Time of Covid .” FRB Richmond Economic Brief 23-38 (November).

Liu, Zheng, and Thuy Lan Nguyen. 2023. “ Global Supply Chain Pressures and U.S. Inflation .” FRBSF Economic Letter 2023-14 (June 20).

Palazzo, Berardino. 2023. “ Corporate Profits in the Aftermath of COVID-19 .” FEDS Notes , Federal Reserve Board of Governors, September 8.

Weber, Isabella M. and Evan Wasner. 2023. “Sellers’ Inflation, Profits and Conflict: Why Can Large Firms Hike Prices in an Emergency?” Review of Keynesian Economics 11(2), pp. 183-213.

Opinions expressed in FRBSF Economic Letter do not necessarily reflect the views of the management of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco or of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. This publication is edited by Anita Todd and Karen Barnes. Permission to reprint portions of articles or whole articles must be obtained in writing. Please send editorial comments and requests for reprint permission to [email protected]

Open access
Published: 14 May 2024

Rain, rain, go away, come again another day: do climate variations enhance the spread of COVID-19?

Masha Menhat 1 ,
Effi Helmy Ariffin ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8534-0113 2 ,
Wan Shiao Dong 3 ,
Junainah Zakaria 2 ,
Aminah Ismailluddin 3 ,
Hayrol Azril Mohamed Shafril 4 ,
Mahazan Muhammad 5 ,
Ahmad Rosli Othman 6 ,
Thavamaran Kanesan 7 ,
Suzana Pil Ramli 8 ,
Mohd Fadzil Akhir 2 &
Amila Sandaruwan Ratnayake 9

Globalization and Health volume 20 , Article number: 43 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

315 Accesses

3 Altmetric

Metrics details

The spread of infectious diseases was further promoted due to busy cities, increased travel, and climate change, which led to outbreaks, epidemics, and even pandemics. The world experienced the severity of the 125 nm virus called the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019. Many investigations revealed a strong correlation between humidity and temperature relative to the kinetics of the virus’s spread into the hosts. This study aimed to solve the riddle of the correlation between environmental factors and COVID-19 by applying RepOrting standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses (ROSES) with the designed research question. Five temperature and humidity-related themes were deduced via the review processes, namely 1) The link between solar activity and pandemic outbreaks, 2) Regional area, 3) Climate and weather, 4) Relationship between temperature and humidity, and 5) the Governmental disinfection actions and guidelines. A significant relationship between solar activities and pandemic outbreaks was reported throughout the review of past studies. The grand solar minima (1450-1830) and solar minima (1975-2020) coincided with the global pandemic. Meanwhile, the cooler, lower humidity, and low wind movement environment reported higher severity of cases. Moreover, COVID-19 confirmed cases and death cases were higher in countries located within the Northern Hemisphere. The Blackbox of COVID-19 was revealed through the work conducted in this paper that the virus thrives in cooler and low-humidity environments, with emphasis on potential treatments and government measures relative to temperature and humidity.

• The coronavirus disease 2019 (COIVD-19) is spreading faster in low temperatures and humid area.

• Weather and climate serve as environmental drivers in propagating COVID-19.

• Solar radiation influences the spreading of COVID-19.

• The correlation between weather and population as the factor in spreading of COVID-19.

Graphical abstract

Introduction

The revolution and rotation of the Earth and the Sun supply heat and create differential heating on earth. The movements and the 23.5° inclination of the Earth [ 1 ] separate the oblate-ellipsoid-shaped earth into northern and southern hemispheres. Consequently, the division results in various climatic zones at different latitudes and dissimilar local temperatures (see Fig. 1 ) and affects the seasons and length of a day and night in a particular region [ 2 ]. Global differential heating and climate variability occur due to varying solar radiation received by each region [ 3 ]. According to Trenberth and Fasullo [ 4 ] and Hauschild et al. [ 5 ] the new perspective on the issue of climate change can be affected relative to the changes in solar radiation patterns. Since the study by Trenberth and Fasullo [ 4 ] focused on climate model changes from 1950 to 2100, it was found that the role of changing clouds and trapped sunlight can lead to an opening of the aperture for solar radiation.

The annual average temperature data for 2021 in the northern and southern hemispheres ( Source: meteoblue.com ). Note: The black circles mark countries with high Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections

Furthermore, the heat from sunlight is essential to humans; several organisms could not survive without it. Conversely, the spread of any disease-carrying virus tends to increase with less sunlight exposure [ 6 ]. Historically, disease outbreaks that led to epidemic and pandemic eruptions were correlated to atmospheric changes. Pandemic diseases, such as the flu (1918), Asian flu (1956–1958), Hong Kong flu (1968), and recently, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (2019), recorded over a million death toll each during the winter season or minimum temperature conditions [ 7 ]. The total number of COVID-19 cases is illustrated in Fig. 2 .

A graphical representation of the total number of COVID-19 cases across various periods between 2020 and 2021. ( Source : www.worldometers.info ). Note: The black circles indicate countries with high numbers COVID-19-infections

In several previous outbreaks, investigations revealed a significant association between temperature and humidity with a particular focus on the transmission dynamics of the infection from the virus into the hosts [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Moreover, disease outbreaks tended to heighten in cold temperatures and low humidity [ 11 ]. Optimal temperature and sufficient relative humidity during evaporation are necessary for cloud formation, resulting in the precipitated liquid falling to the ground as rain, snow, or hail due to the activity of solar radiation balancing [ 4 ].

Consequently, the radiation balancing processes in the atmosphere are directly linked to the living beings on the earth, including plants and animals, and as well as viruses and bacterias. According to Carvalho et al. [ 12 ]‘s study, the survival rate of the Coronaviridae Family can decrease during summer seasons. Nevertheless, numerous diseases were also developed from specific viruses, such as influenza, malaria, and rubella, and in November 2019, a severe health threat originated from a 125 nm size of coronavirus, had resulted in numerous deaths worldwide.

Transmission and symptoms of COVID-19

The COVID-19, or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered pathogenic virus from the coronavirus family, the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) [ 13 ]. The first case was recorded in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 [ 14 ]. The pathogenic virus is transmitted among humans when they breathe in air contaminated with droplets and tiny airborne particles containing the virus [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the most common symptoms of COVID-19 infection include fever, dry cough, and tiredness. Nevertheless, older people and individuals with underlying health problems (lung and heart problems, high blood pressure, diabetes, or cancer) are at higher risk of becoming seriously ill and developing difficulty breathing [ 19 ]. The COVID-19 was initially only predominant in China but rapidly spread to other countries globally. The remarkably swift acceleration of the number of infections and mortality forced WHO to declare COVID-19 a global public health emergency on the 30th of January 2020, which was later declared as a pandemic on the 11th of March 2020 [ 20 ].

Since no vaccine was available then, WHO introduced the COVID-19 preventative measures to reduce the chances of virus transmission. The guideline for individual preventative included practising hand and respiratory hygiene by regularly cleaning hands with soap and water or alcohol-based sanitisers, wear a facemask and always maintaining at least a one-meter physical distance [ 21 ]. Nevertheless, the worldwide transmission of COVID-19 has resulted in fear and forced numerous countries to impose restrictions rules, such as lockdown, travel bans, closed country borders, restrictions on shipping activities, and movement limitations, to diminish the spread of COVID-19 [ 22 ].

According to WHO, by the 2nd of December 2020, 63,379,338 confirmed cases and 1,476,676 mortalities were recorded globally. On the 3rd of December 2021, 263,655,612 confirmed cases and deaths were recorded, reflecting increased COVID-19 infections compared to the previous year. The American and European regions documented the highest COVID-19 patients with 97,341,769 and 88,248,591 cases, respectively (see Fig. 2 ), followed by Southeast Asia with 44,607,287, Eastern Mediterranean accounted 16,822,791, Western Pacific recorded 6,322,034, and Africa reported the lowest number of cases at 6,322,034 [ 19 ].

Recently, an increasing number of studies are investigating the association between environmental factors (temperature and humidity) and the viability, transmission, and survival of the coronavirus [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. The results primarily demonstrated that temperature was more significantly associated with the transmission of COVID-19 [ 27 , 28 , 29 ] and its survival period on the surfaces of objects [ 30 ]. Consequently, the disease was predominant in countries with low temperature and humidity [ 31 ], which was also proven by Diao et al. [ 32 ]‘s study demonstrating higher rates of COVID-19 transmission in China, England, Germany, and Japan.

A comprehensive systematic literature review (SLR) is still lacking despite numerous research on environmental factors linked to coronavirus. Accordingly, this article aimed to fill the gap in understanding and identifying the correlation between environmental factors and COVID-19 by analysing existing reports. Systematically reviewing existing literature is essential to contribute to the body of knowledge and provide beneficial information for public health policymakers.

Methodology

The present study reviewed the protocols, formulation of research questions, selection of studies, appraisal of quality, and data abstraction and analysis.

The protocol review

The present SLR was performed according to the reporting standards for systematic evidence syntheses (ROSES) and followed or adapted the guidelines as closely as possible. Thus, in this study, a systematic literature review was guided by the ROSES review protocol (Fig. 3 ). Compared to preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA), ROSES is a review protocol specifically designed for a systematic review in the conservation or environment management fields [ 33 ]. Compared to PRISMA, ROSES offers several advantages, as it is tailored to environmental systematic review, which reduces emphasis on quantitative synthesis (e.g. meta-analysis etc.) that is only reliable when used with appropriate data [ 34 ].

The flow diagram guide by ROSES protocol and Thematical Analysis

The current SLR started by determining the appropriate research questions, followed by the selection criteria, including the review, specifically on the keywords employed and the selection of journals database. Subsequently, the appraisal quality process and data abstraction and analysis were conducted.

Formulation of research questions

The entire process of this SLR was guided by the specific research questions, while sources to be reviewed and data abstraction and analysis were in line with the determined research question [ 35 , 36 ]. In the present article, a total of five research questions were formed, namely:

What the link between solar activity and COVID-19 pandemic outbreaks?

Which regions were more prone to COVID-19?

What were the temporal and spatial variabilities of high temperature and humidity during the spread of COVID-19?

What is the relationship between temperature and humidity in propagating COVID-19?

How did the government’s disinfection actions and guidelines can be reducing the spread of COVID-19?

Systematic searching strategies

Selection of studies.

In this stage of the study, the appropriate keywords to be employed in the searching process were determined. After referring to existing literature, six main keywords were chosen for the searching process, namely COVID-19, coronavirus, temperature, humidity, solar radiation and population density. The current study also utilised the boolean operators (OR, AND, AND NOT) and phrase searching.

Scopus was employed as the main database during the searching process, in line with the suggestion by Gusenbauer and Haddaway [ 37 ], who noted the strength of the database in terms of quality control and search and filtering functions. Furthermore, Google Scholar was selected as the supporting database. Although Halevi et al. [ 38 ] expressed concerns about its quality, Haddaway et al. [ 39 ] reported that due to its quantity, Google Scholar was suitable as a supporting database in SLR studies.

In the first stage of the search, 2550 articles were retrieved, which were then screened. The suitable criteria were also determined to control the quality of the articles reviewed [ 40 ]. The criteria are: any documents published between 2000 to 2022, documents that consist previously determined keywords, published in English, and any environment-related studies that focused on COVID-19. Based on these criteria, 2372 articles were excluded and 178 articles were proceeded to the next step namely eligibility. In the eligibility process, the title and the abstract of the articles were examined to ensure its relevancy to the SLR and in this process a total of 120 articles were excluded and only 58 articles were processed in the next stage.

Appraisal of the quality

The study ensured the rigor of the chosen articles based on best evidence synthesis. In the process, predefined inclusion criteria for the review were appraised by the systematic review team based on previously established guidelines and the studies were then judged as being scientifically admissible or not [ 40 ]. Hence, by controlling the quality based on the best evidence synthesis, the present SLR controls its quality by including articles that are in line with the inclusion criteria. It means that any article published within the timeline (in the year 2000 and above), composed of predetermined keywords, in English medium, and environment-related investigations focusing on COVID-19 are included in the review. Based on this process, all 58 articles fulfilled all the inclusion criteria and are considered of good quality and included in the review.

Data abstraction and analysis

The data abstraction process in this study was performed based on five research questions (please refer to 2.2, formulation of research questions). The data that was able to answer the questions were abstracted and placed in a table to ease the data analysis process. The primary data analysis technique employed in the current study was qualitative and relied on thematic analysis.

The thematic technique is a descriptive method that combines data flexibly with other information evaluation methods [ 41 ], aiming to identify the patterns in studies. Any similarities and relationships within the abstracted data emerge as patterns. Subsequently, suitable themes and sub-themes would be developed based on obtained patterns [ 42 ]. Following the thematic process, five themes were selected in this study.

Background of the selected articles

The current study selected 58 articles for the SLR. Five themes were developed based on the thematic analysis from the predetermined research questions: the link between solar activity and pandemic outbreaks, regional area, climate and weather, the relationship between temperature and humidity, and government disinfection action guidelines. Among the articles retrieved between 2000 and 2022; two were published in 2010, one in 2011, four in 2013, three in 2014, two in 2015, six in 2016 and 2017, respectively, one in 2018, six in 2019, twelve in 2020, eight in 2021, and seven in 2022.

Temperature- and humidity-related themes

The link between solar activity and pandemic outbreaks.

Numerous scientists have investigated the relationship between solar activities and pandemic outbreaks over the years ([ 43 ]; A [ 27 , 44 , 45 ].). Nuclear fusions from solar activities have resulted in minimum and maximum solar sunspots. Maximum solar activities are characterised by a high number of sunspots and elevated solar flare frequency and coronal mass injections. Minimum solar sunspot occurrences are identified by low interplanetary magnetic field values entering the earth [ 1 ].

A diminished magnetic field was suggested to be conducive for viruses and bacteria to mutate, hence the onset of pandemics. Nonetheless, Hoyle and Wickramasinghe [ 46 ] reported that the link between solar activity and pandemic outbreaks is only speculative. The literature noted that the data recorded between 1930 and 1970 demonstrated that virus transmissions and pandemic occurrences were coincidental. Moreover, no pandemic cases were reported in 1979, when minimum solar activity was recorded [ 47 ].

Chandra Wickramasinghe et al. [ 48 ] suggested a significant relationship between pandemic outbreaks and solar activities as several grand solar minima, including Sporer (1450–1550 AD), Mounder (1650–1700 AD), and Dalton (1800–1830) minimums, were recorded coinciding with global pandemics of diseases, such as smallpox, the English sweat, plague, and cholera pandemics. Furthermore, since the Dalton minimum, which recorded minimum sunspots, studies from 2002 to 2015 have documented the reappearance of previous pandemics. For example, influenza subtype H1N1 1918/1919 episodically returned in 2009, especially in India, China, and other Asian countries. Zika virus, which first appeared in 1950, flared and became endemic in 2015, transmitted sporadically, specifically in African countries. Similarly, SARS-CoV was first recorded in China in 2002 and emerged as an outbreak, MERS-CoV, in middle east countries a decade later, in 2012.

In 2020, the World Data Centre Sunspot Index and Long-term Solar Observations ( http://sidc.be ) confirmed that a new solar activity was initiated in December 2019, during which a novel coronavirus pandemic also occurred, and present a same as the previous hypothesis. Nevertheless, a higher number of pandemic outbreaks were documented during low minimum solar activities, including Ebola (1976), H5N1 (Nipah) (1967–1968), H1N1 (2009), and COVID-19 (2019–current). Furthermore, Wickramasinghe and Qu [ 49 ] reported that since 1918 or 1919, more devastating and recurrent pandemics tend to occur, particularly after a century. Consequently, within 100 years, a sudden surge of influenza was recorded, and novel influenza was hypothesised to emerge.

Figure 4 demonstrates that low minimum solar activity significantly reduced before 2020, hence substantiating the claim that pandemic events are closely related to solar activities. Moreover, numerous studies (i.e. [ 43 ], Chandra [ 46 , 47 , 48 ]) reported that during solar minimums, new viruses could penetrate the surfaces of the earth and high solar radiation would result in lower infection rates, supporting the hypothesis mentioned above.

The number of sunspots in the last 13 years. Note : The yellow curve indicates the daily sunspot number and the 2010–2021 delineated curve illustrates the minimum solar activity recorded (source: http://sidc.be/silso )

Regional area

In early December 2019, Wuhan, China, was reported as the centre of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak [ 50 ]. Chinese health authorities immediately investigated and controlled the spread of the disease. Nevertheless, by late January 2020, the WHO announced that COVID-19 was a global public health emergency. The upgrade was due to the rapid rise in confirmed cases, which were no longer limited to Wuhan [ 28 ]. The disease had spread to 24 other countries, which were mainly in the northern hemisphere, particularly the European and Western Pacific regions, such as France, United Kingdom, Spain, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, and Indonesia [ 51 , 52 ]. The migration or movement of humans was the leading agent in the spread of COVID-19, resulting in an almost worldwide COVID-19 pandemic [ 53 ].

The first hotspots of the epidemic outspread introduced by the Asian and Western Pacific regions possessed similar winter climates with an average temperature and humidity rate of 5–11 °C and 47–79%. Consequently, several publications reviewed in the current study associated the COVID-19 outbreak with regional climates (i.e. [ 1 , 29 , 54 , 55 ]) instead of its close connection to China. This review also discussed the effects of a range of specific climatological variables on the transmission and epidemiology of COVID-19 in regional climatic conditions.

America and Europe documented the highest COVID-19 cases, outnumbering the number reported in Asia [ 19 ] and on the 2nd of December 2020, the United States of America (USA) reported the highest number of confirmed COVID-19 infections, with over 13,234,551 cases and 264,808 mortalities (Da S [ 56 ].). The cases in the USA began emerging in March 2020 and peaked in late November 2020, during the wintertime in the northern hemisphere (December to March) [ 53 ]. Figure 5 demonstrates the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in several country which represent comparison two phase of summer and one phase of winter. Most of these countries tend to increase of COVID cases close to winter season. Then, it can be worsening on phase two of summer due to do not under control of human movement although the normal trend it is presenting during winter phase.

The evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic from the 15th of February 2020 to the 2nd of December 2020 ( Source: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus )

The coronavirus spread aggressively across the European region, which recorded the second highest COVID-19 confirmed cases after America. At the end of 2020, WHO reported 19,071,275 Covid-19 cases in the area, where France documented 2,183,275 cases, the European country with the highest number of confirmed cases, followed by the United Kingdom (1,629,661 cases) and Spain (1,652,801 cases) [ 19 ]. Europe is also located in the northern hemisphere and possesses a temperate climate.

The spatial and temporal transmission patterns of coronavirus infection in the European region were similar to America and the Eastern Mediterranean, where the winter season increased COVID-19 cases. Typically, winter in Europe occurs at the beginning of October and ends in March. Hardy et al. [ 57 ] also stated that temperature commonly drops below freezing (approximately − 1 °C) when snow accumulates between December to mid-March, resulting in an extreme environment. Figure 5 indicates that COVID-19 cases peaked in October when the temperature became colder [ 21 ]. Similarly, the cases were the highest in the middle of the year in Australia and South Asian countries, such as India, that experience winter and monsoon, respectively, during the period.

In African regions, the outbreak of COVID-19 escalated rapidly from June to October before falling from October to March, as summer in South Africa generally occurs from November to March, while winter from June to August. Nevertheless, heavy rainfall generally transpires during summer, hence the warm and humid conditions in South Africa and Namibia during summer, while the opposite happens during winter (cold and dry). Consequently, the outbreak in the region recorded an increasing trend during winter and subsided during the summer, supporting the report by Gunthe et al. [ 58 ]. Novel coronavirus disease presents unique and grave challenges in Africa, as it has for the rest of the world. However, the infrastructure and resources have limitations for Africa countries facing COVID-19 pandemic and the threat of other diseases [ 59 ].

Conclusively, seasonal and regional climate patterns were associated with COVID-19 outbreaks globally. According to Kraemer et al. [ 60 ], they used real-time mobility data in Wuhan and early measurement presented a positive correlation between human mobility and spread of COVID-19 cases. However, after the implementation of control measures, this correlation dropped and growth rates became negative in most locations, although shifts in the demographics of reported cases were still indicative of local chains of transmission outside of Wuhan.

Climate and weather

The term “weather” represents the changes in the environment that occur daily and in a short period, while “climate” is defined as atmospheric changes happening over a long time (over 3 months) in specific regions. Consequently, different locations would experience varying climates. Numerous reports suggested climate and weather variabilities as the main drivers that sped or slowed the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide [ 44 , 61 , 62 , 63 ].

From a meteorological perspective, a favourable environment has led to the continued existence of the COVID-19 virus in the atmosphere [ 64 ]. Studies demonstrated that various meteorological conditions, such as the rate of relative humidity (i.e. [ 28 ]), precipitation (i.e. [ 65 ]), temperature (i.e. [ 66 ]), and wind speed factors (i.e. [ 54 ]), were the crucial components that contributed to the dynamic response of the pandemic, influencing either the mitigation or exacerbation of novel coronavirus transmission. In other words, the environment was considered the medium for spreading the disease when other health considerations were put aside. Consequently, new opinions, knowledge, and findings are published and shared to increase awareness, thus encouraging preventive measures within the public.

The coronavirus could survive in temperatures under 30 °C with a relative humidity of less than 80% [ 67 ], suggesting that high temperatures and lower relative humidity contributed to the elicitation of COVID-19 cases [ 18 , 51 , 58 , 68 ]. Lagtayi et al. [ 7 ] highlighted temperature as a critical factor, evidently from the increased transmission rate of MERS-Cov in African states with a warm and dry climate. Similarly, the highest COVID-19 cases were recorded in dry temperate regions, especially in western Europe (France and Spain), China, and the USA, while the countries nearer to the equator were less affected. Nevertheless, the temperature factor relative to viral infections depends on the protein available in the viruses. According to Chen and Shakhnovich [ 69 ], there is a good correlation between decreasing temperature and the growth of proteins in virus. Consequently, preventive measures that take advantage of conducive environments for specific viruses are challenging.

Precipitation also correlates with influenza [ 43 ]. A report demonstrated that regions with at least 150 mm of monthly precipitation threshold level experienced fewer cases than regions with lower precipitation rates. According to Martins et al. [ 70 ], influenza and COVID-19 can be affected by climate, where virus can be spread through the respiratory especially during rainfall season. The daily spread of Covid-19 cases in tropical countries, which receive high precipitation levels, are far less than in temperate countries [ 27 ]. Likewise, high cases of COVID-19 were reported during the monsoon season (mid-year) in India during which high rainfall is recorded [ 71 ]. Moreover, the majority of the population in these regions has lower vitamin D levels, which may contribute to weakened immune responses during certain seasons [ 27 ].

Rainfall increases the relative atmospheric humidity, which is unfavourable to the coronaviruses as its transmission requires dry and cold weather. Moreover, several reports hypothesised that rain could wash away viruses on object surfaces, which is still questioned. Most people prefer staying home on rainy days, allowing less transmission or close contact. Conversely, [ 72 ] exhibited that precipitation did not significantly impact COVID-19 infectiousness in Oslo, Norway due the location in northern hemisphere which are during winter season presenting so cold.

Coşkun et al. [ 54 ] and Wu et al. [ 29 ] claimed that wind could strongly correlate with the rate of COVID-19 transmission. Atmospheric instability (turbulent occurrences) leads to increased wind speed and reduces the dispersion of particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10 ) in the environment and among humans. An investigation performed in 55 cities in Italy during the COVID-19 outbreak proved that the areas with low wind movement (stable atmospheric conditions) possessed a higher correlation coefficient and exceeded the threshold value of the safe level of PM 2.5 and PM 10 . Resultantly, more individuals were recorded infected with the disease in the regions. As mentioned in Martins et al. [ 70 ] the COVID-19 can be affected by climate and the virus can be spread through respiratory which is the virus moving in the wind movement.

The relationship between temperature and humidity

Climatic parameters, such as temperature and humidity, were investigated as the crucial factors in the epidemiology of the respiratory virus survival and transmission of COVID-19 ([ 61 ]; S [ 73 , 74 ].). The rising number of confirmed cases indicated the strong transmission ability of COVID-19 and was related to meteorological parameters. Furthermore, several studies found that the disease transmission was associated with the temperature and humidity of the environment [ 55 , 64 , 68 , 75 ], while other investigations have examined and reviewed environmental factors that could influence the epidemiological aspects of Covid-19.

Generally, increased COVID-19 cases and deaths corresponded with temperature, humidity, and viral transmission and mortality. Various studies reported that colder and dryer environments favoured COVID-19 epidemiologically [ 45 , 76 , 77 ]. As example tropical region, the observations indicated that the summer (middle of year) and rainy seasons (end of the year) could effectively diminish the transmission and mortality from COVID-19. High precipitation statistically increases relative air humidity, which is unfavourable for the survival of coronavirus, which prefers dry and cold conditions [ 32 , 34 , 78 , 79 ]. Consequently, warmer conditions could reduce COVID-19 transmission. A 1 °C increase in the temperature recorded a decrease in confirmed cases by 8% increase [ 45 ].

Several reports established that the minimum, maximum, and average temperature and humidity correlated with COVID-19 occurrence and mortality [ 55 , 80 , 81 ]. The lowest and highest temperatures of 24 and 27.3 °C and a humidity between 76 and 91% were conducive to spreading the virulence agents. The propagation of the disease peaked at the average temperature of 26 °C and humidity of 55% before gradually decreasing with elevated temperature and humidity [ 78 ].

Researchers are still divided on the effects of temperature and humidity on coronavirus transmission. Xu et al. [ 26 ] confirmed that COVID-19 cases gradually increased with higher temperature and lower humidity, indicating that the virus was actively transmitted in warm and dry conditions. Nevertheless, several reports stated that the spread of COVID-19 was negatively correlated with temperature and humidity [ 10 , 29 , 63 ]. The conflicting findings require further investigation. Moreover, other factors, such as population density, elderly population, cultural aspects, and health interventions, might potentially influence the epidemiology of the disease and necessitate research.

Governmental disinfection actions and guidelines

The COVID-19 is a severe health threat that is still spreading worldwide. The epidemiology of the SAR-CoV-2 virus might be affected by several factors, including meteorological conditions (temperature and humidity), population density, and healthcare quality, that permit it to spread rapidly [ 16 , 17 ]. Nevertheless, in 2020, no effective pharmaceutical interventions or vaccines were available for the diagnosis, treatment, and epidemic prevention against COVID-19 [ 73 , 82 ]. Consequently, after 2020 the governments globally have designed and executed non-pharmacological public health measures, such as lockdown, travel bans, social distancing, quarantine, public place closure, and public health actions, to curb the spread of COVID-19 infections and several studies have reported on the effects of these plans [ 13 , 83 ].

The COVID-19 is mainly spread via respiratory droplets from an infected person’s mouth or nose to another in close contact [ 84 ]. Accordingly, WHO and most governments worldwide have recommended wearing facemasks in public areas to curb the transmission of COVID-19. The facemasks would prevent individuals from breathing COVID-19-contaminated air [ 85 ]. Furthermore, the masks could hinder the transmission of the virus from an infected person as the exhaled air is trapped in droplets collected on the masks, suspending it in the atmosphere for longer. The WHO also recommended adopting a proper hand hygiene routine to prevent transmission and employing protective equipment, such as gloves and body covers, especially for health workers [ 86 ].

Besides wearing protective equipment, social distancing was also employed to control the Covid-19 outbreak [ 74 , 87 ]. Social distancing hinders the human-to-human transmission of the coronavirus in the form of droplets from the mouth and nose, as evidenced by the report from Sun and Zhai [ 88 ]. Conversely, Nair & Selvaraj [ 89 ] demonstrated that social distancing was less effective in communities and cultures where gatherings are the norm. Nonetheless, the issue could be addressed by educating the public and implementing social distancing policies, such as working from home and any form of plague treatment.

Infected persons, individuals who had contact with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 patients, and persons living in areas with high transmission rates were recommended to undergo quarantine by WHO. The quarantine could be implemented voluntarily or legally enforced by authorities and applicable to individuals, groups, or communities (community containment) [ 90 ]. A person under mandatory quarantine must stay in a place for a recommended 14-day period, based on the estimated incubation period of the SARS-CoV-2 [ 19 , 91 ]. According to Stasi et al. [ 92 ], 14-days period for mandatory quarantine it is presenting a clinical improvement after they found 5-day group and 10-day group can be decrease number of patient whose getting effect of COVID-19 from 64 to 54% respectively. This also proven by Ahmadi et al. [ 43 ] and Foad et al. [ 93 ], quarantining could reduce the transmission of COVID-19.

Lockdown and travel bans, especially in China, the centre of the coronavirus outbreak, reduced the infection rate and the correlation of domestic air traffic with COVID-19 cases [ 17 ]. The observations were supported by Sun & Zhai [ 88 ] and Sun et al. [ 94 ], who noted that travel restrictions diminished the number of COVID-19 reports by 75.70% compared to baseline scenarios without restrictions. Furthermore, example in Malaysia, lockdowns improved the air quality of polluted areas especially in primarily at main cities [ 95 ]. As additional, Martins et al. [ 70 ] measure the Human Development Index (HDI) with the specific of socio-economic variables as income, education and health. In their study, the income and education levels are the main relevant factors that affect the socio-economic.

A mandatory lockdown is an area under movement control as a preventive measure to stop the coronavirus from spreading to other areas. Numerous governments worldwide enforced the policy to restrict public movements outside their homes during the pandemic. Resultantly, human-to-human transmission of the virus was effectively reduced. The lockdown and movement control order were also suggested for individuals aged 80 and above or with low or compromised immunities, as these groups possess a higher risk of contracting the disease [ 44 ].

Governments still enforced movement orders even after the introduction of vaccines by Pfizer, Moderna, and Sinovac, as the vaccines only protect high-risk individuals from the worst effects of COVID-19. Consequently, in most countries, after receiving the first vaccine dose, individuals were allowed to resume life as normal but were still required to follow the standard operating procedures (SOP) outlined by the government.

The government attempted to balance preventing COVID-19 spread and recovering economic activities, for example, local businesses, maritime traders, shipping activities, oil and gas production and economic trades [ 22 , 96 ]. Nonetheless, the COVID-19 cases demonstrated an increasing trend during the summer due to the higher number of people travelling and on vacation, primarily to alleviate stress from lockdowns. Several new variants were discovered, including the Delta and Omicron strains, which spread in countries such as the USA and the United Kingdom. The high number of COVID-19 cases prompted the WHO to suggest booster doses to ensure full protection.

As mentioned in this manuscript, the COVID-19 still uncertain for any kind factors that can be affected on spreading of this virus. However, regarding many sources of COVID-19 study, the further assessment on this factor need to be continue to be sure, that we ready to facing probably in 10 years projection of solar minimum phase can be held in same situation for another pandemic.

The sun has an eleven-year cycle known as the solar cycle, related to its magnetic field, which controls the activities on its surface through sunspots. When the magnetic fields are active, numerous sunspots are formed on its surface, hence the sun produces more radiation energy emitted to the earth. The condition is termed solar maximum (see Fig. 6 , denoted by the yellow boxes). Alternatively, as the magnetic field of the sun weakens, the number of sunspots decreases, resulting in less radiation energy being emitted to the earth. The phenomenon is known as the solar minimum (see Fig. 6 , represented by the blue boxes).

The emergence and recurrence of pandemics every 5 years in relation to solar activities ( Source: www.swpc.noaa.gov/ ). Note: The yellow boxes indicate the solar maximum, while the blue boxes represent the solar minimum

The magnetic field of the sun protects the earth from cosmic or galactic cosmic rays emitted by supernova explosions, stars, and gamma-ray bursts [ 97 ]. Nevertheless, galactic cosmic rays could still reach the earth during the solar minimum, the least solar radiation energy period. In the 20th and early 21st centuries, several outbreaks of viral diseases that affected the respiratory system (pneumonia or influenza), namely the Spanish (1918–1919), Asian (1957–1958) and Hong Kong (1968) flu, were documented. Interestingly, the diseases that claimed numerous lives worldwide occurred at the peak of the solar maximum.

Figure 6 illustrates the correlation between the number of sunspots and disease outbreaks from 1975 to 2021, including COVID-19, that began to escalate in December 2019. Under the solar minimum conditions, the spread of Ebola (1976), H5N1 (1997–1998), H1N1 (2009), and COVID-19 (2019-2020) were documented, while the solar maximum phenomenon recorded SARS (2002) and H7N9 (2012–2013) or MERS outbreaks. Nonetheless, solar activity through the production of solar sunspots began to decline since the 22nd solar cycle. Accordingly, further studies are necessary to investigate the influence such solar variations could impart or not on pandemic development.

Despite the findings mentioned above, the sun and cosmic radiations could influence the distribution or outspread of disease-spreading viruses. The rays could kill the viruses via DNA destruction or influence their genetic mutations, which encourage growth and viral evolution. Nevertheless, the connection between radiation and the evolutionary process requires further study by specialists in the field it is become true or not.

The spread of viral diseases transpires naturally in our surroundings and occurs unnoticed by humans. According to records, the spread of pandemic diseases, including the Black Death (fourteenth century) and the Spanish flu (1919), was significantly influenced by the decline and peak of solar activities. Furthermore, in the past 20 years, various diseases related to the influenza virus have been recorded. According to the pattern observed, if all diseases were related to the solar cycle (solar maximum and minimum), the viral diseases would reoccur every 5 to 6 years since they first appeared between 1995 and 2020. Accordingly, the next pandemic might occur around 2024 or 2025 and need to have a proper study for prove these statements. Nonetheless, the activities on the surface of the sun have been weakening since the 23rd solar cycle and it can be proven later after the proper study can be make it.

The beginning of the COVID-19 spread, only several countries with the same winter climate with an average temperature of 5–11 °C and an average humidity rate of 47–79% located at latitudes 30–50 N reported cases. The areas included Wuhan distribution centres in China, the United Kingdom, France, Spain, South Korea, Japan, and the USA (see Fig. 5 ). Other than biological aspects, the higher number of confirmed cases recorded in colder environments was due to the human body secreting less lymphoproliferative hormone, leading to decreased immunogenicity effects and increased risk of infection [ 24 ]. Consequently, the virus could attack and rapidly infect humans during the period [ 1 , 54 ].

The lymphoproliferative response is a protective immune response that plays a vital role in protecting and eradicating infections and diseases. On the other hand, staying in warm conditions or being exposed to more sunlight would lower the risks of infection. According to Asyary and Veruswati [ 98 ], sunlight triggers vitamin D, which increases immunity and increases the recovery rates of infected individuals.

Researchers believe that viruses could survive in the environment for up to 3 to 4 years or even longer. The survival rate of the microorganisms is relatively high, which is related to their biological structures, adaptability on any surfaces, and transmission medium to spread diseases. Viruses possess simple protein structures, namely the spike, membrane, and envelope protein; therefore, when they enter living organisms (such as through the respiratory system), the viruses are easily transmitted.

Once they have entered a host, the viruses duplicate exponentially and swarm the lungs. Subsequently, after the targeted organs, such as the lungs, are invaded, the viruses attack the immune system and create confusion in protective cells to destroy healthy cells. The situation is still considered safe in younger and healthy individuals as their immune systems could differentiate and counter-attack the viruses, curing them. Nonetheless, in elders and individuals with several chronic diseases, most of their protective cells are dead, hence their immune system is forced to work hard to overcome the infection. Pneumonia and death tend to occur when the situation is overwhelming [ 85 ]. Consequently, the viruses are harmful to humans as they could multiply in a short period, enter the blood, and overrun the body.

The coronavirus could attach to surfaces without a host, including door knobs and steel and plastic materials. The microorganisms could survive alone, but virologists have yet to determine how long. If someone touches any surface with the virus, the individual would then be infected. The situation would worsen if the infected person contacted numerous people and became a super spreader. A super spreader does not exhibit any symptoms and continuously transmits the virus without realising it. An infected individual transmits the coronavirus via droplets from coughs or sneezes. Nevertheless, scientists have yet to determine if coronavirus is spread via airborne or droplets, hence requiring thorough evaluation [ 99 ].

The COVID-19 virus mutates over time, and it can be changing any times. Mutations alter the behaviour and genetic structure of the virus, resulting in a new strain. Numerous research have been conducted to procure vaccines and anti-viral medications, but mutations have led to evolutionary disadvantages. The novel strains are more infectious than the original ones. As of November 2020, approximately six new coronavirus strains have been detected, each displaying different transmission behaviours [ 100 ].

Recent studies demonstrated that the mutated viruses exhibit little variability, allowing scientists to produce viable vaccines [ 71 ]. Furthermore, different types of vaccines are manufactured by different countries, which could be advantageous. Currently, most countries also recommend booster doses to attain extra protection after receiving the mandatory two vaccine doses. In same time, the social and physical interactions between humans also necessitate to be aware.

The COVID-19 virus is primarily transmitted through droplets produced by an infected person. Accordingly, physical distancing, a one-metre minimum distance between individuals [ 19 ], and following the SOP might prevent or avoid spreading the disease. Moreover, self-quarantine, school closures, working from home, cancelling large events, limiting gatherings, and avoiding spending long periods in crowded places are essential strategies in enforcing physical distancing at a community level. The policies are essential precautions that could reduce the further spreading of coronavirus and break the chain of transmission.

Government support also need to control the spread of COVID-19 with the strict SOP. The SOP enforcement in public places would enhance adherence to the new practice among the public and the community, aiding in curbing disease transmission. Practising limited meetings and social gatherings, avoiding crowded places, workplace distancing, preventing non-necessary travels of high-risk family members, especially those with chronic disease, and adhering to the recommended SOP could reduce coronavirus outbreaks. Nonetheless, individual awareness is also necessary to achieve COVID-19 spread prevention.

Many researchers are focused on identifying the primary drivers of pandemic outbreaks. Seasonal, temperature, and humidity differences significantly impacted COVID-19 growth rate variations. It is crucial to highlight the potential link between the recurrence of pandemics every 5 years and solar activities, which can influence temperature and humidity variations. Notable variations in COVID-19 mortality rates were observed between northern and southern hemisphere countries, with the former having higher rates. One hypothesis suggests that populations in the northern hemisphere may receive insufficient sunlight to maintain optimal vitamin D levels during winter, possibly leading to higher mortality rates.

The first COVID-19 case was detected in Wuhan, China, which is in the northern hemisphere. The number of cases rapidly propagated in December during the winter season. At the time, the temperature in Wuhan was recorded at 13–18 °C. Accordingly, one theory proposes that the survival and transmission of the coronavirus were due to meteorological conditions, namely temperatures between 13 and 18 °C and 50–80% humidity.

Daily rainfall directly impacts humidity levels. The coronavirus exhibited superior survival rates in cold and dry conditions. Furthermore, transmissible gastroenteritis (TGEV) suspensions and possibly other coronaviruses remain viable longer in their airborne states, which are more reliably collected in low relative humidity than in high humidity. Consequently, summer rains would effectively reduce COVID-19 transmission in southern hemisphere regions.

In southern hemisphere regions, the summer seasons are accompanied by a high average temperature at the end and beginning of the year. Countries with temperatures exceeding 24 °C reported fewer infections. As temperatures rise from winter to summer, virus transmission is expected to decline. Nonetheless, the activities and transmission of the virus were expected to decrease during winter to summer transitions, when the countries would be warmer. The peak intensity of infections strongly depends on the level of seasonal transmissions.

Social distancing plays a critical role in preventing the overload of healthcare systems. Many respiratory pathogens, including those causing mild common cold-like syndromes, show seasonal fluctuations, often peaking in winter. This trend can be attributed to increased indoor crowding, school reopening, and climatic changes during autumn.

The spread of COVID-19 to neighbouring regions can be attributed to population interactions. Migration patterns, such as the movement from northern to southern regions during the warmer months, have significant epidemiological impacts. This trend mirrors the behavior of influenza pandemics where minor outbreaks in spring or summer are often followed by major waves in autumn or winter.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

Novel coronavirus

Coronavirus disease 2019

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Swine influenza

Influenza A virus subtype H5N1

Asian Lineage Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus

Middle East respiratory syndrome

Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus

Particulate matter

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

RepOrting standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

Syndrome coronavirus 2

Systematic literature review

Standard operating procedure

Transmissible gastroenteritis Virus

United States of America

World Health Organization

Apanovich I. Climate and man. Opposition or natural stage of the earth’s evolution? Norwegian journal of development of the international. Science. 2019;26(25):12–27.

Google Scholar

Borah P, Singh MK, Mahapatra S. Estimation of degree-days for different climatic zones of north-East India. Sustain Cities Soc. 2015;14(1):70–81.

Article Google Scholar

Chen D, Chen HW. Using the Köppen classification to quantify climate variation and change: an example for 1901-2010. Environmental Development. 2013;6(1):69–79.

Trenberth KE, Fasullo JT. Global warming due to increasing absorbed solar radiation. Geophys Res Lett. 2009;36

Hauschild MZ, Huijbregts MAJ, Guinée L, Lane J, Fantke P, Zelm v R, et al. Life Cycle Impact Assessment – The Complete World of Life Cycle Assessment; 2015. p. 345.

Book Google Scholar

Nakada LYK, Urban RC. COVID-19 pandemic: environmental and social factors influencing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in São Paulo. Brazil Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021;28(30):40322–8.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Lagtayi, R., Lairgi, L., Daya, A., & Khouya, A. (2021). The impact of the average temperature, humidity, wind speed, altitude and population density on daily COVID-19 infections’ evolution. January, 9094.

Majumder MS, Liu D, Poirier C, Mandl KD, Lipsitch M, The MS. The role of absolute humidity on transmission rates of the COVID-19 outbreak; 2020.

Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, Peacock SJ, Prescott HC. Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A review. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. 2020;324(8):782–93.

Zhang X, Maggioni V, Houser P, Xue Y, Mei Y. The impact of weather condition and social activity on COVID-19 transmission in the United States. J Environ Manag. 2022;302:114085.

Article CAS Google Scholar

Mäkinen TM, Juvonen R, Jokelainen J, Harju TH, Peitso A, Bloigu A, et al. Cold temperature and low humidity are associated with increased occurrence of respiratory tract infections. Respir Med. 2009;103(3):456–62.

Article PubMed Google Scholar

Carvalho FRS, Henriques DV, Correia O, Schmalwieser AW. Potential of solar UV radiation for inactivation of Coronaviridae family. Photochem Photobiol. 2021;97:213–20.

Ali I, Alharbi OM. COVID-19: disease, management, treatment, and social impact. Sci Total Environ. 2020;728:138861.

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, Wu W, Chen S, Zhang W, et al. Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of covid-19. Viruses. 2020;12(4):1–17.

Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, O’Neill N, Khan M, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, et al. World health organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Int J Surg. 2020;76:71–6.

Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Wang J, Tang K, Feng K, Lv W. High temperature and high humidity reduce the transmission of COVID-19; 2020a.

Wang L, Duan Y, Zhang W, Liang J, Xu J, Zhang Y, et al. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of 26 cases of covid-19 arising from patient-to-patient transmission in Liaocheng, China. Clinical Epidemiology. 2020b;12:387–91.

Xie J, Zhu Y. Science of the Total environment association between ambient temperature and COVID-19 infection in 122 cities from China. Sci Total Environ. 2020;724:138201.

World Health Organization. (2020a). Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19-10April 2020. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19—10- april-2020.

Bostock B. South Korea is testing 200,000 members of a doomsday church linked to more than 60% of its coronavirus cases; 2020.

World Health Organization. (2020b). Health topics/coronavirus. https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1.

Menhat M, Mohd Zaideen IM, Yusuf Y, Salleh NHM, Zamri MA, Jeevan J. The impact of Covid-19 pandemic: A review on maritime sectors in Malaysia. Ocean Coast Manag. 2021;209:105638.

Byun WS, Heo SW, Jo G, Kim JW, Kim S, Lee S, et al. Is coronavirus disease (COVID-19) seasonal? A critical analysis of empirical and epidemiological studies at global and local scales. Environ Res. 2021;196:110972.

Dhakal P, Pokhrel P, B. Seasonal variation and COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal. Nepal Medical Journal. 2020;3(2):77–80.

Mehmet Ş. Science of the Total environment impact of weather on COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. 728; 2020.

Xu H, Yan C, Fu Q, Xiao K, Yu Y, Han D, et al. Science of the Total environment possible environmental effects on the spread of COVID-19 in China. Sci Total Environ. 2020;731:139211.

Rosario DKA, Mutz YS, Bernardes PC, Conte-Junior CA. Relationship between COVID-19 and weather: case study in a tropical country. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2020;229:113587.

Wang J, Tang K, Feng K, Lin X, Lv W, Chen K, et al. Impact of temperature and relative humidity on the transmission of COVID-19: A modelling study in China and the United States. BMJ Open. 2021;11(2):1–16.

Wu Y, Jing W, Liu J, Ma Q, Yuan J, Wang Y, et al. Effects of temperature and humidity on the daily new cases and new deaths of COVID-19 in 166 countries. Sci Total Environ. 2020;729:1–7.

Casanova LM, Jeon S, Rutala WA, Weber DJ, Sobsey MD. Effects of air temperature and relative humidity on coronavirus survival on surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010;76(9):2712–7.

Islam N, Bukhari Q, Jameel Y, Shabnam S, Erzurumluoglu AM, Siddique MA, et al. COVID-19 and climatic factors: A global analysis. Environ Res. 2021;193:110355.

Diao Y, Kodera S, Anzai D, Gomez-Tames J, Rashed EA, Hirata A. Influence of population density, temperature, and absolute humidity on spread and decay durations of COVID-19: A comparative study of scenarios in China, England, Germany, and Japan. One Health. 2021;12:100203.

Haddaway NR, Macura B, Whaley P, Pullin AS. ROSES reporting standards for systematic evidence syntheses: pro forma, flow-diagram and descriptive summary of the plan and conduct of environmental systematic reviews and systematic maps. Environ Evid. 2018;7(1):4–11.

Sharif N, Dey SK. Impact of population density and weather on COVID-19 pandemic and SARS-CoV-2 mutation frequency in Bangladesh. Epidemiol Infect. 2021:1–10.

Kraus S, Breier Dasí-Rodríguez S. El arte de elaborar una revisión bibliográfica sistemática en la investigación sobre el espíritu empresarial. Int Entrep Manag J. 2020;16:1023–42.

Xiao Y, Watson M. Guidance on conducting a systematic literature review. J Plan Educ Res. 2019;39(1):93–112.

Gusenbauer M, Haddaway NR. Which academic search systems are suitable for systematic reviews or meta-analyses? Evaluating retrieval qualities of Google scholar, PubMed, and 26 other resources. Res Synth Methods. 2020;11(2):181–217.

Halevi G, Moed H, Bar-Ilan J. Suitability of Google scholar as a source of scientific information and as a source of data for scientific evaluation—review of the literature. Journal of Informetrics. 2017;11(3):823–34.

Haddaway NR, Collins AM, Coughlin D, Kirk S. The role of google scholar in evidence reviews and its applicability to grey literature searching. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):1–17.

Littlewood C, Chance-Larsen K, McLean S. Quality appraisal as a part of the systematic review. International Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation. 2010;1(1):53–8.

Vaismoradi M, Turunen H, Bondas T. Content analysis and thematic analysis: implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nurs Health Sci. 2013;15(3):398–405.

Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3:77–101.

Ahmadi M, Sharifi A, Dorosti S, Jafarzadeh Ghoushchi S, Ghanbari N. Investigation of effective climatology parameters on COVID-19 outbreak in Iran. Sci Total Environ. 2020;729

Gupta A, Banerjee S, Das S. Significance of geographical factors to the COVID-19 outbreak in India. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment. 2020;6(4):2645–53.

Pequeno P, Mendel B, Rosa C, Bosholn M, Souza JL, Baccaro F, et al. Air transportation, population density and temperature predict the spread of COVID-19 in Brazil. PeerJ. 2020;2020(6):1–15.

Hoyle F, Wickramasinghe NC. Sunspots and influenza [6]. Nature. 1990;343(6256):304.

Wickramasinghe NC, Rocca MC, Tokoro G, Temple R. Journal of infectious diseases. Scienctific Research and Community. 2020;1(4):1–10.

Wickramasinghe NC, Steele EJ, Wainwright M, Tokoro G, Fernando M, Qu J. Sunspot cycle minima and pandemics : A case for vigilance at the present time. Journal of Astrobiology & Outreach. 2017;5:2332–519.

Wickramasinghe NC, Qu J. Are we approaching a new influenza pandemic. Virol Curr Res. 2018;2(107):2.

Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang W, Ou C, He J, et al. Disease 2019 in China; 2020.

Bashir MF, Ma B, Bilal K, Bashir MA, Tan D, Bashir M. Correlation between climate indicators and COVID-19 pandemic in New York, USA. Sci Total Environ. 2020;728:138835.

Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Biomed. 2020;91:157–60.

PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Lin C, Lau AKH, Fung JCH, Guo C, Chan JWM, Yeung DW, et al. A mechanism-based parameterisation scheme to investigate the association between transmission rate of COVID-19 and meteorological factors on plains in China. Sci Total Environ. 2020;737:140348.

Coşkun H, Yıldırım N, Gündüz S. The spread of COVID-19 virus through population density and wind in Turkey cities. Sci Total Environ. 2021;751

Yang HY, Lee JKW. The impact of temperature on the risk of covid-19: A multinational study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(8)

Candido DD, Watts A, Abade L, Kraemer MUG, Pybus OG, Croda J, et al. Routes for COVID-19 importation in Brazil. Journal of Travel Medicine. 2020;27(3):1–3.

Hardy JP, Groffman PM, Fitzhugh RD, Henry KS, Welman AT, Demers JD, et al. Snow depth manipulation and its influence on soil frost and water dynamics in a northern hardwood forest. Biogeochemistry. 2001;56(2):151–74.

Gunthe SS, Swain B, Patra SS, Amte A. On the global trends and spread of the COVID-19 outbreak: preliminary assessment of the potential relation between location-specific temperature and UV index. Journal of Public Health (Germany). 2020:1–10.

Rosenthal PJ, et al. COVID-19: shining the light on Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;102(6):1145–8.

Kraemer MUG, et al. The effect of human mobility and control measures on the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Science. 2020;368:493–7.

Dalziel BD, Kissler S, Gog JR, Viboud C, Bjørnstad ON, Metcalf CJE, et al. Urbanization and humidity shape the intensity of influenza epidemics in U.S. cities. Science. 2018;362:75–9.

Sahoo PK, Powell MA, Mittal S, Garg VK. Is the transmission of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) weather dependent? J Air Waste Manage Assoc. 2020;70(11):1061–4.

Selcuk M, Gormus S, Guven M. Impact of weather parameters and population density on the COVID-19 transmission: evidence from 81 provinces of Turkey. Earth Syst Environ. 2021;5(1):87–100.

Abraham J, Turville C, Dowling K, Florentine S. Does climate play any role in covid-19 spreading?—an Australian perspective. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(17)

Sehra ST, Salciccioli JD, Wiebe DJ, Fundin S, Baker JF. Maximum daily temperature, precipitation, ultraviolet light, and rates of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(9):2482–7.

CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Rubin D, Huang J, Fisher BT, Gasparrini A, Tam V, Song L, et al. Association of Social Distancing, population density, and temperature with the instantaneous reproduction number of SARS-CoV-2 in counties across the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(7):1–12.

Comunian S, Dongo D, Milani C, Palestini P. Air pollution and covid-19: The role of particulate matter in the spread and increase of covid-19’s morbidity and mortality. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(12):1–22.

Tosepu R, Gunawan J, Effendy DS, Ahmad LOAI, Lestari H, Bahar H, et al. Correlation between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia. Sci Total Environ. 2020;725

Chen and Shakhnovich. Thermal adaptation of viruses and Bacteria. Biophys J. 2010;98:1109–18.

Martins LD, da Silva I, Batista WV, Andrade MF, Freitas ED, Jorge Alberto Martins JA. How socio-economic and atmospheric variables impact COVID-19 and influenza outbreaks in tropical and subtropical regions of Brazil. Environ Res. 2020;191:110184.

Kulkarni H, Khandait H, Narlawar UW, Rathod P, Mamtani M. Independent association of meteorological characteristics with initial spread of Covid-19 in India. Sci Total Environ. 2021;764:142801.

Menebo MM. Science of the Total environment temperature and precipitation associate with Covid-19 new daily cases : A correlation study between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in. Sci Total Environ. 2020;737:139659.

Gupta S, Patel KK. Global Epidemiology of First 90 Days into COVID-19 Pandemic :Disease Incidence , Prevalence , Case Fatality Population Density, Urbanisation. J Health Manag. 2020;22(2):117–28.

Haque SE, Rahman M. Association between temperature, humidity, and COVID-19 outbreaks in Bangladesh. Environ Sci Pol. 2020;114:253–5.

Sharma P, Singh AK, Agrawal B, Sharma A. Correlation between weather and COVID-19 pandemic in India: an empirical investigation. J Public Aff. 2020;20(4)

Fu S, Wang B, Zhou J, Xu X, Liu J, Ma Y, et al. Meteorological factors, governmental responses and COVID-19: evidence from four European countries. Environ Res. 2021;194:110596.

Mecenas P, Bastos RT, Vallinoto AC, Normando D. Effects of temperature and humidity on the spread of COVID-19: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2020;15:1–21.

Malki Z, Atlam ES, Hassanien AE, Dagnew G, Elhosseini MA, Gad I. Association between weather data and COVID-19 pandemic predicting mortality rate: machine learning approaches. Chaos, Solitons Fractals. 2020;138:110137.

Sasikumar K, Nath D, Nath R, Chen W. Impact of extreme hot climate on COVID-19 outbreak in India. GeoHealth. 2020;4(12)

Kodera S, Rashed EA, Hirata A. Correlation between COVID-19 morbidity and mortality rates in Japan and local population density, temperature, and absolute humidity. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(15):1–14.

Sobral MFF, Duarte GB, da Penha Sobral AIG, Marinho MLM, de Souza Melo A. Association between climate variables and global transmission oF SARS-CoV-2. Sci Total Environ. 2020;729:138997.

Patel SK, Pathak M, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Malik YS. A vaccine is not too far for COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic A vaccine is not too far for COVID-19. May; 2020.

Nicola M, Neill NO, Sohrabi C, Khan M, Agha M, Agha R. Evidence based management guideline for the COVID-19 pandemic - review article. Int J Surg. 2020;77:206–16.

Atangana E, Atangana A. Facemasks simple but powerful weapons to protect against COVID-19 spread: can they have sides effects? Results in Physics. 2020;19:103425.

Sarmadi M, Moghanddam VK, Dickerson AS, Martelletti L. Association of COVID-19 distribution with air quality, sociodemographic factors, and comorbidities: an ecological study of US states. Air Qual Atmos Health. 2021;14(4):455–65.

Chung CJ, Nazif TM, Wolbinski M, Hakemi E, Lebehn M, Brandwein R, et al. The restructuring of structural heart disease practice during The Covid-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020; InPress

Bukhari Q, Massaro JM, D’agostino RB, Khan S. Effects of weather on coronavirus pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(15):1–12.

Sun C, Zhai Z. The efficacy of social distance and ventilation effectiveness in preventing COVID-19 transmission. Sustain Cities Soc. 2020;62:102390.

Nair N, Selvaraj P. Using a cultural and social identity lens to understand pandemic responses in the US and India. Int J Cross-cult Manag. 2021;21(3):545–68.

Cetron M, Landwirth J. Public health and ethical considerations in planning for quarantine. Yale J Biol Med. 2005;78(5):325–30.

Jernigan DB. Update: public health response to the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak—United States, February 24, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 69. 2020.

Stasi C, Fallani S, Voller F, Silvestri C. Treatment for COVID-19: an overview. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020;889:173644.

Foad CAKK, Xun N, Pejman J, Nataraj RC. Nonlinear dynamic analysis of an epidemiological model for COVID-19 including public behavior and government action. Nonlinear Dynamics. 2020;101(3):1545–59.

Sun Z, Zhang H, Yang Y, Wan H, Wang Y. Science of the Total environment impacts of geographic factors and population density on the COVID-19 spreading under the lockdown policies of China. Sci Total Environ. 2020;746(666):141347.

Abdullah S, Mansor AA, Napi NNLM, Mansor WNW, Ahmed AN, Ismail M, et al. Air quality status during 2020 Malaysia movement control order (MCO) due to 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pandemic. Sci Total Environ. 2020;729:139022.

Menhat M, Yusuf Y. Factors influencing the choice of performance measures for the oil and gas supply chain - exploratory study. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018;342(1)

Ćirkovića MM, Vukotića B. Long-term prospects: mitigation of supernova and gamma-ray burst threat to intelligent beings. Acta Astronautica. 2016;129:438–46.

Asyary A, Veruswati M. Science of the Total environment sunlight exposure increased Covid-19 recovery rates : A study in the central pandemic area of Indonesia. Sci Total Environ. 2020;729:139016.

Jayaweeraa M, Pererab H, Gunawardanaa B, Manatungea J. Transmission of COVID-19 virus by droplets and aerosols: A critical review on the unresolved dichotomy. Environ Res. 2020;188:1–18.

Leung K, Shum MHH, Leung GM, Lam TTY, Wu JT. Early transmissibility assessment of the N501Y mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2 in the United Kingdom, October to November 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;26(1)

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would also like to acknowledge the Editors and an anonymous reviewer, who contributed immensely to improving the quality of this publication and a special thanks to Muhammad Hafiy Nauwal Effi Helmy, that contributed an excellent idea through singing during the COVID-19 lockdown period.

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Faculty of Maritime Studies, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

Masha Menhat

Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

Effi Helmy Ariffin, Junainah Zakaria & Mohd Fadzil Akhir

Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

Wan Shiao Dong & Aminah Ismailluddin

Institute for Social Science Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Hayrol Azril Mohamed Shafril

Social, Environmental and Developmental Sustainability Research Center, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Mahazan Muhammad

Institute of Geology Malaysia, Board of Geologists, 62100, Putrajaya, Malaysia

Ahmad Rosli Othman

Executive Office, Proofreading By A UK PhD, 51-1, Biz Avenue II, 63000, Cyberjaya, Malaysia

Thavamaran Kanesan

Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Suzana Pil Ramli

Faculty of Applied Sciences, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, 90000, Sri Lanka

Amila Sandaruwan Ratnayake

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors have been involved in writing this editorial and contributing to the review of the manuscript. MM and EHA contribute to conceptualization. IA and ARO have made the figure.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Effi Helmy Ariffin .

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate.

Not Applicable.

Consent for publication

Competing interests.

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Menhat, M., Ariffin, E.H., Dong, W.S. et al. Rain, rain, go away, come again another day: do climate variations enhance the spread of COVID-19?. Global Health 20 , 43 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-024-01044-w

Download citation

Received : 27 July 2023

Accepted : 22 April 2024

Published : 14 May 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-024-01044-w

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

Coronavirus
Solar radiation
Temperature
Social distancing

Globalization and Health

ISSN: 1744-8603

Submission enquiries: [email protected]
General enquiries: [email protected]

View all MCQs in

No comments yet

Related MCQs

The introductory section of a research report should aim to:
Which of the following is a component of ethnographic research?
Which of the following is not normally included in a written account of qualitative research?
Probability sampling is rarely used in qualitative research because:
Which of the following is a problem associated with survey research?
The key advantage of structured observation over survey research is that:
What is a research design?
The qualitative research strategy places a value on:
An important practical issue to consider when designing a research project is:
How can you tell if your research questions are really good?

Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World

Read our research on:

Full Topic List

Regions & Countries

Publications
Our Methods
Short Reads
Tools & Resources

Read Our Research On:

China’s Approach to Foreign Policy Gets Largely Negative Reviews in 24-Country Survey

Still, views of china – and its soft power – are more positive in middle-income countries, table of contents.

Road map to the report
How views of China have changed in recent years
Views of China by age group
How views of China’s international behavior have changed over time
Most say China does not contribute to world peace and stability
China seen as interventionist
How opinions about which country is the world’s top economy have changed in recent years
Many who see China as the world’s leading economic power also see it as a good thing
Chinese investment seen as an economic benefit
How views of Chinese soft power vary by age
Views of Chinese technology
How confidence in Xi has changed over time
How confidence in Xi varies by age
Acknowledgments
Methodology

This Pew Research Center analysis focuses on public opinion of China and President Xi Jinping in 24 countries in North America, Europe, the Middle East, the Asia-Pacific region, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. The report explores views of China’s role in the world, including as an economic power, and perceptions of Chinese soft power. This is the first year since 2019 that the Global Attitudes Survey has included countries from Africa and Latin America, which were not included more recently due to the coronavirus outbreak .

For non-U.S. data, this report draws on nationally representative surveys of 27,285 adults conducted from Feb. 20 to May 22, 2023. All surveys were conducted over the phone with adults in Canada, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Surveys were conducted face to face in Argentina, Brazil, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Israel, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, Poland and South Africa. In Australia, we used a mixed-mode probability-based online panel.

In the United States, we surveyed 3,576 U.S. adults from March 20 to 26, 2023. Everyone who took part in this survey is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the ATP’s methodology .

Here are the questions used for the report , along with responses, and the survey methodology .

Views of China and its international behavior are largely negative

Views of China are broadly negative across 24 countries in a new Pew Research Center survey: A median of 67% of adults express unfavorable views of the country, while 28% have a favorable opinion.

Negative views extend to evaluations of China’s international actions. Despite several high-profile diplomatic initiatives by Beijing over the past year – such as brokering a peace deal between Saudi Arabia and Iran and issuing a 12-point proposal for the end of violence in Ukraine – a median of 71% think China does not contribute to global peace and stability.

Most people also think China does not take into account the interests of other countries in its foreign policy (76%) and a median of 57% say China interferes in the affairs of other nations a great deal or fair amount.

Still, attitudes toward China are somewhat rosier in middle-income than high-income countries. Across eight middle-income countries – places Pew Research Center has not surveyed since 2019 due to the challenges of conducting face-to-face interviews during the pandemic – India stands out as the only middle-income country in which a majority has unfavorable views of China. And in three middle-income countries – Kenya, Mexico and Nigeria – a majority even gives China a positive rating.

Fewer in these middle-income countries also criticize China’s global behavior, and many more see China’s “soft power” appeal. Indeed, publics in these middle-income countries offer relatively favorable ratings for China’s entertainment products, its universities and its standard of living – while few in most high-income countries agree.

Across all 24 countries surveyed, however, there is more agreement about China’s technology. A median of 69% describe China’s technological achievements as the best or above average relative to other wealthy nations, with similar shares in high- and middle-income countries. A median of 54% also see China’s military as among the best in the world.

But views of the country as the world’s foremost economic power have faltered somewhat in recent years. More people now name the United States as the top economic power than China (a median of 42% vs. 33%, respectively). Much of this shift has come in high-income countries, where the share naming China has fallen in nearly every surveyed country – including by double digits in Germany, the Netherlands, Poland and Sweden.

In the U.S., where equal shares (43%) called China and the U.S. the world’s leading economic power in 2022, views have shifted significantly over the past year ; now, Americans are 10 percentage points more likely to name the U.S. than China (48% vs. 38%). (For more on American views of China, read “ Americans are Critical of China’s Global Role – as Well as Its Relationship With Russia ”.)

These findings come from a new Pew Research Center survey conducted from Feb. 20 to May 22, 2023, among more than 30,000 people in 24 countries. Below are some of the other findings regarding China’s overall image, views of Chinese foreign policy, ratings of President Xi Jinping, opinions about Chinese soft power and its economic power.

Overall ratings for China

Across many high-income countries surveyed, which are in North America, Western Europe and parts of the Asia-Pacific region, a large majority has unfavorable views of China, as has been the case for multiple years . Indeed, in almost every high-income country surveyed, negative views currently stand at or near historic highs. In most countries, this does not reflect a significant increase over last year; rather, negative views have simply remained high in recent years. One notable exception is Poland, where negative views have increased 12 points during a period of strained bilateral relations , perhaps related to China’s handling of the war in Ukraine.

Record high negative ratings for China in most countries surveyed

Views of China in middle-income countries are relatively more positive. Still, negative ratings in most of these countries have also grown since the countries were last surveyed, pre-pandemic. In South Africa and Mexico, for example, opinions have turned somewhat more negative since 2019, and in Argentina, Brazil and India, negative views have even reached historic highs. In India, military conflicts along a contested border may have contributed to the 21 percentage point increase in unfavorable opinion.

China’s role on the world stage

Majorities in most countries do not think China takes into account the interests of countries like theirs. In Canada, France, Israel, Spain and Sweden, around half or more say China doesn’t consider them at all . Only in the three sub-Saharan African countries surveyed, as well as in Indonesia, does around half or more of the public feel like China listens to their country.

A median of 71% also think China does little or nothing at all to contribute to global peace and stability, compared with a median of 23% who say it is doing a great deal or a fair amount. Australians, Canadians, Indians, Israelis and South Koreans are particularly likely to say China is doing nothing at all to help with global peace and stability.

Most also see China as an interventionist power. A median of 57% say China does interfere a great deal or a fair amount in the affairs of other countries, while a median of 35% say it does not do so much or at all. Around seven-in-ten or more in Australia, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Spain and the U.S. see China getting involved in the affairs of other countries – and many of these places also stood out for the high share who said China’s involvement in domestic politics in their own country was a very serious problem in a 2022 Pew Research Center survey .

But the country which is most likely to see China interfering in the affairs of other countries in this year’s survey is Italy (82%). Italy, which was the only G7 country to join China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) , was debating leaving the initiative at the time that the survey was conducted, but treading delicately for fear of stoking possible Chinese retribution against Italian businesses.

Attitudes toward Xi

Few in the 24 countries surveyed have confidence in Chinese President Xi Jinping to do the right thing regarding world affairs. Across most of Western Europe, the U.S., Canada and much of the Asia-Pacific region, around half in each country say they have no confidence in him at all . Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa stand out as the only countries where a majority or plurality have confidence in his leadership.

Confidence in Xi is closely related to views of China more broadly. In each country surveyed people with unfavorable views of China are more likely to have little confidence in the Chinese president, and vice versa.

Countries with more negative views of China also have less confidence in Xi

Chinese soft power

A bar chart showing China’s technological advancements are seen as the best or above average compared with other wealthy nations, followed by military power

When it comes to elements often considered part of a country’s “soft power,” China’s technological achievements receive high marks, though fewer say the same about its universities, entertainment products or standard of living.

In fact, outside of South Korea, nearly half or more in every country say Chinese technological advancements are the best in the world or above average relative to other wealthy nations. And in many of the middle-income countries, around four-in-ten call Chinese technology the best in the world.

Middle-income countries – many of which are increasingly reliant on Chinese companies like Huawei for components of their 4G and 5G systems – were also asked specifically about technology such as phones, tablets or computers made by Chinese companies. Across these eight countries, there is a relatively widespread sense that these products are well-made. Middle-income publics are more divided when it comes to their cost: A median of 50% describe them as inexpensive, while 44% call them costly.

They are also somewhat divided when it comes to whether technological products made by Chinese companies protect people’s personal data (a median of 45%) or make their data unsafe (40%). (Americans were asked a different but related question about Chinese social media companies; large majorities have little confidence that they will use personal information responsibly or follow privacy policies.)

In every country, at least a plurality – and often a majority – also see China’s “hard power,” its military, as one of the best in the world or above average.

Chinese economic power

Fewer name China as the world’s leading economic power than the U.S. (a median of 33% vs. 42%). And, in many countries, the share naming China as the world’s leading economy has gone down in recent years.

Fewer now call China the world’s top economic power in many places

Interestingly, China’s image as an economic superpower is stronger in high-income countries than middle-income ones. Italy, for example, is the only country where a majority (55%) calls China the leading economic power.

Still, people in middle-income countries do recognize economic benefits from their relations with China. A different survey question, asked only in these countries, finds that around half or more in six middle-income countries say their nation’s economy has benefited a great deal or a fair amount from Chinese investment. In Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa, around seven-in-ten or more say this.

In the U.S., Americans were also asked to name the country which poses the top threat to the U.S. Not only was China the top answer, by far, but Americans see it as both an economic and a national security threat – in sharp contrast to Russia, which is primarily seen as a security threat. To read more about this related analysis, see “ Americans name China as the top threat facing the U.S. ”

The chapters that follow discuss these findings and others in more detail:

Chapter 1 looks at overall opinion of China across the countries surveyed, including how perceptions have shifted over the years
Chapter 2 considers the negative and positive roles China plays in international affairs
Chapter 3 reviews global public opinion about which country is the world’s leading economic power
Chapter 4 explores perceptions of Chinese soft power, summarizing how people across 24 countries rate China compared with other wealthy nations
Chapter 5 examines confidence in Chinese President Xi Jinping to do the right thing in world affairs

Sign up for our weekly newsletter

Fresh data delivery Saturday mornings

Sign up for The Briefing

Weekly updates on the world of news & information

China Global Image
Global Balance of Power
Global Economy & Trade
World Leaders

Americans Remain Critical of China

How people in hong kong view mainland china and their own identity, in east asia, many people see china’s power and influence as a major threat, u.s.-germany relationship remains solid, but underlying policy differences begin to show, how views of the u.s., china and their leaders have changed over time, most popular, report materials.

1615 L St. NW, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036 USA (+1) 202-419-4300 | Main (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries

Research Topics

Age & Generations
Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Economy & Work
Family & Relationships
Gender & LGBTQ
Immigration & Migration
International Affairs
Internet & Technology
Methodological Research
News Habits & Media
Non-U.S. Governments
Other Topics
Politics & Policy
Race & Ethnicity
Email Newsletters

ABOUT PEW RESEARCH CENTER Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts .

IMAGES

Research methodology-mcq
Research methodology-mcq
Logical Reasoning
How to Write a Conclusion for a Lab Report
Research methodology-mcq
report writing in research methodology mcq

VIDEO

Dog People #6: Tokyo Scenesters
Pokémon Scarlet & Violet : The Indigo Disk
2023 BMW iX1 Review
mcq history
Research Methodology Quiz
Technician (Radiographer) NCL Previous Year) Question Paper 2020 (Most important MCQ for BMRIT ) #5

COMMENTS

PDF Chapter 13: Writing about Research
d Your plans for future research 10 The conclusion of a research report: a can introduce new information. b must be based only on material presented in the report. c is the same as the abstract except that it is presented at the end of the report. d should focus only on the findings of the research. Answers 1 A 2 A 3 C 4 A 5 B 6 D 7 C 8 B 9 C
Multiple Choice Quizzes
Multiple Choice Quizzes. Try these quizzes to test your understanding. 1. Research analysis is the last critical step in the research process. True. False. 2. The final research report where a discussion of findings and limitations is presented is the easiest part for a researcher. True.
MCQs on Research Report Writing [Additional 30 Questions] for NTA NET
In this Post You will get Additional 30 MCQs on Reseach Report Writing which is very helpful for the students of B. Com, M. Com, NTA NET and SLET Exam. More than 200 MCQs are added including the first part and more questions will be added soon. Research methodology Chapter wise MCQs are also available on our blog. Links are given below: a ...
Research Report MCQ [Free PDF]
Get Research Report Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ Quiz) with answers and detailed solutions. Download these Free Research Report MCQ Quiz Pdf and prepare for your upcoming exams Like Banking, SSC, Railway, UPSC, State PSC. ... While the abstract, observations, and conclusions are crucial for checking plagiarism, the focus is primarily on the ...
Research Report writing MCQs with answers
The purpose of the research report is to convey to the interested persons the whole result of a study in sufficient detail and to determine the validity of the conclusions. In this post, we have listed 21 Multiple Choice Questions on Report Writing with answers. 1. What is a legal report?
Chapter 16Drawing Conclusions and Writing Research
Chapter 16. Drawing Conclusions and Writing Research. Select the choice which best completes the statement, or answers the question, by clicking on the corresponding letter. Presents the conclusions and recommendations of the study. Presents the context for the research. Presents the background to the study. Presents the research proposal.
PDF Chapter 13
findings and to make recommendation on the basis of the conclusions. ANS: T PTS: 1 . 5. A graph is a method of presenting and arranging data that have been broken down by one or more systems of classification. ANS: F PTS: 1 . MULTIPLE CHOICE . 1. The research methodology section of the research report should include a brief description of a.
How to Write a Conclusion for Research Papers (with Examples)
Provide a brief description of your study: Enter details about your research topic and findings. This information helps Paperpal generate a tailored outline that aligns with your paper's content. Generate the conclusion outline: After entering all necessary details, click on 'generate'.
Research Paper Conclusion
Here are some steps you can follow to write an effective research paper conclusion: Restate the research problem or question: Begin by restating the research problem or question that you aimed to answer in your research. This will remind the reader of the purpose of your study. Summarize the main points: Summarize the key findings and results ...
Writing a Research Paper Conclusion
Table of contents. Step 1: Restate the problem. Step 2: Sum up the paper. Step 3: Discuss the implications. Research paper conclusion examples. Frequently asked questions about research paper conclusions.
Multiple Choice Questions
Fifth Edition. by Ranjit Kumar. Multiple Choice Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
The Research Process: A Quick Glance. Reviewing the Literature. Formulating a Research Problem. Identifying Variables. Constructing Hypotheses. The Research Design. Selecting a Study Design. Selecting a Method of Data Collection. Collecting Data Using Attitudinal Scales.
Chapter 2: Multiple choice questions
Question 1. What is a research design? a) A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory. b) The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods. c) The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. a graph. d) A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data.
Multiple choice quiz
3. What is a literature review? 4. Where is a literature review typically found in written-up research? 5. What would you expect to find in a methodology chapter in a piece of empirical research? 6. Should data and discussion of data be presented as two separate chapters? Never.
100 MCQS OF Research Methodology
Research Methodology Final Term Paper; 14..research mcqs 3 - Research Methodology MCQS by Sir khayyam; 10..research mcqs - Research Methodology MCQS by Sir khayyam ... Research should be driven only by desire to establish the _____. A) Information B) Conclusion **C) Truth** D) Planning E) All of these (65) Who provided Helsinki declarations for ...
What is the purpose of the conclusion in a research report?
The purpose is to remind the reader of the key findings of the research and relate these back to the original research questions or hypotheses. The conclusion serves as a bridge between this piece of work and anything that may follow. It points directions for further research, therefore, partly through reflecting on the limitations of the work ...
What is the purpose of the conclusion in a research report?
What is the purpose of the conclusion in a research report? A. it explains how concepts were operationally defined and measured: B. it contains a useful review of the relevant literature: C. it outlines the methodological procedures that were employed: D. it summarizes the key findings in relation to the research questions
PDF MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Subject Research Methodology Unit I
A. Multiple choice questions B. Dichotomous questions C. Open ended questions D. Structured questions Q 6. What are the core elements of a Research Process? A. Introduction; Data Collection; Data Analysis; Conclusions and Recommendations B. Executive Summary; Literature Review; Data Gathered; Conclusions; Bibliography
What is the purpose of the conclusion in a research report?
What is the purpose of the conclusion in a research report? A. it explains how concepts were operationally defined and measured. B. it summarizes the key findings in relation to the research questions. C. it contains a useful review of the relevant literature. D. it outlines the methodological procedures that were employed.
Types of Research Papers MCQ Quiz
Key Points . A Research Report is a comprehensive document presenting the methods, findings, and conclusions of a scientific study or experiment. It is written in a structured format and aims to provide detailed insight into the research conducted, allowing others to understand, reproduce, or further investigate the subject matter.
Research Methodology MCQ (Multiple Choice Questions)
a) Research refers to a series of systematic activity or activities undertaken to find out the solution to a problem. b) It is a systematic, logical and unbiased process wherein verification of hypotheses, data analysis, interpretation and formation of principles can be done. c) It is an intellectual inquiry or quest towards truth,
Report Writing Format with Templates and Sample Report
5. Research Report. Sometimes if you need to do some in-depth research, the best way to present that information is with a research report. Whether it's scientific findings, data and statistics from a study, etc., a research report is a great way to share your results. For the visuals in your research report, Visme offers millions of free stock ...
Research Review: Frequency of DDGS Supplementation Impacts Gains of
This article is a review of the 2024 Nebraska Beef Cattle Report, Strategies for DDGS Supplementation Frequency to Grazing Yearling Steers. The situation. Protein supplementation can be provided to cows daily, once every three days, or once every six days without impacting body weight or body condition score.
Are Markups Driving the Ups and Downs of Inflation?
Conclusion. Firms' pricing power may change over time, resulting in markup fluctuations. In this Letter, we examine whether increases in markups played an important role during the inflation surge between early 2021 and mid-2022 and if declines in markups have contributed to disinflation since then. Using industry-level data, we show that ...
Rain, rain, go away, come again another day: do climate variations
The revolution and rotation of the Earth and the Sun supply heat and create differential heating on earth. The movements and the 23.5° inclination of the Earth [] separate the oblate-ellipsoid-shaped earth into northern and southern hemispheres.Consequently, the division results in various climatic zones at different latitudes and dissimilar local temperatures (see Fig. 1) and affects the ...
Full article: Routine blood testing for "Forever Chemicals
Introduction. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) issued their "Guidance on Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) Exposure, Testing, and Clinical Follow-up Consensus Report" (hereafter referred to as the "NASEM PFAS Report") in July 2022 [Citation 1].As physician specialists in Medical Toxicology and Occupational and Environmental ...
What is the purpose of the conclusion in a research report?
A. it explains how concepts were operationally defined and measured. B. it contains a useful review of the relevant literature. C. it outlines the methodological procedures that were employed. D. it summarizes the key findings in relation to the research questions. Answer» D. it summarizes the key findings in relation to the research questions.
China's Approach to Foreign Policy Gets Largely ...
This Pew Research Center analysis focuses on public opinion of China and President Xi Jinping in 24 countries in North America, Europe, the Middle East, the Asia-Pacific region, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. The report explores views of China's role in the world, including as an economic power, and perceptions of Chinese soft power.

MCQs on Research Report Writing [Additional 30 Questions] for NTA NET and SLET Exam

MCQs on Research Report Writing Also useful for B.Com/M.Com, NTA NET / JRF and SET Exam

Posted by Kumar Nirmal Prasad

Post a Comment

Research Report writing MCQs with answers

Share this:

Leave a Comment Cancel reply

How to Write a Conclusion for Research Papers (with Examples)

Table of Contents

Frequently Asked Questions

Types of conclusions for research papers

How to write a research paper conclusion with Paperpal?

Related Reads:

7 Ways to Improve Your Academic Writing Process

Preflight For Editorial Desk: The Perfect Hybrid (AI + Human) Assistance Against Compromised Manuscripts

Research Paper Conclusion – Writing Guide and Examples

Research Paper Conclusion

Parts of Research Paper Conclusion

Restatement of the Thesis

Summary of Key Findings

Implications and Significance

Limitations and Recommendations

Concluding Statement

How to Write Research Paper Conclusion

Example of Research Paper Conclusion

Purpose of Research Paper Conclusion

When to Write Research Paper Conclusion

Characteristics of Research Paper Conclusion

Advantages of Research Paper Conclusion

Limitations of Research Paper Conclusion

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

You may also like

How to Cite Research Paper – All Formats and...

Data Collection – Methods Types and Examples

Delimitations in Research – Types, Examples and...

Research Paper Format – Types, Examples and...

Research Process – Steps, Examples and Tips

Research Design – Types, Methods and Examples

Research Methods in Early Childhood: An Introductory Guide

Help Others, Please Share

Learn Latest Tutorials

Preparation

Trending Technologies

B.Tech / MCA

Search Form

The situation

Cattle Production

Online Beef Cattle Production

Are Markups Driving the Ups and Downs of Inflation?

Potential drivers of inflation: Production costs and markups

The post-pandemic evolution of markups

The role of aggregate markups in the economy

Rain, rain, go away, come again another day: do climate variations enhance the spread of COVID-19?

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Transmission and symptoms of COVID-19

Methodology

The protocol review

Formulation of research questions

Systematic searching strategies

Appraisal of the quality

Data abstraction and analysis

Background of the selected articles

Temperature- and humidity-related themes

Regional area

Climate and weather

The relationship between temperature and humidity

Governmental disinfection actions and guidelines

Availability of data and materials

Abbreviations

Acknowledgements

Author information

Contributions

Corresponding author

Ethics declarations

Consent for publication

Additional information

Rights and permissions

About this article