thesis for a descriptive essay

How To Write A Thesis Statement For A Descriptive Essay

Table of Contents

Opening remarks.

Writing is not an easy task. The subjective nature and countless variables, both known and unknown, can make writers dread the process and its outcomes. There are many ways a writer can take hold of these variables, from planning and researching beforehand to outlining the whole content before getting started.

In essay writing, the purpose is to tackle an issue, solve a problem, or answer a question. That’s why it is necessary to take every issue into account before moving forward. In the case of writing a descriptive essay, the best thing to do is to understand what it is, what it is made of, and how to add value to the final product.

Descriptive Essay Writing 101

A descriptive essay is an essay that describes a subject under consideration. That subject can be anything, from physical to metaphysical, real to fictional, and beyond. Most descriptive essay topics revolve around describing a person, a thing, a place, an event, or an emotion.

Writers rely on figurative language and literary devices to make “things” come alive on a piece of paper. Without such tools, it is hard for writers to create fictional worlds and inhabit them with fictional people concerned about fictional problems and looking for fictional solutions for them.

Although it revolves around a single subject, the structure of a descriptive essay is well-defined, with three sections. One is the introduction or opening of the essay, the other is the main body where much of the description happens, and the last one is the conclusion or closing where the gist of the essay is summarized.

A Thesis Statement In An Essay

It would not be an overstatement to say that a thesis statement is a heart and soul of an essay. If you are to look for the distillation of the grand idea in one or two sentences in the essay, it will be a thesis statement.

It is a bold, brief statement that can summarize the whole gist of the essay in a couple of sentences. For instance, if an essay is about finding a solution to a problem, the thesis does not only mention the problem but finds states its supposed solution clearly and concisely.

Many people argue that an essay can be complete without a thesis statement. This cannot be farther from the truth. In real practice, the practice of having a thesis statement in an essay is going on for decades. There is no end to this practice in sight soon.

Composing A Thesis Statement For A Descriptive Essay

The approach to coming up with a solid thesis statement depends on the assignment and its writing approach. Is because of the reasons you should have a thesis statement in your essay:

• Testing ideas and getting their essence in one or two sentences
• Better organizing and developing your argument
• To foreshadow the contents of the essay at the end of the introduction

To get your thesis statement to accomplish these goals, it is best to approach the process of formulating one based on the circumstances of the assignment and approach toward the topic.

When Topic Is Assigned By Instructors

When a topic is assigned to a student to write a descriptive essay, it can always be stripped down to a single question, problem, or point, based on its reach and scope. Whether a topic or title is asking to do this, you can easily turn it into a question to answer it in a much better way.

For instance, if you need to write a descriptive essay on a stranger you helped in a market, it is best to turn it into a question, or a couple, and then answer them one by one and then distill it into a single one. You can easily do this by describing the traits and attributes of the person and then settling down on one or two that can easily define or make him alive for the readers.

This thesis statement comes at the end of the introduction to foreshadow the contents of the main body for the readers.

When Topic Is Not Assigned

When a topic is assigned to you by the instructor, it is often easier to connect the dots and get to a question that can be answered in a thesis statement. When that is not the case, it is up to the writers to formulate a question and then come up with an answer.

There are four important pointers you should keep in mind. One, get a good number of people to disagree with what you are proposing. Second, choose a subject that can be reasonably dealt with given the scale and scope of the assignment. Third, formulate a single cohesive idea to tie it all. Fourth, propound your claims or findings in the conclusion.

The workflow toward that goal starts with brainstorming an idea, then narrowing it down using specific language and focusing the narrative until it becomes concise enough to forward an exertion. Once you check all the boxes, you can cover the thesis statement masterfully.

Merits of A Solid Thesis Statement

Just like any other form of writing, it is easy to do it, but hard to do it the best way. A thesis statement is easy to formulate but you need solid backing and support to create a lasting thesis statement that can stand the test of peers and critics.

That’s why we have designed this section to help students identify the merits of superb thesis statements they will create during their academics.

Asserts The Subjective Truth

The purpose of  writing a descriptive essay  is to show the readers what that subject is, be it a person, a thing, a place, or an event. This requires going through both subjective and objective details that can make it come alive on paper. Since a thesis is the distilled version of the whole narrative, it should reflect, and even assert, the subjective truth from the findings. Students should keep in mind that merely stating the problem or the issue is not a thesis statement. Merely suggesting the solution to the problem is not a thesis. They need to assert the claims and make others think it harder and even provoke them to turn it down or challenge it based on academic grounds.

Provides Justification For Discussion

Discussion, inherently speaking, is a two-way process. It means a party makes a claim that is either accepted and added to by the second party, is challenged and leads to other claims, and so on. This follows the same steps of the thesis, antithesis, and synthesis where society grows based on ideas. Sometimes, the rationale behind connecting dots with a thesis is to challenge widely-held beliefs. For instance, if you are writing a descriptive essay on a person who is universally believed to be a monster, you can unearth facts and forward the claim that he was indeed mentally ill and did what he did because of his maladies.

Expresses One Primary Idea

Many students make the mistake of formulating multiple ideas or stances in a single thesis. They shortlist findings based on their inclination toward the subject and base the statement on those ideas. There is no denying that this process is indeed formidable, but it is not the right one. Since the purpose of writing a descriptive essay is to highlight the vices and virtues of the subject under consideration, readers should have empirical takeaways when they depart from the essay. They should be able to pinpoint the central idea or the theme of the essay that was immortalized by the thesis statement. It can also be said that the primary idea in the thesis is the thread that binds the whole narrative together.

Specifies The Problem And Its Solution

When a writer sets out to write a descriptive essay, he needs to balance certain things so that the finished product can hold on its own. Apart from preliminary research and outlining, there are not many things that can keep the writer from swaying away from the main topic, except the thesis statement. The biggest strength of a well-rounded thesis statement is that it not only identifies the problem but also asserts a solution. Most of the time, the thesis statement picks only a single problem and then works around it to find a single, tangible solution.

What is an example of a thesis statement?

A thesis statement is a distillation of the central idea or a theme in a single or a couple of sentences. It can cover the whole premise of the problem and its solution. Here is a simple example of thesis building:

• Describing the strangest person
• Finding a person in the middle of nowhere who turned out to be a good person

What are the three essential parts of a thesis statement?

Following are the three essential parts of a thesis statement that you must keep in mind while researching and formulating one for your descriptive essay:

• The subject discussed in the discourse is limited
• The opinion propounded by the writer was precise
• The author provides the reasons to come up with the proposed solution

How long is a thesis statement for a descriptive essay?

Loosely, a thesis statement should be a bold and concise summary of the central idea. Practically, it should be from a bold statement comprising a single sentence to a small paragraph, highlighting the issue and its solution. Keep in mind that it depends on the scale of the essay and the scope of the research.

Can a thesis statement be a question?

A thesis statement cannot be a question. It has to have the issue or the question in its body along with a plausible solution or answer to it. Merely stating the question does not promote debate and reasoning. That’s why it has two distinct characters encapsulated as one.

What is the ideal place to put the thesis statement in a descriptive essay?

The best place to mention the thesis statement is at the end of the introduction. It will directly lead to the bulk or action of the essay in the main body and it will tie the sections coming before and after the thesis statement.

Does a thesis statement always have to be a single sentence?

No law or convention in essay writing compels the writers to sum up their thesis statements in a single sentence. It is always ideal to have a concise, brief, and bold statement to back up the claims. Depending on the reach and scope of the essay, the thesis can go from a single sentence to a small paragraph containing a couple of sentences to further strengthen its position.

Summing It Up

Coming up with a solid thesis statement to back up the claims and answers to the possible questions is the primary job of the writer. While writing a descriptive essay, writers are often plagued with problems of generalization, especially when tackling extremely subjective topics. That’s why we have dedicated this whole blog post to help them how to write thesis statements in different scenarios. This will help them better understand the requirements of the assignment and set the scope and reach of the essay accordingly.

For those who can tackle the creative issues of writing but are stumped by technical issues such as writing a superb thesis  statement for the descriptive essay , this is the perfect resource to explore!

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Descriptive Essay: Your Guide to Writing an Effective One

A descriptive essay is one of the four main types of essays, alongside narrative, argumentative, and expository essays. Among these, descriptive essays can be particularly challenging because they demand a keen eye for detail and an appreciation for aesthetics. By vividly describing scenes and details, you engage your reader’s senses, making your essay memorable and engaging. In this guide, our essay writers will break down the writing process for you, offering step-by-step instructions, practical examples, and clear definitions to help you excel in your next assignment.

What is a Descriptive Essay?

Descriptive writing aims to vividly portray something through essays, helping readers visualize and feel the scene or object being described. Such essays draw on detailed descriptions to create a clear and impactful image that not only presents the subject but also evokes emotions and memories.

There are three main techniques used in descriptive writing: naming, detailing, and comparing .

Naming identifies the subject and its characteristics, answering questions like 'What is it?' and 'What features does it have?'

Detailing elaborates on these features, providing answers to detailed questions such as 'How many are there?' and 'What is its value?' Techniques like synesthesia and comparisons enhance these descriptions.

Comparing uses similes and metaphors to make descriptions more vivid, linking the subject to familiar concepts.

What Is the Purpose of a Descriptive Essay?

The purpose of a descriptive essay is multifaceted. Primarily, it allows writers to give readers a vivid impression of a person, place, or event, making the subject come alive through words. By using detailed descriptions, writers can help readers visualize settings and characters as if they were seeing them firsthand.

Additionally, descriptive essays can serve to clarify abstract ideas. By describing these concepts with concrete images and examples, writers make complex ideas easier to understand and more relatable to the reader.

Descriptive essays also aim to make information more memorable. When details are vivid, they are more likely to stick in the reader's mind, enhancing recall and engagement with the text.

Lastly, it can bolster an argument by providing concrete, detailed evidence that supports a point of view. This helps persuade the reader by making the argument more tangible and credible.

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Descriptive Essay Topics

When you're tasked with writing a descriptive essay, you'll usually get a prompt that asks you to describe something. These descriptive essay prompts allow you to explore different settings, time periods, and imaginative scenarios in your essays. 

Personal Prompts:

• Describe a favorite childhood memory.
• Describe a treasured family heirloom.

Imaginative Prompts:

• Describe a day in the life of a pirate.
• Describe what it would be like to explore an underwater city.

Historical Prompts:

• Describe the atmosphere of a bustling ancient marketplace.
• Describe the experience of witnessing a significant moment in history, like the moon landing or the fall of the Berlin Wall.

Nature Prompts:

• Describe the sights and sounds of a peaceful forest at dawn.
• Describe the feeling of standing at the edge of a majestic waterfall.

Everyday Prompts:

• Describe the chaos of a busy morning commute in a big city.
• Describe the tranquility of a sunset picnic in the countryside.

If you need topic ideas for other essay genres, consult our guide on narrative essay topics .

How to Write a Descriptive Essay in 8 Steps

Now that you understand the essence and purpose of this type of essay let's explore some fundamental yet valuable tips for writing a descriptive essay. 

Step 1: Select Your Topic

The first step in creating a captivating descriptive essay is choosing the right topic. Start by paying close attention to your surroundings. 

• Consider describing a person you know well in your life, like a sibling, a close friend, or a teacher who has made a significant impact on you.
• Alternatively, you could focus on a specific place or object that holds sentimental value to you, such as a favorite vacation spot, a cherished childhood toy, or a meaningful piece of jewelry.
• Another option is to explore a strong emotion that you have experienced, like excitement, nostalgia, or determination. 

Avoid using overly technical or jargon-filled language in your topic selection. Instead, aim for simplicity and clarity to ensure that your chosen topic resonates with your audience and allows you to convey your unique perspective effectively.

Step 2: Gather Details

Once you've selected your topic for your descriptive essay, the next step is to gather details that will bring your chosen subject to life on the page. Start by closely observing your subject, whether it's a person, place, object, or emotion. Pay attention to its appearance, characteristics, and any unique features that stand out to you.

For example, if you've chosen to describe your childhood home, take note of its architectural style, color scheme, and any distinctive elements like a front porch or a cozy fireplace. Recall memories associated with the home, such as family gatherings or quiet moments spent reading in your favorite spot.

If your topic is a person, like a close friend or family member, observe their physical appearance, mannerisms, and personality traits. Consider the ways in which they interact with others and the impact they have on your life.

Step 3: Draft an Outline

When structuring your essay, you can organize your paragraphs from top to bottom or near to far, chronologically, or from general to specific. Here's a simple descriptive essay outline from our custom writers to guide you: 

Step 4: Develop a Thesis Statement

When developing your thesis statement, consider the main points or aspects of your subject that you want to highlight in your essay. Think about the emotions or impressions you want to evoke in the reader and tailor your thesis statement accordingly.

For example, if you're writing about your favorite childhood memory, your thesis statement could be: 'My summers spent at my grandparents' farm were filled with laughter, adventure, and a sense of belonging.'

Or, if you're describing a beautiful sunset, your thesis statement might be: 'The breathtaking colors and serene atmosphere of the sunset over the ocean evoke a sense of peace and wonder.'

Step 5: Craft the Introduction

Start your descriptive essay introduction by hooking the reader with an engaging opening sentence or anecdote related to your topic. This could be a vivid description, a thought-provoking question, or a surprising fact. For example:

• Growing up on my grandparents' farm, each summer brought new adventures and unforgettable memories that still warm my heart to this day.

After hooking the reader, provide some background information or context for your topic. This could include brief details about the setting, time period, or significance of your subject. For instance:

• Nestled in the rolling hills of the countryside, my grandparents' farm was a sanctuary of simple pleasures and cherished traditions.

Finally, end your introduction with your thesis statement, clearly stating the main point of your essay. This ties everything together and gives the reader a roadmap for what to expect in the rest of your essay. 

Step 6: Compose the Body Paragraphs

Once you've crafted your introduction, it's time to compose the body paragraphs, where you delve into the details and descriptions that bring your topic to life.

Each body paragraph should focus on a specific aspect or detail of your topic, expanding upon the ideas presented in your thesis statement. Use vivid language, sensory details, and descriptive devices to paint a clear picture for the reader.

For example, if you're writing about summers spent at your grandparents' farm, you could dedicate one body paragraph to describing the sights and sounds of the farm:

• The rolling fields stretched out before me, golden waves of wheat swaying gently in the breeze. The air was filled with the sweet scent of wildflowers, mingling with the earthy aroma of freshly turned soil.

In another body paragraph, you might explore the adventures and activities that filled your days:

• From sunrise to sunset, there was never a dull moment on the farm. Whether we were exploring the woods, splashing in the creek, or helping with chores, each day brought new excitement and adventure.

Continue with additional body paragraphs, each focusing on a different aspect of your topic and providing rich, detailed descriptions. Be sure to vary your language and sentence structure to keep the reader engaged and interested.

Step 7: Conclude the Essay

The conclusion should bring together all the ideas presented in your essay. Avoid introducing any new information in the conclusion. Instead, focus on evaluating your thoughts and reflections on the topic. End with a strong final sentence that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.

For example, if you were writing about summers spent at your grandparents' farm, your conclusion might reflect on the significance of those memories:

• 'As I reminisce about the summers spent amid the rustic charm of my grandparents' farm, I am filled with a profound sense of gratitude for the simple pleasures and cherished moments that shaped my childhood. The laughter echoing through the fields, the adventures awaiting around every corner, and the sense of belonging that enveloped me there will forever hold a special place in my heart.'

Step 8: Refine Your Essay

Once you've finished writing your essay, it's time to refine it for clarity and impact. Start by reading your essay aloud to yourself. Listen for any sentences that sound awkward or unclear. Mark these sentences so you can revise them later.

You can also read your essay aloud to others and ask for their feedback. Invite friends, family members, teachers, or mentors to listen to your essay and share their thoughts. Ask them if there are any parts that are difficult to understand or if they have trouble picturing the subject you're describing.

Be receptive to constructive criticism and feedback. Use it as an opportunity to improve your essay and make it stronger. And if it sounds too demanding right now, you can buy cheap essay to sidestep the hassle and reclaim some much-needed free time.

Descriptive Essay Format

The standard format for a descriptive essay typically includes five paragraphs: an introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion. However, you can also organize your essay into sections, allowing for flexibility in the length of the body paragraphs.

Introductory Paragraph: This paragraph sets the scene by describing where, when, and to whom the experience occurred. It should include descriptive words to capture the reader's attention.

First Body Paragraph: Here, the writer provides details that allow the reader to visualize the situation. Descriptive language is key in painting a clear picture for the reader.

Second Body Paragraph: More details are provided, with a focus on using descriptive adjectives. Figurative language, such as metaphor (e.g., describing the city as a 'jungle of concrete'), can enhance the imagery.

Third Body Paragraph: The writer continues to appeal to the reader's senses with visually descriptive words. Figurative language, like personification (e.g., describing the wind as a playful dancer), adds depth to the description.

Conclusion: The conclusion alludes to another sense, such as touch or sound, and uses strong words to signify closure. It ends with a powerful concluding sentence to leave a lasting impression on the reader.

Descriptive Essay Examples

In this section, you'll discover essay examples that demonstrate how to captivate your readers' attention effectively. After exploring these examples, you might find yourself tempted to ask, 'Can someone do my homework for me?' - and that's completely understandable! We're here to help you become more confident and articulate communicators through your writing!

3 Additional Tips for Writing

While writing a descriptive essay, your goal is to make your subject come alive for the reader. Unlike more formal essays, you have the freedom to be creative with your descriptions, using figurative language, sensory details, and precise word choices to make your writing memorable.

Use Figurative Language: Figurative language, like metaphors and similes, adds flair to your descriptions. Instead of sticking to literal descriptions, use comparisons to create unique and memorable imagery. 

• For instance, describing a city as a bustling beehive of activity ' or a forest as ' a blanket of whispers ' adds an unexpected twist that captures the reader's attention.

Engage Your Senses: In a descriptive essay, don't just focus on what something looks like; appeal to all the senses. Describe how things smell, sound, feel, and even taste, if applicable. This adds depth and richness to your descriptions, making them more immersive. 

• For example, instead of just describing a beach visually, include sensory details like feeling the warm sand between your toes , hearing the rhythmic crash of waves , and t asting the salty sea breeze.

Choose Your Words Carefully: Use effective adjectives, verbs, and nouns to convey your impressions vividly. Avoid clichés and opt for original, precise language that reflects your unique perspective. Take the time to review your sentences and consider if there are better word choices that could enhance your description.

In Wrapping Up

To sum it up, descriptive essays are all about encouraging students like you to explore your surroundings and unleash your creativity by describing scenes in detail with words. When you carefully select and organize these descriptive details, it not only enhances your writing but also sharpens your critical thinking skills. Plus, diving into this expressive writing style allows you to appreciate the beauty of language and feel more connected to written communication. And remember, if you ever need a little boost in your writing journey, our descriptive essay writing service is here to help!

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How To Write A Descriptive Essay?

What is a descriptive essay, what is the purpose of a descriptive essay.

Daniel Parker

is a seasoned educational writer focusing on scholarship guidance, research papers, and various forms of academic essays including reflective and narrative essays. His expertise also extends to detailed case studies. A scholar with a background in English Literature and Education, Daniel’s work on EssayPro blog aims to support students in achieving academic excellence and securing scholarships. His hobbies include reading classic literature and participating in academic forums.

is an expert in nursing and healthcare, with a strong background in history, law, and literature. Holding advanced degrees in nursing and public health, his analytical approach and comprehensive knowledge help students navigate complex topics. On EssayPro blog, Adam provides insightful articles on everything from historical analysis to the intricacies of healthcare policies. In his downtime, he enjoys historical documentaries and volunteering at local clinics.

• New samples
• New information on each of the rest sections 

Axelrod, R. B. and Cooper, R. C. (2008). The st martin’s guide to writing. (English Edition). New York: Bedford/St Martins

Okono, U. M. (2021). Descriptive essay: An assessment of performance by undergraduates of AkwaIbom State University. Erudite Journal of Linguistics and Languages . https://www.globalacademicstar.com/download/article/descriptive-essay-an-assessment-of-performance-by-undergraduates-of-akwa-ibom-state-university.pdf

Okono. U. M. (2020). “Qualities of a good essay: An assessment of the writings of Nigerian undergraduates.” International Journal on integrated Education. 3: vi.

https://irsc-asc.weebly.com/uploads/3/1/8/1/31813909/e7__descriptive_essay_guidelines.pdf

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Descriptive Essay Writing

Last updated on: Feb 9, 2023

How To Write An Impactful Descriptive Essay?

By: Cathy A.

12 min read

Reviewed By: Melisa C.

Published on: Dec 17, 2019

Wondering how to write an impressive descriptive essay? Writing a descriptive essay is both fun and challenging. You need to describe the main topic in detail and by engaging the five senses of the readers.

Students usually get this type of essay in high school and college. Writing a descriptive essay is different from other essays.

You need to focus on describing a certain person, place, or event.

Luckily for you, the following blog post will provide some helpful tips on how to create an engaging essay.

Continue reading to learn how to write an A-worthy descriptive essay.

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What is a Descriptive Essay?

A descriptive essay is a detailed paper that describes a place, person, situation, object, or emotion. Different people have different points of view and your job is to explain yours in detail.

You may be asked to write a descriptive essay about the beach or forest or about a person or situation. The purpose of this essay is to test the writer’s ability in expressing and explaining their experiences.

Descriptive writing should create a picture in the reader’s mind. You may be required to write a descriptive essay as a high school or college essay assignment.

For a compelling essay, using adjectives and adverbs, details, and figurative language is fundamental. Without proper usage of words, you will not be able to invoke the readers' emotions.

What is the Purpose of a Descriptive Essay?

The purpose of a descriptive essay is to describe a person, place, or personal experience in vivid detail so that the reader can create a picture in his mind.

The descriptive essay is written to get the reader to understand by using descriptive language. It is different from narrative essays, where the writer tells the story about someone else. Usually, it starts with a real-life event and then the content follows the author's imagination.

Descriptive essays are not intended to persuade the reader or show facts and figures to prove something. Descriptive essays are like word paintings that contain personal and descriptive details and these are mostly assigned to students of creative writing.

How to Start a Descriptive Essay

A strong start for your descriptive essay is essential. Analyze your topic from every angle and document the following details:

Analyze the main subjects in detail and observe minute things.

• Start with observing all the possible aspects of the subject.
• Don't just observe the object but also its surroundings.
• Focus on details and features of the subject and develop opinions about them.
• Be thoughtful; this first step will be the basis for the essay.

Physical Settings

Describing the physical settings is a must in a descriptive essay. When describing, keep the following points in mind.

• Focus on the subject's position and observe nearby objects
• Note the time of day and kind of lighting: natural or imitated
• Physical settings: all the basic and decorative elements
• The position and shape of the objects
• Alignment and any other observable information

Physical Features

When describing the physical features of the subject, living or nonliving, consider the following points.

• Living or nonliving; describe the features in detail
• The subject's skin color, texture, smoothness, expression, and age
• The features of inanimate objects in the picture, color, surface, and texture

Create Drama

Storytelling and drama are the life and blood of a good descriptive essay. It turns your essay into an exciting and interesting piece of writing. However, be subtle about adding drama to your sentence structure and add it to complement your story only.

Focus On Your Feelings

Focus on how you feel about the particular topic or person and stick to it. It is easy to get involved when working on the essay. But, focus on your own feelings and write an essay based on them.

Use Of Specific Vocabulary

Vocabulary is important. Select the best words for describing an action or object. Don't always use the first word that comes to mind.

Write slowly and thoughtfully, and use specific words to convey your thoughts.

Psychological Aspects

Writing about a certain situation or behavior of a person focuses on the mental aspects and emotions involved in them.

For Example, describe your emotions when your friend misplaced your notes right before the exam.

You may have had several emotions in that incident. Maybe you were prepared for exams, but this situation put you under pressure and made you feel frustrated and hurt.

Explore those emotions and describe the feelings they aroused. Describe the body language also, if relevant.

Ask Yourself, WHY?

This is the most valuable tip for students. When you are looking at a particular subject, and having difficulty analyzing its aspects, ask yourself "WHY".

• Why is the subject the way it is?
• Why does the person you are describing have such a deep-set and cold eyes?
• Why is the animal so wounded and terrified?
• Why is this particular place famous?

It is a good practice and after some time you will do it naturally. Knowing the why is important if you want to describe your topic properly.

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How To Write A Descriptive Essay?

When you write a descriptive essay, you help your readers visualize an event, a person, or a story. It is written to make your readers feel what you feel about the respective subject.

A descriptive essay seeks to appeal to some or all of the audience’s five senses. Some key things to consider are:

• Discussing your subject thoroughly
• Focusing on details and adding them in your essay
• Sharing your personal feelings and experience about the subject
• Observing and describing all sensory details of your subject

Here are the steps to write a descriptive essay easily.

1- Choose an Engaging and Focused Essay Topic

An important step that all strong descriptive essays share is having a focused topic. Before you make the outline, identify the purpose of your essay and use it to create an appropriate thesis statement.This type of paper does not require much personal opinion from you. Its main goal should be focusing on information that will make a dominant impression in readers' minds instead.

2- Research and Gather Important Details

When writing a descriptive essay, it is important to make sure you include as many details and sensory information as possible. This helps your reader fully understand the images that are being presented in their mind's eye.You can organize these ideas into categories so they're easy for you to access when needed.

3- Create an Outline of Your Essay

Your essays must be organized by having subheadings that are clear and concise. Group your main points into individual body paragraphs, each of which should only cover one idea or topic at a time.

4- Write your Essay’s Introduction

A good introductory paragraph is much like a road map because it provides direction to your readers.

It provides relevant background information before diving into more specific details related to how something works or why something happens. These could include statistics or stories from real-life scenarios.

5- Write the Main Body Section of Your Essay

Each body paragraph should start with a topic sentence that keeps the reader hooked on what you are saying. Use specific details instead of making generalized statements, and make sure to give examples if necessary.

6- End with a Strong Conclusion

The conclusion of an essay is the final paragraph, and it should summarize all that you have said throughout. It's a good idea to restate the main points and key details from the essay in this section.

It is important so the reader has everything they need for better understanding before ending off on something new.

If necessary be sure not to introduce anything odd or unusual, to avoid any confusion.

7- Proofread and Revise the Essay Carefully

Once you are done writing the essay, proofread and revise it carefully. Make sure that it is free from all kinds of errors.

Descriptive Essay Outline

Like all the other essays, a descriptive essay also follows the usual 5-paragraph essay structure and format.Before starting, it is important to create an outline. Following are the fundamental elements of your descriptive essay outline:

Descriptive Essay Introduction

The introduction sets the footing for the entire essay. Before heading towards the body section, the reader will come across the introduction.

It is the first impression of your work. It is very important to write an engaging introduction so that the readers read the essay till the end.

Start the essay in an easy-to-understand way and language. Provide background information on your topic so they can understand it and its importance.

To make sure the reader feels your emotions and decides to continue reading further, incorporate the following points in your introduction.

The following tips will guide you on how to write a good introduction for a descriptive essay.

• Attract the reader's attention with an interesting fact, phrase, or quote
• Don't bombard them with information
• Go straight to the main pointsInclude enough information to introduce the topic and its significance.
• Summarize the argument and the main topic and craft your thesis statement

Descriptive Essay Thesis Statement

A thesis statement is an integral part of your essay. It focuses on the argument and the writer’s main idea, which is to be discussed in the essay.

This statement also provides the writer with a chance of explaining the purpose and scope of the topic. It is intriguing and engaging.

A thesis statement is written at the end of the introduction, it is mainly a single sentence that describes the essay objective. The thesis statement should act as a guide to the reader on what to expect in the essay body. It is like a table of contents of a book, to the reader on contents you will get an idea of what the book is all about so you get to understand it better.

It is like a table of contents of a book. By reading it, you will get an idea of what the book is all about.

A good thesis should contain the following things:

• Define the essay scope - it should narrow down all the points to clarify its purpose.
• Avoid using common words - you should be creative with your choice of words.
• Create suspense - it should attract the reader to the body paragraphs of the essay.

For further information on how to write a thesis for a descriptive essay, check out the following examples.

• Descriptive essay example about a Place

“Even though monarchy is long gone, Buckingham Palace is here to remind us of the aesthetic beauty of that era.”

• Descriptive essay example about a Person

“One of the characteristics of Spider-Man is his youthfulness, and the fact that he talks to himself more than Hamlet.”

• Descriptive essay example about an Emotion

“For numerous reasons, the dark forest is my greatest fear, though not a fear which is necessarily smart to face.”

Descriptive Essay Body Paragraphs

Body paragraphs of the essay come next after the introduction and thesis statement. It is the main part that continues your essay.

Usually, an essay consists of three body paragraphs but you can add more if needed.

Don't add more than one central idea in one paragraph. Fusing different ideas will confuse the reader.

Build your paragraphs according to the thesis and introduction.

• Start each body paragraph with the main sentence
• Use transitions to move between paragraphs smoothly
• Each paragraph should be five to six sentences long

Descriptive Essay Conclusion

The concluding paragraph is the last part of an essay, and probably your last chance to impress your reader.

The last part that the reader can keep in mind is the conclusion, which is as important as the rest of the essay.

To make it interesting and thought-provoking, include the following points:

• Restate the thesis statement
• Summarize the main points
• Add an intriguing closing statement

After writing the conclusion, make a review of your essay, identify the mistakes and maintain a good tone throughout the essay.

Descriptive Essay Format Sample

Here is the descriptive essay format to help you understand how you can write a winning descriptive essay.

DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY FORMAT (PDF)

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Descriptive Essay Topics Ideas

Descriptive essay topics are often related to physical settings, locations, living beings, and objects.

Make sure that your essay includes the five senses, touch, taste, smell, sight, hearing, or at least one of them. It depends on the topic and the kind of feeling that you want to arouse.

Below are some descriptive essay ideas and ways to achieve them.

Living Beings

When you want to write about a person like a family member, consider the following elements:

• Gender, age, complexion, and expressions
• Physical features
• Height, body type, and approximate weight
• Kind of clothes

These details will add depth to the description and your readers will actually see your narrative.

When animals are the subject, you can add the above points plus the following details:

• Species and animal
• Size, weight, color
• Behavior patterns
• Temperament
• Trained or wild?
• Real or fictional?

Inanimate Subjects

Geographic locations and structures.

When your subject is a place or a building, add the following points:

• Research about the place and its historical background
• The color and the building's type
• A famous place or landmark to draw a comparison and inspire interest

Human behavior and psychology is a compelling descriptive essay subject. When writing about it:

• Describe the consequences of a particular behavior
• Discuss the emotional dimension of the topic and how you perceive it personally

Event Or Travel Experience

A travel experience makes a good descriptive essay since you have experienced the event first hand.

Give a detailed description of the place, people at the venue, and the atmosphere of the location.

Idea, Concept, or Occupation

When writing on such topics, focus on how an idea or concept affects society and its different aspects.

Example Descriptive Essay Topics for Students

Choosing a topic for your descriptive essay is quite interesting. You get to choose something that you have an emotional connection with.

When writing a descriptive essay about a person or place, adding their personal traits will be helpful.

Some examples of descriptive essay topics include:

• Compose a detailed descriptive essay about your best friend.
• Describe a fancy place that you have created.
• Describe your dream vacation destination.
• Describe your favorite mall or store.
• Describe your childhood home.
• Descriptive essay about nature.
• Descriptive essay about a place you visited.
• Describe the personality of your Maths teacher.
• Discuss the main characters of your favorite movie.
• Descriptive essay about chocolate.
• Write an essay using unique Words to describe yourself.
• What makes me unique?
• My first love.

Descriptive Essay Examples

Study these descriptive essay examples and sample papers to understand the main idea, structure, and purpose of descriptive essays.

DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY ON MARKET (PDF)

DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY EXAMPLE PERSON (PDF)

To help you understand how to write a great descriptive essay, we have a whole blog post dedicated to it. We know that talking about something is one thing and demonstrating it is completely different.

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5StarEssays.com academic writing professionals are ready to help you. They read the essay details before writing and make sure that they incorporate all the details in it.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What are the features of a descriptive essay.

A descriptive essay provides a perfect opportunity for writers to express their feelings on any subject. Descriptive writing has rich sensory details which appeal to all of your senses.

How do you start a descriptive essay introduction?

The introduction to the descriptive essay should set the scene and introduce the main topic. You can use these sensory details to get a sense of what the essay is all about.

What are the two types of descriptive essays?

There are two types of descriptive essays. The first type deals with people, and the second one is about objects.

What are the elements of a descriptive essay?

Here are the key elements of a descriptive essay.

• Sensory details
• Figurative language
• Central and main theme
• Precise and clear language
• Proper organization of ideas

What makes good descriptive writing?

Good and effective descriptive writing consists of vivid sensory details that appeal to all senses including the sense of sight, smell, touch, hearing, and taste. Moreover, these essays also explain people’s feelings in writing.

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Cathy has been been working as an author on our platform for over five years now. She has a Masters degree in mass communication and is well-versed in the art of writing. Cathy is a professional who takes her work seriously and is widely appreciated by clients for her excellent writing skills.

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• Writing Tips

How to Write a Descriptive Essay

4-minute read

• 26th February 2020

A descriptive essay, as the name may suggest, is an essay in which you describe something. The idea is to create a vivid picture of something – a person, object, place or experience – for your reader.

But how do you write a descriptive essay? We have a few helpful tips to share.

1. Brainstorming and Organizing Your Ideas

Your first step should be to brainstorm ideas . Think about the qualities of what you’re describing. As well as physical qualities, make notes about any thoughts, memories, and emotions you associate with your subject matter.

This brainstorming will give you the raw material for your descriptive essay. The next step is to create an essay outline. Typically, this will include:

• An Introduction – An outline of what you will describe and the “thesis” for your essay (i.e., a key theme that will run through your essay and guide your description). For instance, if writing about an inspirational teacher, you could mention the importance of education in the introduction.
• Main Body – A series of paragraphs in which you describe your subject. Each paragraph should cover a single main point, then lead neatly on to the next one, adding to the overall picture you’re creating for the reader.
• Conclusion – A final paragraph where you summarize your overall essay. This is also a good place to reaffirm your essay thesis, emphasizing how your description reflects this.

Before you start writing, then, make some notes about what each paragraph in your essay will include. This will then guide the drafting process, making sure your essay has a clear structure.

2. Use Vivid, Sensory Language

A descriptive essay should paint a picture for your reader. And this means you need to use vivid, exciting language rather than a formal, academic tone. Ideas for making your essay more linguistically engaging include:

• Using sensory language to evoke how something looked, smelled, etc.
• Writing in the present tense to make the situation feel immediate.
• Describing feelings and thoughts elicited by the subject of your essay.
• Looking for dynamic adjectives and adverbs to use (e.g., you could say something made you “happy,” but “elated” or “delighted” may be stronger).
• Using metaphors, similes, and other literary techniques .

Keep your introduction in mind while writing. The language you use should serve the “thesis” you set out there, drawing the reader’s attention to specific aspects of the thing you’re describing.

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3. Show, Don’t Tell

“Show, don’t tell” refers to a technique used by authors to make their writing more engaging. Essentially, all this means is using action, description, and dialogue to paint a picture for the reader rather than simply stating something in plain language. We can see the difference below:

Telling: Miss Hardy was an engaging speaker.

Showing: When Miss Hardy spoke, everyone listened. Her voice bubbled with enthusiasm, bringing even the most mundane subjects to life.

In the first sentence, we simply tell the reader that Miss Hardy was an engaging speaker. But in the second, we try to help the reader picture being in her class, listening to her speak. And by engaging the reader’s imagination like this, we can make our description more memorable.

4. Editing and Proofreading Your Descriptive Essay

Once you have a first draft, you’ll be ready to start editing. The idea here is to go back over your essay – at least once, but possibly multiple times – to look for ways you could improve it. This drafting process may involve:

• Making sure your writing is clear, well structured, and impactful.
• Rewriting passages that feel clichéd or that could be stronger.
• Reading your essay out loud to see how well it flows.
• Ensuring that the central theme of your essay is present throughout.

And when you’ve finished redrafting, go through the essay one more time to remove any typos that remain. Alternatively, you can submit your descriptive essay for proofreading . With the expert eye of a professional editor on your side, you can be confident your writing is the best it can be.

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How to Write a Descriptive Essay?

Published by Grace Graffin at August 26th, 2021 , Revised On August 22, 2023

What is a Descriptive Essay?

A descriptive  essay  is a  type of essay  that allows you to create a  narrative  based on something you experience. It provides you with an opportunity for learning by describing an object, person, location, experience, emotion, circumstance, or other phenomena. A writer expresses his/her emotions creatively in a descriptive essay that attracts the reader’s attention.

What is the Purpose of a Descriptive Essay?

The purpose of the descriptive essay is to portray your feelings and emotions related to any object or event that enables readers/listeners to envision what is being described. To do it, you can use sensory details that attract the senses, like sight, sound, smell, touch, and taste.

Example: The statue was tall.” or “I saw the statue looming over me. (informing) The bikes appeared to be moving in formation, trailing one another along the street (showing).

An excellent narration in your descriptive essay can have a lasting impression on the reader’s mind.

Descriptions are either subjective or objective. In an objective description, you describe the object or event without letting your emotions and feelings influence the description.

Example: It could be: 1. An incident you witnessed or a news item: 25 people, including men, women, and children, died in a bus accident, and 5 people were severely injured. 2. It could also be a description of your business meet or

Whereas in a subjective description, you need to describe the object or event through your emotions and feelings.

When you describe the same example of a news item mentioned above in a subjective description, you incorporate more details expressing your concern about the pain and suffering the victims and their families had to suffer.

Example: 25 people, including men, women, and children, died in a bus accident, and 5 people were severely injured. It was a painful incident, people. They were screaming with fear and pain. I can still remember those screams, and I can’t forget those teary eyes and sad faces of those helpless people, including innocent children.

Similarly, when you describe your first business meeting where you had to give your business presentation, you will add excitement, happiness, nervousness, the confidence you faced before and during the presentation.

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Descriptive Essay Writing Guidelines

A descriptive essay consists of three parts- an  introduction , a  body , and a  conclusion . The introduction part must start with a strong opening line to give the  outline  of the  topic . If it is about any person, you can mention some specific personality traits and give some idea about physical appearance.

In the next section, you should describe your  topic  in detail. The number of paragraphs is dependent on the  length of the essay , but in general, one paragraph should contain 150-200 words. The first  paragraph  will provide the theme and the idea about the content of the next paragraphs. The next two paragraphs will describe the topic. To explain the topic, you should use sensory details, imaginary language, and words, including verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

In the final section, you need to provide a summary of the topic. In the last line, re-establish your thoughts and the primary theme of the essay.

How to Write a Descriptive Essay About a Person?

Writing a descriptive essay about a person is challenging as you have to include specific traits and portray their character.

Appearance-  It is necessary to define physical traits like skin colour, hair, eyes, nose, height, body structure, etc. You may also describe the type of cloth and accessories to identify the person quickly.

Manners-  You should describe a person’s habits and behaviour: he smokes a cigar, drinks alcohol, or wears a hat or glasses.

Character traits- The character traits are difficult to write. You should have enough knowledge about the person to describe the character trait. Some qualities may include honesty, sincerity, or negative qualities like resentful, arrogant, miser, etc.

Emotions-  You can also describe the person as melancholic, sanguine, choleric, or phlegmatic, with a sense of humour.

You can consider an essay about your mother as a descriptive essay example. While writing this essay, you should write about the special characteristics of your mother. You can then write about how she cares and nurtures the family, including how special she is to you.

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How to Write a Thesis Statement for a Descriptive Essay?

The  thesis statement  of a descriptive essay should remain concise, clear, and direct. It must provide an  outline of the essay. A thesis statement is a guide to the complete essay, it is the essay’s theme, and the topic should revolve around this theme throughout the essay. Along with learning essay writing, you can also get professional essay help to boost your grades with minimum effort.

Descriptive Essay Types

Different types of descriptive essays are:

• Personal descriptive essay – you should describe your  personal experience—examples: a visit to your favourite holiday destination, the experience of watching a particular movie.
• Imaginative descriptive essay – you should enhance your imagination to describe the topic—examples: a soldier’s experience in World War II, life on another planet.
• Conceptual descriptive essay – you should write on some abstract topic like emotion. Example: Write your own opinion about love.

Example of a Descriptive Essay

Here is an example of a short descriptive essay for you:

Frequently Asked Questions

How do i start a descriptive essay.

Start a descriptive essay by:

• Selecting a vivid topic.
• Creating a strong thesis statement.
• Outlining main points or aspects.
• Using sensory details to paint a picture.
• Organizing ideas logically.
• Engaging the reader’s senses and emotions.

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How to Write a Descriptive Essay

This could be something as simple as your favorite flavor of ice cream or as complicated as the politics of 13th century Vienna. Different than a simple description, a descriptive essay allows the writer to really show off both their imagination as well as their writing skills.

What is a Descriptive Essay?

A descriptive essay is a type of academic writing that asks the writer to fully describe a place, person, situation, event, or thing. They can be simple or they can be very complex depending on the subject matter and audience written for. These types of essays train a writer’s ability to express themselves accurately as well as build compelling sentences and arguments.

Descriptive Essay Ideas

There is no exhaustive list of things that can be described, but these are some of the most common things you may be asked to write about. 

A Location - The goal of writing about a place is to make the reader feel as if they are there. Words, similes, and metaphors that ignite the reader’s imagination are essential. Try and immerse the reader in the sights, smells, and sounds of the place you are describing. Examples could be a city, a view, a particular building like your house, etc. 

A Time Period - Similar to writing about a location, the goal is to make the reader lose themselves in the time you are describing. This requires great research to be able to describe physical characteristics as authentically and as well as possible. This could include how you felt a year ago, an ancient time period, or the future.

An Event - The goal of describing an event is to explain a series of interesting circumstances. Typical storytelling elements like describing the plot, setting, and characters are useful, but make sure you focus on the chain of events.

An Emotion - The goal of describing an emotion is to make the reader feel the sentiments of the character you are describing. Metaphors and similes are very useful when trying to evoke an emotion in a reader along with physical descriptions that express the emotion. 

A Person - The goal of writing about a person is to make the reader understand something about that person. This includes physical descriptions of what they look like, what kind of clothing they wear, a sense of the physical presence along with their profession,  as well as how they behave. 

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Descriptive Essay Outline and Structure

Though a descriptive type of essay is quite different from a typical academic paper, it still follows a classic 5 paragraph format. Always follow any directions though, sometimes you may need more or fewer body paragraphs. This is a general structure you should keep in mind for this type of essay.

Introduction

• Introduction/background information

Body Paragraphs

• Topic Sentence
• Sensory Information
• Physical Descriptions
• Transition Sentence
• Summary of the main points
• Restate the thesis

An outline is always a good idea for any kind of writing, but it is particularly useful for this type of essay because it collects your thoughts and makes sure your essay stays on track. 

Introduction 

• Hook - The sting of salty water, the hypnotic crash of the waves, the breathtaking sunsets, the best vacation spot?
• Background information - Everyone is different and everyone likes different types of things. When it comes to vacations though, there is a place that almost everyone enjoys.
• Thesis - In my opinion, the beach is the best possible vacation spot because of the variety of ways one can enjoy it. 

Body Paragraph 1 

• Topic Sentence - The beach has many kinds of natural beauty
• Sensory information - The unlimited expanse of the ocean combined with glorious sunrises and sunsets.
• Physical descriptions -The crunch of sand below your bare feet and the crash of waves on your body.
• Transition sentence - There’s more than just natural beauty though, there are physical activities to enjoy as well 

Body Paragraph 2

• Topic Sentence - The beach has unlimited activities for physical enjoyment.
• Sensory information - The thrill of battling with the ocean, the joy of falling on the sand, the wind streaming through your hair, and the pleasant tingling of the sun on bare skin.
• Physical descriptions - Water sports like surfing, jet skiing, and the like allow you to exercise in one of the most fun ways possible. Not to mention sports like frisbee, volleyball, beach soccer, and more.
• Transition sentence - If you just want to relax, the beach is perfect for that too!

Body Paragraph 3

• Topic Sentence - The beach is ideal just to relax, destress, and take it easy. 
• Sensory information - To relax as you are massaged by either human hands or the sun is a pleasure. Lazing around might be frowned upon, but the beach is the ideal place to spend some time taking care of yourself and letting the stresses of the world melt away.
• Physical description - Whether it’s reading a book, or enjoying a refreshing beverage with umbrellas in it, you can get taken care of on the beach. Building sandcastles, painting, and meditating are other activities easily and freely enjoyed. 
• Transition sentence - The beach has so much to offer.
• Summary of the main points - Whether it’s nature, physical exercise, or simple relaxation, the beach can offer all of that and more. 
• Restate the thesis - That’s the main reason that a beach is the ideal vacation spot, it allows for diverse ways of having fun. 
• Closing statement/Clincher - Think about the last time you went to the beach, don’t you want to go again?

What is the Purpose of a Descriptive Essay?

It should leave the reader with a clear idea of the topic of the essay. The goal is to explain things in a comprehensive and interesting way so that the information stays with the reader. Let’s go into the details of how to accomplish this. 

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Writing Process & Descriptive Essay Examples

It may seem challenging to write a successful essay of this type, but if you follow the advice below, it will be a breeze. 

How to Start a Descriptive Essay

Making sure you choose the right topic is the first hurdle to cross. A topic for a descriptive essay is vital because it is the main subject you will be writing about. Spend at least 20 minutes brainstorming different topic ideas and make sure you choose a topic that you know well.

Next, create an outline to better structure your thoughts and figure out the pieces of information you need to find out more about. The more time you spend creating a well-researched outline, the better your endpaper is going to be, and you’ll end up spending less time on actually writing the paper. Now you can move on the writing the descriptive essay introduction.

How to Write a Descriptive Essay Thesis

A thesis statement is the main argument you are trying to make in your paper. It is the main point you are trying to describe. A good thesis statement for descriptive essay is particular without being too brief. It should include not only just what the topic is, but also mention why the topic is important.

How to Write Body Paragraphs

You can have as many body paragraphs as you think are necessary to achieve the goal of describing something clearly. This means you could have just one body paragraph, the standard three, or more. 

Start every paragraph with a topic sentence that explains what the main purpose of the paragraph is. Next fill in sensory details, describing the emotions before moving on to describing the actual physical details. End each body paragraph with a transition sentence that helps each paragraph flow into the other. Not only does this make your writing stronger, but it also helps you create an immersive experience.

How to Write the Conclusion 

Summarize the main points of your essay and make sure that you reiterate the thesis statement. This reminds people of the point of your essay and ensures that when writing, you don’t stray too far from the point. 

Descriptive Essay Format 

There are 3 main formats of citation types for essays. Though the most common one is MLA, it is possible that you may have to use APA or Chicago Style citations. 

MLA stands for Modern Language Association and is used primarily for the arts and humanities.  MLA uses in-text parenthetical citation in the format of (Author, Page). The page at the end that contains all the sources is called the Works Cited page. The format of these entries is unique to MLA but is easy to make with a citation generator. 

APA stands for American Psychological Association and is used mostly for the sciences and social sciences. APA uses in-text parenthetical citations in the format (Author, Date). The page at the end that contains all the sources is called the References section

Chicago Style is used primarily for Business, History, and the Fine Arts. In-text citation can be either as footnotes or parenthetical citation in the format (Author, Date). The page at the end that contains all the sources is called the Bibliography. 

Most descriptive essays will follow the MLA style of citation, but if you need any more help, find a guide on Studyfy.com for more information about citation styles in general. 

Descriptive Essay Topics

The topic is crucial, because all the research you do, and the entire paper, will specifically be about describing the topic. Here are some descriptive essay prompts to inspire you!

The person you’ve most admired in your life

A movie scene that made you feel strong emotions

The time period you would travel to if you had a time machine

Why a beach is better than the mountains for a vacation (or vice versa)

The taste of a drink when you are incredibly tired

An author that inspired you 

Your favorite cuisine

The best place in the world to be by yourself

The best Christmas morning you’ve ever had

An accent that you really enjoy 

A time when you wanted something so much it burned

Describe the day in the life of your favorite celebrity 

The joy of escaping into a video game

What dancing means to you 

A life philosophy you believe in 

The feeling of holding a baby in our arms

The sound of crashing waves

Standing in front of a gorgeous view

A vacation that was meaningful 

Why fireworks are magical 

The first time you cosplayed 

How it feels to listen to music that you hate 

The best thing you have ever eaten in your life

What would it be like to live 100 years in the future

Why hearing people laugh is beautiful 

A day in the life of your favorite animal 

A strange superstition you believe in

The strangest person you’ve ever met

Your favorite tv show 

Playing your favorite sport 

What it’s like to be in love

Descriptive Essay Tips

Before we end, let’s go over some of the key points of information in this article.

• Use figurative language including metaphors and similes 
• Use your senses
• Choose appropriate words
• Show don't tell 
• Focus on specific details
• Spend time choosing the right topic
• Create a detailed outline
• Forget about the purpose of the essay
• Submit your first draft
• Make it too complicated
• Ignore your audience 
• Ignore any directions

In addition to the information provided in this article, there are various resources available to help with your writing needs. If you are struggling to write your descriptive essay, you can turn to professional writers and editors for assistance. You may consider hiring a research paper writing service or seeking help from dissertation writers .

Additionally, if you need someone to " write my admission essay ", there are various options available. You can hire a writer for a custom writing service or seek help from online tutors and teachers. Furthermore, if you need to write a strong admission essay, there are services available that specialize in providing guidance and assistance with this type of writing.

It is important to note that before submitting any work, it should be proofread and edited thoroughly to ensure its quality. Studyfy offers a range of services to help with this, including professional proofreaders and editors who can check your work for grammatical errors and ensure that it meets academic standards.

In summary, there are various resources available to help with your writing needs, including professional writing services, proofreaders, and editors. By utilizing these resources and following the guidelines outlined in this article, you can write a successful descriptive essay that effectively conveys your ideas and engages your readers.If you are looking for the query " I need someone to write an essay for me ", Studyfy has got you covered

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How to Write a Strong Descriptive Essay

Last Updated: May 14, 2024 Fact Checked

Brainstorming Ideas for the Essay

Writing the essay, polishing the essay, outline for a descriptive essay, expert q&a.

This article was co-authored by Jake Adams . Jake Adams is an academic tutor and the owner of Simplifi EDU, a Santa Monica, California based online tutoring business offering learning resources and online tutors for academic subjects K-College, SAT & ACT prep, and college admissions applications. With over 14 years of professional tutoring experience, Jake is dedicated to providing his clients the very best online tutoring experience and access to a network of excellent undergraduate and graduate-level tutors from top colleges all over the nation. Jake holds a BS in International Business and Marketing from Pepperdine University. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 1,520,764 times.

A good descriptive essay creates a vivid picture of the topic in the reader’s mind. You may need to write a descriptive essay as a class assignment or you may decide to write one as a fun writing challenge. Start by brainstorming ideas for the essay. Then, outline and write the essay using vivid sensory details and strong descriptions. Always polish your essay and proofread it so it is at its best.

Best Tips for Writing a Descriptive Essay

Outline the essay in sections and create a thesis statement to base the essay on. Then, write a strong introduction and describe the subject matter using creative and vivid adjectives. Use similes, metaphors, and your own emotions to help you bring the topic to life.

• You could also choose a fictional person to write about, such as a character in a book, a story, or a play. You could write about a character on your favorite TV show or video game.

• Another take on this option is to write about a made-up place or object, such as the fantastical school in your favorite book or the magic wand from your favorite TV show.

• You could also choose a more specific emotion, such as brotherly love or self-hatred. These emotions can make for powerful descriptive essays.

• For example, if you were writing about a person like your mother, you may write down under “sound” : “soft voice at night, clack of her shoes on the floor tiles, bang of the spoon when she cooks.”

• If you are writing the essay for a class, your instructor should specify if they want a five paragraph essay or if you have the freedom to use sections instead.

• For example, if you were writing a descriptive essay about your mother, you may have a thesis statement like: “In many ways, my mother is the reigning queen of our house, full of contradictions that we are too afraid to question.”

• For example, if you were writing the essay about your mom, you may start with: “My mother is not like other mothers. She is a fierce protector and a mysterious woman to my sisters and I.”
• If you were writing an essay about an object, you may start with: "Try as I might, I had a hard time keeping my pet rock alive."

• You can also use adjectives that connect to the senses, such “rotting,” “bright,” “hefty,” “rough,” and “pungent.”
• For example, you may describe your mother as "bright," "tough," and "scented with jasmine."

• You can also use similes, where you use “like” or “as” to compare one thing to another. For example, you may write, “My mother is like a fierce warrior in battle, if the battlefield were PTA meetings and the checkout line at the grocery store.”

• For example, you may write about your complicated feelings about your mother. You may note that you feel sadness about your mother’s sacrifices for the family and joy for the privileges you have in your life because of her.

• For example, you may end a descriptive essay about your mother by noting, “In all that she has sacrificed for us, I see her strength, courage, and fierce love for her family, traits I hope to emulate in my own life.”

• You can also read the essay aloud to others to get their feedback. Ask them to let you know if there are any unclear or vague sentences in the essay.

• Be open to constructive criticism and feedback from others. This will only make your essay stronger.

• If you have a word count requirement for the essay, make sure you meet it. Add more detail to the paper or take unnecessary content out to reach the word count.

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• ↑ Jake Adams. Academic Tutor & Test Prep Specialist. Expert Interview. 24 July 2020.
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About This Article

To write a descriptive essay, start by choosing a topic, like a person, place, or specific emotion. Next, write down a list of sensory details about the topic, like how it sounds, smells, and feels. After this brainstorming session, outline the essay, dividing it into an introduction, 3 body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Open with a vivid introduction that uses sensory details, then introduce your thesis statement, which the rest of your essay should support. Strengthen your essay further by using metaphors and similes to describe your topic, and the emotions it evokes. To learn how to put the finishing touches on your essay, keep reading! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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What is a Descriptive Essay? How to Write It (with Examples)

A descriptive essay is a type of creative writing that uses specific language to depict a person, object, experience, or event. The idea is to use illustrative language to show readers what the writer wants to convey – it could be as simple as a peaceful view from the top of a hill or as horrific as living in a war zone. By using descriptive language, authors can evoke a mental image in the readers’ minds, engaging readers and leaving a lasting impression, instead of just providing a play-by-play narrative.

Note that a description and descriptive essay are not the same thing. A descriptive essay typically consists of five or more well-written paragraphs with vivid imagery that can help readers visualize the content, as opposed to a description, which is typically one or more plain paragraphs with no particular structure or appeal. If you are still unsure about how to write a compelling descriptive essay, continue reading!

Table of Contents

What is a descriptive essay, types of descriptive essay topics.

• Characteristics of descriptive essays

How to write a descriptive essay using a structured outline

Frequently asked questions.

A simple descriptive essay definition is that it is a piece of writing that gives a thorough and vivid description of an object, person, experience, or situation. It is sometimes focused more on the emotional aspect of the topic rather than the specifics. The author’s intention when writing a descriptive essay is to help readers visualize the subject at hand. Generally, students are asked to write a descriptive essay to test their ability to recreate a rich experience with artistic flair. Here are a few key points to consider when you begin writing these.

• Look for a fascinating subject

You might be assigned a topic for your descriptive essay, but if not, you must think of a subject that interests you and about which you know enough facts. It might be about an emotion, place, event, or situation that you might have experienced.

• Acquire specific details about the topic

The next task is to collect relevant information about the topic of your choice. You should focus on including details that make the descriptive essay stand out and have a long-lasting impression on the readers. To put it simply, your aim is to make the reader feel as though they were a part of the experience in the first place, rather than merely describing the subject.

• Be playful with your writing

To make the descriptive essay memorable, use figurative writing and imagery to lay emphasis on the specific aspect of the topic. The goal is to make sure that the reader experiences the content visually, so it must be captivating and colorful. Generally speaking, “don’t tell, show”! This can be accomplished by choosing phrases that evoke strong emotions and engage a variety of senses. Making use of metaphors and similes will enable you to compare different things. We will learn about them in the upcoming sections.

• Capture all the different senses

Unlike other academic articles, descriptive essay writing uses sensory elements in addition to the main idea. In this type of essay writing, the topic is described by using sensory details such as smell, taste, feel, and touch. Example “ Mahira feels most at home when the lavender scent fills her senses as she lays on her bed after a long, tiring day at work . As the candle melts , so do her worries” . It is crucial to provide sensory details to make the character more nuanced and build intrigue to keep the reader hooked. Metaphors can also be employed to explain abstract concepts; for instance, “ A small act of kindness creates ripples that transcend oceans .” Here the writer used a metaphor to convey the emotion that even the smallest act of kindness can have a larger impact.

• Maintain harmony between flavor and flow

The descriptive essay format is one that can be customized according to the topic. However, like other types of essays, it must have an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The number of body paragraphs can vary depending on the topic and available information.

It is crucial to remember that a descriptive essay should have a specific topic and goal, such as sharing personal experiences or expressing emotions like the satisfaction of a good meal. This is accomplished by employing exact language, imagery, and figurative language to illustrate concrete features. These language devices allow the writer to craft a descriptive essay that effectively transmits a particular mood, feeling, or incident to readers while also conjuring up strong mental imagery. A descriptive essay may be creative, or it may be based on the author’s own experiences. Below is a description of a few descriptive essay examples that fit into these categories.

• Personal descriptive essay example

A personal essay can look like a descriptive account of your favorite activity, a place in your neighborhood, or an object that you value. Example: “ As I step out of the front door, the crisp morning air greets me with a gentle embrace; the big chestnut tree in front, sways in the wind as if saying hello to me. The world unfolds in a symphony of awakening colors, promising a day filled with untold possibilities that make me feel alive and grateful to be born again”.

• Imaginative descriptive essay example

You may occasionally be required to write descriptive essays based on your imagination or on subjects unrelated to your own experiences. The prompts for these kinds of creative essays could be to describe the experience of someone going through heartbreak or to write about a day in the life of a barista. Imaginative descriptive essays also allow you to describe different emotions. Example, the feelings a parent experiences on holding their child for the first time.

Characteristics of descriptive essay s

The aim of a descriptive essay is to provide a detailed and vivid description of a person, place, object, event, or experience. The main goal is to create a sensory experience for the reader. Through a descriptive essay, the reader may be able to experience foods, locations, activities, or feelings that they might not otherwise be able to. Additionally, it gives the writer a way to relate to the readers by sharing a personal story. The following is a list of the essential elements of a descriptive essay:

• Sensory details
• Clear, succinct language
• Organized structure
• Thesis statement
• Appeal to emotion

How to write a descriptive essay, with examples

Writing an engaging descriptive essay is all about bringing the subject matter to life for the reader so they can experience it with their senses—smells, tastes, and textures. The upside of writing a descriptive essay is you don’t have to stick to the confinements of formal essay writing, rather you are free to use a figurative language, with sensory details, and clever word choices that can breathe life to your descriptive essay. Let’s take a closer look at how you can use these components to develop a descriptive essay that will stand out, using examples.

• Figurative language

Have you ever heard the expression “shooting for the stars”? It refers to pushing someone to strive higher or establish lofty goals, but it does not actually mean shooting for the stars. This is an example of using figurative language for conveying strong motivational emotions. In a descriptive essay, figurative language is employed to grab attention and emphasize points by creatively drawing comparisons and exaggerations. But why should descriptive essays use metaphorical language? One it adds to the topic’s interest and humor; two, it facilitates the reader’s increased connection to the subject.

These are the five most often used figurative language techniques: personification, metaphor, simile, hyperbole, and allusion.

• Simile: A simile is a figure of speech that is used to compare two things while emphasizing and enhancing the description using terms such as “like or as.”

Example: Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving – Albert Einstein

• Metaphor: A metaphor are also used to draw similarities, but without using direct or literal comparisons like done in similes.   

Example: Books are the mirrors of the soul – Virginia Woolf, Between the acts

• Personification: This is the process of giving nonhuman or abstract objects human traits. Any human quality, including an emotional component, a physical attribute, or an action, can be personified.

Example: Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world – Louis Pasteur

• Hyperbole: This is an extreme form of exaggeration, frequently impractical, and usually employed to emphasize a point or idea. It gives the character more nuance and complexity.

Example: The force will be with you, always – Star Wars

• Allusion: This is when you reference a person, work, or event without specifically mentioning them; this leaves room for the reader’s creativity.  

Example: In the text below, Robert Frost uses the biblical Garden of Eden as an example to highlight the idea that nothing, not even paradise, endures forever.

Then leaf subsides to leaf.

So Eden sank to grief,

So dawn goes down to day.

Nothing gold can stay

– Nothing Gold Can Stay by Robert Frost (1923)

Descriptive essays need a combination of figurative language and strong sensory details to make the essay more memorable. This is when authors describe the subject matter employing senses like smell, sound, touch, and taste so that the reader can relate to it better.

Example of a sensory-based descriptive essay: The earthy fragrance of freshly roasted chestnuts and the sight of bright pink, red, orange fallen leaves on the street reminded her that winter was around the corner.

• Word choice

Word choice is everything in a descriptive essay. For the description to be enchanting, it is essential to utilize the right adjectives and to carefully consider the verbs, nouns, and adverbs. Use unusual terms and phrases that offer a new viewpoint on your topic matter instead of overusing clichés like “fast as the wind” or “lost track of time,” which can make your descriptive essay seem uninteresting and unoriginal.

See the following examples:

Bad word choice: I was so happy because the sunset was really cool.

Good word choice: I experienced immense joy as the sunset captivated me with its remarkable colors and breathtaking beauty.

• Descriptive essay format and outline

Descriptive essay writing does not have to be disorganized, it is advisable to use a structured format to organize your thoughts and ensure coherent flow in your writing. Here is a list of components that should be a part of your descriptive essay outline:

• Introduction
• Opening/hook sentence
• Topic sentence
• Body paragraphs
• Concrete details
• Clincher statement

Introduction:

• Hook: An opening statement that captures attention while introducing the subject.
• Background: Includes a brief overview of the topic the descriptive essay is based on.
• Thesis statement: Clearly states the main point or purpose of the descriptive essay.

Body paragraphs: Each paragraph should have

• Topic sentence: Introduce the first aspect or feature you will describe. It informs the reader about what is coming next.
• Sensory details: Use emphatic language to appeal to the reader’s senses (sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell).
• Concrete details: These are actual details needed to understand the context of the descriptive essay.
• Supporting details: Include relevant information or examples to improve the description.

Conclusion:

• Summarize key points: Here you revisit the main features or aspects of the subject.
• Restate thesis statement: Reinforce the central impression or emotion.
• Clincher statement: Conclude with a statement that summarizes the entire essay and serve as the last words with a powerful message.

Revision and editing:

• Go over your essay to make sure it is coherent, clear, and consistent.
• Check for logical paragraph transitions by proofreading the content.
• Examine text to ensure correct grammar, punctuation, and style.
• Use the thesaurus or AI paraphrasing tools to find the right words.

A descriptive essay often consists of three body paragraphs or more, an introduction that concludes with a thesis statement, and a conclusion that summarizes the subject and leaves a lasting impression on readers.

A descriptive essay’s primary goal is to captivate the reader by writing a thorough and vivid explanation of the subject matter, while appealing to their various senses. A list of additional goals is as follows: – Spark feeling and imagination – Create a vivid experience – Paint a mental picture – Pique curiosity – Convey a mood or atmosphere – Highlight specific details

Although they both fall within the creative writing category, narrative essays and descriptive essays have different storytelling focuses. While the main goal of a narrative essay is to tell a story based on a real-life experience or a made-up event, the main goal of a descriptive essay is to vividly describe a person, location, event, or emotion.

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Descriptive Essays

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What is a descriptive essay?

The descriptive essay is a genre of essay that asks the student to describe something—object, person, place, experience, emotion, situation, etc. This genre encourages the student’s ability to create a written account of a particular experience. What is more, this genre allows for a great deal of artistic freedom (the goal of which is to paint an image that is vivid and moving in the mind of the reader).

One might benefit from keeping in mind this simple maxim: If the reader is unable to clearly form an impression of the thing that you are describing, try, try again!

Here are some guidelines for writing a descriptive essay.

• Take time to brainstorm

If your instructor asks you to describe your favorite food, make sure that you jot down some ideas before you begin describing it. For instance, if you choose pizza, you might start by writing down a few words: sauce, cheese, crust, pepperoni, sausage, spices, hot, melted, etc. Once you have written down some words, you can begin by compiling descriptive lists for each one.

• Use clear and concise language.

This means that words are chosen carefully, particularly for their relevancy in relation to that which you are intending to describe.

• Choose vivid language.

Why use horse when you can choose stallion ? Why not use tempestuous instead of violent ? Or why not miserly in place of cheap ? Such choices form a firmer image in the mind of the reader and often times offer nuanced meanings that serve better one’s purpose.

• Use your senses!

Remember, if you are describing something, you need to be appealing to the senses of the reader. Explain how the thing smelled, felt, sounded, tasted, or looked. Embellish the moment with senses.

• What were you thinking?!

If you can describe emotions or feelings related to your topic, you will connect with the reader on a deeper level. Many have felt crushing loss in their lives, or ecstatic joy, or mild complacency. Tap into this emotional reservoir in order to achieve your full descriptive potential.

• Leave the reader with a clear impression.

One of your goals is to evoke a strong sense of familiarity and appreciation in the reader. If your reader can walk away from the essay craving the very pizza you just described, you are on your way to writing effective descriptive essays.

• Be organized!

It is easy to fall into an incoherent rambling of emotions and senses when writing a descriptive essay. However, you must strive to present an organized and logical description if the reader is to come away from the essay with a cogent sense of what it is you are attempting to describe.

While Sandel argues that pursuing perfection through genetic engineering would decrease our sense of humility, he claims that the sense of solidarity we would lose is also important.

This thesis summarizes several points in Sandel’s argument, but it does not make a claim about how we should understand his argument. A reader who read Sandel’s argument would not also need to read an essay based on this descriptive thesis.  

Broad thesis (arguable, but difficult to support with evidence) 

Michael Sandel’s arguments about genetic engineering do not take into consideration all the relevant issues.

This is an arguable claim because it would be possible to argue against it by saying that Michael Sandel’s arguments do take all of the relevant issues into consideration. But the claim is too broad. Because the thesis does not specify which “issues” it is focused on—or why it matters if they are considered—readers won’t know what the rest of the essay will argue, and the writer won’t know what to focus on. If there is a particular issue that Sandel does not address, then a more specific version of the thesis would include that issue—hand an explanation of why it is important.  

Arguable thesis with analytical claim 

While Sandel argues persuasively that our instinct to “remake” (54) ourselves into something ever more perfect is a problem, his belief that we can always draw a line between what is medically necessary and what makes us simply “better than well” (51) is less convincing.

This is an arguable analytical claim. To argue for this claim, the essay writer will need to show how evidence from the article itself points to this interpretation. It’s also a reasonable scope for a thesis because it can be supported with evidence available in the text and is neither too broad nor too narrow.  

Arguable thesis with normative claim 

Given Sandel’s argument against genetic enhancement, we should not allow parents to decide on using Human Growth Hormone for their children.

This thesis tells us what we should do about a particular issue discussed in Sandel’s article, but it does not tell us how we should understand Sandel’s argument.  

Questions to ask about your thesis 

• Is the thesis truly arguable? Does it speak to a genuine dilemma in the source, or would most readers automatically agree with it?  
• Is the thesis too obvious? Again, would most or all readers agree with it without needing to see your argument?  
• Is the thesis complex enough to require a whole essay's worth of argument?  
• Is the thesis supportable with evidence from the text rather than with generalizations or outside research?  
• Would anyone want to read a paper in which this thesis was developed? That is, can you explain what this paper is adding to our understanding of a problem, question, or topic?
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Descriptive Essay: A Complete Guide + Examples

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Table of contents

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A descriptive essay is a type of essay that aims to depict a particular person, place, object, or event in detail. The purpose of a descriptive essay is to create a sensory experience for the reader, using language that engages five senses.

  Descriptive essay might scare with its dreadful name, yet it is essential for improving writing skills. How else would you explain something to a person who doesn't know much about a particular topic? Our answer is always a description of a subject. Writing is the perfect way to use vivid language and create something genuinely unique. Power of convincing and telling is one click away. So save time and trust us in showing you exactly how you can master your next article.

What Is a Descriptive Essay: Expanded Definition

Descriptive essay is a map that guides its reader through the chosen subject. Your goal is to introduce people to something new. You, writer, succeed if they leave with a concrete understanding of the topic. Are you writing an article about diving? An audience might not become professional divers, but they indeed will seem like pros after reading. Envision yourself painting an image that makes a statement, as any painter would. Whether you are writing an essay about global warming or just how your summer went — descriptive writing is the way to go.   In case you need to explain something or analyze your idea, use our explanatory essay example . 

What Is the Purpose of a Descriptive Essay

The purpose of a descriptive essay is as simple as it sounds — describe. You didn't expect that, did you? The topic of that said description can be anything you want. Or, usually, anything your professor wants. You can write about any person, place, event, object, and the list is endless. The trick is using figurative language and adding as many details as possible, while making writing effective. So don’t overdo with adjectives as if you’re writing a novel.

Descriptive Essay Outline: How to Create One

The descriptive essay outline is the secret weapon in this war against sloppy writing. Bland words used only to describe never leave impressions. A good idea is to use language that triggers responses from the senses (smell, taste, vision, and any other sensory experience evoking emotion). Lastly, creating an outline will save your ideas from being thrown in the trash of your memory. You can always create a list with enumerated topics and ideas. Or you can also divide the outline for an essay into sections corresponding to paragraphs. This way, you’ll know what to write.

Descriptive Essay Structure: Main Elements

Descriptive essay structure doesn’t go far from its fellow articles. But let’s cover basics:  

• Introduction — includes general facts about the subject without scaring readers with too much information.
• Thesis statement — last sentence of introduction with the main idea.
• Main body — shining moment to use details and figurative language we talked about.
• Conclusion — excellent way of wrapping up the text. Let readers remember your work!

How to Write a Descriptive Essay: Step-By-Step Guide

How to write a descriptive essay? — you would ask. We can’t leave you just hanging with no answer! So check our guide for students. Learn how to leave an impression as you write an essay , add a personal touch, select the subject, and create detailed masterpieces.

Step 1. Choose a Topic for Your Descriptive Essay

Descriptive essay topics are hard to choose, but they’re your first step to success. Remember these words when thinking about the topic: clear, intriguing, and specific. An audience should know what they’re reading. As a writer, you also have another responsibility… Don’t be selfish! Choose something that will be interesting not only for you but appealing to the reader. You can always look through essay title examples to choose and create the best one.

Step 2. Craft a Good Thesis Statement for Your Descriptive Essay

Thesis statement for a descriptive essay is the cherry of your work. A jewel, if we might say so. It’s also not the time to be coy. Openness with several hints of mystery is the best policy for your thesis. Lure readers in and secure their attention. But your goal is still to include the most important idea. Consider these questions:

• What are you trying to prove?
• Why is this topic vital?
• Why should the audience care?

Step 3. How to Start a Descriptive Essay

Descriptive essay introduction is all about intrigue as it’s the first chance to impress the readers with an epic start. Don’t worry, your only assignment here is to make people read further. It’s not that hard to hook them! Not literally, of course. But the first statement should be catchy, fun, or just memorable. It can be anything to make readers say ‘wow,’ without too much data. You have the main body for that.

Step 4. Creating Body Paragraphs for Descriptive Essay

Body paragraphs for descriptive essay are your chance to play with details and language. Traditional articles usually contain three paragraphs, if your professor doesn’t have special requirements. Thus, each body paragraph should have its own topic sentence, evidence, and concluding statement. They also develop distinct ideas. In other words: every paragraph must have its own idea linked to the chosen topic. Additionally, depending on the article, you can also explain your personal opinion, either negative or positive. But using academic research instead of your own beliefs is a more classy option, at least for this article. Maybe you will need an explanatory essay  or other essay kinds, we have got you covered. Find them in our blogs.

Step 5. Compose Conclusion for Descriptive Essay

Descriptive essay conclusion is like your final marathon mile. You’re almost there, just view your conclusion as a summary of your work. The last paragraph makes clearer what your goal was. So we recommend writing as if your audience hasn’t read your written work. Overall, keep it short, add no new information and finish with some food for thought.

Step 6. Proofreading and Editing Your Descriptive Essay

Descriptive essay needs editing, sometimes even more than its fellow papers. Our final step — proofread the text , please. Yes, we know, it’s boring and takes time. Deleting your own words is an ungrateful, whiny requirement. But it refines your work and helps you to avoid mistakes. No one wants to see ‘autism’ instead of ‘author.’ Here, we’re writing from personal experiences. Consider taking your time editing to avoid typos or grammatical errors!

Descriptive Essay Format: Basic Rules of Use

The format of a descriptive essay will depend on your professor's requirements. Usually, you’ll need to edit your word document and submit your complete version in one of the fowling formats:

• APA (used more for hard science)
• MLA (preferred by humanitarian subjects)
• Chicago style format (also liked by humanitarian disciplines, but you’ll recognize it for footnotes)

Understanding all those formats is not a must, especially memorizing them. Just google templates!

Descriptive Essay Examples

Descriptive essay example will include all the basics that we’ve just covered. Your complete word document should be styled according to those tricky formats we talked about. Your article should also have standard five paragraphs (introduction, main body, and conclusion). Understanding this structure will secure a nice flow of your work. Just in case, buy online essay  if you want to do something different tonight than homework.

Descriptive Essay: Final Thoughts

Descriptive essay is not some monster under your bed. So don’t be scared of shining some light on it. Strong articles will have a clear purpose and an intriguing thesis. Keep in mind that your alluring introduction shouldn’t include data overload. Your main body is a mix of examples, details, and evidence. Lastly, your conclusion is like a red bow on the present that summarizes your work. Already excited to perform such an assignment?

In case you have any issues, get help from our outstanding essay writing service. We’re proud of our writers and their timely delivery. With our assistance, you will get a quality work conforming to all standards.

Frequently Asked Questions About Descriptive Essay

1. what's the difference between a narrative essay and a descriptive essay.

A descriptive essay doesn’t tell a story but simply contains information about a particular topic. So the main difference that distinguishes narrative works is a storytelling element. But a complete descriptive text is more of a guide and description with no plot.

2. How do I come up with a topic for my descriptive essay?

Descriptive essay topics are usually given by professors. If not, choosing places, people, events, or even objects is your best bet. Try to select something interesting. So you don’t have to struggle with boring material having no idea how to word it.

3. How many words should be there in a descriptive essay paragraph?

Descriptive essay paragraph is usually 100-200 words long. Fewer words will make an article non-academic. In contrast, longer sections will surely help you lose the attention of your readers. So keep it along the lines of this word count, and you’ll be good.

4. What is the difference between a descriptive essay and a definition essay?

Descriptive essay literally describes any topic using colorful words and figurative language to impress your reader. You’re painting pictures with figurative and bright words instead of colors. In contrast,  definition essay  is the type of article that explains any chosen concept or an academic term. So it’s slightly drier and more on the nose of academic writing.  

Daniel Howard is an Essay Writing guru. He helps students create essays that will strike a chord with the readers.

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How To Write A Descriptive Essay?

26 April, 2020

11 minutes read

Author:  Tomas White

Descriptive essay is one of the hardest forms of writing. To master descriptive writing, you must be creative and craft a scene that all readers can picture with words alone. This freedom and creativity can make it one of the most rewarding and fun essays to write. It is the backbone of all artful writing like poetry, novels, and even television scripts. We prepared this guide for You to learn all you need to know about descriptive writing. Let's start!

What is a Descriptive Essay?

The goal of a descriptive essay is simple, choose a subject and describe it. The subject could be anything:

A descriptive essay is all about describing the subject in great detail. Being a type of expository writing , it gives you great freedom to paint a picture with your words, shares a once in a lifetime event with the reader or makes them feel something.  It is better to choose a descriptive essay topic that has lots of qualities to discuss for example a person might have a more interesting feature to describe than a paper towel. Choose a subject you connect with emotionally or have a personal history with. The best descriptions come from retelling an experience.

The Difference Between Descriptive and Narrative Essays

The main difference between descriptive and narrative essays lies in the structure and purpose of the essay. A descriptive essay is used to describe a subject to present a clear picture of it. As such, it only requires you to describe the item in a logic fashion. A narrative essay’s purpose is to tell a story. As such, it requires a plot and logical progression to an outcome. A person’s face can be the subject of a descriptive essay. But it would be hard to write a narrative piece that follows the person’s face as the central plot of a story.

Showing VS Telling

A descriptive essay values details over facts. This is also known as showing vs. telling. To  show  something is to describe using the five senses, how it looks, how it smells, how it tastes, how it feels and how it sounds. Imagine the reader as an alien, who has never experienced the subject for themselves. How would you describe it then?

To give you an understanding of how to differentiate between showing and telling I’ll write an example of a descriptive paper that describes my favorite place.

The above example tells you, as it doesn’t evoke any of your senses. It is a senseless description . It’s vague and hard to imagine.

This description is more detail and easier to imagine because of the following changes:

• The choice of words like ‘haven’ instead of ‘like’ add a showing element as it is showing in what way I like the library.
• Putting describers before items like ‘brightly colored’ books makes it easier to see.
• And choosing words with more like ‘towering’ instead of ‘tall’ makes the description less full.
• The description of the books shows what they do, not what they are. These are important points to consider when writing a descriptive essay.

A good exercise for descriptive writing and is to read descriptive essay examples and pick out the words that do the four points outlined above. Analyzing other’s descriptive writing will make your own descriptive work stronger. Can you pick out another place in the descriptive essay example above where those four changes occur and what it lends to the description?

Still having problems with your descriptive paper? All you need is to request help from our top-notch essay writing service and our essay writer make it for you !

How to Choose a Descriptive Essay Topic?

When deciding what to highlight about your topic, take a step back and look at what draws you to it. A campfire has bright, flickering colors, a satisfying crackling sound, and a sort of flow as it moves from the bottom to the tip of the flame. Place yourself in proximity to the subject and describe the parts that stimulate your senses the most.

Title Examples of Descriptive Essays

Here are some examples of descriptive essay topics that are fun to write:

Pick something you can see right now and think about how you’d describe that.

Related Posts: Argumentative essay topics | Compare&Contrast essay topics

How to Set Up a Proper Description?

Slow down and think about what you want to invoke. Don’t rush into a description or you’ll likely end up with something weaker than you could have. Take your topic aside and write some sentences describing how it charms each sense – the five senses being:

Keep a thesaurus on hand to switch some of the more basic words out. If you can read your paragraph back and vividly imagine the item you’ve described, you’ve done it.

How to write a Descriptive Essay Outline

Starting your descriptive essay without a plan can lead to a messy and sprawling description.  Learning to outline your ideas is just as important as knowing how to write them.

Related Posts: How to write an Essay outline  | How to write an Essay introduction  

 Creating an Introduction for a Descriptive Writing

Once you have chosen the subject to write you need to plan the introduction for your descriptive paper. An introduction needs to include a thesis statement and three features of the thing you are describing.   The introduction should start with a thesis statement that states how you feel about your topic. This should then be supported with three qualities defining those feelings.

These thesis statements aren’t meant to be complex. All they’re meant to do is to set up your reader for your descriptions. It is important to include three reasons that you can expand on describe in great detail as they will form the paragraphs of your descriptive paper.

Planning and Writing the Body of a Descriptive Essay

Looking at your thesis statement, take those three reasons and break them down into their own paragraphs. Describe hanging out with your friends at the beach, talk about the food you’d eat, the activities you’d participate in. Detail what huskies do when they’re energetic, what shows that they get along with other dogs?

It helps to write about each way you can describe an item on a separate sheet of paper. Use that sheet as your descriptive essay outline. Take each item and write what sense you can use to describe the item in each paragraph.

For example, if you want to talk about eating a popsicle on the beach you could include how cold against your tongue for touch, that it smelt and tasted like raspberries, it was a bright red, and shaped like a rocket for sight, and the sound you made it as you bit on it, or the sound you made as it rocketed into your mouth. Expand this into a paragraph keeping the most vivid description.

Force your reader to imagine these objects in their head. Help them visualize it, pour your vision into the paper and focus on both the small and the big details. Just don’t go overboard. It’s important to have a few great descriptors rather than a ton of average ones.

When describing an object, go about it in a practical sense. Don’t just throw details on the page, talk about them in order. Describe a mountain from its peak to it’s middle all the way down to its base. You wouldn’t go from the middle to the base to the peak, would you? This way, you’re keeping your reader engaged with the topic.

Concluding a Descriptive Essay

Concluding descriptive writing is easy. All you have to show why the subject you described is important to you. All you have to do is show the reader what you implied. Show why it has meaning, and why they should care.

Descriptive Essay Example

Drafting your essay.

Where the organization comes to fruition. When writing your essay, keep the reader in your head at all times. Constantly as yourself: “Is this vivid enough?” Don’t focus much on grammar, get the content onto the paper.

Questions to Ask Yourself

Once you’ve finished writing your essay, read it back and make sure it responds positively to each of these questions:

• Are these descriptions making my writing visual? Could I make them more vivid?
• Have I used these descriptions to detail my emotions to the reader?
• Do these descriptions convey each of the five senses?
• Have I gone into enough details in each paragraph?
• Are my descriptions in an orderly fashion?

If you believe your essay fits these criteria, then you’re good to go on the content side.

Perfecting the Essay

Read it through a couple more times. Take some time away from it and then come back with a fresh mindset.  Correct any grammar issues you see, and double check that it answers all of the questions mentioned above. Once that’s done, you’ll have an essay worthy of an A+ grade.

From Our Writers: Tips on How to Write a Good Descriptive Essay

• Be sensitive. Some writers are scared to show their true selves, but the point of a descriptive essay is to talk about how an object affects your senses and emotions. Keep this in mind during all stages of the essay.
• Put effort into unique descriptions. Don’t settle for standard words, spend some time searching out alternatives to common descriptive words. It will only help the reader envision your thoughts.
• Write about something that you care about. If you choose something you don’t have much personal experience with, you can’t truly write from the heart.

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Descriptive Essay Writing

Descriptive Essay Examples

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Published on: Jun 21, 2023

Last updated on: Mar 1, 2024

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Descriptive Essay: Definition, Tips & Examples

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Descriptive essays are very commonly assigned essays. This type of essay enhances students' writing skills and allows them to think critically. 

A descriptive essay is often referred to as the parent essay type. Other essays like argumentative essays, narrative essays, and expository essays fall into descriptive essays. Also, this essay helps the student enhance their ability to imagine the whole scene in mind by appealing senses.

It is assigned to high school students and all other students at different academic levels. Students make use of the human senses like touch, smell, etc., to make the descriptive essay more engaging for the readers. 

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Examples make it easy for readers to understand things in a better way. Also, in a descriptive essay, different types of descriptions can be discussed. 

Here are some amazing examples of a descriptive essay to make the concept easier for you. 

Descriptive Essay Example 5 Paragraph

5 paragraphs essay writing format is the most common method of composing an essay. This format has 5 paragraphs in total. The sequence of the paragraphs is as follows;

• Introduction
• Body Paragraph 1
• Body Paragraph 2 
• Body Paragraph 3
• Conclusion 

Following is an example of a descriptive essay written using the famous 5 paragraph method. 

5 Paragraph Descriptive Essay

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Descriptive Essay Example About A Person

Descriptive essays are the best option when it comes to describing and writing about a person.  A descriptive essay is written using the five human senses. It helps in creating a vivid image in the reader’s mind and understanding what the writer is trying to convey. 

Here is one of the best descriptive essay examples about a person. Read it thoroughly and try to understand how a good descriptive essay is written on someone’s personality.

Descriptive Essay Example About a Person

Descriptive Essay Example About A Place

If you have visited a good holiday spot or any other place and want to let your friends know about it. A descriptive essay can help you explain every detail and moment you had at that place. 

Here is one of the good descriptive essay examples about a place. Use it as a sample and learn how you can write such an essay. 

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Descriptive Essay Example for Grade 6

Descriptive essays are frequently assigned to school students. This type of essay helps the students enhance their writing skills and helps them see things in a more analytical way.

If you are a 6 grader and looking for a good descriptive essay example, you are in the right place.  

Descriptive Essay Example for Grade 7

Here is one of the best descriptive essay examples for grade 7. 

Descriptive Essay Example for Grade 8

If you are looking for some amazing descriptive essay examples for grade 8, you have already found one. Look at the given example and see what a well-written descriptive essay looks like. 

Descriptive Essay Example for Grade 10

Essay writing is an inevitable part of a student's academic life . No matter your grade, you will get to write some sort of essay at least once. 

Here is an example of a descriptive essay writing for grade10. If you are also a student of this grade, this example might help you to complete your assignment.

Descriptive Essay Example for Grade 12

If you are a senior student and looking for some essay examples, you are exactly where you should be. 

Use the below-mentioned example and learn how to write a good essay according to the instructions given to you. 

Descriptive Essay Example College

Descriptive essays are a great way to teach students how they can become better writers. Writing a descriptive essay encourages them to see the world more analytically.

Below is an example that will help you and make your writing process easy.

College Descriptive Essay Example

Descriptive Essay Example for University

Descriptive essays are assigned to students at all academic levels. University students are also assigned descriptive essay writing assignments. As they are students of higher educational levels, they are often given a bit of difficult and more descriptive topics. 

See the example below and know what a descriptive essay at the university level looks like. 

Short Descriptive Essay Example

Every time a descriptive essay isn't written in detail. It depends on the topic of how long the essay will be.  

For instance, look at one of the short descriptive essay examples given below. See how the writer has conveyed the concept in a composed way. 

Objective Descriptive Essay Example

When writing an objective description essay, you focus on describing the object without conveying your emotions, feelings, or personal reactions. The writer uses sight, sound, or touch for readers' minds to bring life into pictures that were painted by words.

Here is an example that you can use for your help. 

Narrative and Descriptive Essay Example

A narrative descriptive essay can be a great way to share your experiences with others. It is a story that teaches a lesson you have learned. The following is an example of a perfect narrative descriptive essay to help you get started.

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How to Start a Descriptive Essay? - Example

If you don't know how to start your descriptive essay, check this example and create a perfect one. 

How to Start a Descriptive Essay - Example

Subjective Descriptive Essay Example

It is a common concept that a descriptive essay revolves around one subject. Be it a place, person, event, or any other object you can think of. 

Following is one of the subjective descriptive, easy examples. Use it as a guide to writing an effective descriptive essay yourself. 

Writing a descriptive essay is a time-consuming yet tricky task. It needs some very strong writing, analytical, and critical thinking skills. Also, this is a type of essay that a student can not avoid and bypass. 

But if you think wisely, work smart, and stay calm, you can get over it easily. Learn how to write a descriptive essay from a short guide given below. 

How to Write a Descriptive Essay?

A writer writes a descriptive essay from their knowledge and imaginative mind. In this essay, the writer describes what he has seen or experienced, or ever heard from someone. For a descriptive essay, it is important to stay focused on one point. Also, the writer should use figurative language so that the reader can imagine the situation in mind. 

The following are some very basic yet important steps that can help you write an amazing descriptive essay easily. 

• Choose a Topic

For a descriptive essay, you must choose a vast topic to allow you to express yourself freely. Also, make sure that the topic you choose is not overdone. An overdone will not grab the attention of your intended audience. Check out our descriptive essay topics blog for a variety of intriguing topic suggestions.

• Create a Strong Thesis Statement

A thesis statement is the essence of any academic writing. When you select the descriptive essay topic, then you create a strong thesis statement for your essay.  

A thesis statement is a sentence or two that explains the whole idea of your essay to the reader. It is stated in the introductory paragraph of the essay. The word choice for creating the thesis statement must be very expressive, composed, and meaningful. Also, use vivid language for the thesis statement.  

• Collect the Necessary Information

Once you have created the thesis statement and are done writing your essay introduction . Now, it's time to move toward the body paragraphs. 

Collect all necessary information related to your topic. You would be adding this information to your essay to support your thesis statement. Make sure that you collect information from authentic sources. 

To enhance your essay, make use of some adjectives and adverbs. To make your descriptive essay more vivid, try to incorporate sensory details like touch, taste, sight, and smell.

• Create a Descriptive Essay Outline

An outline is yet another necessary element of your college essay. By reading the descriptive essay outline , the reader feels a sense of logic and a guide for the essay. 

In the outline, you need to write an introduction, thesis statement, body paragraphs and end up with a formal conclusion.

Proofreading is a simple procedure in which the writer revises the written essay. This is done in order to rectify the document for any kind of spelling or grammatical mistakes. Thus, proofreading makes high-quality content and gives a professional touch to it. 

You might be uncertain about writing a good enough descriptive essay and impress your teacher. However, it is very common, so you do not need to stress out. 

Hit us up at CollegeEssay.org and get an essay written by our professional descriptive essay writers. Our essay writing service for students aims to help clients in every way possible and ease their stress. Get in touch with our customer support team, and they will take care of all your queries related to your writing. 

You can always enhance your writing skills by leveraging the power of our AI essay writing tools .

Place your order now and let all your stress go away in a blink! 

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Barbara is a highly educated and qualified author with a Ph.D. in public health from an Ivy League university. She has spent a significant amount of time working in the medical field, conducting a thorough study on a variety of health issues. Her work has been published in several major publications.

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Descriptive Essay for University

Descriptive essay generator for university.

One of the riveting things in people’s minds is how it processes something. When different individuals see the same thing in front of them, their brains operate their thoughts differently. What’s beautiful for some might appear the opposite for others. That’s how you’re going to discuss a subject in a descriptive essay. Express your subjective perspectives by learning how to compose your descriptive essay for university.

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What Is a Descriptive Essay?

A descriptive essay is a type of academic essay wherein the writer will provide a detailed description of a place, person, experience, emotion, or a particular process. It is the kind of essay wherein the writer can approach it by providing information basing on his or her subjective perception. Universities often give this assignment to the students to let them enhance their essay writing skills.

How to Write a Detailed Descriptive Essay For University

Whenever people ask you about your favorite food or place, you can easily picture them in your mind. Sometimes, because of how vivid your imagination is, it can even make you hungry. Others would even claim to feel nostalgic. Capture that emotion into text and transfer it on a piece of paper.

1. Immerse Yourself In Your Topic

The moment your professors give you the assignment, they also often give you a topic. In contrast, some teachers give you the freedom to choose one on your own. Either way, you need to conduct descriptive research and study it deliberately. You can’t provide a complete description of something unless you know a lot about it. 

2. Construct an Outline

You can start this step by searching for blank outline templates online. The next thing to do is to note what you want to include in your essay. One helpful tip is to know what your five senses tell you about the subject. Pay attention to how it looks, the way it smells, its smoothness, and other details you can get from your sensory organs. Describe it in your college essay outline .

3. Organize Your Description

Now that you already have a guide, you should organize your thoughts in a way that makes sense. Decide on the flow of your essay in each of your descriptive paragraphs . To help you with it, you can construct a flow chart . This method will help you determine how to arrange your ideas.

4. Incorporate Vivid Language

The main goal of your descriptive writing is to let the readers feel, see, or perceive things the way you do. When you describe a particular beach as your favorite place, ensure to write it vividly. To do this, you can incorporate figurative languages that would help you express your emotions better.

What are the differences between a narrative essay and a descriptive essay?

In the practice of article writing , professors may give you the assignment to write numerous types of essays. These kinds include a narrative essay and a descriptive essay. Despite that, they have a glaring difference in their purposes. Narrative writing aims to tell a story, while the latter’s goal is to provide a detailed description of something.

What are good topics for a descriptive essay for university?

Interesting topics for a descriptive essay are a lot similar to the things you write in your journal. You can write about your favorite food, a person you like, a place you find scary, and an artwork. If it interests you, you can also include things or issues on your campus that college students find interesting.

How do you start a descriptive essay?

Start your descriptive writing by writing a short descriptive paragraph as your introduction. The first sentence you should compose is your hook. The purpose of this segment is to compel and attract readers to your article. In the end part of this paragraph, you should write your thesis statement. In this part, you should briefly give people an idea of what you would discuss in your material.

People go out of their way to submit college application resumes , for the sake of securing their names on the students’ list. The reason is that universities are a place to hone and improve your skills for the career of your choice. That said, as most industries require numerous formal letter writing, they also practice your skills by letting you write essays. Start practicing yours by composing an impressive descriptive essay for university.

Text prompt

• Instructive
• Professional

Describe your ideal university campus in a Descriptive Essay for University

Write a Descriptive Essay for University on the experience of attending your first university lecture

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• Published: 17 May 2024

Keeping balance between loyalty and modification: a Toulminian model as analytical framework

• Donghong Liu   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7529-2253 1 &
• Minghui Xiong 2  

Humanities and Social Sciences Communications volume  11 , Article number:  639 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

• Language and linguistics

Toulmin model has been widely applied to composition-rhetoric and several modified models have been advanced. However, those modified versions diverge widely from Toulmin model. To Keep loyalty to Toulmin’s argumentation and infuse van Eemeren et al.’s pragma-dialectic view, we propose a new modified model as an analytical framework for argumentative essays, with the assumption that a writer is in fact arguing with a potential reader who holds a different view. The proposed framework was applied to explore the Chinese writers’ argumentative essays with content analysis employed. Altogether 60 essays were selected, coded, and analyzed. The results show that the Chinese writers preferred parallel arguments (i.e., several arguments supporting the same claim with the same ground-warrant structure) to hierarchical ones, justification to opposition, and descriptive warrant to the other types. Moreover, the adult expert writers wrote more warrants and qualifiers than the novice writers. The results reveal Chinese rhetoric and writing conventions, and prove the effectiveness of our proposed analytical framework.

Toulmin ( 1999 ) considered Aristotle’s syllogism as too simple to represent the very nature of argument because of its arbitrary restriction to a three-part structure. In fact, most arguments have a more complex structure than the syllogism. With his preliminary concern on jurisprudence, he replaced the terms in syllogism with data, warrant and claim, and considered “the first skeleton of a pattern” (Toulmin, 1999 , p. 99) just as a starting point of his argumentation model. In Aristotle’s syllogism, the conclusion follows necessarily from the major and minor premises. The inference from major premise to minor premise comes to a necessary conclusion. However, according to Toulmin, warrant has various kinds, such as “necessarily” unequivocal warrant and “probably/presumably” tentative one. In other words, the reasoning contained therein is not monotonic, but nonmonotonic and defeasible. In view of the tentative warrant, Toulmin considered it indispensable to make the first skeleton more complicated by adding another three triad—modal qualifiers, rebuttal and backing (Fig. 1 ).

It illustrates Toulmin model and is quoted in Toulmin ( 1999 : 104).

In this argumentation model of Toulmin ( 1999 ), data (D) provides evidence for claim (C). A warrant (W) certifies the claim as true and bridges the gap between data and claim. A claim is a conclusion and the statement that expresses the view of the main point. A backing (B) supports warrant and enables it convincing enough. A rebuttal (R) acknowledges certain conditions under which claim does not hold water. A qualifier (Q) expresses the degree of certainty in claim. Rebuttal and qualifier in Toulmin model of argumentation anticipate the challenging questions raised by people of different opinions. A backing anticipates a challenge to the legitimacy of warrant.

The famous six-component model, Toulmin model, is quite influential and has been applied to many research areas such as court debate, rhetoric, philosophy, medicine, science, first and second language argumentation instruction. Various modifications of Toulmin model emerge in the process of the wide application, such as Crammond ( 1998 ), Qin and Karabacak ( 2010 ), Voss ( 2005 ), Jackson and Schneider ( 2018 ). However, deficiencies in these modified versions and discrepancies of view on certain Toulmin components, for example, warrant and data, are more and more obvious and unavoidable. Solutions have to be found.

Another concern is the study of Chinese written works. The dialectic features of Chinese classical works in ancient times have been studied intensively by many scholars such as Garrett ( 2013 ), Lu ( 1998 ), Mao ( 2006 ), Kirkpatrick ( 1997 ), and Jin ( 2014 ). Only a few studies have focused on the modern Chinese writing and drawn controversial conclusions about whether modern Chinese writing shares many similarities to English rhetorical paradigm. For instance, by investigating the Chinese textbooks and teaching materials in middle school, Liu ( 2005 ), Wang ( 1994 ) and Liu ( 2021 ) found some Chinese notions and rhetorical conventions quite different from English rhetoric. Wu ( 2009 ) supports the view and avers that “while Western rhetoric is primarily practical without much emphasis on aesthetics, which is the task of literary criticism and poetics, modern Chinese rhetoric is and has always been primarily aesthetic and poetic” (Wu, 2009 , p.164). Contrarily, other scholars like Kirkparick and Xu ( 2012 ), You ( 2014 ), Cheng and Chen ( 2009 ) hold a different view. They aver that modern Chinese and English rhetorics have similar concerns in ethical, epistemological and psychological aspects due to the great influence of western rhetoric on Chinese rhetoric. You ( 2005 , p.166) contends that Anglo-American rhetoric has helped “revitalize and retrieve the extremely rich Chinese rhetorical tradition in modern Chinese writing” and thus has enriched modern Chinese rhetoric. Apart from the controversial views of modern Chinese rhetoric, few empirical studies engage with Chinese argumentative essays from logical perspective. Admittedly, there is scanty in the studies of Chinese argumentation in Toulmin perspective.

In view of the inadequacies in the modifications of Toulmin model as well as the scarcity of dialectic analysis of modern Chinese essays, this paper attempts to put forward a new analytical framework for argumentative essays and apply it to the investigation of Chinese written argumentation.

Toulmin model and Composition-rhetoric

As a well-defined model of argumentation, the Toulmin model has been extensively used in composition-rhetoric studies by a great number of researchers. One kind of studies focus on the quality or efficiency of Toulmin components in argumentative discourses. Different measurements of the quality of each basic component were designed (Du, 2017 ; Siregar et al., 2021 ; Anada et al., 2018 ; Sundari and Febriyanti, 2021 ). Another kind of studies treat Toulmin model as a heuristic tool to teach argumentative writing (Lunsford, 2002 ; Stapleton and Wu, 2015 ; Latifi et al., 2020 ; Liu et al., 2024 ). Moreover, in order to make Toulmin components more transparent to students, some component names have been changed. For example, “Purdue University Online Writing Lab” uses different names for claim (conclusion, opinion), data (ground, evidence, reasons) and warrant (link, assumption).

We are more interested in these studies which try to modify the original Toulmin model and produce an analytical framework to analyze the students’ argumentative essays. The original six-component Toulmin Model seems inadequate in explaining and analyzing modern essays. One of the inadequacies is the difficulty in separating data from warrant and distinguishing warrant from backing on some occasions. Another one is the discrepancy of the components. Qualifiers can be such words or phrases: probably, possible, impossible, certainly, presumably, as far as the evidence goes, and necessarily. The other five components may be sentences, sentence clusters or paragraphs. To put it another way, qualifier is at lexical level while all the other components at discourse level. Thus, new components have been added and the original ones redefined or deleted, for one thing to reveal the complicated nature of the modern argumentative essays written by all kinds of writers, and for another to make it more convenient to conduct comprehensive analyses. A quite influential modification is Crammond’s ( 1998 ) version. This study expanded qualifier to include not only “modality operators” but also “constraints”, divided the backing into “warrant backing” and “data backing”, and recognized possible “alternative solution” as well as “countered rebuttal” and “reservation”. The components were classified into necessary and optional. According to Crammond ( 1998 ), a claim and the data offered in support of this claim are the elements necessary for an argumentation structure, and warrants together with the remaining substructures are classified as optional or elaborative. Quite a few empirical studies have been conducted within Crammond’s ( 1998 ) framework of the modified Toulmin model (Cheng and Chen, 2009 ; Liu and Wan, 2020 ; El Majidi et al., 2021 ). For example, Cheng and Chen ( 2009 ) compared the argumentative essays written by Taiwan and American freshmen. Their research results negated cultural difference as a causing factor. Similarly, El Majidi et al. ( 2021 ) adopted such components as qualifier of constraint and alternative solutions, and took in the notion of embedded argument, using the term “sub-argument” (i.e., a subordinate argument to back up a superordinate argument).

Despite its popularity in rhetoric and composition studies, Crammond’s ( 1998 ) model reveals deficiency in logic and strays away from Toulmin’s argumentation. In (in)formal logic an argument consists of reasons (premises) and conclusion (claim or standpoint), and Toulmin accordingly put claim and data at the same level in his model but placed justification including warrant and backing at a lower level. Thus, Crammond’s ( 1998 ) model diverges greatly from Toulmin.

Qin and Karabacak ( 2010 ) even changed the components by eliminating warrant, backing and qualifier, and splitting the rebuttal into counterargument claim, counterargument data, rebuttal claim and rebuttal data. Their model consists of six components at the same level. Although his model is widely used to teach argumentation or evaluate the written work of the second language learners, the exclusion of warrant alters the Toulmin model. The reasoning from data to claim is missing. The important component warrant makes up the defining feature of an argument structure, together with claim and data. Compared with Crammond’s ( 1998 ) model, Qin and Karabacak ( 2010 ) diverge even farther from Toulmin.

The problems of warrant and data

According to Toulmin ( 1999 ), warrant can be of different kinds of statement such as rules, principles, and licenses for inference. It is a bridge linking data to claim. The role of warrant is to make sure that the inference from data to claim is sound. However, Toulmin’s description and expression of warrant is still general and vague. That causes many scholars to understand and presume in their own ways. Some scholars believe that warrant is equivalent to the major premise of the syllogism, such as Warren ( 2010 ), Jin and Zhao ( 2016 ). However, Freeman ( 2006 ) takes a different view. He contends that warrant is determined by human intuition. He mentions four kinds of intuition: a priori intuition, empirical intuition, institutional intuition, and evaluative intuition. The four kinds of intuition lead to four kinds of warrant. Take the following statements as examples. (A) is a priori warrant since it involves common sense knowledge. (B) is empirical warrant since it depends on previous experience. (C) is institutional warrant on account of the legal rules and (D) is evaluative warrant because of its moral nature.

(A) A male is a boy but cannot be an old man at the same time.

(B) A horse that runs fastest will win the game.

(C) Drunken driving is illegal.

(D) Lying is a bad behavior.

Freeman’s discussion is noteworthy and has great influence in the world of informal logic and argumentation theory. However, his examples for illustration are just at sentence level. He does not mention what warrant is like in an actual argumentative essay. That can also be attributed to Toulmin’s examples that display warrant in the form of rules. People have misunderstanding in that warrant can only be a rule and expressed in a short statement. Toulmin ( 1999 ) objected to using formal logic to analyze argumentative discourses. Albeit he used simple expressions or formulas, he just treated that as a starting point as his purpose was to take the readers out of formal logic. To Toulmin, the key point of warrant is how to reach the conclusion. It is almost impossible to answer this question by only one statement in actual writing.

Hitchcock ( 2005 ) argues that warrant is not the premise itself but an inference-license that allows an inferring movement from the premise to the conclusion. To put it another way, warrant is the process of inference. In our view, Hitchcock’s understanding is closest to Toulmin’s ( 1999 ) description of warrant which answers the question—how do you get there? Liu ( 2020 ) avers that warrant can not only be a sentence but also a sentence cluster(s) or paragraph(s). Apart from the four types of warrant, Liu ( 2020 ) has found a fifth one—“descriptive warrant”, which can hardly be categorized into any of the four types since it mainly depends on describing, analyzing and even commenting. Descriptive warrant performs the function of warrant to bridge the gap between Data and Claim and to guide the readers step by step to the conclusion, as is the case in Example 2. However, the sample size in Liu ( 2020 ) is small and more studies have to be done to examine this type of warrant.

Data, another contentious concept, is interpreted inconsistently. Lunsford ( 2002 , pp. 126–127) divided data into two parts: “evidence” referring to information about various kinds of facts and “reasons” used for interpretations of that “evidence”. Packer and Timpane ( 1997 ) further classified the evidence into seven kinds: examples, personal experiences, expert opinions, statistics, common sense, logical analysis and analogy. Hegelund and Kock ( 1999 ) identified data from two dimensions: theoretical data and specific data. The former involves theories, concepts, definitions drawn from authorities while the latter comes from textual evidence, conceptual analysis, examples, empirical studies and so forth. Hoeken and Hustinx ( 2003 ) came up with four types: individual examples, statistics, expert opinions and causal explanations. However, in our view, some interpretations are overlapped with warrant, for example causal explanation (Hoeken and Hustinx, 2003 ), logical analysis and analogy (Packer and Timpane, 1997 ), reason (Lunsford, 2002 ). In fact, Toulmin et al. ( 1978 ) clarified data in his book “An Introduction to Reasoning”, by replacing it with ground and defining it as a statement specifying particular facts about a situation to support the claim. The facts “are already accepted as true, and can therefore be relied on to clarify and make good the previous claim, or - in the best case - to establish its truth, correctness, or soundness” (Toulmin et al., 1978 , pp. 37-38). For example, “What exactly is it about your brother’s behavior that makes you think he is going mad?” “What particular observations about the spread of infection through the hospital point the finger of blame at the food-service equipment?” (1978, p. 38) In this study we keep loyalty to Toulmin et al. ( 1978 ) and separate the two concepts: ground and warrant.

Liu ( 2022 ) proposed another analytical framework for argumentative essays, as is shown in Fig. 2 . The main argument structure consists of claim, justification and opposition. Justification might include more than one argument that is basically made up of subclaim, data, and warrant. The basic component, warrant, is kept in the analytical framework to keep the basic Toulmin model intact. Backing is merged into warrant, considering that warrant has more significance than backing (Ferris, 1994 ) and the difficulty of distinguishing the two elements (Jackson and Schneider, 2018 ). Merging the two components is also conducive to coding in quantitative research. Warrant is classified into five kinds: (A) a priori warrant, (B) empirical warrant, (C) institutional warrant, (D) evaluative warrant and (E) descriptive warrant.

This figure displays the complicated hierarchical structures of an argumentative essay.

However, this model is more like a modification of Crammond’s ( 1998 ) model or Qin and Karabacak’s ( 2010 ) model rather than the Toulmin model. A deficiency might be the neglect of the dialogical relationship inside the sub-arguments. A possible solution is to resort to dialectical argumentation model such as van Eemeren’s Pragma-Dialectics to improve Toulmin model since Toulmin did not use argumentation in his book “The Uses of Argument” and he only used the term argument involving only one party. According to Van Eemeren et al. ( 2018 ), argumentation means a two-party and interactional critical discussion aiming at resolving a difference of opinion by convincing the other party.

New analytical framework

In this section, we put forward a new analytical framework in an attempt to describe argumentative essays. We agree to Crammond’s and Voss’ view of complicated hierarchical structure inside the Toulmin model. We adopt the term argumentation and the idea in Pragma-dialectics, and advance our modification of Toulmin model as an analytical framework. The writer of an argumentative essay is arguing with a potential reader who is skeptical to the writer’s view or even holds a different view. There can be several rounds of argumentation and the writer should anticipate and refute some possible grounds, warrants and rebuttals produced by the reader. The writer may employ several parallel grounds to support the claim or use one or more grounds and warrants to back the previous warrant, hence to form a chain of hierarchical argument structures.

We aver that warrant is a segmented discourse consisting of a sentence, or sentence clusters, or even paragraphs. The warrant in an argumentative essay performs the function of explanation, assumption, or comment and so on for the purpose of guiding the readers to get the writer’s viewpoint correctly and accurately from the given facts. In our analytical framework as well as in the Toulmin model, the claim is inferred from the ground, via the warrant and even the rebuttal, and modified by the qualifier.

We contend that qualifiers can not only be words and phrases, but also sentences. The function of qualifier corresponds roughly to hedging. Qualifiers can be used not only to present claims tentatively, but also to “put them (claims) into debates in an uncommitted way, merely for purposes of discussion … to treat them as serious but conditional conclusions” (Toulmin et al., 1978 , p. 90). In actual writing when showing concession by acknowledging the opposite view, we may just put our claim in discussion under certain conditions. Thus, qualifiers cannot be limited to words or phrases. We may write more, e.g., sentences. To illustrate, “Despite that, there is something reasonable in a part of the opponents’ words. However…” “The court supported Grandma Wang in her case. Their decision had sufficient legal foundation. But the case of Grandma Wang cannot serve as an example for the old people to demand money from their daughters-in-law”. The underlined sentences can be qualifiers and the following sentences express the authors’ views. The negative tone is accordingly moderated. By using qualifier, “we cover ourselves and guard against the charge of thinking carelessly, talking loosely, and shooting from the hip” (Toulmin et al., 1978 , p. 90). The definition of each component is displayed in Table 1 .

The argument structure is called justification-qualifier (J-Q). In order to differentiate the three components in justification from those in opposition, the word “justification” or “opposition” are added to them, for example, justification-ground (J-G) and opposition-ground (O-G). The claim may be sufficiently justified in horizontal and vertical dimensions; thus, justification has width and depth (see Fig. 3 ). Argument width indicates the number of parallel J-Qs. Argument depth denotes that a J-Q can be backed by another one at a lower level. As is shown in Fig. 3 , J-Q1.1 at the first level can be supported by J-Q2.1 at the second level. Theoretically and ideally, there may be n level where n is an integer greater than zero. Backing is excluded in this model since justification at further levels can perform the function of supporting much better than backing alone. Moreover, a J-Q structure at a lower level can not only support the J-W in a J-Q structure at a higher level, but also back its J-G or J-R. For example, J-Q2.2 supports J-G1.n and J-Q2.n supports J-R1.n (Fig. 3 ).

The figure demonstrates our proposal of keeping loyalty to the basics of Toulmin model while making modification.

Furthermore, argumentation can be “an explicit or (in the case of a monologue) implicit discussion between two parties that have a different position with respect to the same proposition” (Van Eemeren and Henkemans, 2017 , p. ix). Thus, written argumentation such as an argumentative essay, can be regarded as a critical discussion between the writer and the reader. The writer may predict an opposite position supported by opposition ground (O-G) and opposition warrant (O-W), and even predict opposition rebuttal (O-R). In the same vein as justification, opposition also has depth and width. For instance, O-Q1.1 can be backed by O-Q2.1, and O-Q1.n by O-Q2.2 at the second level, as Fig. 3 displays.

The excerpt of George Orwell’s essays “Why Do We Believe the Earth Is Round ( https://blog.csdn.net/hpdlzu80100/article/details/120196584 )” can be used to illustrate our framework. The author claims “the Earth is round” and imagines some opponents, one of which is Oval Earth man. The excerpt is the argumentation against the oval Earth view. The author proposes four parallel grounds all of which are at the same level. Thus, the J-width is 4 and the J-depth is 1. The author anticipates opposition and interacts with the opponent. The opposition consists of three O-Qs. O-Q1.1 is composed of O-G1.1, O-W1.1 and O-R1.1. Each of the other two O-Qs only has a rebuttal: O-R1.2 and O-R1.3. Therefore, the O-width is 3 and the O-depth is 1. The structure is shown in Fig. 4 .

[J-ground 1.1] Against the Oval Earth man, the first card I can play is the analogy of the sun and moon . [O-ground 1.1] The Oval Earth man promptly answers that I don’t know, by my own observation, that those bodies are spherical . [O-warrant 1.1] I only know that they are round, and they may perfectly well be flat discs. I have no answer to that one . [O-rebuttal 1.1] Besides, he goes on, what reason have I for thinking that the earth must be the same shape as the sun and moon? I can’t answer that one either .

[J-ground 1.2] My second card is the earth’s shadow: [J-warrant 1.2] When cast on the moon during eclipses, it appears to be the shadow of a round object . [O-rebuttal 1.2] But how do I know, demands the Oval Earth man, that eclipses of the moon are caused by the shadow of the earth? [J-rebuttal 1.2] The answer is that I don’t know, but have taken this piece of information blindly from newspaper articles and science booklets .

[J-ground 1.3] Defeated in the minor exchanges, I now play my queen of trumps: the opinion of the experts. The Astronomer Royal, who ought to know, tells me that the earth is round. [O-rebuttal 1.3] The Oval Earth man covers the queen with his king. Have I tested the Astronomer Royal’s statement, and would I even know a way of testing it? [J-ground 1.4] Here I bring out my ace. Yes, I do know one test. The astronomers can foretell eclipses, and this suggests that their opinions about the solar system are pretty sound. I am, to my delight, justified in accepting their say-so about the shape of the earth .

The figure illustrates the argumentative structure of this passage within the proposed analytical framework.

The new analytical framework is designed for investigating argumentative essays. Since the studies of Chinese written argumentation from Toulmin perspective are scarce, the purposes of this study is to test the new model and to find out the features of argumentation that the proficient Chinese writers reveal in their argumentative essays. The research questions of this study are raised as follows:

How do the Toulmin components represent the argumentation features of the Chinese writers?

Do they have any preference in argument width and depth?

Do they have any tendency in Warrant types?

Data source

The Chinese writers refer to the essay writers for newspaper columns and the high school students who were taking National Matriculation Chinese Test (NMCT). Although they wrote Chinese argumentative essays, they had many differences. The first was the freedom of topic selection: the column writers chose their own topics, while the high schoolers had to write on an arbitrary topic. The second was time restriction: the column writers had enough time to reflect and revise while the examinees wrote under time limits. The last difference consisted in writing purpose: the column writers intended to persuade the readers while the high schoolers presumably wanted only to show their competence of reasoning. Our purpose of choosing the two groups of writers was to explore the similarities, the features which could be generalized to Chinese argumentation. We hypothesized that Chinese argumentative essays shared some features despite the heterogeneity of the writers.

We used as data source Southern Weekend, Southern Urban Daily and Guangming Daily, since those newspapers are more frequently read and more influential than other newspapers. The most important reason consists in their “opinion” or “comment” column which embodies argumentation. We set the time span between June of 2019 and June of 2020 and selected 30 essays in the “opinion” or “comment” column which have disputable topics covering artificial intelligence, education, family, consumption, and culture. The essays were written by different authors to avoid the repetition of the same style or writing habit.

We chose 30 full-score compositions in NMCT in China from “Composition Web ( Zuowen Wang ) ( https://www.zuowen.com/gaokaozw/manfen/ )”. The compositions at this website are open access to the netizens and serve as models for the students preparing for NMCT. Those compositions of the high schoolers also have disputable topics. The time span is longer, from 2011 to 2020. For one reason, NMCT took place just once a year in China and the given topic in the examination was not always contentious. In order to collect the same number of full-score compositions as that of the newspaper essays, we had to search the sources in the past years. For another, the genre of argumentation was not included in NMCT before 2011 on the “Composition Web”.

Data collection

Our analytical framework includes eight Toulmin components: claim, J-ground, J-warrant, J-rebuttal, O-ground, O-warrant, O-rebuttal and qualifier. The eight components were identified and their frequencies were collected from the two groups of essays.

The identification of the Toulmin components relied heavily on the logic and meaning in an essay. Apart from that, linguistic devices were treated as the cues for identifying different elements. Two linguistic patterns were employed to identify Claims: (a) assertions with certainty such as “Without doubt ( hao wu yi wen ) ”, “Obviously ( hen ming xian )”; and (b) statements with such metadiscourse as “personally, I think ( wo ge ren ren wei )”, “in my opinion ( wo de guan dian shi )”. To identify Grounds, phrases like “for example (bi ru)”, “for instance (bi fang shuo)” are suggestive. Warrants can be signaled by explicit connectives or prepositional phrases such as “since ( you yu ),” “because ( yin wei )”. However, Chinese language is considered as paratactic since there are not many cohesive devices in a text. In general, semantic and logical considerations served as the major way of identification, and functional expressions as an auxiliary method. For instance, in Ex.1 the three meanings of “ he ” were treated as one segment instead of three separate segments, considering the phrase “for one reason”.

The procedure of doing identification and annotation is as follows: claim > J-ground > J-warrant > J-rebuttal > O-ground > O-warrant > O-rebuttal > qualifer. Once a component was identified, annotation with the name and number in brackets was written before it, such as [J-ground 1.1], [J-warrant 2.1]. We observed the following principle in counting the frequency of claim: if there is a claim in an essay, then the frequency is 1; if the claim is repeated in different places of the essay, the frequency is still 1. As for the other components, the total number of each component in each essay was collected. The calculation of J-width depends on the number of parallel J-ground while J-depth depends on the number of J-ground at different levels.

The identification and data collection were done twice by the first author who had done the identification of Toulmin components for five years, with one month as an interval, to make the work as accurate as possible. The intra-coder consistency of each component is as follows: claim 100%, J-ground 90%, J-warrant 85%, J-rebuttal 97%, O-ground 100%, O-warrant 95%, O-rebuttal 100%. As for the inconsistent identification, double checking was done before the final annotation was decided. To do comparisons, Mann–Whitney U test was employed for inter-group comparisons while Wilcoxon test was used for intra-group comparisons.

Research results

The frequencies of Toulmin components are shown in Tables 2 – 4 . As can be seen in Table 2 , almost each essay has a claim, far more J-grounds than J-warrants (7.82 > 2.42) while the frequencies of the other components are below one, with O-warrant and qualifier the lowest. Moreover, J-width overrides the J-depth (2.81 > 1.07).

Figure 5 demonstrates visually the comparison of Toulmin components used by the two groups. Table 3 shows that no significant difference is found in the use of Toulmin components except J-warrants and qualifiers. Generally speaking, the two groups of witers had more similar features in their writing. These results also reveal that the two groups did not link every J-ground to claim, leaving far more J-grounds unlinked, although the column writers could establish the link between J-ground and claim better than the high schoolers.

The figure displays the comparison between the column writers and the high schoolers.

Admittedly, the column writers were found more distinguished in using qualifiers. Skillful Chinese writers are expected to avoid direct confrontation and their tone is expected to be moderate. They tended to first acknowledge the opposite view and then put forward their own claim or refuted an opposite view. In Ex. 1 the writer first approved the general O-rebuttal and then refuted the view by narrowing the topic to the way of packaging mooncakes among the upper class in ancient China. As the writer based the rebuttal on the same cultural value as the opponent’s, the essay is more persuasive. J-rebuttal1.1 is not a single sentence, but a cluster of sentences constituting an argument structure J-Q2.1 which includes J-ground2.1, J-warrant2.1 A and J-warrant2.1B, as is shown in Fig. 6 . However, the research result here cannot be attributed solely to the writing proficiency since the two groups had other differences such as topic, time restriction, context.

The figure illustrates the hierarchical structure of Rebuttal in Justification side by using the proposed analytical framework.

[O-rebuttal 1.1] Some people may aver that the cultural creation on mooncakes embodies the inheritance of culture. [Qualifier] Yes. This cannot be denied. [J-rebuttal 1.1] [J-ground 2.1] However, even the mooncakes in the ancient royal household were packed mainly in food boxes. [J-warrant 2.1   A] For one reason, “He (box)”is pronounced in the same way as “He (harmony)”, “He (unitedness)”and “He (congratulation)” which denotes auspiciousness. [J-warrant 2.1B] For another, the box could be reused later to contain other things in daily life. Thus, the mooncakes were not overpackaged . (Ding, 2019 )

Table 4 displays that all the Chinese writers had statistical difference between J-width and J-depth despite the inter-group difference in J-width shown in Table 3 . Compared with J-depth, both the column writers and the high schoolers prefer J-width, using more J-grounds to support the claim. However, neither of them showed any significance difference between O-width and O-depth.

When it comes to warrant types, Table 5 and Fig. 7 display that the Chinese writers’ primary preference is descriptive type (36%). The two groups displayed consistency even though they were different in age, proficiency, writing purpose, and time restriction. For instance, Ex. 2 has two levels and thus the J-depth is 2. The writer explains why poor quality of products causes the crisis of trust. The customers’ comments are used as J-ground2.1 to support J-ground1.1. The descriptive warrant1.1 explains the reason why the customers buy those poor products and give positive comments and by speculating the consequence of the betrayed kindness. The structure is shown in Fig. 8 .

The figure displays the frequencies of five kinds of Warrants used by the column writers and the high schoolers.

The figure illustrates the hierarchical structure of Example 2 by using the proposed analytical framework.

[J-ground 1.1] Another problem is the crisis of trust caused by the poor quality of products. [J-ground 2.1] Below those marketing articles are usually such comments as “Although I found several rotten ones when I received the fruit, I still gave favorable comments”, “I bought the fruit for the purpose of offering support. Hope they are sold out soon”. [Warrant 1.1] Just because of such words as “helping the peasants” appear in the advertisements, many consumers’ purpose of purchase changes from consuming the products to satisfying their affection—helping people by consumption. They never care about the quality of the products even if the actual products are not as good as the advertisement claims. But when they realize all that they have seen is just marketing and being unsalable is a lie to cover poor quality of the products, they feel their kindness betrayed and finally they are harmed deeply . (Liao, 2019 )

Discussion on Chinese argumentative essays

Distinguished features in the use of toulmin components.

The results reveal that the Chinese writers did not link every ground to claim although we expanded the scope of warrant by categorizing Hoeken’s and Hustinx’s ( 2003 ) causal explanation, Packer’s and Timpane’s ( 1997 ) logical analysis and analogy into warrant in our identification work. The modern Chinese writing is still not as explicit as expected despite the influence of Anglo-American rhetoric (You, 2014 ) and western writing framework on the Chinese writing paradigm (He, 2014 ) for several decades. It can be speculated that culture may be still considered as a highly probable factor that affects writing conventions and the way of interaction. In the eyes of the Chinese, intelligent people have an outstanding ability both to write in an obscure and implicit way, and to understand unstated things (Ye, 2013 ). For example, only a few resourceful people who excelled at reasoning could grasp the essentials in ancient Chinese books written by intelligent people because the books were full of implicit expressions and even unconnected sentences.

Writing is a kind of interaction between the writer and the potential reader. “Such interaction might be considered to be enhanced when readers are provided with opportunities to infer the intentions of the writers as is done in reader-responsible prose” (Loi and Evans, 2010 , p. 2819). Accordingly, our research result denotes that such interaction in the Chinese argumentation is active and demands more brainwork of the reader since the scarcity of warrants might motivate the reader to think, infer and get the most of the writer via reading carefully. To put it another way, the absence of warrant in an essay does not mean that the writer’s claim is unwarranted. The ancient Chinese rhetoric did not encourage detailed and long argumentation. For example, Confucius’ Analects encouraged gentlemen to be “prompt in action but prudent in speech”. The Analects consists of almost all the dialogues between Confucius and his students and the dialogues are short, succinct and thought-provoking. Wang Yangming’s Instructions is another example. Although they are different from Plato’s Republic which was developed in full length, those short dialogues are also argumentation, an interaction (Liu and Tang, 2015 ). This kind of interaction differs from the framework put forward by Jackson and Schneider ( 2018 ), in which more than one warrant is provided to explain the same ground to support the claim. In their framework the writer takes more responsibility for smooth interaction.

Qualifier is defined as concession or acknowledging opposition in our study, a kind of strategy to moderate the contradiction. The column writers’ higher frequency of qualifier might reveal that as cognitively mature and socially experienced writers they are more skillful at maneuvering this strategy than the high school students. In Chinese society, being sophisticated and pliable means socially mature. Such sophistication is embodied in social communication, like avoiding straightforwardness, expressing disapproval indirectly, or never expressing criticism. Straightforwardness in communication must be regulated by propriety; otherwise, it will often cause rudeness, interpersonal conflict, and social disruption (Ye, 2013 ). In this sense, the Chinese traditional cultural convention coincides with Toulmin’s qualifier.

More closely related to this culture are the low frequencies of oppositional components. Opposition is generally viewed by western logicians, dialecticians, and rehtoricians as obvious evidence of reader consideration and therefore the use of these components can in a sense strengthen the persuasiveness of an argumentative essay (Wolfe et al., 2009 ; Van Eemeren et al., 1996 ). However, the frequency of oppositional components must not be used as a measurement to examine the persuasiveness of the Chinese argumentation, due to the particularity of culture. It would be unfair to underestimate the Chinese expert writers without considering the cultural context. Rhetoric and writing conventions should be considered as a causing factor in different cultures. Modern Chinese argumentation puts much more emphasis on justification (e.g., using more grounds) than opposition so as to reinforce persuasiveness, although according to Ye ( 2013 ), both Taoism and Confucianism stress achieving balance to avoid extremes. “In persuasive writing, the Chinese would write favorably about both sides to achieve agreement because the Yin and Yang idea subtly plays a decisive role in shaping the way people think and say things” (Ye, 2013 , p. 42). But our research result goes against this presumption. The modern writers would not like to observe the traditional writing convention, neither do they conform to the western rhetorical convention as claimed by You ( 2014 ).

Argumentation sufficiency and Warrant types

Generally speaking, the Chinese writers, especially the column writers, prefer argument width to depth. The column writers’ essays have greater J-width than the high school students’. They used more parallel arguments to support the claim directly, i.e., these arguments are arranged horizontally. The expert writers have more ideas because they are socially experienced and are rich in ideas. Chinese textbooks for composition put much emphasize on the sufficiency of arguments and even the college students in the interviews agreed on such a criterion of good essay (Liu, 2021 ). Thus, the writing instruction might be an affecting factor. It can be seen that our results do not corroborate Kirkparick and Xu ( 2012 , p.139) who contend that Chinese writers have a “preference for chain-reasoning” (i.e., J-depth in this study). Their examples are mainly oral discourse except for one paragraph written by Lu Xun, one of the greatest contemporary writers and thinkers in China. But one paragraph written by one author cannot represent a tendency, but just reveals idiosyncratic features of writing.

With regard to warrant types, the Chinese writers, whether expert or novice, prefer descriptive warrant that is “probably particular to Chinese argumentation” (Liu, 2020 , p. 92). This empirical study supports Liu’s ( 2020 ) view. Chinese argumentative essays prefer homiletic reasoning. In the descriptive warrant, the writers subjectively and even emotionally explain and analyze Ground, make assumptions and even imagination. Whereas such a warrant does not concord to Toulmin’s definition and different from his examples, it occurs genuinely in actual argumentative writing. The actual Chinese essays are not artificial but natural data source laden with cultural features. Although human beings share some rhetoric conventions, a certain culture might reinforce one of the conventions and hence make it more obvious than in other cultures. We have no intention to uphold relativist view (e.g., the two extremes of high/low context, reader/writer responsible language or direct/indirect thinking). Some logicians such as Xiong and Lu ( 2016 ), Ju and He ( 2014 ), propose broadening the scope of logic by taking cultural factor into consideration. Their view is reasonable. In Chinese culture, people tend to make judgement according to correlation among things. Chinese writers are apt to mix argumentation with narration and description. Zhu ( 2018 ) attributes it to the isomorphism in Chinese language that affects consequently thinking. Isomorphism refers to the Chinese sentence structure that begins with a topic and whose other parts are (loosely) related to the topic. As a result, it is hard to separate inference from narration and description, as is the case in descriptive warrant. That differs from English sentence structure whose predicate must agree with the subject logically and grammatically.

Although many versions of modified Toulmin models have been proposed in composition-rhetoric, they show a wide divergence from Toulmin model. It is advocated in this paper to keep balance between modification and loyalty to Toulmin’s argumentation. With van Eemeren et al.’s pragma-dialectic view infused into the Toulmin model, the new analytical framework demonstrates the complexity and hierarchies of argumentative essays. By applying this framework to analyze the modern Chinese argumentative essays, we have found the following features: (1) The Chinese writers did not invariably provide a warrant for every ground and thus the writing is not as transparent as some scholars claim in their studies. This kind of reader-writer interaction involves more active engagement of the reader. (2) The Chinese writers put much more weight on justification than on opposition in that they preferred using more parallel arguments to support the claim so as to achieve persuasiveness. (3) Descriptive warrant, a mixture of inference and description, is the Chinese writers’ favorite type.

Those findings cannot be explained without taking cultural factor into consideration. Chinese rhetoric has been and is still being influenced by many factors, and accordingly Chinese argumentation as a part of rhetoric is evolving. Modern Chinese written argumentation is no longer what the studies in 20th century found, such as Kirkpatrick ( 1997 ). It neither keeps the features of ancient classical works, nor has been assimilated to modern English rhetoric. As Wu ( 2009 , p.164) avers, “by selectively adopting components and notions from Japanese and Anglo-American rhetorical traditions, modern Chinese have found new terminologies and theories to develop their own rhetoric, a tradition they continue to esteem, practice, and build upon”. More importantly, our analytical framework has been proved to reveal actual argumentative essays. It is not employed as a measure to make evaluation, but as a tool to make description.

The analytical framework is not designed solely for Chinese essays. It is hoped to be applied to other written argumentation in Asian contexts or European-American contexts. The features of Chinese essays found in this study can also be used as references in the studies of the essays written in other languages. However, the major limitation of this study is the lack of comparison in different contexts. More application studies or comparative rhetoric studies should be done for testing and generalization in the future.

Data availability

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from OSF https://osf.io/vbh3t/?view_only=f082b48ad49c4d10943b56e529b1d22 a . These datasets were derived from the following public domain resources. Full-score essays in National Matriculation Chinese Test: https://www.zuowen.com/gaokaozw/manfen/ . Column essays in Southern Weekend: https://blog.csdn.net/hpdlzu80100/article/details/120196584 . Southern Urban Daily: https://news.southcn.com/node_64549305f1/ . Guangming Daily: https://guancha.gmw.cn/ .

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This study was funded by the Major Program of the National Social Science Foundation of China (No.19ZDA042).

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Donghong Liu

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The first author Donghong Liu did conception, data collection and analysis, drafting, drawing the figures, and revising the manuscript. The second and corresponding author Minghui Xiong did conception, designing and drawing Fig. 3 and revising the manuscript.

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Liu, D., Xiong, M. Keeping balance between loyalty and modification: a Toulminian model as analytical framework. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 11 , 639 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03151-w

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Received : 19 December 2023

Accepted : 07 May 2024

Published : 17 May 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03151-w

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