environmental thesis topics in the philippines

Research Topics & Ideas: Environment

100+ Environmental Science Research Topics & Ideas

Finding and choosing a strong research topic is the critical first step when it comes to crafting a high-quality dissertation, thesis or research project. Here, we’ll explore a variety research ideas and topic thought-starters related to various environmental science disciplines, including ecology, oceanography, hydrology, geology, soil science, environmental chemistry, environmental economics, and environmental ethics.

NB – This is just the start…

The topic ideation and evaluation process has multiple steps . In this post, we’ll kickstart the process by sharing some research topic ideas within the environmental sciences. This is the starting point though. To develop a well-defined research topic, you’ll need to identify a clear and convincing research gap , along with a well-justified plan of action to fill that gap.

If you’re new to the oftentimes perplexing world of research, or if this is your first time undertaking a formal academic research project, be sure to check out our free dissertation mini-course. Also be sure to also sign up for our free webinar that explores how to develop a high-quality research topic from scratch.

Overview: Environmental Topics

• Ecology /ecological science
• Atmospheric science
• Oceanography
• Soil science
• Environmental chemistry
• Environmental economics
• Environmental ethics
• Examples  of dissertations and theses

Topics & Ideas: Ecological Science

• The impact of land-use change on species diversity and ecosystem functioning in agricultural landscapes
• The role of disturbances such as fire and drought in shaping arid ecosystems
• The impact of climate change on the distribution of migratory marine species
• Investigating the role of mutualistic plant-insect relationships in maintaining ecosystem stability
• The effects of invasive plant species on ecosystem structure and function
• The impact of habitat fragmentation caused by road construction on species diversity and population dynamics in the tropics
• The role of ecosystem services in urban areas and their economic value to a developing nation
• The effectiveness of different grassland restoration techniques in degraded ecosystems
• The impact of land-use change through agriculture and urbanisation on soil microbial communities in a temperate environment
• The role of microbial diversity in ecosystem health and nutrient cycling in an African savannah

Topics & Ideas: Atmospheric Science

• The impact of climate change on atmospheric circulation patterns above tropical rainforests
• The role of atmospheric aerosols in cloud formation and precipitation above cities with high pollution levels
• The impact of agricultural land-use change on global atmospheric composition
• Investigating the role of atmospheric convection in severe weather events in the tropics
• The impact of urbanisation on regional and global atmospheric ozone levels
• The impact of sea surface temperature on atmospheric circulation and tropical cyclones
• The impact of solar flares on the Earth’s atmospheric composition
• The impact of climate change on atmospheric turbulence and air transportation safety
• The impact of stratospheric ozone depletion on atmospheric circulation and climate change
• The role of atmospheric rivers in global water supply and sea-ice formation

Topics & Ideas: Oceanography

• The impact of ocean acidification on kelp forests and biogeochemical cycles
• The role of ocean currents in distributing heat and regulating desert rain
• The impact of carbon monoxide pollution on ocean chemistry and biogeochemical cycles
• Investigating the role of ocean mixing in regulating coastal climates
• The impact of sea level rise on the resource availability of low-income coastal communities
• The impact of ocean warming on the distribution and migration patterns of marine mammals
• The impact of ocean deoxygenation on biogeochemical cycles in the arctic
• The role of ocean-atmosphere interactions in regulating rainfall in arid regions
• The impact of ocean eddies on global ocean circulation and plankton distribution
• The role of ocean-ice interactions in regulating the Earth’s climate and sea level

Tops & Ideas: Hydrology

• The impact of agricultural land-use change on water resources and hydrologic cycles in temperate regions
• The impact of agricultural groundwater availability on irrigation practices in the global south
• The impact of rising sea-surface temperatures on global precipitation patterns and water availability
• Investigating the role of wetlands in regulating water resources for riparian forests
• The impact of tropical ranches on river and stream ecosystems and water quality
• The impact of urbanisation on regional and local hydrologic cycles and water resources for agriculture
• The role of snow cover and mountain hydrology in regulating regional agricultural water resources
• The impact of drought on food security in arid and semi-arid regions
• The role of groundwater recharge in sustaining water resources in arid and semi-arid environments
• The impact of sea level rise on coastal hydrology and the quality of water resources

Topics & Ideas: Geology

• The impact of tectonic activity on the East African rift valley
• The role of mineral deposits in shaping ancient human societies
• The impact of sea-level rise on coastal geomorphology and shoreline evolution
• Investigating the role of erosion in shaping the landscape and impacting desertification
• The impact of mining on soil stability and landslide potential
• The impact of volcanic activity on incoming solar radiation and climate
• The role of geothermal energy in decarbonising the energy mix of megacities
• The impact of Earth’s magnetic field on geological processes and solar wind
• The impact of plate tectonics on the evolution of mammals
• The role of the distribution of mineral resources in shaping human societies and economies, with emphasis on sustainability

Topics & Ideas: Soil Science

• The impact of dam building on soil quality and fertility
• The role of soil organic matter in regulating nutrient cycles in agricultural land
• The impact of climate change on soil erosion and soil organic carbon storage in peatlands
• Investigating the role of above-below-ground interactions in nutrient cycling and soil health
• The impact of deforestation on soil degradation and soil fertility
• The role of soil texture and structure in regulating water and nutrient availability in boreal forests
• The impact of sustainable land management practices on soil health and soil organic matter
• The impact of wetland modification on soil structure and function
• The role of soil-atmosphere exchange and carbon sequestration in regulating regional and global climate
• The impact of salinization on soil health and crop productivity in coastal communities

Topics & Ideas: Environmental Chemistry

• The impact of cobalt mining on water quality and the fate of contaminants in the environment
• The role of atmospheric chemistry in shaping air quality and climate change
• The impact of soil chemistry on nutrient availability and plant growth in wheat monoculture
• Investigating the fate and transport of heavy metal contaminants in the environment
• The impact of climate change on biochemical cycling in tropical rainforests
• The impact of various types of land-use change on biochemical cycling
• The role of soil microbes in mediating contaminant degradation in the environment
• The impact of chemical and oil spills on freshwater and soil chemistry
• The role of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in shaping water and soil chemistry
• The impact of over-irrigation on the cycling and fate of persistent organic pollutants in the environment

Topics & Ideas: Environmental Economics

• The impact of climate change on the economies of developing nations
• The role of market-based mechanisms in promoting sustainable use of forest resources
• The impact of environmental regulations on economic growth and competitiveness
• Investigating the economic benefits and costs of ecosystem services for African countries
• The impact of renewable energy policies on regional and global energy markets
• The role of water markets in promoting sustainable water use in southern Africa
• The impact of land-use change in rural areas on regional and global economies
• The impact of environmental disasters on local and national economies
• The role of green technologies and innovation in shaping the zero-carbon transition and the knock-on effects for local economies
• The impact of environmental and natural resource policies on income distribution and poverty of rural communities

Topics & Ideas: Environmental Ethics

• The ethical foundations of environmentalism and the environmental movement regarding renewable energy
• The role of values and ethics in shaping environmental policy and decision-making in the mining industry
• The impact of cultural and religious beliefs on environmental attitudes and behaviours in first world countries
• Investigating the ethics of biodiversity conservation and the protection of endangered species in palm oil plantations
• The ethical implications of sea-level rise for future generations and vulnerable coastal populations
• The role of ethical considerations in shaping sustainable use of natural forest resources
• The impact of environmental justice on marginalized communities and environmental policies in Asia
• The ethical implications of environmental risks and decision-making under uncertainty
• The role of ethics in shaping the transition to a low-carbon, sustainable future for the construction industry
• The impact of environmental values on consumer behaviour and the marketplace: a case study of the ‘bring your own shopping bag’ policy

Examples: Real Dissertation & Thesis Topics

While the ideas we’ve presented above are a decent starting point for finding a research topic, they are fairly generic and non-specific. So, it helps to look at actual dissertations and theses to see how this all comes together.

Below, we’ve included a selection of research projects from various environmental science-related degree programs to help refine your thinking. These are actual dissertations and theses, written as part of Master’s and PhD-level programs, so they can provide some useful insight as to what a research topic looks like in practice.

• The physiology of microorganisms in enhanced biological phosphorous removal (Saunders, 2014)
• The influence of the coastal front on heavy rainfall events along the east coast (Henson, 2019)
• Forage production and diversification for climate-smart tropical and temperate silvopastures (Dibala, 2019)
• Advancing spectral induced polarization for near surface geophysical characterization (Wang, 2021)
• Assessment of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter and Thamnocephalus platyurus as Tools to Monitor Cyanobacterial Bloom Development and Toxicity (Hipsher, 2019)
• Evaluating the Removal of Microcystin Variants with Powdered Activated Carbon (Juang, 2020)
• The effect of hydrological restoration on nutrient concentrations, macroinvertebrate communities, and amphibian populations in Lake Erie coastal wetlands (Berg, 2019)
• Utilizing hydrologic soil grouping to estimate corn nitrogen rate recommendations (Bean, 2019)
• Fungal Function in House Dust and Dust from the International Space Station (Bope, 2021)
• Assessing Vulnerability and the Potential for Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) in Sudan’s Blue Nile Basin (Mohamed, 2022)
• A Microbial Water Quality Analysis of the Recreational Zones in the Los Angeles River of Elysian Valley, CA (Nguyen, 2019)
• Dry Season Water Quality Study on Three Recreational Sites in the San Gabriel Mountains (Vallejo, 2019)
• Wastewater Treatment Plan for Unix Packaging Adjustment of the Potential Hydrogen (PH) Evaluation of Enzymatic Activity After the Addition of Cycle Disgestase Enzyme (Miessi, 2020)
• Laying the Genetic Foundation for the Conservation of Longhorn Fairy Shrimp (Kyle, 2021).

Looking at these titles, you can probably pick up that the research topics here are quite specific and narrowly-focused , compared to the generic ones presented earlier. To create a top-notch research topic, you will need to be precise and target a specific context with specific variables of interest . In other words, you’ll need to identify a clear, well-justified research gap.

Need more help?

If you’re still feeling a bit unsure about how to find a research topic for your environmental science dissertation or research project, be sure to check out our private coaching services below, as well as our Research Topic Kickstarter .

Need a helping hand?

You Might Also Like:

10 Comments

research topics on climate change and environment

I wish to learn things in a more advanced but simple way and with the hopes that I am in the right place.

Thank so much for the research topics. It really helped

the guides were really helpful

Research topics on environmental geology

Thanks for the research topics….I need a research topic on Geography

hi I need research questions ideas

I want the research on environmental planning and management

I want a topic on environmental sustainability

It good coaching

Submit a Comment Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

• Print Friendly

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List
• Int J Environ Res Public Health

Scoping Review of Climate Change and Health Research in the Philippines: A Complementary Tool in Research Agenda-Setting

Paul lester chua.

1 Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Inc., Rm. 406, Veria I Bldg., 62 West Avenue, Barangay West Triangle, Quezon City 1104, Philippines

2 Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8102, Japan

Miguel Manuel Dorotan

Jemar anne sigua, rafael deo estanislao, masahiro hashizume.

3 Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan

Miguel Antonio Salazar

4 Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

The impacts of climate change on human health have been observed and projected in the Philippines as vector-borne and heat-related diseases have and continue to increase. As a response, the Philippine government has given priority to climate change and health as one of the main research funding topics. To guide in identifying more specific research topics, a scoping review was done to complement the agenda-setting process by mapping out the extent of climate change and health research done in the country. Research articles and grey literature published from 1980 to 2017 were searched from online databases and search engines, and a total of 34 quantitative studies were selected. Fifty-three percent of the health topics studied were about mosquito-borne diseases, particularly dengue fever. Seventy-nine percent of the studies reported evidence of positive associations between climate factors and health outcomes. Recommended broad research themes for funding were health vulnerability, health adaptation, and co-benefits. Other notable recommendations were the development of open data and reproducible modeling schemes. In conclusion, the scoping review was useful in providing a background for research agenda-setting; however, additional analyses or consultations should be complementary for added depth.

1. Introduction

The Philippines is one of the most vulnerable nations where one can observe and project the impacts of climate change [ 1 ]. Climate change-induced temperature increases and rainfall variability are considered most likely to have the greatest impacts on the country [ 1 ]. The frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones originating in the Pacific are also increasing [ 2 ], albeit not definitive [ 3 ], and three of the highest recorded maximum gustiness occurred in this country in the last two decades, including Typhoon Haiyan. Studies found that climate change will continue to expose the vulnerabilities of the ecosystems, freshwater resources, coastal systems, agriculture, and fisheries in the Philippines, as well as human health. It was observed and projected that climate change affected, and will continue to affect increases in diseases—particularly vector- and waterborne diseases—as well as heat-related illnesses [ 1 ].

In 2015, the Philippine Government spent a total of 2.83 million USD for climate change adaptation (98%, 2.73 million USD) and mitigation (2%, 0.063 million USD) [ 4 ]. These were allocated to food security (3%), water sufficiency (54%), the ecology and environment (8%), human security (5%), climate-smart industries (0.4%), sustainable energy (26%), knowledge and capacity development (1.8%), and finance (0.8%) [ 4 ]. None had been allocated for health or spent under the health sector.

The lack of attention to the impacts of climate change on health was picked up by the Philippine National Health Research System (PNHRS), who included it in the National Unified Health Research Agenda 2017–2022 as one of the core topics under the Health Resiliency section [ 5 ]. To help map out and elaborate the current extent of this research field, a research agenda setting was conducted in 2018. As part of the agenda-setting process, a scoping review was done to help elaborate on and generate possible research themes and priorities for funding, and this paper presents the results of the review.

Since scoping reviews can be an arduous, yet transparent method for mapping research areas, some recently used it as either a stand-alone or supplementary tool in agenda-setting in various fields in health research [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Montesanti et al. used it as a sole tool in generating key research themes in primary health care in Canada to contribute to the efficient and equitable use of limited funding, and possibly reduced duplication [ 6 ]. Alternatively, Ajumobi et al. used a scoping review in developing introductory materials to guide the consultative process in setting Nigeria’s national malaria operational research agenda [ 7 ].

In the field of climate change and health, Hosking and Campbell-Lendrum used a scoping review to generate an overview of the entire field of climate change and health guided by the World Health Assembly priorities as a framework, including: (1) assessing risks, (2) identifying effective and cost-effective interventions, (3) measuring the co-benefits and co-harms of adaptation and mitigation, (4) improving decision support, and (5) estimating costs [ 10 ]. Recently, a more rigorous scoping review methodological framework for climate change and health was developed by Herlihy et al. to examine historical trends and provide a more extensive and inclusive overview of existing scientific literature on climate change and health based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) framework [ 11 ].

Similarly, the purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the existing literature on climate change and health research in the Philippines. The specific objectives of this review are to: (1) map out the health topics associated with climate change in the Philippines, (2) describe their methodologies, findings, and reported challenges, and (3) identify possible research priorities.

2. Materials and Methods

The methodology used was based on the approach outlined by Arksey and O’Malley, and search strategies by Herlihy et al. [ 11 , 12 ]. The review comprised: (1) identifying a broad research question, (2) identifying relevant studies, (3) selecting studies, (4) charting the data, (5) collating, summarizing, and reporting the results, and (6) consulting stakeholders. The research team came up with the broad question, “What are the characteristics, methodologies, and findings of the studies on climate/weather exposure and human health outcomes done in the Philippines?”

2.1. Search Strategy

The literature search was limited to online-based databases or search engines. Initially, a literature search was done using PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and the Web of Science on March 7, 2018. For grey literature, additional online databases and search engines were used, including the Health Research and Development Information Network (HERDIN), which is a research database of the Philippine Council for Health Research and Development, as well as OpenGrey, ProQuest, and Google on April 5–6, 2018. Grey literature were searched to expand the possibly small number of published articles in scientific journals. The search terms comprised broad terms on climate factors and health outcomes ( Table 1 ) [ 10 , 11 ].

Search keywords.

The literature search was limited from 1980 to 2017 (37 years) to possibly consider studies in the past. References of screened full-text articles and grey literature were manually searched for additional literature.

2.2. Eligibility Criteria

For published articles, only full-text original or research articles were selected, while grey literature were limited to full-text theses, dissertations, technical reports, and discussion papers. Clear statements of associations between climate factors and health outcomes were required. Climate factors were meteorological parameters, extreme weather events, air pollution, and atmosphere-ocean interaction phenomena. The Philippines had to be explicitly mentioned as a study site. In the case of multi-site studies, findings specifically for the Philippines should be present in the results or discussion section. Initially, both quantitative and qualitative studies were considered to further widen the selection pool of articles and papers; however, quantitative studies were only presented here to clearly articulate the results. Mixing the results and discussion with qualitative and/or mixed methods studies may limit the depth of the discussion. Only articles and grey literature written in English were included, because it is the language used in academia or business in the Philippines.

2.3. Screening

The abstracts and executive summaries were reviewed by two individuals looking for the keywords related to climate factors, human health outcomes, associations between exposures and outcomes, and the Philippines as the study site or one of the study sites. Studies with Filipino participants done outside the country were excluded (e.g., studies with overseas Filipino workers as participants). After the initial screening, each reviewer separately reviewed the full texts of the articles and papers. An eligibility criteria review was done to examine their content in terms of associations made between health outcomes and climate factors in the Philippines. For the purposes of this study, an association was loosely defined as any explicit textual statement on the attempt to relate health outcome(s) with climate factor(s). The results of the screening were discussed by two reviewers to reach a consensus on which should be included in the final selection list.

2.4. Characterization

The selected articles and papers were categorized based on the human health outcomes, climate factors, research design, methodologies, and country affiliations of the first authors which were researched. Further data on the study results were extracted to identify the specific details on the type of research and depth of the findings. To identify research themes, five climate and health themes by Smith et al. in one of the chapters of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report were adopted [ 13 ]. Apart from the purposes of brevity, this was selected because the eligibility criteria followed Smith et al.’s concept of linking primary exposure pathways by which climate change affects health outcomes. To guide the categorization of the articles, excerpts from their study objectives and results were used as a basis from which to identify which theme they fell under ( Table 2 ).

Criteria in classifying research themes (adopted from Smith et al. [ 13 ]).

2.5. Consultation

Initial results of the review were presented to 20 stakeholders from various offices in the Philippines with initiatives or interests in climate change and health, including government agencies, academia, and non-profit institutions, on May 16, 2018. Recommendations and feedback were sought. Some government institutions shared their studies for possible inclusion in the analysis.

2.6. Data Analysis

Data were encoded in a single Microsoft Excel 2013 spreadsheet (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA). Descriptive statistics were calculated for summary using MS Excel 2013. Excerpts from selected studies were coded by one author and validated by another.

2.7. Ethical Considerations

Since the lead institution (Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Inc) did not have an ethical review committee, the research protocol received ethical approval from the St. Cabrini Medical Center, Asian Eye Institute Ethics Review Committee (Makati City, Philippines), Protocol No. 2018-006.

After removing duplicates, a total of 757 studies (726 articles and 31 grey literature) were retrieved and initially reviewed for their abstracts. A majority (678 articles) were excluded since they were non-human health-related. Four grey literature found from HERDIN did not have executive summaries, and were not retrievable upon request from the authors. A total of 75 passed the abstract/executive summary review ( Figure 1 ). Upon full-text review, 16 studies were found to have no mention or analysis about climate factors and findings specifically for the Philippines. Fourteen had no retrievable full-text copies despite requesting from authors. Five were non-research studies. One article was retrieved from references of a published article. Additional three grey literature were shared by consultation participants, and only one passed the full-text review because the other two were about disaster risk reduction. A total of 40 articles and grey literature were found eligible for this review. Only 34 quantitative studies were presented here [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ].

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart of selection process.

3.1. General Characteristics

Seventy-nine percent (79%, 27/34) of the selected quantitative studies were articles published in scientific journals ( Table 3 ). Others were technical reports (9%, 3/34), theses/dissertations (6%, 2/34), a discussion article, and a conference paper. Sixty-eight percent (68%, 23/34) of the selected articles and papers were published/dated from 2011 to 2017, while only 11 were published in the previous decades. Health topics tackled in these studies were varied, but about half were on mosquito-borne diseases (53%, 18/34), mostly on dengue (50%, 17/34), and only two on malaria. Some were water-related (26%, 9/34), such as diarrheal diseases, helminth infections, and leptospirosis. Other communicable diseases that were studied were meningitis (6%, 2/34) and measles (3%, 1/34). Four (12%) were related to mortality due to non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. One (3%) studied malnutrition in children. Spatial resolutions of the selected studies were mostly city-level (47%, 16/34), and there were least on a region-level (15%, 5/34). Fifty-nine percent (59%, 20/34) of the institutional affiliations of the first authors were from Philippine institutions, while the remaining were from other countries, such as Japan and the US. Eighteen of the studies (53%) were funded by foreign institutions, while only two (6%) received funding from Philippine agencies.

General characteristics of selected studies.

3.2. Methodologies

Most of the studies (79%, 27/34) used time-series analysis as the research design in associating exposure variables and health outcomes, while the remaining used cross-sectional (9%, 3/34), process-based modeling (6%, 2/34), Bayesian modeling (3%, 1/34), and fuzzy association rule mining (FARM) (3%, 1/34) ( Table 4 ). A time-series study also applied a case-crossover design, which used case days (two control days per case day).

Methodological characteristics of selected studies.

Among the time-series studies, six (22%) simply visualized patterns from time-series plots [ 28 , 31 , 39 , 40 , 43 , 47 ], while the rest used a variety of statistical models. Eight (30%) used general linear models (i.e., simple and multiple linear regressions) [ 27 , 32 , 34 , 35 , 38 , 41 , 44 , 45 ], eight (30%) used generalized linear models (e.g., quasi-poisson/poisson models and distributed lag nonlinear models) [ 15 , 19 , 22 , 25 , 33 , 36 , 42 ], two (7%) used autoregressive models (i.e., autoregressive integrated moving average models and seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average models) [ 37 , 44 ], two (7%) used wavelet analysis [ 16 , 20 ], and four (15%) used other kinds of models (i.e., general additive model [ 14 , 15 ], spectral analysis [ 18 ], dynamic linear model [ 16 ], and transfer entropy [ 46 ]). The temporal resolutions used in the time-series studies were daily (19%, 5/27), weekly (15%, 4/27), monthly (63%, 17/27), and annual (7%, 2/27). Only 33% of these studies (9/27) considered temporal lags of exposure to health outcomes [ 14 , 15 , 18 , 22 , 25 , 36 , 37 , 42 , 44 ]. All analyzed short-term associations of disease patterns were on preceding and concurrent exposure, but only seven studies controlled temporal trends and seasonal patterns [ 14 , 15 , 22 , 25 , 36 , 37 , 42 ]. Two studies explored longer-term associations with annual data and atmosphere-ocean interaction phenomena. One study using SARIMA forecasted monthly dengue incidence from 2011 to 2014 [ 37 ], and a study projected dengue, malaria, and cholera cases to 2020 and 2050 using general linear models [ 44 ].

The two process-based modeling studies (i.e., CLIMEX and the susceptible-infected-recovered model) were hybrid models incorporating time-series [ 17 , 24 ]. The three cross-sectional studies used descriptive statistics to present associations between dry/wet seasons and health outcomes. One study applied the Bayesian logistic geostatistical model for schistosomiasis [ 21 ]. Only two models forecasted health outcomes (i.e., the CLIMEX model for malaria prevalence and FARM predictor model for dengue incidence). The CLIMEX model projected malaria prevalence up to year 2100 based on eco-physiological suitability for mosquitoes. Similarly, the predictor model purposively predicted dengue outbreaks four weeks in advance based on environmental predictors related to suitability for mosquitoes.

Based on the exposure variables, 27 studies (79%) used various meteorological parameters, five (15%) used extreme weather events, three (9%) used atmosphere-ocean interaction phenomena, and three (9%) used wet and dry seasons. The meteorological parameters used were rainfall (100%, 27/27), air temperature (89%, 24/27), humidity (67%, 18/27), sunshine hours (4%, 1/27), sea-level pressure (4%, 1/27), wind speed (4%, 1/27), and dew-point temperature (4%, 1/27). Most of the studies’ sources (56%, 19/34) of these parameters was the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), which routinely observes these parameters via synoptic weather stations. Other sources were the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (18%, 6/34), WorldClim (6%, 2/34), CliMond (3%, 1/34), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources (3%, 1/34). For rainfall, three studies used counts of rainy days rather than using the total/mean rainfall in millimeters. The extreme weather events used were high temperature days (categorized by high temperature percentiles), heatwaves (consecutive days with high temperature percentiles), and typhoons. For the atmosphere-ocean interaction phenomena, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices (i.e., Southern Oscillation Index, Oceanic Niño Index, and ENSO years) and the sea-surface temperature were used.

In terms of outcome variables, the most common (44%, 15/34) was surveillance data from the Philippine Department of Health and a non-government active surveillance. These were secondary data from the existing surveillance system of selected public hospitals and clinics. Nine studies (26%) used hospital admissions data, in which five were primary and four were secondary medical records. Four studies (12%) using mortality data were from vital statistical records of the Philippine Statistics Authority. Three (8%) used data from government- and foreign-funded national surveys for schistosomiasis, enteric protozoans, and poverty, while others were hospital outpatient-, community-, and school-based human and non-human samples that were collected.

3.3. Findings

Eighty-two percent (28/34) of the studies reported associations between exposures and health outcomes, with 27 studies (79%) reporting positive associations [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 47 ], and six studies (18%) reporting negative associations [ 16 , 19 , 34 , 36 , 46 , 47 ]. Fifteen studies (44%) reported no or insignificant associations [ 19 , 24 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 44 , 46 , 47 ].

For the 15 time-series studies of dengue incidence, 47% (7/15) reported significant positive associations with air temperature (i.e., mean, minimum, and/or maximum) [ 18 , 33 , 34 , 38 , 41 , 42 , 47 ], while only two reported a negative association with maximum temperature [ 34 , 44 ]. By selecting only El Niño years in 1997–1999, Naragdao (2001) found that the mean air temperature associations had higher effect to dengue incidence in the Iloilo province (from a coefficient of 0.0118 in pre-El Niño years of 1990–1996, to a coefficient 2.0174 in El Niño years of 1997–1999) [ 42 ]. For rainfall, 47% (7/15) of the dengue studies reported positive associations [ 18 , 27 , 33 , 37 , 42 , 43 , 47 ], while three reported negative associations [ 19 , 44 , 46 ]. Agustin found that years with La Niña (phenomena with abnormally high rainfall) were positively associated with dengue incidence [ 41 ]. Other positive associations with dengue incidence were relative humidity (33%, 5/15) [ 18 , 42 , 47 ] and maximum sea-level pressure (7%, 1/15) [ 33 ]. For a study on dengue virus samples, its minimum infection rate was found to be positively associated with relative humidity [ 19 , 37 , 38 , 44 , 46 ]. On the other hand, studies reported insignificant associations ( p > 0.05) between dengue incidence and relative humidity (40%, 6/15) [ 19 , 33 , 35 , 37 , 38 , 41 ], rainfall (27%, 4/15) [ 34 , 35 , 38 , 41 ], air temperature (20%, 3/15) [ 19 , 27 , 35 ], and minimum sea-level pressure (7%, 1/15) [ 33 ].

Two studies on malaria incidence revealed associations with air temperature and rainfall. For air temperature, positive associations were found with maximum and mean temperatures [ 44 , 47 ]. However, Lorenzo et al. found a negative association with total monthly rainfall [ 44 ], while PAGASA found a positive association with total monthly rainfall. Both found insignificant associations between malaria incidence and relative humidity [ 47 ].

For communicable respiratory diseases, interesting associations with exposures were found. Acute respiratory infection prevalence was positively associated with wind speed, but insignificantly associated with relative humidity, mean temperature, and accumulated rainfall [ 45 ]. Pneumonia incidence in children less than three years old was negatively associated with sunshine hours with a cumulative 60 day lag (relative risk (RR) of 0.67 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.52–0.87)), but not associated with rainy days, relative humidity, and mean temperature with a cumulative 60 day lag [ 25 ]. For influenza and the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), positive associations were found with mean temperature and specific humidity, but negative associations were found with relative humidity and precipitation [ 24 ]. Both influenza and RSV had no association with the number of rainy days per week [ 24 ].

In water-related diseases, three studies observed that diarrhea incidence would peak during the rainy season, particularly the months with highest total rainfall [ 26 , 30 , 39 ]. Additionally, three studies on cholera incidence revealed positive associations with monthly rainfall and mean monthly relative humidity [ 39 , 44 , 47 ]. In addition, a study found a negative association with maximum temperature [ 44 ]. One study on leptospirosis using spectral analysis found a positive correlation between least-square-fitting curves of leptospirosis with rainfall, but an insignificant association with mean temperature [ 18 ]. On the other hand, acute bloody diarrhea and typhoid fever incidence was found to be unassociated with mean temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity [ 46 ]. For soil-transmitted helminthiases, the land surface temperature was positively associated with prevalence odds of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura , and negatively associated with the prevalence of hookworm infections [ 21 ]. Additionally, T. trichiura prevalence odds was found to be positively associated with rainfall [ 21 ].

For other communicable diseases, one study observed that meningitis occurred more during the dry-cool season [ 29 ]. Other studies on measles and meningitis found insignificant associations with mean temperature and rainfall [ 47 ]. For malnutrition, Salvacion observed high and low total rainfall months to be associated with rates of malnourished children under five years old [ 32 ]. In the summer months, the high mean temperature months were found to be negatively associated with the rate of malnourished children [ 32 ].

Four studies by Seposo et al. (2015, 2016, 2017, and 2017) explored the effects of extreme heat and heatwaves to mortality (i.e., due to diabetes and cardiovascular, respiratory, and multiple causes) in selected cities [ 14 , 15 , 22 , 36 ]. They found that extreme temperatures (i.e., 95th and 99th percentiles of mean temperature) with a cumulative 15 day lag led to high risks in mortality [pooled RR of 2.48 (95% CI: 1.55–3.98)] [ 15 ]. The minimum mortality temperature was observed at the 75th percentile of mean temperature (i.e., ~28 °C) [ 15 ]. However, the temperature-mortality relationships showed a U-shaped pattern with elevated risks at the extremes of the temperature range [ 15 ]. For example, the first temperature percentile RR was 1.23 (95% CI: 0.88–1.72) [ 15 ]. They also found that higher risks were particularly observed in respiratory mortality, women, and people aged >64 years [ 15 ]. In the city of Manila (capital of the Philippines), the effect modification of age in the 99th temperature percentile-mortality relationship were increasing with RRs of 1.23 (95% CI: 1.07–1.41) for ages of 0–14 years of age, 1.31 (95% CI: 1.18–1.46) for 15–64 years of age, and 1.53 (95% CI: 1.31–1.80) for >64 years of age [ 22 ]. For diabetes mortality, the highest RR with extreme temperature was observed with a shorter cumulative lag of 7 days [RR: 1.61 (95% CI: 1.21–2.15)] compared to 21 days [RR: 1.55 (95% CI: 1.06–2.29)] [ 14 ]. On the other hand, the heatwave effect to all-cause mortality was found to be insignificant and mostly negative [ 36 ].

For the studies using process-based models, findings were presented in a different manner. Khormi and Kumar observed that the Philippines had suitable to highly suitable conditions (i.e., ecoclimate conditions comprising mosquito growth and stress indices) for the mosquitoes to survive and for malaria transmission in the reference years of 1950–2000 [ 17 ]. Based on ecoclimate conditions in 2100, projections show an overall reduction in the climate suitability for Anopheles in the Philippines because of changes in heat stress, causing large areas to have heat stress beyond the maximum survival values for the malaria vector (>40°C) [ 17 ]. Using the susceptible-infected-recovered (compartmental) model, Paynter et al. modeled the seasonal peak and troughs of respiratory syncytial virus transmission [ 24 ]. They found that rainfall seasonal troughs occurred consistently post 17–18 weeks after the centre of yearly RSV epidemics [ 24 ]. However, they did not see such a lag pattern when visually compared to relative humidity, dew point, and mean temperature [ 24 ]. For the Buczak et al.’s prediction model using FARM, findings reported were about the model’s considerably high accuracy in predicting weekly dengue incidence in Philippines provinces four weeks in advance [ 23 ]. They explained that creating rules/fuzzy sets of meteorological and climate parameters based on existing literature was enough to predict dengue outbreaks [ 23 ].

3.4. Challenges and Recommendations

Majority of the studies (62%, 21/34) did not report limitations related to climate change and health [ 18 , 19 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 43 , 46 ]. With the ones reporting limitations, recurring statements of limitation were related to poor data quality (35%, 12/34) [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 34 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 47 ], as studies reported a lack of long daily time-series data [ 16 , 34 ], significant missing values [ 22 , 42 , 44 , 45 ], and unavailable geographical or spatial data [ 15 , 16 ]. Apart from these limitations, other vital environmental parameters like air pollution [ 14 , 15 , 22 ] and migration [ 20 ] were not available to further provide depth in the data analysis. To reduce such limitations, Buczak et al. recommended investing in data quality and monitoring improvements so that disease incidence surveillance and meteorological parameters can be accurate, reliable, and accessible [ 29 ].

Further analyses were also recommended: (1) in associating climate/weather variables and health outcomes by using advanced modelling techniques [ 18 , 24 , 27 , 45 , 46 ]; (2) in verifying harvesting, temporary increase in deaths, and effect modification by socioeconomic factors [ 14 , 15 ]; (3) by expanding to other study sites [ 21 , 33 , 44 , 45 ]; and (4) in exploring evidence of causality between exposure and health outcomes [ 25 , 45 ].

Frequently recommended use of the study findings was to serve as a basis in improving policy and programmatic implementation (56%, 19/34) [ 14 , 15 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 27 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 38 , 41 , 42 , 44 ]. An example was the suggestion of Cabrera (1985) in delivering deworming tablets twice a year because of the seasonality of reinfection of helminths in children, which was determined during low rainfall months [ 31 ]. Another example was related to intensified vector control for dengue (21%, 7/34), especially during the rainy season or months with high rainfall [ 19 , 20 , 27 , 33 , 35 , 38 , 41 ]. Predictive models were also deemed useful as part of an early warning system for disease prevention and control programmes [ 14 , 15 , 19 , 22 , 23 ] or for extreme weather events like heat waves [ 36 ]. Furthermore, Naragdao suggested the need for multidisciplinary collaboration across sectors due to the complexity of climate change impacts [ 42 ]. Seposo et al. found that the regulation of room temperature for individuals with non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular diseases and diabetes should be explored to reduce risk during summer days with extreme temperature [ 36 ].

3.5. Research Themes

Sixty-eight percent (23/34) of the studies were under the theme of “Ecosystem-Mediated Impacts of Climate Change on Health Outcomes” ( Table 5 ), with topics related to vector-borne and water-related diseases. The next theme was “Vulnerability to Disease and Injury Due to Climate Variability and Climate Change” (12%, 4/34) with studies about the vulnerability of age groups and gender. The rest of the studies were categorized under “Direct Impacts of Climate and Weather on Health” (32%, 11/34), “Adaptation to Protect Health” (12%, 4/34), and “Health Impacts Heavily Mediated through Human Institutions” (3%, 1/34). None were categorized under “Co-Benefits”.

Research themes of selected studies.

4. Discussion

This study presented the overview of climate change and health studies done in the Philippines. Selected research articles and grey literature were descriptively analyzed to summarize their general characteristics, methods, findings, limitations, and recommendations, as well as to categorize their research themes. Based on the results, recommended research priorities for funding, limitations of the review, and pointers about research agenda setting are discussed as follows.

4.1. Research Gaps and Priorities

There were actually not enough studies retrieved, thus making the identification of research gaps not as straightforward as it could be. When looking at the research themes with the least number of studies, there were apparent gaps in research topics on the “Vulnerability to Disease and Injury Due to Climate Variability and Climate Change”, “Adaptation to Protect Health”, “Health Impacts Heavily Mediated through Human Institutions”, and “Co-Benefits”. These research topics remain broad but can potentially produce valuable findings and offer key solutions to several existing problems. For a country with considerable vulnerability to extreme weather events and climate change, prioritizing health vulnerabilities and health adaptation research is an easy recommendation because it potentially addresses present and near-future issues [ 48 ]. These can also generate tangible evidence and technology that can be relatively appreciated by policy-makers and the general public.

Another topic that can potentially be appreciated by the general public is co-benefits research. It is a good priority topic for funding, as such studies can quantify co-health benefits in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from major sources like transportation, food and agriculture, energy generation, and industries [ 49 ]. This research also touched on air pollution research, such as measurements of the impacts of climate-altering pollutants on health, which were not retrieved from the literature search. These can pave the way for creating and supporting mitigation policies and legislations across non-health sectors [ 49 ]. The lack of co-benefit studies retrieved may be explained by the complex interdisciplinary approach required from sectors who do not usually collaborate with one another. Thus, apart from providing research funding, workshops and events for establishing climate change research collaborations may be considered to be organized in the future to initiate an exchange of ideas.

A recurring study limitation was data unavailability and poor quality. Local sources of secondary data on health outcomes and meteorological parameters were reported to have limitations on their quality, accuracy, and reliability. These sources are also not openly available, and have limitations due to the current data privacy policies. A possible reason behind this is that these data sources are not made to cater for modeling studies. Since many time-series analysis studies rely on such data, better data monitoring and storage should be included as a priority project alongside such research projects. Exploring the possibility of developing open and anonymized health outcomes and climate change data from existing local databases can unlock a revolution of modeling studies.

Apart from developing better databases, a possible research topic that can be prioritized is the development of standardized and reproducible modeling scheme(s) so that studies can be compared and combined. This considers the limitations in the geographical setting and political setup of the Philippines. Beyond modeling or ecological studies, quantifying causality through (nested) cohort studies, although complex and expensive, can be considered to be developed.

4.2. Limitations

A number of limitations can be noted from this scoping review. The studies presented only included quantitative studies, although there were six qualitative and mixed-method studies retrieved. These kinds of studies, although small in number, can provide different insights, particularly in regard to the perceptions, habits, and adaptation practices of people. These are data that cannot be clearly captured using quantitative methods.

Also, the selection of quantitative studies excluded disaster risk reduction (DRR) studies. For example, flooding-related studies were not selected because they were mainly related with DRR. In reality, DRR and climate change studies have commonalities and share risk pathways to health outcomes [ 50 ]. Exclusion of studies with no measurements of health outcomes may have also averted the inclusion of relevant studies related with climate change.

Indeed, IPCC research themes provided a simple guide in identifying potential research priorities for funding. However, it fails to provide specific health topics to focus on. From the retrieved studies, dengue was the most researched, but this does not necessarily mean that dengue has been studied well without analyzing the quality of the research and evidence found. The descriptive nature of the scoping review limits such analyses. A possibility method of narrowing down the amount of health topics to focus on is by considering the top causes of mortality and morbidity, or what are the current political priorities. Topics that can have implications to climate change can be the selected as the priority topics. In this way, selection of topics to be funded by the government remains valuable and of interest to the government.

The literature search was not exhaustive enough because it was limited to what was available online. Although there were some literature retrieved from the consultation, this undermines other studies from academic institutions and other unrepresented agencies working on climate change research.

4.3. Research Agenda-Setting

The full process conducted in the research agenda setting for climate change and health comprised: (1) scoping review, (2) stakeholder analysis, and (3) consultation meetings. The sole purpose of the scoping review in the agenda-setting was to provide the needed background for the stakeholders in guiding their decision-making in selecting the final research priority topics for funding and generating the roadmap for climate change and health research. Although scoping reviews can be a standalone tool in setting research agenda, this was not done because of the possible disconnection with the local stakeholders’ interests, knowledge, and skills. The power in selecting the final research agenda was still with stakeholders and driven by their own individual or group interests. However, overall, the findings from the scoping review allow the stakeholders to see how their interests fit in the current evidence and gaps, thus discouraging any possible redundancies. Furthermore, any disconnections between the stakeholders and scoping review findings can be beneficial for the funding agencies in possibly considering support of the development of human resources for climate change and health through scholarships and training.

5. Conclusions

The use of scoping reviews supports the process of research agenda-setting. This particular study provided an overview of the current status of climate and health research in the Philippines, which allowed for identification of certain gaps and possible research topic priorities, such as health vulnerability, health adaptation, and co-benefits. However, the broad results should require additional analysis or a consultation workshop to conclusively select more specific health research topics for funding.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank all the participants of the consultation for providing meaningful critique and recommendations for the scoping review.

Author Contributions

P.L.C. wrote the manuscript. P.L.C. and J.A.S. did the abstract and full-text reviews. M.M.D. and R.D.E. reviewed the results of the selection process. M.M.D., M.A.S., and R.D.E. facilitated the consultation. M.A.S. provided guidance in structuring manuscript and categorizing research themes. M.M.D., R.D.E., M.A.S., and M.H. reviewed and improved the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

The Philippine Council for Health Research and Development funded this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Environmental Restorative Justice in the Philippines: The Innovations and Unfinished Business in Waterways Rehabilitation

• First Online: 20 September 2022

Cite this chapter

• Jennifer Marie S. Amparo 4 ,
• Ana Christina M. Bibal 5 ,
• Deborah Cleland 6 ,
• Ma. Catriona E. Devanadera 7 ,
• Aaron M. Lecciones 8 ,
• Maria Emilinda T. Mendoza 9 &
• Emerson M. Sanchez 10  

507 Accesses

Almost 30 years ago in 2003, Filipino lawyer Antonio Oposa and colleagues successfully took the country’s Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) to court on behalf of future generations, symbolised through their children. Since then, calls for environmental justice—both for those not yet born and the elements of our natural world that cannot speak for themselves—have grown globally. Judicial innovators in the Philippines have more recently also made ground-breaking orders for entire catchments to be restored under the constitutional right to ‘a healthful and balanced ecology’. In this chapter, the authors explore the possibility for bringing these ideas together in a uniquely Filipino form of environmental restorative justice (ERJ). They investigate the possibilities and the barriers for healing environmental harm in the Philippines through three applied case studies of highly polluted waterways.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

• Available as PDF
• Read on any device
• Instant download
• Own it forever
• Available as EPUB and PDF
• Compact, lightweight edition
• Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
• Free shipping worldwide - see info
• Durable hardcover edition

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

From River Basins to Landscapes—Holistic Legal Constructs and Their Differentiation

Managing the Fraser River Basin

Wicked Environmental Problems in Bañado La Estrella: Floods and Water Pollution of the Pilcomayo Basin and their Impact on Indigenous and Rural Communities

The Administrative Order No. 23-2008 Designation of Special Courts to hear, try, and decide on Environmental Cases designated 117 courts as environmental courses for ‘efficient administration of justice and pursuant to Section 23 of BP Bldg 129 An Act Reorganising the Judiciary, Appropriating Funds therefor, and for other purposes ’.

Alfafara, C., Maguyon, M. C., Laurio, M. V., Migo, V., Trinidad, L., Ompad, E., Amparo J. M. S. & Mendoza, M. (2012). Scale-up and operating factors for electrolytic silver recovery from effluents of artisanal used-gold-jewelry smelting plants in the Philippines. Journal of Health and Pollution , 2 (3), 32–42.

Article   Google Scholar  

Allen, T. (1993). The Philippine children’s case: Recognising legal standing for future generations. Geo. Int’l Envtl. L. Rev. , 6 , 713.

Google Scholar  

Amparo, J. (2021). Dynamics of social-ecological traps: The case of small-scale fisheries in the Philippines (Dissertation/Thesis). Retrieved from: https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/219982 (last accessed 27 January 2022).

Amparo, J. M. S., Geges, D. B., Malenab, M. C. T., Visco, E. S., Mendoza, M. E. T., Jimena, C. E. G., Saguiguit, S. L. C., Mendoza, M. D., & Ibanez, L. O. (2017a). A balancing act: Managing multiple pressures to fisheries and fish farming in the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando river system, Philippines. In P. Guillotreau, A. Bundy, & R. I. Perry (Eds.), Global change in marine systems (pp. 157–170). London: Routledge.

Chapter   Google Scholar  

Amparo, J. M. S., Talavera, M. T. M., Barrion, A. S. A., Mendoza, M. E. T., & Dapito, M. B. (2017b). Assessment of fish and shellfish consumption of coastal barangays along the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System (MMORS), Philippines. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition , 23(2), 263–277.

Arcala Hall, R., Abansi, C. L., & Lizada, J. C. (2018). Laws, institutional arrangements, and policy instruments. In A. Rola, J. Pulhin, & R. Arcala Hall (Eds.), Water policy in the Philippines: Global issues in water policy , Vol. 8 (pp. 41–64). Springer, Cham.

BFAR Region 3 (2013). Bulacan Fisheries Profile. Presented at the HSBC Ecoday Camp Conference, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), Manila Philippines.

Blacksmith Institute. (2007). The World’s Worst Polluted Places, Blacksmith Institute, New York. Available from: http://www.google.com.au/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CCYQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worstpolluted.org%2Freports%2Ffile%2F2007%2520Report%2520updated%25202009.pdf&ei=dVrCUHEK8ukkwXpoYGYBQ&usg=AFQjCNFYRjIW1PI52mEU289e0Q6Dj3d8Jg&sig2=JPa_3j8UE2V20BNbj7zb1w&bvm=bv.70810081,d.dGI (Accessed 7 December 2014).

Blacksmith Institute (2009). The world’s worst polluted places . New York: Blacksmith Institute. Retrieved from: http://www.worstpolluted.org (last accessed 1 September 2021).

Brozas, B. (2019, January 30). 15 pabrika ng leather sa Bulacan ipinasara ng DENR. Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved from: https://radyo.inquirer.net/160790/15-pabrika-ng-leather-sa-bulacan-ipanasara-ng-denr/ (last accessed 16 November 2021).

Cabalda, M. V., Banaag, M. A., Tidalgo, P. N. T., & Garces, R. B. (2002). Sustainable development in the Philippine minerals industry: A baseline study (Report No. 184; Mining, Mineral and Sustainable Development Project of the International Institute for Environment and Development). International Institute for Environment and Development, World Business Council for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: https://pubs.iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/G00614.pdf (last accessed 27 January 2022).

Camba, A. A. (2016). Philippine mining capitalism: The changing terrains of struggle in the neoliberal mining regime. ASEAS—Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies , 9 (1), 71–88.

Cerilles, A. H. (1999, February 16). (Letter to Teodoro C. Gabor). Photocopy in possession of MACEC.

Cinco, M. (2016, November 9). Groups support refiling of suit vs Marcopper. Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved from: https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/842402/groups-support-refiling-of-suit-vs-marcopper (last accessed 5 March 2017).

Cinco, M. (2020, November 26). Toxic substances found in Marinduque mine site. Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved from: https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1364952/toxic-substances-found-in-marinduque-mine-site (last accessed 14 April 2021).

Constitution of the Philippines (1987). Retrieved from: https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ (last accessed 27 January 2022).

Coronado, F. F., Unciano, N. M., Cabacang, R. M., & Hernandez, J. T. (2016). Removal of heavy metal compounds from industrial wastes using a novel locally-isolated Vanrija sp. HMAT2. Philippine Journal of Science , 145 (4), 327–338.

Coronel, S. S., & Tordesillas, E. (1998, March 18). The grandmother of all scams . Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. Retrieved from: https://old.pcij.org/stories/the-grandmother-of-all-scams/ (last accessed 16 April 2021).

Coumans, C., (2002, April). The successful struggle against submarine tailings disposal in Marinduque, Philippines. Marinduque Council for Environmental Concerns. Retrieved from: https://miningwatch.ca/sites/default/files/marinduque_std_struggle_0.pdf (last accessed 21 November 2021).

David, C.P.C. (2011). Pollution loading in the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System, EAS Conference , Manila. Retrieved from: http://pemsea.org/eascongress/international-conference/presentation_t6-2_david.pdf (last accessed 7 December 2014).

Davide Jr, H. G., & Vinson, S. (2010). Green courts initiative in the Philippines. J. Ct. Innovation , 3 , 121.

De la Cruz, G. (2017, March 25). Look back: The 1996 Marcopper mining disaster [News site]. Rappler. Retrieved from: http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/disasters/165051-look-back-1996-marcopper-mining-disaster (last accessed 27 March 2017).

DENR (2012). Saving the last coastal frontier: Framework plan for the coastal lagoons of Las Piñas and Parañaque . Quezon City: Department of Environment and Natural Resources.

Dieta, R. E., & Dieta, F. C. (2015). The Philippine national aquasilviculture program. In Resource enhancement and sustainable aquaculture practices in Southeast Asia: Challenges in responsible production of Aquatic Species. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia 2014 (RESA) (pp. 77–83). Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center.

Estoque, R. C., & Murayama, Y. (2015). Classification and change detection of built-up lands from Landsat-7 ETM+ and Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS imageries: A comparative assessment of various spectral indices. Ecological Indicators , 56 , 205–217.

Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas System (E-NIPAS) Act (2018). Retrieved from: https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2018/06jun/20180622-RA-11038-RRD.pdf (last accessed 27 January 2022).

Forsyth, M., Cleland, D., Tepper, F., Hollingworth, D., Soares, M., Nairn, A., & Wilkinson, C. A (2021). A future agenda for environmental restorative justice? The International Journal of Restorative Justice , 4(1), 17–40.

Friess, D. A., Rogers, K., Lovelock, C. E., Krauss, K. W., Hamilton, S. E., Lee, S. Y., Lucas, R. Jurgenne, P., Rajkaran, A., & Shi, S. (2019). The state of the world’s mangrove forests: past, present, and future. Annual Review of Environment and Resources , 44 , 89–115.

Gabasan, R. (2006). Policy paper on fisherfolk settlement . Quezon City, Philippines.: Ateneo de Manila University.

Gatmaytan, D. B. (2002). The illusion of intergenerational equity: Oposa v. Factoran as Pyrrhic victory. Geo. Int’l Envtl. L. Rev. , 15 , 457.

Gera, W. (2016). Public participation in environmental governance in the Philippines: The challenge of consolidation in engaging the state. Land Use Policy , 52 , 501–510.

Greenpeace. (2007). The state of water resources in the Philippines. Quezon City, Philippines: Greenpeace Southeast Asia.

La Viña, A. G. (1994). The right to a sound environment in the Philippines: The significance of the Minors Oposa Case. Rev. Eur. Comp. & Int’l Envtl. L. , 3 , 246.

La Viña, A. G. (2014). After more than 100 years of environmental law, what’s next for the Philippines? Philippine Law Journal Centennial , 195–239.

Lecciones, A. M., & Devanadera, M. E. (2021). Rapid assessment of Wetland Ecosystem Services of the Las Pinas Paranaque Wetland Park . Unpublished Manuscript.

Macdonald, I., & Southall, K. (2005). Mining ombudsman case report: Marinduque Island . Melbourne: Oxfam Australia.

Magno, F. A. (1999). Environmental movements in the Philippines. In Y. Lee & A. So (Eds.), Asia’s environmental movements: Comparative perspectives (pp. 143–173). New York: M.E. Sharp.

Malenab, M. C., Visco, E., Geges, D., Amparo, J. M., Torio, D., & Jimena, C. E. (2016). Analysis of the integrated water resource management in a water quality management area in the Philippines: The case of Meycauayan-Marilao-Obando river system. Journal of Environmental Science and Management , 19(2), 84–98.

Mapalad, A. L. (2000, February 28). (Letter to Horacio C. Ramos). Photocopy in possession of MACEC.

Mayuga, J. L. (2020, March 4). DENR moves to rehab rivers ruined by Marcopper mining disaster. Business Mirror . Retrieved from: https://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/03/04/denr-moves-to-rehab-rivers-ruined-by-marcopper-mining-disaster/ (last accessed 15 April 2021).

Metropolitan Manila Development Authority v. Concerned Residents of Manila Bay, G.R. Nos. 171947-48, December 18, 2008, Philippine Supreme Court. Retrieved from: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2008/dec2008/gr_171947_2008.html (last accessed 27 January 2022).

Nem Singh, J. T., & Camba, A. A. (2016). Neoliberalism, resource governance, and the everyday politics of protest in the Philippines. In J. Elias & L. Rethel (Eds.), The Everyday Political Economy of Southeast Asia (pp. 49–71). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Oposa v. Factoran (1993). G.R. No. 101083, July 30, 1993. Retrieved from: https://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1993/jul1993/gr_101083_1993.html (last accessed 15 April 2021).

Pleto, J. V. R. (2015). Assessment of different bioremediation strategies on the environmental quality of the aquaculture ponds of Brgy.[Village] Nagbalon, Marilao and Brgy. Liputan, Meycauayan, Bulacan, Philippines.

Poddar, M., & Nahar, B. (2017). Continuing Mandamus: A judicial innovation to bridge the right-remedy gap. NUJS L. Rev. , 10 , 555.

Preston, B. J. (2014). Characteristics of successful environmental courts and tribunals. Journal of Environmental law , 26 (3), 365–393.

Pring, G. R., & Pring, C. K. (2009). Greening justice: Creating and improving environmental courts and tribunals. World Resources Institute. Retrieved from: https://www.law.du.edu/documents/ect-study/greening-justice-book.pdf (last accessed 27 January 2022).

Prudente, M. S., Ichihashi, H., & Tatsukawa, R. (1994). Heavy metal concentrations in sediments from Manila Bay, Philippines and inflowing rivers. Environmental Pollution , 86 (1), 83–88.

Reyes, J. A. L. (2014). Environmental attitudes and behaviors in the Philippines. Journal of Educational and Social Research , 4 (6), 87. Retrieved from https://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/jesr/article/view/4067 (last accessed 27 January 2022).

Reyes, J. (2015). Loob and kapwa: An introduction to a Filipino virtue ethics. Asian Philosophy , 25 (2), 148–171.

Reyes-Estrope, C., & Enano, J. O. (2019, January 28). 3 restos face closure for polluting Manila Bay. Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved from: https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1078263/3-restos-face-closure-for-polluting-manila-bay (last accessed 15 April 2021).

Ristroph, E. B. (2012). The role of Philippine courts in establishing the environmental rule of law. Envtl. L. Rep. News & Analysis , 42 , 10866.

Rodolfo, K. S. (2016). Dangerous aspects of reclamation along Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay: NAST policy discussion on the hazards risks and profits of reclamation . Manila: National Academy of Science and Technology Philippines.

Supreme Court of the Philippines. (2019). G.R. Nos. 171947-48, December 18, 2008 . Retrieved from: https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/1/48335 (last accessed 15 April 2021).

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (1992). Agenda 21, Rio Declaration, Forest Principles . New York: United Nations.

Van den Muijzenberg, O., & Van Naerssen, T. (2005). Metro Manila. Directors of urban change in Asia , 126–147.

Velasco Jr, P. J. (2009). Manila Bay: A daunting challenge in environmental rehabilitation and protection. Or. Rev. Int’l L. , 11 , 441.

Victoria, E. (2021). Down the river. In C. Rupprecht, D. Cleland, N. Tamura, & R. Chaudhuri (Eds.), Multispecies cities: Solarpunk urban futures (pp. 169–179). Alburquerque: World Weaver Press.

Vivas, E. L., Alfafara, C. G., Migo, V. P., Cho, K., Detras, M. C. M., Trinidad, L. C., Mendoza, M. D. & Lee, S. (2019). Comparative evaluation of alkali precipitation and electrodeposition for copper removal in artisanal gold smelting wastewater in the Philippines. Desalination and Water Treatment , 150 , 396–405.

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Professor Valerie Braithwaite for her valuable comments and suggestions on the earlier draft. Also, we are grateful for Ms. Amy M. Lecciones from the Society for Conservation of Philippine Wetlands (SCPW) and Ms. Larah Ortega Ibanez and Ms. Marife Dapito from Pure Earth Philippines and University of the Philippines Los Baños for their inputs and comments on the LPPWP and MMORS case studies, respectively. Furthermore, the authors are thankful to the Marinduque Center for Environmental Concerns for giving access to their document collection. Some data for the Marcopper Mining Disaster case study were collected by one of the authors as a visiting fellow in 2016 at the Ateneo School of Government. Also, some data and discussions on MMORS were based on the PhD thesis in 2021 of one of the authors at Fenner School of Environment and Society at Australian National University under the Australia Awards Scholarship.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Department of Social Development Services, College of Human Ecology, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Philippines

Jennifer Marie S. Amparo

University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Philippines

Ana Christina M. Bibal

Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia

Deborah Cleland

Department of Community and Environmental Resource Planning, College of Human Ecology, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Philippines

Ma. Catriona E. Devanadera

College of Architecture, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

Aaron M. Lecciones

Department of Social Services, College of Human Ecology, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Philippines

Maria Emilinda T. Mendoza

Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia

Emerson M. Sanchez

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Deborah Cleland .

Editor information

Editors and affiliations.

Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Brunilda Pali

RegNet School of Regulation and Global Governance, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia

Miranda Forsyth

Felicity Tepper

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Amparo, J.M.S. et al. (2022). Environmental Restorative Justice in the Philippines: The Innovations and Unfinished Business in Waterways Rehabilitation. In: Pali, B., Forsyth, M., Tepper, F. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Environmental Restorative Justice. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04223-2_19

Download citation

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04223-2_19

Published : 20 September 2022

Publisher Name : Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

Print ISBN : 978-3-031-04222-5

Online ISBN : 978-3-031-04223-2

eBook Packages : Law and Criminology Law and Criminology (R0)

Share this chapter

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Publish with us

Policies and ethics

• Find a journal
• Track your research

20 Timely Thesis Topics for Environmental Science Students

The study of the environment revolves around everything that has to do with the Earth, its atmosphere, natural bodies and elements that define what we know today as our planet. Therefore, coming up with environmental thesis topics is something you can do by taking into consideration the diverse niches under the body or environmental sciences.

This article will explore the different aspects of environmental science with the aim of coming up with a list of environmental dissertation topic. So read along and do not hesitate to use any of the topic ideas discussed here as the brainchild of your thesis.

Environmental Science Thesis Topics

• An Analysis of the Western World’s Policy towards Healthy Ocean Management and Its Results
• Scrutinizing the Role of Technology in Environmental Engineering with the Aim of Improving the Environment
• Evaluating Alternative Energy Systems and the Role They Play in Managing the Earth’s Ecosystem and Minimizing Pollution
• Analyzing the Nigeria’s Niger Delta, its Environmental and Legal Issues and how Environmental Engineering Can be Used to Solve Them
• The Ecological Importance of the Amazon Forest, its Troubles and how Policies Can be Developed to Counter Them.
• The Importance of Creating Environmental Policies, protocols, and Laws to Preserve some of the Earth’s Symbolic Locations
• A Research on Public Education and the Different Techniques that can be Employed to Increase Public Awareness of Environmental Issues
• An Analysis of China’s Environmental Pollution Struggle and the Role Technology can Play in Alleviating its Problems
• An Analysis of Public Health, Animal Rights and the Need to Create Policies to Guide both Concepts
• A Research on the Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Western Nations and the Role of Human Habits in Aiding its Fluctuations
• An Analysis of Noise and Light Pollution and Their Effects on Public Health
• The Global Warming Phenomena, its Diversions, and the Studies Dedicated to Tracking Changes Attributed to Global Warming
• An Analysis of Carbon dioxide Fluxes Covering the Roles Played by Plants, Animals, and Water Bodies
• An Analysis of Water and Air Pollution and Their Impact Microorganisms
• An Analysis of Water Pollution, the Transportation of Water Pollutants and their Effects on Ocean Life Forms
• Analyzing Soil Contamination in Marshy Lands and the Importance of Computer Modeling for Understanding Their Impact
• The Impact of Soil and Water Pollution on Pond-dwelling Organisms and Their Effects on Amphibians
• Scrutinizing the National Environment Policy Act and How It Can be Implemented in the Developing World
• Making a Case for an International Environmental Protocol to Monitoring and Managing Public Health
• An Analysis of the Developing World and how the Interaction between these Societies and the Environment Affects Public Health

These are some of the timely environment thesis topics we promised you at the introductory section of this article. Here we have provided environmental health dissertation topics and other ideas which you are welcome to work with.

Posted by Mike Sung

• ← 20 Topics for Dissertation in International Relations

• Phone This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.
• Climate Change
• Policy & Economics
• Biodiversity
• Conservation

Get focused newsletters especially designed to be concise and easy to digest

• ESSENTIAL BRIEFING 3 times weekly
• TOP STORY ROUNDUP Once a week
• MONTHLY OVERVIEW Once a month
• Enter your email *
• Name This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

4 Biggest Environmental Issues in the Philippines in 2024

In the run-up to COP28, the urgency intensifies for the world to address the ongoing climate crisis. Although activities in the Global North herald the climate crisis for the most part, some nations in the Global South also contribute to a host of environmental issues like air and plastic pollution. Here are the top 4 environmental issues in the Philippines and the government’s approach to curtailing them. 

1. Air Pollution

Over the course of the year, air pollution has become particularly problematic in the Philippines. Going by World Health Organization’s (WHO) health and environment scorecard , the country records an annual mean of 24 micrograms per cubic metre (µ g/m³) for fine particulate matter, significantly surpassing the recommended maximum level of 5 µ g/m³. For the most part, air pollution in the Philippines stems from the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil. Considering that 53% of the population is without access to clean fuels and technology for cooking, this is bound to further exacerbate air quality in the long run. 

Air pollution in the Philippines is also caused by vehicular emissions, particularly in areas like Metro Manila. In 2022, other recorded surges in air pollution outside Metro Manila include the San Fernando City Station in Pampanga, Antipolo City Station, Biñan City Station, Puerto Princesa City Station, and the Davao City Station. 

According to William Cuñado , Environmental Management Bureau Director at the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), lifting Covid-19 restrictions particularly deteriorated air quality in Metro Manila . For the most part, this was due to an acute surge in the number of vehicles on the street, which had fallen to 10% in the country’s National Capital Region during the lockdown period. 

Another factor was the prevalent use of firecrackers during new year celebrations. Given that the particulate matter ( PM 10 ) in firecrackers contains a mixture of carbon, sulfur, and other fine particles that pose a danger to public health, the DENR affirmed its commitment to controlling air pollution spikes of this nature. However, for this approach to be successful, it would require local government units to enforce the available Executive Order 28 on the controlled use of firecrackers. 

On another note, although the government introduced the Clean Air Act of 1999, groups like Greenpeace Philippines and the Center for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) point out its outdated nature in the international community. For this reason, there have been pressing calls for the government to update its standards to meet the reality of air pollution in the country. 

You might also like: Billionaire Finances ‘World’s Largest Project’ to Boost Solar in Philippines

2. Plastic Pollution

Among the environmental issues in the Philippines is also plastic pollution , a particularly severe problem for the country. Evident by the World Bank’s use of the word ‘staggering’ to describe the situation in the Philippines, an insufficient waste management system, coupled with a high dependence on single-use plastics set the scene for the country’s annual generation of 2.7 million tons of plastic waste.   

Much like any rapidly developing country, the Philippines faces unsustainable plastic consumption due to an inefficient recycling system. Estimates show that the country loses around US$890 million to unrecycled plastic products. However, despite the considerable scale of plastic pollution in the Philippines, residents of the country and some companies have been at the forefront of recycling efforts so far. For instance, companies like Infinity Eight Trading and Marketing Corporation buy plastic waste from scrap dealers, turn them into pellets, and resell them as raw materials to remake food cartons and bottles. 

While critics trace the Philippines’ plastic pollution problem to the poor enforcement of laws, the government, nonetheless, introduced its Extended Producer Responsibility Act   (EPRA) in 2022. With this new law in play, companies are mandated to create EPR programs for plastic waste reduction, recovery, and diversion. Accordingly, by 2028, companies are expected to have achieved an 80% offset or recovery of their plastic product footprint. 

You might also like: 3 Lessons from Waste Management Solutions from Around the World

3. Marine Pollution

As the third-largest contributor to marine plastics, marine pollution accounts for one of the most pressing environmental issues in the Philippines. Considering that the country generates over 2 million tons of plastic waste every year, the World Bank reports that an estimated 20% of this waste ends up in the sea. Depicting the state of marine pollution in the Philippines, Theresa Lazaro, the country’s Foreign Affairs Undersecretary, cited reports that “there would be more plastics than fish by 2050 , while oceans would be overheated and acidified if people fail to act now”. For this reason, marine pollution also endangers biodiversity in the Philippines .

In recent years, the government has initiated various measures to curb marine pollution in the country. One of them is the Philippine Port Authority’s signed agreement with the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Philippines to address marine pollution around ports. Through this agreement, the objective is to achieve a 50% reduction in plastic waste leakage in the Port of Cagayan de Oro, the Port of Batangas, and t he Manila North Port. 

Another response to marine pollution in the Philippines is the government’s implementation of a National Plan of Action on Marine Litter . Envisioned to achieve zero waste in Philippine waters by 2040, the plan seeks to set a wide range of policies into motion, ranging from public-private partnerships to an improvement of public awareness about marine pollution. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ), the approach’s rationale has to do with a recognition that most of the marine plastics polluting the sea are traceable to land-based sources, such as an improper waste disposal system. For this reason, an integrated effort that also curbs land-based plastic pollution while also educating the public on waste management practices is envisioned to be more effective. 

While the government envisions the aforementioned EPR law as a step in the right direction, there are many other factors that need to be considered. For instance, much like earlier efforts to curb plastic and air pollution in the Philippines, a significant level of commitment will be a crucial determinant of its effectiveness. 

4. Sea Level Rise

Floods have been recurrent in the Philippines in 2022 . On Christmas day alone, erratic rains trigger devastating flooding in Northern Mindanao and the Vasayas region that killed at least 51 people .  

This comes at the back of the country topping this year’s World Risk Index , which assesses sea level rise (a cause of coastal flooding) as one of its indicators. In line with the problem, Earth.Org’s projection shows that residents of the country’s capital city, Manila, will be displaced by 2100 if the current trend continues. At the moment, Manila is already subsiding at 20 millimetres per year , surpassing the mean sea level rise almost tenfold. 

You might also like: Flooding Will Hit Asia the Hardest- Report

So far, mitigation efforts have not been very successful. Nonetheless, in 2022, the DENR announced a plan to install infrastructures like floodgates, pumping stations, box culverts, and additional drainage connection systems. This was in addition to declogging operations carried out across drainage canals in Manila. Accordingly, DENR also plans to particularly focus on the city’s low-lying areas to abate coastal flooding. 

Flood mitigation may be crucial to the Philippines’ strategy on sea level rise, however, there are concerns that the government’s approach fails to consider its long-term threat. For the most part, this is due to solutions such as the decision to wall off the coast only partially. Although the several gaps in the seawall were necessary to provide fishing boats access to the bay, however, Vonne Villanueva, disaster risk reduction and management officer in the City of Navota, said the coastline may have to be closed to truly protect the city from rising sea levels. 

Featured image by Henry Donati/Department for International Development ( Flickr )

This story is funded by readers like you

Our non-profit newsroom provides climate coverage free of charge and advertising. Your one-off or monthly donations play a crucial role in supporting our operations, expanding our reach, and maintaining our editorial independence.

About EO | Mission Statement | Impact & Reach | Write for us

If you enjoyed reading about the environmental issues in the Philippines, you might also like: 5 Biggest Environmental Issues in India in 2024

About the Author

Khalid Raji

15 Biggest Environmental Problems of 2024

Water Shortage: Causes and Effects

International Day of Forests: 10 Deforestation Facts You Should Know About

Hand-picked stories weekly or monthly. We promise, no spam!

• Comments This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

Boost this article By donating us $100, $50 or subscribe to Boosting $10/month – we can get this article and others in front of tens of thousands of specially targeted readers. This targeted Boosting – helps us to reach wider audiences – aiming to convince the unconvinced, to inform the uninformed, to enlighten the dogmatic.

• USF Research
• USF Libraries

Digital Commons @ USF > College of Engineering > Civil and Environmental Engineering > Theses and Dissertations

Civil and Environmental Engineering Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2023 2023.

The Influence of Corrosion Mitigating Fluids on Post Tensioned Tendon Grout Properties and Steel to Grout Bond Strength , Sarita Ale Magar

Exploring Alternative Electron Donors for Heterotrophic Denitrification at a Water Reclamation Facility in Tampa Bay , Tejas Athavale

Mechanisms Contributing to Hydrogen-Influenced Early Failure of Bridge Tendons , David Dukeman

The Influence of Bipolar Electrochemical Cell Geometry on the Studies of Pitting Corrosion , Amin Kazem Ghamsari

Field-Base Exploratory Study of Microbial Activity in Eight Potable Water Storage Tanks in Barbados , Katelyn M. Long

Land Use/Land Cover Uncertainty Analysis Using Hydrological Modeling in the Northern Watershed of Lake Okeechobee , Andres Lora Santos

Modeling Leachate Treatment Processes in Adsorbent-amended Hybrid Constructed Wetland , Ishfaqun Nisa

Effects of Downdrag on Pile Performance , Ruthvik Pendyala

Anaerobic Digestion of Brewery Waste Including Spent Yeast and Hops , Dhanashree Rawalgaonkar

Characteristics and Hydraulic Behavior of Adsorptive Media for Use in Permeable Reactive Barriers , Shelby Rocha

Exploratory Data-Driven Models for Water Quality: A Case Study for Tampa Bay Water , Sandra Sekyere

Interdependency between Water and Road Infrastructures: Cases and Impacts , Shihab Uddin

Hurricanes and Tropical Storms’ Impact on Water Quality in Lake Okeechobee, Florida , Daniela Vasquez Diaz

Exploration of Shared Passenger Urban Air Mobility – Integrated Network Design, Operation Scheduling and System Configuration , Zhiqiang Wu

Rehabilitation Technologies to Abate Infiltration in Sanitary Sewers , Steve Youssef

Adsorption of Long and Short Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) onto Granular Activated Carbon and Porous Organic Polymers , Yan Zhang

Adiabatic Temperature Rise and Durability Performance of Slag Blended Concrete , Hai Zhu

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Effects of Downdrag on Pile Performance , Malaak Omelia Araujo

Quantifying a 21-year Surface Water and Groundwater Interaction in a Ridge and Valley Lake Environment Using a Highly Constrained Modeling Approach , Richard T. Bowers Jr.

A Convergent Approach to Aqueous Lead (Pb) Mitigation of a Supplemental Self-Supply Shallow Groundwater Source Accessed by Handpumps in Madagascar , Adaline Marie Buerck

Identifying Significant Factors Affecting the Likelihood and Severity Level of Shared E-scooter Crashes , Recep Can Cakici

Evaluation of Aluminum Dissolution, Current Density, and Pitting Patterns During Electrocoagulation , Monica Castro Carias

Carbon Diversion, Partial Nitritation/Anammox Enrichment, and Ammonium Capture as Initial Stages for Mainstream Ion Exchange-Deammonification Process , Sheyla Chero-Osorio

Data Driven Approaches for Understanding and Improving Urban Mobility , Yujie Guo

Assessment of Scoured Bridges Subjected to Vessel Impact Using Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis , Amir S. Irhayyim

Assessment and Prevention of Bacterial Regrowth in Stored Household Water in Eastern Coastal Madagascar , Lauren Judah

The Impact of Land Use Change on Hydrology Using Hydrologic Modelling and Geographical Information System (GIS) , Nattachan Luesaksiriwattana

Simulating Flood Control in Progress Village, Florida Using Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) , Azize Minaz

Effects of Slurry Type on Drilled Shaft Strength , Cesar Quesada Garcia

Comparison Study of Consumer’s Perception toward Urban Air Mobility in the United States and Rest of the World Using Social Media Information , S M Toki Tahmid

Advanced Methods for Railroad Station Operation Decisions: Data Analytics, Optimization, Automation , Yuan Wang

High-Risk Traffic Crash Pattern Recognition and Identification Using Econometric Models and Machine Learning Models , Runan Yang

Biochar Amended Biological Systems for Enhanced Landfill Leachate and Lignocellulosic Banana Waste Treatment , Xia Yang

Passive Radiative Cooling by Spectrally Selective Nanoparticles in Thick Film Nanocomposites , David Allen Young

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

A System Architecture for Water Distribution Networks , Noha Abdel-Mottaleb

Sustainability Assessment of a Pressure Retarded Osmosis System , Samar Al Mashrafi

Health Risk Assessment of Local Populations Ingesting Water with Naturally Occurring Arsenic and Fecal Related Contaminants in Lake Atitlan, Guatemala , Marisol Alvarez

Influence of Coating Defects Within the Lock Seams on the Corrosion Performance of Aluminized Steel Drainage Pipes , Mohammed Al Yaarubi

Longitudinal Trajectory Tracking Analysis for Autonomous Electric Vehicles Based on PID Control , Hossein Amiri

An Assessment and Exploration of Recent Methodological Advances in Safety Data Analysis , Suryaprasanna Kumar Balusu

Pressure Retarded Osmosis: A Potential Technology for Seawater Desalination Energy Recovery and Concentrate Management , Joshua Benjamin

Assessing the Feasibility of Microbially Managed Biological Filtration in U.S. Drinking Water Systems for Removal of Contaminants of Emerging Concern , Andrew J. Black

The Effect of Cement and Blast Furnace Slag Characteristics on Expansion of Heat-Cured Mortar Specimens , Jair G. Burgos

A Systems Approach for Improving the Performance of Rural Community-Managed Water Systems Using SIASAR: Case Studies in Bolivia and Colombia , Rachel A. Cannon

Passive Nitrifying Biofilters for Onsite Treatment of Saline Domestic Wastewater , Daniel Arnulfo Delgado

Plastic Pollution in Urban Rivers: Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Plastic Release and Transport , Charlotte Juliane Haberstroh

Effects of Nitrate on Arsenic Mobilization during Aquifer Storage and Recovery , Hania Hawasli

Prediction of the Effects of Turbulence on Vehicle Hydroplaning using a Numerical Model , Thathsarani Dilini Herath Herath Mudiyanselage

Shortcut Nitrogen Removal in Photo-sequencing Batch Reactor, Experiments, Dynamic Model and Full-scale Design , Sahand Iman Shayan

Chorine Conversion: Biological and Water Quality Impact on Activated Carbon Block Point of Use Filters , Horace S. Jakpa

Efficient Management of Nitrogen and Phosphorus at Centralized Water Reclamation Facilities , Helene Kassouf

Building and Characterizing a Lab-Scaled Aquifer Storage and Recovery System , Murat Can Kayabas

Corrosion Rate Prediction in FRP-Concrete Repair , Mohammad A. Khawaja

Use of Biochar and Zeolite for Landfill Leachate Treatment: Experimental Studies and Reuse Potential Assessment , Thanh Thieu Lam

Feasibility of Epoxy Bond Enhancement on High-Strength Concrete , Amanda A. Lewis

Leaf Cutter Ant Nest Soil Cement Stabilized Earthen Bricks: Materials and Methods for Engineering Field Applications , Faith Malay

Minimum Cut-Sets for the Identification of Critical Water Distribution Network Segments , Xiliang Mao

An Assessment of Nutrient Improvement in Surface Water Due to the Conversion of Onsite Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems to Sewerage , Jenelle A. Mohammed

Development of a Numerical Process Model for Adsorbent-amended Constructed Wetlands , Lillian Mulligan

Corrosion Propagation of Stainless Steel Reinforced Concrete , Nelly Sofía Orozco Martínez

Corrosion Durability Service Life of Calcium Silicate-Based Reinforced Concrete , Carolina Páez Jiménez

Assessment of the Environmental Sustainability of a Small Water Production Facility in Madagascar , Jesal Patel

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of the Hydraulic Performance and Bio-kinetics in a Full-Scale Oxidation Ditch , Kiesha C. Pierre

Biochar Amended Bioretention Systems for Nutrient and Fecal Indicator Bacteria Removal from Urban and Agricultural Runoffs , Md Yeasir Arif Rahman

Understanding the Leaching Mechanism for Lead (Pb) Found in Components of Locally Manufactured Handpumps in Eastern Madagascar , Nidhi Shah

Impacts of Automated Vehicle Technologies on Future Traffic , Xiaowei Shi

Community Assessment of Water Perceptions and Household Point-of-Use Treatment Methods in Madagascar , Isabella Rose Silverman

Laboratory Examination of Lead Weights Harvested from Pitcher Pumps in Eastern Madagascar , Madelyn Wilson

Impact of grain morphology on the temporal evolution of interfacial area during multi-phase flow in porous media , Fizza Zahid

EAV Fleet Management in Transportation and Power Systems , Dongfang Zhao

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

A Framework for Assessing the Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, and Safety (RAMS) of Decentralized Sanitation , Adefunké Adeosun

Development of an Organic Processor Assembly (OPA) for Sustainable Resource Recovery to Enable Long-Duration, Deep-Space Human Exploration (LoDDSHE) , Talon James Bullard

Black Lives Matter in Engineering, Too! An Environmental Justice Approach towards Equitable Decision-Making for Stormwater Management in African American Communities , Maya Elizabeth Carrasquillo

Coral Reef Restoration in the Tropical West Atlantic Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic , Linden Cheek

Designing Next-generation Transportation Systems with Emerging Vehicle Technologies , Zhiwei Chen

Strength Restoration of Corrosion Damaged Piles Repaired with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Systems , Jethro Clarke

Water Quality and Sustainability Assessment of Rural Water Systems in the Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé, Panama , Corbyn Cools

Rapid Cross-Section Imaging with Magnetic and Impedance Sensors for Grout Anomaly Detection in External Post-Tensioned Tendons , Hani Freij

Enhanced Nitrogen, Organic Matter and Color Removal from Landfill Leachate by Biological Treatment Processes with Biochar and Zeolite , Bisheng Gao

Bond Life of Structural Epoxy-Concrete Systems Under Accelerated Hygrothermal Aging , Philip W. Hopkins

Socio-Technical Transitions in the Water Sector: Emerging Boundaries for Utility Resilience in Barbados , Wainella N. Isaacs

Structural and Agricultural Value at Risk in Florida from Flooding during Hurricane Irma , Alexander J. Miller

An Inferential Study of the Potential Consumer Value of Free Charging for Users of Public Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure , Divyamitra Mishra

Reimagining Bottom-up Participatory Climate Change Adaptation in the Philippines , Emily Clark Nabong

Effects of Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Slags and Cements on Durability of Portland Cement-Slag Blended Systems , Farzaneh Nosouhian

Using a Systems Thinking Approach and Health Risk Assessment to Analyze the Food-Energy-Water System Nexus of Seaweed Farming in Belize , Estenia J. Ortiz Carabantes

Implementation of Large-Scale Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste at the University of South Florida , Karamjit Panesar

Enhanced Fluoride Removal in Biosand Filters Using Aluminum Oxide Coated Media and Modified Filter Design , Madison Leigh Rice

Use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as Partial Cement Replacement in Interlocking Stabilized Soil Blocks (ISSBs) , Adah Shair

Bio-electrochemical Denitrification Systems and Applications for Nitrogen Removal in On-Site Wastewater Treatment , Kamal Ziad Taha

Development of an Integrated Direct Membrane Filtration (DMF) and Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) System for Dilute Municipal Wastewater Treatment , Ahmet Erkan Uman

Post-overlay Flexible Pavement Performance Modeling and Its Application in Sustainable Asphalt Overlay Policy Making , Chunfu Xin

Sustainable Nutrient Management Through Technology-Level Evaluation and System-Level Optimization , Xiaofan Xu

Influence of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Wraps on Corrosion Progression of Bridge Piles in Marine Environments , Shayan Yazdani

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Seepage-Coupled Finite Element Analysis of Stress Driven Rock Slope Failures for BothNatural and Induced Failures , Thomas Becket Anyintuo

Statistical Analysis of the Role of Socio-Demographic and Health Factors in Shared Mobility Related Behaviors and Usage Likelihoods , Natalia M. Barbour

Model of a Sulfur-based Cyclic Denitrification Filter for Marine Recirculating Aquaculture Systems , Zhang Cheng

Exploring the Equity Performance of Bike-Sharing Systems with Disaggregated Data: A Story of Southern Tampa , Zhiwei Chen

Prioritizing Rehabilitation of Sanitary Sewers in Pinellas County, FL , Jesse T. Hillman

Highway Lane Management Policy for Existing and Connected Autonomous Vehicles , Md Mokaddesul Hoque

Advanced Search

• Email Notifications and RSS
• All Collections
• USF Faculty Publications
• Open Access Journals
• Conferences and Events
• Theses and Dissertations
• Textbooks Collection

Useful Links

• Rights Information
• SelectedWorks
• Submit Research

Home | About | Help | My Account | Accessibility Statement | Language and Diversity Statements

Privacy Copyright

• Borrow, Renew, Request How to borrow materials, request pdf scans, and interlibrary loans .
• Study Spaces Areas for individual and group study and how to reserve them.
• Course Reserves How to access course-related materials reserved by faculty for their students.
• Services for Faculty and Instructors A list of services offered to faculty and instructors at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.
• Library Instruction Request library instruction for your course or register for a workshop.
• Suggest a Purchase Suggest new materials that support teaching, study, or research.
• Other Services Apply for a research carrel or reserve our lactation room.
• Loanable Technology Cables, adaptors, audio and video equipment, and other devices
• Collections An overview of the various library collections.
• Online Databases Search across 100s of library databases.
• Journals Search journals by title or subject.
• Research Guides Guides for subjects, select courses, and general information.
• OneSearch Finds books and other materials in the UH Manoa Library's collection.
• Scholarly Communication Learn about scholarly communication, open access, and our institutional repositories ScholarSpace , eVols , and the UH System Repository .
• Ask a Librarian Get help by email, online form, or phone.
• FAQ Frequently asked questions.
• Accessibility and Disability Information about accessibility and disability.
• Subject Librarians Find a librarian for a specific subject.
• Copyright Help Links to resources about copyright.
• Technology in the Library Wireless access, scanning, printing.
• English 100 Students The starting point for English 100 research.
• Request a Research Appointment Contact us to schedule an in-person appointment.
• Office and Department Contacts View a list of the departments at the library.
• Jobs at the Library Faculty, staff, and student job opportunities.
• Staff Directory Contact information for staff at the library.
• Exhibits Current and past exhibits at the library.
• Support the Library Find out how you can support the library.
• Our Library Annual reports, mission, values, history, and policies.
• Visiting Hours, directions, floor plans
• News, Blogs & Events News, blogs & events from the library.

Philippines: Frequently Asked Research Topics

• Architecture
• Martial Arts
• Philippine History
• Costumes & Fashion
• Performing Arts
• Sculptures & Paintings
• Food by Region
• Cebuano Language, Literature, History, Arts & Culture
• Human Trafficking
• Marine Ecology & The Environment
• Jose S. Libornio
• Bataan Death March
• HIST 296 ("WWII and Its Legacies in Asia/Pacific")
• Indigenous Peoples of Luzon/The Cordilleras
• The Ilokanos
• The Tagalogs
• Indigenous Peoples in Mindanao
• Mindanao Politics and History
• Islam in the Philippines
• Philippine Boats & Navigation
• Colonial Mentality
• Reference Materials
• Ramon Sison Collection
• Dissertations
• Digital Archives
• U.S. Government Documents on the Philippines
• << Previous: Home
• Next: Architecture >>
• Last Updated: Feb 6, 2024 12:29 PM
• URL: https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/philippines

An equal opportunity/affirmative action institution . Use of this site implies consent with our Usage Policy .

Terms of Use | UH System | UH Mānoa

• Research Guides
• Learning Skills
• Teaching Resources
• Study Spaces
• Ask A Librarian
• Interlibrary Loan
• Library Faculty/Staff (Internal)

2550 McCarthy Mall Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA 808-956-7214 (Reference) 808-956-7203 (Circulation)

Library Digital Collections Disclaimer and Copyright information

© University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Library

Home > ETD > Political Science > ETDM_POLSCI

Political Science Master's Theses

Theses/dissertations from 2024 2024.

The political economy of rail transport financing: A closer look at ODA and PPP-financed railway projects in Metro Manila , Martin Angelo T. Millete

Theses/Dissertations from 2023 2023

The empowerment of Filipino micro enterprises utilizing local online marketplace groups , John Roy T. Abenaza

Sustainability of Philippine election campaigning: A study on the impacts of using non-biodegradable election campaign & advertisement materials in Quezon City , Judenn L. Mascareñas

Women’s empowerment in rural community development: The case of barangay Buenavista in Tudela, Misamis Occidental , Eunice Tabitha B. Trinidad

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Rethinking spaces of political agency: A phenomenological study on Philippine perceptions of political agency in video games vis-à-vis the real world , Xavier Dwight M. Gentalian

Assessing the potentials for deliberative practices in Philippine politics: The various mechanisms of the barangay , Nathan Mishael O. Go

International volunteerism and its contributions to capacity development in the Philippine education sector , Ian Kirsten C. Plata

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

An analysis of the role of sugar industry leaders in the formulation of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) excise tax using advocacy coalition framework , Samantha Franchezka S. Ching

Urbanization at Pag-Asa Olongapo, City and the slum dwellers' 'right to the city" , Cecilia C. Garson

Understanding inter-local government collaboration in the Philippines: The case of the Alyansa ng mga Baybaying Bayan ng Bulacan at Pampanga (ABB-BP) , Ian Jayson R. Hecita

Japanese foreign policy and peacebuilding in the Bangsamoro - new engagement for Japanese government and JICA- , Yusuke Kawanishi

The role of social capital in the reintegration of returning Overseas Filipino Workers: The case of the City of Batangas, Philippines , Ilyanna Xeandria D. Zamora

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Using facebook for public engagement: An analysis of the public facebook pages of the local government units in Metro Manila , Nicole Marie D. Afable

An analysis of the problems on the reporting of accomplishment of infrastructure projects in the DPWH , Paul Justine S. Cunanan

Essential elements for successful integrated watershed management system: The case of the Santa Rosa sub-watershed W Q M A B , Maria Eleunor B. Lucino

Compliance of agrarian reform cooperatives to a policy-based lending program: An organizational approach , Ella Joy A. Ponce

The role of non-state actors in international organizations: A case study of the CSO partnership for development effectiveness , Stephen Mar S. Tan

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

A semiotic analysis of gender constructions in popular video games and its ideological impact on the individual , Jamshyd F. Babago

Assessment of Pantawid pamilyang Pilipino program (4Ps) in District II, Makati City , Antonio D. Fontanilla Jr.

Creating stakeholder-driven indicators for evaluating sustainability of ecotourism destinations in the Philippines , Eylla Laire M. Gutierrez

Migrant workers’ protection in the digital age: Leveraging social media platforms to ensure the safety and welfare of OFWs in distress , Jovito Jose P. Katigbak

Determinants of physical integrity abuses in Southeast Asia: Under the context of anti-narcotics campaign , Jazelle Dyana Lizz G. Zerrudo

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Politics of ideas and discourses in the prospective Bangsamoro political entity , Kevin Nielsen M. Agojo

The formulation of Republic Act no. 10121 in the Philippines: The role of Hyogo framework for action, 2005-2015 , Mai Akamatsu

Forest governance and collective action problems in the upper Angat watershed forest reserve , Edcelyn Magay Bacila

Understanding local dominance: The case of Naga City , Mary Joyce B. Bulao

Explaining (non) participation: An inquiry on overseas voting of Filipinos in Japan , Georgeline B. Jaca

Environmental governance in Palawan: The implementation of the Wildlife Resources conservation and Protection Act of 2001 , Jazztin Jairum P. Manalo

Imperialism, state-making and Philippine security in the South China Sea , Robert Joseph P. Medillo

The politics of disaster reporting in online news: A multimodal critical discourse anaylsis of news reports on Typhoon Lando , Karl Patrick R. Mendoza

Bayanihang pampaaralan: Contributions of the Philippine Business for Social Progress (PBSP)'s capacity interventions in the implementation of the senior high school program using co-production approach , John Mark H. Villanueva

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

An evaluation study on the use of the collective approach towards overcoming open defecation: A research , Katrina Chye V. Agulan

The resurgence of strongman politics in Southeast Asian democracies , Miguel Enrico G. Ayson

Challenges of governing urban effluents on development activities in the Boulevard Area, Dipolog City , Carlos P. Deloria

The politics of tax reforms in the Philippines , Marvee Anne C. Felipe

Disability-inclusive elections: The experience in the Philippines , Paula Bianca P. Lapuz

The effects of China's imposed economic sanction to the Philippines , Athena T. Padilla

The determinants affecting open government data implementation in public health: The case of Department of Health (DOH)-Philippines , Juan Rufino M. Reyes

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Women political leadership and basic needs in selected Quezon City barangays , Angelique Allen E. Alinood

From introspection to policy: Articulations of national identity in tracks I and II of Philippine Cultural diplomacy , Frances Pauline C. Brillantes

The online political participation of the Kabataan Partylist Cagayan Valley (KPLCV): A mixed method analysis , Gydabelle M. Olaya

Builidng a disaster resilient community through local capacity development , Leah Marie Tumlos-Castillo

Of digital footprints and transparency: E-government maturity and corruption in the Philippines , Prince Aian G. Villanueva

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Local knowledge, social memory and public policies: Recovering disaster memory of riverfront dwellers and their implications for disaster risk reduction and management policy in Angat river basin and watershed region, Philippines , Benigno C. Balgos

Operationalizing disaster risk reduction and management: The case of typhoon Yolanda in Tacloban City , Luzelito Q. Betinol

The Chains of blunted discontent The protest inaction of jeepney drivers and a re-conceptualization of political alienation , Anthony Lawrence Arsenal Borja

Access to justice for the poor women and children: A study on the process of institutional change in Oriental Mindoro , Florisa Norina L. Carada

Children and disaster risk reduction and management in the context of the rights-based approach to development: The cases of the municipalities of Catarman and Laoang in the Province of Nothern Samar, Philippines , Juniver P. Delorino

Reaching the vulnerable and the poorest: A case study on the implementation of the conditional cash transfer program in indigenous communities of Esperanza, Agusan Del Sur , Marie Bembie A. Girado

An Assessment of the implementation of Republic Act No. 9994: The expanded senior citizens Act of 2010 in Makati City , Lolita Shaila B. Puruganan

Subverting the past: An analysis of Japans construction of state indentity , Carmina Y. Untalan

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

The changing state? Malaysia after the Asian financial crisis , Dennis B. Maldo

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Indonesia's third party role in the peace process in the Southern Philippines , Mohamad Zakaria Al Anshori

Women in Islam: Influence of religion and development , Merium H. Kazmi

Democracy and Islam: Can they be mixed? , Ibnu Asqori Pohan

A case study on the erosion of the political dominance of an entrenched political clan: The case of the Felix political clan of Cainta, Rizal , Raymund John P. Rosuelo

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

Justice for the poor: An assessment of the efficiency and effectiveness of small claims cases and Enhanced justice on wheels , Glenda E. Feliprada

A comparative study of the framing approaches of the two newspaper columnists in the Philippines , Aaron D.P. Lim

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

Stakeholders’ assessment of the performance of the Department of Trade and Industry’s Business development program for the ICT services sector , Irish G. Caldona

An analysis of minority shareholder rights protection between family controlled and non-family controlled Philippine Stock Exchange listed companies , Geoffrey Rhoel C. Cruz

Theses/Dissertations from 2009 2009

Roman Catholic Church-State relations in the Philippines and its implications on the passage of House Bill 5043: The Reproductive Health and Population Development Act of 2008 , Julien L. Carandang

Evaluating inter-local government cooperation and governance in the Philippines: The case of the MNDC, the MMDA, and the Metro BLIST , Rodmyr F. Datoon

Theses/Dissertations from 2007 2007

Exploring human rights integration in selected general education subjects in three higher educational institutions , Maria Liselle N. Delantar

The nature & modalities of Local Government Unit-Civil Society Organization partnerships: The case of Angeles City , Reynaldo Rodriguez Jr.

Government corruption in Japan: Implication for the Philippines , Koichiro Usuki

Community-based resource governance in Barangay Bagong-Silang , Calatagan, Batangas , Jonathan David Q. Van Haute

Theses/Dissertations from 2006 2006

Effects of phase 1 of the Batangas Port Development Project (BPDP) on the multiple resource uses of Batangas Bay , Ma. Jocelyn P. Jaucian

Theses/Dissertations from 2005 2005

An assessment of the compensation process applied by the Northwestern Luzon transmission line project: The case of the affected households/landowners of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan , Christopher Padilla Castillo

Theses/Dissertations from 2004 2004

Microfinance in the Philippine setting: A comparative assessment of the operational and financial efficiency of the People's Credit and Finance Corporation (PCFC) and Tulay sa Pag-Unlad Inc. (TSPI) , Michael G. Antonio

Internet and civil society participation in local governance: The case of Tamil Nadu, India , Joseph Fernando

Theses/Dissertations from 2002 2002

A case study of the community-based peace-building program in the Bual Zone of Peace, Isulan, Sultan Kudarat , Serafin A. Arviola Jr.

Image and organization in senatorial campaign politics , Gerardo V. Eusebio

Theses/Dissertations from 2001 2001

The global march against child labour-Philippines: A case study , John B. Trew

Theses/Dissertations from 1993 1993

Ang pampulitikang ekonomiya ng magbubukid: Popular na partisipasyon, kooperatibismo at panimulang alternatibo , Ronald Everett David Holmes

Advanced Search

• Notify me via email or RSS
• Collections
• Disciplines
• Colleges and Units
• Submission Consent Form
• Animo Repository Policies
• Submit Research
• Animo Repository Guide
• AnimoSearch
• DLSU Libraries
• DLSU Website

Home | About | FAQ | My Account | Accessibility Statement

Privacy Copyright

Philippines blames China for loss of giant clams in disputed shoal and urges environmental inquiry

The Philippines has blamed Chinese fishermen for a massive loss of giant clams in a disputed shoal controlled by China’s coast guard in the South China Sea and urged an international inquiry into the amount of environmental damage in the area

MANILA, Philippines -- The Philippines blamed Chinese fishermen on Monday for a massive loss of giant clams in a disputed shoal controlled by China 's coast guard in the South China Sea and urged an international inquiry into the amount of environmental damage in the area.

The Philippine coast guard presented surveillance photographs of Chinese fishermen harvesting large numbers of giant clams for a number of years in a lagoon at Scarborough Shoal, but said signs of such activities stopped in March 2019.

Parts of the surrounding coral appeared to be badly scarred, in what the coast guard said was apparently a futile search by the Chinese for more clams. The lagoon is a prominent fishing area which Filipinos call Bajo de Masinloc and the Chinese calll Huangyan Dao off the northwestern Philippines.

"Those were the last remaining giant clams that we saw in Bajo de Masinloc,” Philippine coast guard spokesperson Commodore Jay Tarriela said at a news conference.

"We are alarmed and worried about the situation that’s happening there,” National Security Council Assistant Director General Jonathan Malaya said. He said China should allow an independent inquiry by experts from the United Nations and environmental groups.

The Chinese Embassy in Manila did not immediately respond to requests for comment. Beijing has repeatedly asserted its sovereignty over much of the busy South China Sea. The territorial disputes involve China, the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei and Taiwan. The Indonesian navy has also been involved in skirmishes with the Chinese coast guard and fishing vessels in the Natuna waters in the margins of the South China Sea.

The Philippines has adopted a policy of publicizing China's increasingly assertive actions in the contested waters to gain international support, and the news conference was its latest effort to condemn China's stewardship of Scarborough Shoal.

China effectively seized the shoal in 2012 after a standoff that ended when Philippine government ships withdrew based on what Manila said was a deal brokered by American officials to ease the dangerous confrontation. China reneged on its promise to remove its ships and has since surrounded the shoal with coast guard and suspected militia ships, according to Philippine officials.

Since then, the Chinese coast guard has had a series of skirmishes with Philippine patrol ships and fishing boats, which have been prevented from entering the lagoon, ringed by mostly submerged coral outcrops. Three weeks ago, Chinese ships fired powerful water cannons that damaged Philippine coast guard and fisheries vessels.

“They're preventing us from getting into the lagoon,” Malaya said. “We can ask third-party environmental groups or even the United Nations to do a fact-finding mission to determine the environmental situation.”

The Philippines has brought its territorial disputes with China to international arbitration and largely won. The 2016 ruling invalidated China’s expansive claims to much of the South China Sea, a key global trade route, on historical grounds and cited Chinese government actions that resulted in environmental damage in the offshore region.

China refused to participate in the arbitration, rejected its ruling and continues to defy it.

The territorial hostilities have sparked fears of a larger conflict that could involve the U.S., which has warned that it’s obligated to defend the Philippines, its long-time treaty ally, if Filipino forces, ships and aircraft come under an armed attack, including in the South China Sea.

Associated Press journalists Joeal Calupitan and Aaron Favila contributed to this report.

Follow AP's Asia-Pacific coverage at https://apnews.com/hub/asia-pacific

Related Topics

• Philippines
• Environment

Trending Reader Picks

Six killed in 'foiled coup' in Congo, army says

• May 20, 9:11 AM

New Taiwan president urges China to face "reality"

• May 19, 9:18 PM

Russian director and playwright on trial over play

• May 20, 7:20 AM

Former S. Africa Pres. can't stand in election

• May 20, 4:55 AM

What's behind the weird flavors on store shelves?

• May 20, 12:05 AM

ABC News Live

24/7 coverage of breaking news and live events

129 List Of Research Topics In English Language Teaching [updated]

English Language Teaching (ELT) is a field dedicated to teaching English to non-native speakers. It’s important because English is a global language used for communication, business, and education worldwide. Research in ELT helps improve teaching methods, making it easier for students to learn English effectively. This blog will explore a list of research topics in English language teaching.

What Are The Areas Of Research In English Language Teaching?

Table of Contents

Research in English Language Teaching (ELT) encompasses a wide range of areas, including:

• Language Learning: Understanding how people learn English well, like when they learn a new language and if there’s a best time to do it.
• Teaching Ways: Looking into different ways teachers teach, like using conversations, tasks, or mixing language with other subjects.
• Curriculum Design and Syllabus Development: Designing and evaluating language curricula and syllabi to meet the needs of diverse learners and contexts.
• Assessment and Evaluation: Developing and validating assessment tools, exploring alternative assessment methods, and investigating the effectiveness of feedback and error correction strategies.
• Technology in ELT: Exploring the integration of technology in language teaching and learning, including computer-assisted language learning (CALL), mobile-assisted language learning (MALL), and online learning platforms.
• Teacher Education and Professional Development: Investigating pre-service and in-service teacher education programs, reflective practices, and challenges in teacher training.
• Cultural and Sociolinguistic Aspects: Examining the role of culture in language teaching and learning, sociolinguistic competence, and addressing cultural diversity in the classroom.
• Learner Diversity and Inclusive Practices: Researching teaching strategies for diverse learners, including young learners, learners with learning disabilities, and learners from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds.
• Policy and Planning in ELT: Analyzing language policies at national and international levels, exploring the implementation of ELT programs, and examining the role of ELT in national development.
• Research Methodologies in ELT: Investigating qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods research approaches in ELT research, including action research conducted by teachers in their own classrooms.
• Future Trends and Innovations: Exploring emerging trends and innovations in ELT, such as the impact of globalization, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in language learning, and innovative teaching strategies.

129 List Of Research Topics In English Language Teaching: Category Wise

Language acquisition and development.

• Second Language Acquisition Theories: Explore different theories explaining how learners acquire a second language.
• Critical Period Hypothesis: Investigate the idea of an optimal age range for language acquisition.
• Multilingualism and Language Development: Study how knowing multiple languages affects language development.
• Cognitive and Affective Factors in Language Learning: Examine the role of cognitive abilities and emotions in language learning.
• Language Learning Strategies: Investigate the strategies learners use to acquire and develop language skills.
• Input Hypothesis: Explore the role of comprehensible input in language acquisition.
• Interaction Hypothesis: Examine the importance of interaction in language learning.
• Fossilization in Second Language Learning: Study why some learners reach a plateau in their language development.

Teaching Methodologies and Approaches

• Communicative Language Teaching (CLT): Analyze the effectiveness of CLT in promoting communication skills.
• Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT): Explore the use of real-world tasks to teach language.
• Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL): Investigate teaching subject content through English.
• Blended Learning in ELT: Study the integration of traditional and online teaching methods.
• Audio-Lingual Method: Assess the effectiveness of drills and repetition in language teaching.
• Grammar-Translation Method: Compare traditional grammar-focused methods with communicative approaches.
• Lexical Approach: Explore teaching vocabulary as a key component of language proficiency.
• Suggestopedia: Investigate the use of relaxation techniques to enhance language learning.

Curriculum Design and Syllabus Development

• Needs Analysis in ELT: Identify the language needs of learners and design appropriate curricula.
• Integrating Language Skills in Curriculum: Examine strategies for integrating reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills.
• Syllabus Types: Compare different types of syllabi, such as structural and task-based.
• Task-Based Syllabus Design: Design syllabi based on real-world tasks to promote language acquisition.
• Content-Based Instruction (CBI): Integrate language learning with academic content in syllabus design.
• Needs Analysis in Specific Contexts: Conduct needs analyses for learners in specific professional or academic contexts.
• Cross-Cultural Communication in Curriculum Design: Incorporate intercultural communication skills into language curricula.

Assessment and Evaluation

• Standardized Testing in ELT: Evaluate the reliability and validity of standardized English language tests.
• Alternative Assessment Approaches: Explore non-traditional assessment methods like portfolios and self-assessment.
• Feedback Strategies in Language Learning: Investigate effective feedback techniques for improving language proficiency.
• Washback Effect of Testing: Study how assessment practices influence teaching and learning.
• Authentic Assessment in ELT: Develop assessment tasks that mirror real-life language use situations.
• Portfolio Assessment: Investigate the use of portfolios to track language learning progress over time.
• Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT): Evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of adaptive testing methods in ELT.

Technology in ELT

• Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL): Assess the impact of computer-based language learning programs.
• Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL): Study the effectiveness of mobile devices in language learning.
• Online Learning Platforms for ELT: Analyze the features and usability of online platforms for language education.
• Virtual Reality (VR) in Language Learning: Explore immersive VR environments for language practice and instruction.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tutoring Systems: Assess the effectiveness of AI-based tutors in providing personalized language instruction.
• Social Media in Language Learning: Study the role of social media platforms in informal language learning contexts.
• Gamification in ELT: Investigate the use of game elements to enhance engagement and motivation in language learning.

Teacher Education and Professional Development

• Pre-service Teacher Education Programs: Evaluate the effectiveness of teacher training programs.
• Reflective Practice in Teaching: Investigate how teachers reflect on their practice to improve teaching.
• Challenges in Teacher Education: Identify challenges faced by educators in training and development.
• Teacher Beliefs and Practices: Examine how teachers’ beliefs about language learning influence their instructional practices.
• Peer Observation in Teacher Development: Explore the benefits of peer observation and feedback for teacher professional growth.
• Mentoring Programs for New Teachers: Evaluate the effectiveness of mentoring programs in supporting novice teachers.
• Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Models: Compare different models of CPD for language teachers and their impact on teaching quality.

Cultural and Sociolinguistic Aspects

• Language and Culture Interrelationship: Explore the relationship between language and culture in ELT.
• Sociolinguistic Competence and Pragmatics: Study how social context influences language use and understanding.
• Gender and Identity in Language Learning: Investigate how gender identity affects language learning experiences.
• Intercultural Competence in Language Teaching: Develop strategies for promoting intercultural communicative competence in language learners.
• Language Policy and Minority Language Education: Analyze the impact of language policies on the education of minority language speakers.
• Gender and Language Learning Strategies: Investigate gender differences in language learning strategies and their implications for instruction.
• Code-Switching in Multilingual Classrooms: Study the role of code-switching in language learning and classroom interaction.

Learner Diversity and Inclusive Practices

• Teaching English to Young Learners (TEYL): Examine effective teaching strategies for children learning English.
• Addressing Learning Disabilities in ELT: Investigate methods for supporting learners with disabilities in language learning.
• ELT for Specific Purposes (ESP): Explore specialized English language instruction for specific fields.
• Differentiated Instruction in Language Teaching: Develop strategies for addressing diverse learner needs in the language classroom.
• Inclusive Pedagogies for Learners with Special Educational Needs: Design instructional approaches that accommodate learners with disabilities in language learning.
• Language Learning Strategies of Autistic Learners: Investigate effective language learning strategies for individuals on the autism spectrum.
• Language Identity and Learner Motivation: Explore the relationship between language identity and motivation in language learning.

Policy and Planning in ELT

• National and International Language Policies: Analyze policies governing English language education at different levels.
• ELT Program Implementation Challenges: Identify challenges in implementing ELT programs in diverse contexts.
• Role of ELT in National Development: Examine the contribution of English language education to national development goals.
• English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) Policies: Analyze the impact of EMI policies on educational equity and access.
• Language Teacher Recruitment and Deployment Policies: Evaluate policies related to the recruitment and deployment of language teachers in diverse contexts.
• Language Assessment Policy Reform: Propose reforms to language assessment policies to promote fairness and validity.
• Biliteracy Development Policies: Study policies aimed at promoting biliteracy development among bilingual learners.

Research Methodologies in ELT

• Qualitative Research Methods in ELT: Explore qualitative approaches like interviews and case studies in ELT research.
• Quantitative Research Methods in ELT: Investigate quantitative methods such as surveys and experiments in language education research.
• Mixed-Methods Approaches in ELT Research: Combine qualitative and quantitative methods to gain a comprehensive understanding of research questions.
• Ethnographic Approaches to ELT Research: Conduct ethnographic studies to explore language learning and teaching in naturalistic settings.
• Case Study Research in Language Education: Investigate specific language learning contexts or programs through in-depth case studies.
• Corpus Linguistics in ELT Research: Analyze language use patterns and learner language production using corpus linguistic methods.
• Longitudinal Studies of Language Learning: Follow language learners over an extended period to examine developmental trajectories and factors influencing language acquisition.

Future Trends and Innovations

• Emerging Technologies in ELT: Study the integration of technologies like AI and VR in language teaching.
• Innovations in Teaching Strategies: Explore new approaches to teaching language, such as flipped classrooms and gamification.
• Future Directions in ELT Research: Investigate potential areas for future research in English language teaching.
• Wearable Technology in Language Learning: Explore the potential of wearable devices for delivering personalized language instruction.
• Data Analytics for Adaptive Learning: Develop data-driven approaches to adaptive learning in language education.
• Augmented Reality (AR) Applications in ELT: Design AR-enhanced language learning experiences for immersive language practice.
• Global Citizenship Education and Language Learning: Investigate the role of language education in fostering global citizenship skills.
• Eco-Linguistics and Language Education: Explore the intersection of language education and environmental sustainability.
• Metacognition and Language Learning: Explore how learners’ awareness of their own learning processes affects language acquisition.
• Peer Interaction in Language Learning: Investigate the role of peer collaboration and discussion in promoting language development.
• Heritage Language Education: Study strategies for maintaining and revitalizing heritage languages among immigrant and minority communities.
• Language Learning Motivation in Adolescents: Examine factors influencing motivation and engagement in adolescent language learners.
• Phonological Awareness in Language Learning: Investigate the role of phonological awareness in literacy development for language learners.
• Pragmatic Development in Language Learners: Explore how learners acquire pragmatic competence and understanding of language use in context.
• Digital Literacies and Language Learning: Examine how digital literacy skills contribute to language proficiency and communication in the digital age.
• Critical Language Awareness: Investigate approaches to developing learners’ critical awareness of language use and power dynamics.
• Language Teacher Identity: Study how language teachers’ identities shape their beliefs, practices, and interactions in the classroom.
• Collaborative Learning in Language Education: Explore the benefits and challenges of collaborative learning environments for language learners.
• Motivational Strategies in Language Teaching: Develop and evaluate motivational techniques to enhance student engagement and persistence in language learning.
• Heritage Language Maintenance: Investigate factors influencing the maintenance and transmission of heritage languages across generations.
• Phonics Instruction in Language Learning: Examine the effectiveness of phonics-based approaches for teaching reading and pronunciation.
• Language Policy Implementation: Analyze the challenges and successes of implementing language policies at the institutional, regional, and national levels.
• Language Teacher Cognition: Explore language teachers’ beliefs, knowledge, and decision-making processes in the classroom.
• Intercultural Communicative Competence: Develop strategies for fostering learners’ ability to communicate effectively across cultures.
• Critical Pedagogy in Language Education: Explore approaches to teaching language that promote critical thinking, social justice, and equity.
• Language Learning Strategies for Autodidacts: Investigate effective self-directed learning strategies for language learners outside formal educational settings.
• Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) in Higher Education: Examine the implementation and outcomes of CLIL programs in tertiary education.
• Sociocultural Theory and Language Learning: Explore how social and cultural factors influence language acquisition and development.
• Language Socialization: Investigate how individuals learn language within social and cultural contexts, including family, peer groups, and communities.
• Speech Perception and Language Learning: Examine the relationship between speech perception abilities and language proficiency in second language learners.
• Genre-Based Approaches to Language Teaching: Explore the use of genre analysis and genre-based pedagogy to teach language skills in context.
• Learner Autonomy in Language Learning: Investigate strategies for promoting learner autonomy and independence in language education.
• Multimodal Literacy in Language Learning: Examine the integration of multiple modes of communication, such as text, image, and sound, in language instruction.
• Community-Based Language Learning: Study language learning initiatives that engage learners with their local communities and resources.
• English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) Communication: Explore the use of English as a global means of communication among speakers from diverse linguistic backgrounds.

Research in English Language Teaching covers a wide range of topics, from language acquisition theories to the impact of technology on learning. By exploring these topics (from a list of research topics in english language teaching), we can improve how English is taught and learned, making it more effective and accessible for everyone.

Continuous research and collaboration among educators, researchers, and policymakers are essential for the ongoing development of ELT.

Related Posts

Step by Step Guide on The Best Way to Finance Car

The Best Way on How to Get Fund For Business to Grow it Efficiently

Leave a comment cancel reply.

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *