examples of research proposals in kenya

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Research Proposal Writing

Proposal writing support, 1. introduction: background to the study.

We at KENPRO take our clients through the following introductory parts of chapter one of most of research projects undertaken by college and university students:

1.1 Background of the Study

1.2 Statement of the Problem

1.3 Objectives/ Questions/Hypothesis

1.4 Significance of the Study

1.5 Scope of the Study

1.6 Limitation of the Study

1.7 Conceptual OR Theoretical Framework

1.8 Operational Definition of Key Terms

It should be noted that there are a little variations on this outline depending on the individual requirements of various colleges and universities. However, this outline constitutes the key parts of the introduction in essence.

We assist our clients in developing background to the study. We have nuemrous authoritative and scholarly online resources to build the most comprehensive up-to-date background to any education and social sciences research.

There are other critical parts of this introduction that students of research find difficulties. These include  research problem analysis  in order to up with good research questions or objectives to guide the study. Other parts include drawing up a good conceptual framework while taking into account both dependent and independent variables or constructs.  

Research Problem Analysis

The identification of research problem is the first and foremost step that every researcher has to undertake. At times, it becomes rather difficult for an inexperienced researcher or a novice/beginner in research to conceptualize a research problem. In general, a research problem should be understood as some difficulty, unclear situation which a researcher experiences in practical or theoretical context and wants to obtain a tangible explanation, clarification or offer solution to it. For students, this problem may be as a result of theoretical encounter in the area of specialization. As such, before embarking on any research, you should identify the major research area of your interest, mostly the area of your specialization. For instance from: Education, Social sciences, Humanities, Business administration among others.

Once you have the broad area, you narrow down the area by selecting a particular topic. This should be done after going through most of the literature related to the area. The topic should further be narrowed down to a specific researchable problem.

Components of a Research Problem. For a research problem to exist, there are a number of core elements that have to be inherent. There must be:

1. An individual or community or an organization/institution to whom the problem could be attributed.

These occupy a certain geographical area. For instance, teacher/parental factors affecting students performance in private secondary schools in Embu Municipality. In this study, there are individuals (parents, teachers, students), there are institutions (private secondary schools), and there is the area of study (Embu Municipality).

2. Some Objectives for pursuing the problem

There must be some objectives pursuing the problem, otherwise, it would be repugnant to reason and common understanding to undertake the research. For example: To find out teacher/parental factors affecting the students academic performance in private secondary schools in Embu Municipality.

3. Some lines of action to be taken

There must be at least two lines of action to be taken to attain the objective. For example, poor academic performance may be attributed to negative teacher and parental factors. Thus altering negative teacher factors and parental factors become the lines of action to be pursued. Here, the underlying question is “what is the cause of this problem – poor academic performance?” It is in answering this question that you must pursue some lines of action through stating some variables (teacher factors and parental factors).

We at KENPRO help our customers in identifying research topic(s). Once identified, the client is supposed to agree with the supervisor to be allowed to proceed.

2. Literature Review

We support our customers by providing literature resources that may be required for both theoretical and empirical review. We have access to hundreds of online international journals and digital libraries.

A literature review is an evaluative report of information found in the literature related to your selected area of study. The review should describe, summarize, evaluate and clarify this literature. It should give a theoretical base for the research and help you (the researcher) determine the nature of your research. Works, which are irrelevant, should be discarded and those, which are peripheral, should be looked at critically.

In general, the literature review should:

• Provide a context for the research
• Justify the research
• Ensure the research hasn’t been done before
• Show where the research fits into the existing body of knowledge
• Enable the researcher to learn from previous theory on the subject
• Illustrate how the subject has been studied previously
• Highlight flaws in previous research
• Outline gaps in previous research
• Show that the work is adding to the understanding and knowledge of the field of study
• Help refine, refocus or even change the topic

This chapter is generally divided according to the specific research objectives guiding the study. Each research objective / question should be reviewed. Such review helps in identifying knowledge gaps in the previous related studies and in the discussion of the findings.

Literature resources retrieval depends on the topic and the number of resources required. They may vary depending on the clients program of study and educational level. Roughly, we charge as low as Ksh. 250 /- to 1000/- per page.

3. Research Design and Methodology

We assist our clients in coming up with Research Design and methodology.

The most common sections of the methodology include the following:

3.1 Research Design

3.2 Target Population

3.3 Sample and Sampling procedure

3.4 Description of instruments

3.5 Validity of the Research Instruments

3.6 Reliability of the Research Instrument

3.7 Data collection procedure

3.8 Data analysis procedure

3.9 Ethical Considerations

Research Design: The most commonly used research designs in education and social sciences research include survey research design, the case study and naturalistic research designs. As a student of research, be ware of confusion between research designs and research approaches (qualitative and quantitative research approaches or paradigms).

Sample and sampling procedure: This is another tricky part of methodology which can pose a great challenge to a student of research or even a practitioner. There are a number of approaches that are used to arrive at the sample size. Some maintain that at least 10% (Gay, 1996) of the total population is representative; Others 30% (Gall, Borg and Gall, 2003). However, this is disputed. As such, use of Krejcie, and Morgan, table of determining sample size which is formula based is encouraged. One may also opt to use the formula to determine the sample size.

Reliability: Determining reliability of data collection instruments is also tricky. We encourage students to validate and determine the reliability of the instruments. To determine the reliability of research instruments, one must conduct a pilot test using related target population which does not form part of the final sample. Correlations (spearman’s rank correlation, Pearson’s correlation or Cronbach’s apha may be used to determine reliability). IBM SPSS is a valuable tool in computing reliability.

We offer support in drawing up research design and methodology.

Developing Data Collection Instruments

We assist our customers in developing research instruments. This MAINLY include Questionnaires and Interview guides. However, there are other instruments that we assist our clients to develop like observations guides among others depending on varied research designs:

Questionnaire Method

One method which can be used to ask questions is to use a questionnaire. This is a set of written questions on a sheet with spaces provided for respondents to reply to the questions. Questionnaires are frequently self-administered or they may be used during an interview. A questionnaire is most useful when you want to collect a small amount of clearly defined facts from a large number of people. Although very useful, there are two important disadvantages of self-administered questionnaires: Only people who can read and write can answer them (many street children are not literate); Less opportunity exists for street children to explain confusing answers.

Interviewing is one of the commonest method of collecting information from individuals. It is not surprising, then, that interviewing takes several forms:

Structured interviews, in which the wording of the questions and their sequence is the same from one interview to another; the respondents must choose from a limited number of answers that have been written in advance.

Semi-structured interviews, in which the interviewer asks important questions in the same way each time but is free to alter the sequence of the questions and to probe for more information; respondents can answer the questions in any way they choose.

Unstructured interviews, in which interviewers have a list of topics they want respondents to talk about but are free to phrase the questions as they wish; the respondents are free to answer in any way they choose.

Focus Group Discussion

Some important points to remember about the focus group as a means of collecting information:

a) This method is frequently used to explore a new issue in monitoring and evaluation studies and to discover what a group of people or project workers might think or feel about a question or problem.

b) The goal is to provide an opportunity for participants to talk to one another about a specific topic.

c) The facilitator is there to guide the discussion but should avoid intervening in the discussion.

Observation Method

It is, perhaps, the technique most closely related to everyday life. It involves watching and recording the behaviour of individuals or groups, or the events that occur in a particular place. One of the advantages of using this approach is that you may choose when and where to carry out the observation procedure and so ensure that you will have a good chance of seeing the people or the behaviour you wish to observe.

The charges range between Kshs.1,500 to Kshs. 3,500.

The charges depend on the level of the study (Diploma, Degree, Undergraduate and Postgraduate) and on the types and the number of instruments (Questionnaires, Interview guides, Observation schedules, etc).

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Proposal Titles for Projects and Theses (PT)

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Pt-school of agriculture & enterprise development [5], pt-school of applied human sciences [12], pt-school of business [12], pt-school of economics [7], pt-school of education [94], pt-school of engineering and technology [0], pt-school of environmental studies [16], pt-school of health sciences [6], pt-school of hospitality and tourism management [8], pt-school of humanities and social sciences. [52], pt-school of public health [16], pt-school of pure and applied sciences [70], pt-school of visual and performing arts [0], recent submissions.

Entrepreneurial Orientation as a Predictor of Organization Performance: A Perspective of State Corporations in the Energy Sector in Kenya 

Borrowers’ Non-Financial Information and Quality of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Loans among Commercial Banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya 

Effects of Makueni Budget Economic Forum on Public Participation, Kenya 

Selected characteristics and their effects on socio-economic wellbeing of motorcycle taxi riders in Homa Bay County, Kenya 

Effects of teachers adversity quotient on secondary school students’ academic performance in KCSE in Kiambu and Nairobi Counties, Kenya. 

Care-Givers’ Knowledge, Attitudes And Practices On Complementary Feeding Of Children 6-23months Of Age In Out-Patient Therapeutic Programs In Nairobi County, Kenya 

Determinants of information and communication technologies integration in instruction in early childhood teacher education in selected universities in Kenya 

School related factors contributing to geography performance among form three and four students in public secondary schools: Vihiga sub-county 

Relationship between teacher factors and job satisfaction among pre-school teachers in Nyali constituency, Mombasa County 

Parental involvement’s influence on access-transition rate from pre-primary to primary education in Kakamega Central sub county, Kakamega County, Kenya. 

Effects of capital structure on the cost of capital of firms listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya 

Language change as observed in the names used to refer to the months of the year in Ekegusii 

Home-based, school-based and socio-cultural factors influencing girls’ and boys’ KCSE examination performance in Murang’a Public mixed day secondary Schools, Kenya 

Effect of budgeting process on budget variance in public secondary schools in Rongo Sub-County, Kenya 

Parental involvement, in their lower primary pupils’ homework, in Laikipia East Sub County Laikipia County, Kenya 

Relationship between teacher education and preschoolers’ acquisition of numeracy skills in Hananasif Ward, Kinondoni District, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 

Capacity building for teacher effectiveness and students’ performance in public secondary schools in Embu and Tharaka Nithi Counties, Kenya 

Causes of school dropout among male students in public secondary schools of Embu County Kenya. 

Impact of self-efficacy on Mathematics performance among learners with dyscalculia in public secondary schools in Muranga County, Kenya. 

The Critical Thinking Educational Policies And Its Implementation Mismatch In Primary Teacher Education 

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Research Proposal by Ezan Final Copy

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Liberia + 1 more

AIM Qualitative Research & Learning Partner - Liberia or Sierra Leone

Contract Duration: July 2024 to October 2024

Location: Liberia or Sierra Leone

Overview of AIM

Mastercard Foundation Accelerating Impact for Young Women in Partnership with BRAC, or AIM, is a multi-faceted, seven-country program designed to equip 1.2 million adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in Africa with age-appropriate entrepreneurship, employability, and life-skills training, along with the tools to start and scale their own businesses. From 2022 to 2027, the five-year, $267 million program will integrate several of BRAC’s globally recognized, evidence-based approaches, drawing from Empowerment and Livelihood for Adolescents (ELA), Ultra-Poor Graduation (UPG), microfinance and other programs. Implemented in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Ghana, and Kenya, AIM is part of the Mastercard Foundation’s Young Africa Works strategy, which seeks to enable access to dignified and fulfilling work for 30 million young Africans, 70 percent of whom will be young women, by 2030. AIM applies a “best-of-BRAC” approach, achieving social and economic development for AGYW by drawing from several programmatic models already shown through rigorous research to achieve positive impact in a way that is both scalable and cost-effective. The goals of AIM are to:

• foster the agency and voice of AGYW to act on their aspirations
• enable AGYW to engage in sustainable livelihoods
• create an enabling environment for AGYW, including support for their engagement in advocacy

Objectives:

BRAC International seeks a qualitative research and learning partner in Liberia or Sierra Leone to execute a small-scale study of AIM’s first cohort, which went through the program in 2023. Applicants must have a physical presence in the country they propose working in.

The AIM Learning Agenda is a working document that serves as a roadmap for generating evidence and filling knowledge gaps to improve the effectiveness of the AIM program. The Learning Agenda is intended to help BRAC and its external learning partners design and plan appropriate research, monitoring, and evaluation activities to answer prioritized learning questions. More specifically, the Learning Agenda identifies knowns and unknowns, including evidence gaps in the existing literature related to the programme's theory of change (ToC); establishes links between this ToC and the existing evidence base, while identifying key assumptions to be tested; proposes learning activities best suited to testing these assumptions and answering the prioritized questions; and identifies ways to assess the implementation fidelity, generalizability, and efficiency of the AIM model and its various components. Potential research partners should review the Learning Agenda thoroughly to acquaint themselves with the AIM program and our learning objectives.

Methodology:

The qualitative research partner will use in-depth interviews and focus group discussions to answer questions including but not limited to:

• Among young women who have already completed the program in cohort #1, how do they perceive their experience in the programme? What changes in their lives and
• livelihoods do they attribute to the programme participation?
• How do participants describe the transition to microfinance (e.g., barriers and
• opportunities)?
• How do AIM cohort #1 mentors perceive their experience in the programme? After
• completing their role as a mentor, has their status in their community changed?

Core responsibilities

• Co-develop a research protocol and qualitative data collection tools with the BRAC
• International Research & Learning team and respond to comments received from
• relevant programme teams.
• Apply for and receive Institutional Review Board (IRB) and any other necessary local
• and/or national research permissions to conduct the qualitative research.
• Actively communicate and coordinate with BRAC International research and
• implementation teams.
• Collect data, manage, and store data according to the highest ethical standards.
• Submit clear and well-articulated reports on research findings.

Contract deliverables and timeline

Inception report - Brief report that details the key project milestones, anupdated timeline, and mitigation strategies for any challenges that may arise-10 days aftercontract signingwith Payment schedule of 10%

Ethics approval - For any research involving human participants, and/ordata relating to identifiable human subjects,researchers are required to complete a researchethics review and provide proof of the approval and/orexemption from the IRB that conducted the review.Documentation of approval(s)/exemption must besubmitted to BRAC International to satisfy thisrequirement - August 2024 with Payment Schedule of 40%

Data - Qualitative data shared with BRAC International. All audio recordings must be transcribed verbatim and if not already conducted in English transcribed to English – September 2024 with Payment Schedule 30%

Final report- High-level report (20 pages in length). The reportshould include a clear description of the project’smethodology, detailed findings, and must documentany challenges experienced during data collection - October 2024 with Payment Schedule 20%

Changes to this deliverables timeline must be discussed and agreed upon by both parties.

Application timeline

• RFP published By May 6, 2024
• Proposals due to BRAC International By June 3, 2024
• Short-listed candidates invited to screener interview By June 14, 2024
• Finalists invited to panel interview By June 30, 2024
• Fully executed contract is delivered to both parties. By July 15, 2024

Eligibility

The research and learning partner must have a permanent, physical presence in the country where the work will be completed and experience collaborating with NGO programmes on research activities. In addition, candidates must be available for virtual interviews in June 2024 and must have existing capacity to meet the deadlines specified above. Institutions that cannot meet these eligibility requirements are discouraged from submitting an application.

Proposal guidelines

Your proposal package must consist of only two items:

• a single .pdf and
• a completed budget using the provided Excel attachment.

The .pdf must contain:

Your technical proposal using the template provided -

There are five brief sections of the proposal. You must follow these guidelines carefully. Please do not submit a proposal in another format.

CVs of key team members - After you’ve completed the technical proposal template, please save it as a .pdf and attach the CVs of key project members.

Budget assumptions

• # of communities - 15 communities will be included in the qualitative sample
• # of days of data collection - 15 (one day of data collection per community)
• # of FGDs - 60 (four focus group discussions per community)
• # of interviews - 15 (one in-depth interview per community)
• Data collection locations - Interviews and FGDs will be conducted near AIM club houses.

Please note that finalists will be expected to produce the following documents for due diligence. These documents do not need to be submitted at this time, but if you feel that

it will be difficult to obtain them, please mention this in your application packet.

A cover letter illustrating the supporting documents you are submitting. In the letter, please include:

• A declaration that your organization agrees to BRAC International’s vetting and due diligence procedures.
• A declaration that your organization (including its agents, employees, sub-contractors, sub-consultants and suppliers) does not contravene with all applicable AML/CFT laws and does not engage in or conspire to engage in any transaction that evades or avoids, or has the purpose of evading or avoiding, or attempts to violate, any of the prohibitions set forth in any AML/CFT laws.
• Please include contact information for at least three references that you can speak to your ability to carry out similar scopes of work. If you plan to outsource any major component of the project (e.g., data collection, analysis, etc.) to another firm, please also provide at least three professional references for each partner. You may also include letters of reference, but these references should be able to be reached by phone or email.

Demonstration of financial capacity:

• Please provide appropriate statements from bankers of the firm’s financial resources.
• Please provide firm’s balance sheets or extracts from them, where publication of a balance sheet is required under company law in the country in which the supplier is established, where applicable.

Demonstration of legal capacity:

• Legal capacity shall be confirmed by a power of attorney. This document shall also state that there is no judicial prohibition in place preventing the person, firm or employees from signing a contract with any potential customer or client.

Demonstration of taxation obligations:

• Copy of trade license or equivalent
• Copy of VAT Registration certificate or equivalent
• Up-to-date copy of tax payment receipt or equivalent

A copy of your organization’s safeguarding policy. If no such policy exists, please include a description of the actions you take to ensure safeguarding.

How to apply

Application Instructions:

Applications must be submitted as a single PDF accompanied by an Excel budget proposal to [email protected] by June 3, 2024 11:59 PM East Africa Time (EAT). Please include the RFP title and the country where you are proposing the research in the subject line (e.g.,“AIM Qualitative Research & Learning Partner Liberia”).

For questions, please contact Jenna Grzeslo (Head, Research & Learning, BRAC International): [email protected].

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