thesis on assembly line

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PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE ASSEMBLY LINE THROUGH LINE BALANCING

— Poor layout design is determined as a major problem in small and medium industry. These particular problems thus affect the productivity and the line efficiency as well. In automotive industries, assembly line is the major area to be taken into consideration for increasing productivity. The focus of this paper is to identify the bottleneck workstations in the current layout and eliminate those activities that are taking time on that workstations. The time study is done by using camera. The current layout is redesigned by computing takt time and processing times in each workstations. The case study shows how the takt time calculation is done and from this takt time the processing time is decided for all workstations. The time consuming activities are reduced and thus the processing times at all workstations is made possibly equal. The time reduction increases productivity in the form of increased number of units of production in the same previous time. Line efficiency is also found to be improved which is described with the terms Overall Line Efficiency (OLE) and First Pass Yield (First Time Through) units.

Related Papers

International Journal of Engineering Research and

vivek agnihotri

Dr. D.S. Chaubey , Dr. Sidheswar Patra

In the present economic scenario, the competition has increased significantly. The fierce global competition, poor responsiveness, low flexibility to meet the uncertainty of demand, and the low efficiency of traditional assembly lines are adequate motives to persuade manufacturers to adopt highly flexible production tools. Line balancing is an effective tool to improve the throughput of assembly line while reducing non - value-added activities’ cycle time. This paper mainly focuses on application of line balancing to minimise idle time of work station in production line. The methodology adopted includes calculation of cycle time of process, identifying the non –value-added activities, calculating total work load on station and distribution of work load on each workstation by line balancing, in order to improve the efficiency of line.

IOSR Journals

Many factors are responsible in the successful operation and efficient working of a unit. To govern these factors work techniques are discovered. This gives an exposure to two of the technique employed in the production unit for calculation of time & motion involved and optimization Along with this it helps in a better understanding of an assembly line at the grass root level, realizing the complexity of the system & how difficult it is to just manage a production process let alone improvise it. The analysis of the listed techniques is implemented on two units –ADHITYA AUTOMOTIVES APPPLICATION PVT LTD, Lko and TATA MOTORS, Lko. Production of parts and an assembly in the units have been studied in the project with regard to the guidelines of the techniques. The aim of the project is to compare the result of both time &motion study and to bring out which of the study is utmost beneficial in calculation of time involved in assembling of the vehicles. Also on the improvement techniques of production which are responsible for worker fatigue and time loss. Thus enhancing productivity and heading towards optimization. In this Project we have tried to improve the productivity with minimizing time and distance of worker. The graph is plotted between the Motion v/s Distance & Motion v/s Time. A Relation is established between the two and then a minimized time and distance is calculated. The result which comes out after the calculation is a large difference in reduction of distance and time of worker.

Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri

Prianggada I Tanaya

This paper explains the improvement of PT ZYX's productivity on the assembly line-A, using the production line balancing method. Four methods of line balancing were examined, namely, Ranking Positional Weight (RPW), Region Approach, J-Wagon and Kaizen. The selection of the most suitable method is made based on the reduction of number of workstation and cycle-time. Based on the result. Kaizen method shows better total cycle time, number of workstation, and number of operator required. This result is simulated using the 'Tecnomatix' software with the DES (Discrete Event Simulation) method.

Souryadeep Mazumder

Assembly line balancing is an essential engineering task for effective production and requires a larger amount of information that is related to the product such as processing method, processing time, precedence on which the work is carried out and flow structure of the work. Two line balancing methods were studied and used to balance the assembly line. The assembly line processing layouts were developed independently based on the above two methods. The best layout was found to be based on the Largest Candidate Rule (LCR), which allows each task to be completed in a single workstation. Traditional batch production was converted to a single piece flow to solve the issues regarding material handling, WIP inventory, cycle time, unbalanced work station, and queues. The above problems were identified using value stream mapping and Pareto chart. Takt time has been reduced from 272 seconds to 115 seconds and Productivity time has been reduced from 14 hours per day to 12 hours per day.

Applied Mechanics and Materials

Adi Saptari

In Line Balancing principles, the total workload in the assembly process is divided as evenly as possible among the workstations, without violating the sequences and relations in the assembly operations. Line balancing is important in an assembly system as it balances the line and increases the efficiency, as well as the productivity of a system. A case study was conducted in the assembly line of an electrical accessories manufacturer in Malaysia. The cycle time for each station was recorded, and the standard cycle time was estimated. The productivity, as well as the efficiency of the current assembly line, were studied. In terms of the productivity, the performance of the current systems was 500 units/worker/day, while the expected productivity was 600 units/worker/day. An assembly line setting was proposed based on the Line Balancing Method; the productivity for the proposed line increased to 671 units/worker/day, or in rough additional increase around 34%.

IJESRT Journal

Manufacturing process is a process of producing and creating a product with the use of technologies and machinery resources. In manufacturing process there are three dimensions, which are important in improving the production system. These are cost, quality, and speed that can be considered as basics of every process. In this thesis speed of the manufacturing process is enhanced, which leads to acquire the production orders in given time and also reduces the number of dropped orders. Assembly lines are the part of manufacturing process to convert raw materials into finished products. Considering optimization problems in assembly lines, applying PSO algorithms to the established model could lead to efficient manufacturing. PSO algorithm is a programming search technique for maximizing productivity, maximizing line efficiency and reducing production time. This research work presents an approach for developing assembly line simulation models used for optimization of assembly lines. This model is designed in MATLAB 2015(a) with the help of inbuilt Production Toolbox. The simulation of the assembly line is created to assess cycle times and utilization of workstations using MATLAB Simulink. The optimization, in the context of presented work, is the process of locating and scheduling the products in the line achieving best timing to fulfill production orders. The workstations can be first balanced for better performance and then products are scheduled based on reduction of the production time.

IJRAME Journal

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

hasan shumon

International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT)

IJERT Journal

https://www.ijert.org/productivity-improvement-in-assembly-line-of-automobile-industry-by-reducing-cycle-time-of-operations https://www.ijert.org/research/productivity-improvement-in-assembly-line-of-automobile-industry-by-reducing-cycle-time-of-operations-IJERTV5IS050185.pdf The present study has been done at one of the famous automobile industry, a leader manufacturer of tractors. The aim of study is to identify various problems on the assembly line which are causing assembly line to stop. There are two assembly lines rear assembly line and front assembly line and the work has been done on the front assembly line. The bottle neck problem is found in front assembly line and is solved by reducing the cycle time of the operations by utilizing the work study techniques and material handling techniques and it was found that cycle time of the bottle neck operation was reduced by 14.66 % per trolley.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Assembly Line Design Problem'

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Barutcuoglu, Sirin. "Flexible Assembly Line Design Problem With Fixed Number Of Workstations." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610697/index.pdf.

Cheraghi, Seyed Hossein 1957. "MULTIPLE CHOICE MODULAR DESIGN PROBLEM EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276429.

Oesterle, Jonathan. "Holistic approach to designing hybrid assembly lines A comparative study of Multi-Objective Algorithms for the Assembly Line Balancing and Equipment Selection Problem under consideration of Product Design Alternatives Evaluation of the influence of dominance rules for the assembly line design problem under consideration of product design alternatives Hybrid Multi-objective Optimization Method for Solving Simultaneously the line Balancing, Equipment and Buffer Sizing Problems for Hybrid Assembly Systems Comparison of Multiobjective Algorithms for the Assembly Line Balancing Design Problem Efficient multi-objective optimization method for the mixed-model-line assembly line design problem Detaillierungsgrad von Simulationsmodellen Rechnergestützte Austaktung einer Mixed-Model Line. Der Weg zur optimalen Austaktung." Thesis, Troyes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TROY0012.

Abdous, Mohammed Amine. "Optimal design of manufacturing systems with ergonomics : application to assembly lines." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEM034.

Khan, Mohd Rifat. "Designing Cost Effective and Flexible Vinyl Windows Supply Chain: Assembly Line Design Using CM/SERU Concepts and Simultaneous Selection of Facilities and Suppliers." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1501863274303785.

Rekiek, Brahim. "Assembly line design." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211676.

Pekin, Nilufer. "Multi Criteria Assembly Line Balancing Problem With Equipment Decisions." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607084/index.pdf.

Peters, Brett Avery. "Strategic design of flexible assembly systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24559.

Capacho, Betancourt Liliana. "ASALBP: the Alternative Subgraphs Assembly Line Balancing Problem. Formalization and Resolution Procedures." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5950.

Eriksson, Julia. "Application of assembly line balancing in manufacturing industry : A case study on assembly line productivity." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Jönköping University, JTH, Logistik och verksamhetsledning, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49937.

Edwards, Sherry L. "The application of simulated annealing to the mixed model, deterministic assembly line balancing problem." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42749.

With the trend towards greater product customization and shorter delivery time, the use of mixed model assembly lines is increasing. A line balancing approach is needed that can address the complex nature of the mixed model line and produce near optimal solutions to problems of realistic size. Due to the combinatorial nature of the line balancing problem, exact solution techniques are limited to small problems. Heuristic methods, on the other hand, are often too simplistic to find good solutions. Furthermore, many of the existing techniques cannot be expanded to handle the mixed model problem.

Simulated Annealing (SA) is a search methodology which has exhibited good results when applied to combinatorial optimization problems. In fact, researchers have found that SA is able to find near-optimal solutions while its processing time increases only as a polynomial function of problem size. However, none of the applications found in the literature fully explore the technique's ability to handle a highly-constrained problem such as line balancing.

Erel, Erdal. "A methodology to solve single-model, stochastic assembly line balancing problem and its extensions." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82633.

Smith, Pieter R. "A computerized search methodology for the design of mixed model assembly systems." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02162010-020023/.

Mueller, Nei Edison. "Design and implementation of an automated flexible assembly cell for research purposes." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12232009-020030/.

Hassett, Thomas Francis. "Availability and reliability engineering design considerations for assembly line manufacturing systems." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185311.

Chow, Brian 1978. "The design of a molecular assembly line based on biological molecules." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/61137.

Calleja, Sanz Gema. "AWALBP-L2 : the Accessibility Windows Assembly Line Balancing Problem Level 2 : formalization and solution methods." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/288398.

Çuğ, Özlem Günaydın Murat H. "Manufacturing design for productivity':optimization of assembly line for air conditioning control panels/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2006. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezlerengelli/master/endustriurunleritasarimi/T000559.pdf.

Gastelum, Victoria Elena 1973. "Application of lean manufacturing technique for the design of the aircraft assembly line." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8478.

Wu, Jian, and 吳健. "Assembly redesign for layered manufacturing: an algorithmic approach." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30158151.

Dymond, F. S. D. "Conceptual design of a fixtureless reconfigurable automated assembly system." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1941.

Pellichero, Fabrice. "Computer-aided choice of assembly methods and selection of equipment in production line design." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211894.

McCullough, John Patrick III. "Concept development of a product design algorithm: an aid to increase designer productivity." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16063.

Bajic, Mirko M. "Design of dynamic cellular manufacturing systems." Title page, abstract and contents only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb165.pdf.

Ghazi, Sarem, and Dhinesh Kumar Muruganandam. "Assembly Line Design for Electric Driven Vehicles (or Powertrain) : Investigation of using Smart Manufacturing Technologies in Concept Designs for Assembly Lines." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-260515.

Ho, John Kin Lim. "Some object-oriented design and software control methods of a flexible material handling system, operating in a CIM environment." Thesis, University of East London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282914.

Hansson, Tengberg Henrik, and Andreas Adlerborn. "Design of an Assembly System at AERCRETE INDUSTRIES." Thesis, Jönköping University, Jönköping University, JTH, Industrial Engineering and Management, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-10742.

The forming of an assembly system is a complex task, which should be considered as never ending. In order to successfully plan and implement an assembly system it is of vital importance that the obstacles and preconditions that have an impact on the system are identified and evaluated. This together with the necessary support activities and the attributes of the product to be assembled constitutes the starting point for the forming of the assembly system.

The aim of this thesis is to link the theoretical findings with the issues stated above, and through this explain a best practice approach when forming the assembly system. The theoretical work aims at describing the nature and activities within assembly and manufacturing systems and explains these in three different levels of strategies divided into Manufacturing strategies, Layout, material flow and design strategies and finally Logistic, material handling and quality strategies. Then the obstacles and preconditions found are discussed and evaluated which set the basis for the forming of the assembly system and by linking these with the relevant theory, conceptual design proposals for the assembly system and the Logistic support system are formed.

These are then evaluated and finally a proposal for the detailed layout of the assembly system is given. This proposal is then to be used as a guideline for the company Aercrete when forming their assembly system.

Malyutin, Sergey. "Algorithms and Software for Decision Support in Design of Assembly and Transfer Lines." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEM020/document.

Sikora, Celso Gustavo Stall. "Scheduling projects in operating systems: an application on assembly line balancing." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2859.

WANG, XINFANG. "A BRANCH-AND-PRICE APPROACH FOR SOLVING THE SHARE-OF-CHOICE PRODUCT LINE DESIGN PROBLEM." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1185223055.

Azamfirei, Victor. "A visualization approach for improved interpretation and evaluation of assembly line balancing solutions." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-16249.

Harper, Brian Davidson. "CAD methods to support automated De- and remanufacture assessments." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16741.

Ålander, Andreas, and Axel Hagman. "Efficiency in assembly line manufacturing : A case study at Husqvarna exploring internal factors related to flow efficiency." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Jönköping University, JTH, Logistik och verksamhetsledning, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49891.

Wolff, Sebastien Jean. "Statically Stable Assembly Sequence Generation And Structure Optimization For A Large Number Of Identical Building Blocks." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14045.

Nattanmai, Ganesh Babu Goushik. "Assembly flow design and process data digitalization for Process Industries : Flow and Line balancing with Simulation for Paper and Pulp Instruments with digital Information management." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-286008.

Ali, Muzdalifa. "Using dynamic programming and unsupervised learning to optimize material flow in assembly line supermarket : A case study of Volvo Powertrain at Skövde." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17597.

Bradley, Teri A. "Middle School Students' Experiences in an Online Problem-Based Learning Environment." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6175.

Tsafarakis, Stelios. "An integrated marketing system for the optimal product line design problem, in a competitive reaction context, based on the qualitative consumer behavior analysis." Paris 9, 2010. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2010PA090056.

Maltoni, Elia. "“Elaborazione ed implementazione di una metodologia innovativa per il miglioramento dei metodi di assemblaggio e di collaudo: il caso SCM Group S.p.A.”." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/14396/.

de, Willermin Edouard, and Hong Nguyen. "Empowerment job design and satisfaction of the blue-collars’ motivational needs : A case study of Étoile du Rhône and Rastatt Mercedes-Benz factories." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-109193.

Baudin, Samuel, and Marcus Fredriksson. "Industrial look and feel – The combination of aesthetics and performance in production, a case study." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-39605.

Gibson, Melissa Ruth. "A QUALITATIVE INVESTIGATION FOR DESIGNING INTERMEDIATE (GRADES 4-6) INFORMATION LITERACY INSTRUCTION: INTEGRATING INQUIRY, MENTORING, AND ON-LINE RESOURCES." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2002. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukyinad2002d00062/mrgetd.pdf.

Niemann, Johan. "Development of a reconfigurable assembly system with enhanced control capabilities and virtual commissioning." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/184.

Souza, Yuri Prado. "Uma abordagem estocástica para aumento de produtividade em linhas de montagem : o problema de balanceamento de produção /." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/157366.

Andreis, Diogo Batista. "Modelo para definição de processo produtivo enxuto a partir do conceito do produto." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2000.

Bentaha, Mohand Lounes. "Conception combinatoire des lignes de désassemblage sous incertitudes." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EMSE0758/document.

Lopes, Thiago Cantos. "Balancing optimization of robotic welding lines: model and case study." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2621.

Wu, Han-Bin, and 吳漢斌. "Sloving the Assembly Line Design Problem with Labor Skill Level of Sewing Lines in Garment Industry." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45184933399558423907.

Hsiao, Mabel H., and 蕭秀惠. "A Grouping Genetic Algorithm for the Assembly Line Design Problem of Sewing Lines in Garment Industry." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4j83n5.

Chen, Hui-kung, and 陳輝恭. "Two-Sided Assembly Line Balancing Problem with Concurrent Engineering." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56357338086794231740.

Who Invented the Assembly Line?

I n the early 20th century, a groundbreaking innovation changed the landscape of manufacturing forever: the assembly line. In this system, a product moves along a line, with each worker performing a specific task, ultimately leading to the completion of the final product. It broke down complex processes into smaller, specialized tasks.

While the assembly line is synonymous with Henry Ford and Model T cars, he built upon others’ work. So who invented the assembly line ? The concept actually dates back to at least the Industrial Revolution.

Origins of the Assembly Line

The assembly line did not start with Henry Ford. In “ An Economic Model for the Division of Labor ,” scholars Maurice Kilbridge and Leon Bridges explain, “Although the technical division of labor is the most obvious characteristic of the modern factory system, it is an ancient and natural phenomenon that far predates the industrial revolution.”

However, Ford’s contributions to the assembly line system were groundbreaking. Ford hoped to create an efficient production process that would reduce costs and increase productivity.

In 1913, Ford’s Highland Park plant in Michigan debuted the moving assembly line. By using a conveyor belt to move the chassis of the vehicle from one station to the next, Ford engineers could break down the assembly process into sequential tasks.

Each assembly line worker was responsible for one task (sometimes two), such as installing a specific component, and the vehicle would move along the line to the next station, where a new set of workers would complete the following step. A pulley system, which later became a moving chain mechanism, originally powered the line.

The use of interchangeable parts and specialized workers transformed the automobile industry, enabling the mass production of vehicles at a scale and speed never seen before. The process made it possible to build a Model T in ninety minutes. The price of the car also dropped from $825 in 1908 to $260 in 1925.

Other industries, such as the meatpacking industry and general manufacturing, also adopted the assembly line.

Interchangeable Parts and the Assembly Line

One of the most important features of the assembly line is interchangeable parts, or those manufactured to precise specifications. This allows them to be easily swapped or replaced in a product or system without the need for custom fitting or adjustments. Eli Whitney , inventor of the cotton gin , is often credited as the innovator behind this process, but this is debated among historians.

How the Moving Assembly Line Affected the Workday

After introducing the assembly line system, Ford initiated the $5 workday, where each worker would receive $5 a day — more than double the wage at the time. The assembly line also helped to shorten work hours by one hour ; previously people had more unpredictable schedules.

While Ford also implemented a five-day workday (though this wasn’t the case for every worker), he did not create the 40-hour workweek . By that time, labor unions and workers had been fighting for a decrease in hours.

Criticisms of the Assembly Line

While the assembly line led to a mass production system, it also came at the expense of workers. Where teams could build a car from beginning to end before, this system required repetitive and monotonous tasks.

The working conditions led many workers to feel boredom, dissatisfaction and a sense of alienation. The strict division of labor and fast-paced production often resulted in physical and mental strain for employees, leading to high turnover rates and a decline in job satisfaction.

The speed of work on the assembly line was also untenable as employees felt pressured to meet production targets. One said , “The machine that I am on goes at such a terrific speed that I can’t help stepping on it in order to keep up with it. The machine is my boss.”

And while the Ford Five Dollar Day led to high wages for workers, it came with conditions. As Ford dealt with turnover and absenteeism in 1913, the $5 workday was supposed to encourage employees to stay with the company. However, the Ford English School and Ford Sociological Department would determine if workers deserved the $5.

“They received their profits, however, only if they were ‘worthy,’ or had the appropriate habits and life-style and lived in proper homes,” according to the late professor and historian Stephen Meyer . “The counseling of sociological investigators, the publication of pamphlets, the lessons of the Ford English School — all advised and taught immigrant auto workers what Ford officials thought the proper American values, living conditions and work habits were.”

Essentially, these programs overextended control over workers’ lives outside of work.

Assembly Lines and World War II

World War II played a transformative role in the widespread adoption of assembly line productions. The demands of the war effort necessitated rapid and efficient production of military equipment, leading to the expansion and refinement of assembly line techniques.

During the war, assembly lines allowed the mass production of weapons, aircrafts, vehicles and other supplies. Factories retooled their operations to support the war effort. For example, the Willow Run plant in Michigan, built by the Ford Motor Company, produced B-24 Liberator bombers instead of cars.

With a need for more workers, women also joined the assembly lines . Rosie the Riveter, who represented the women who entered the workforce during the war, became a cultural icon.

Legacy and Evolution: Beyond the Auto Industry

Ford’s introduction of the moving assembly line for the Model T shaped other industries and continues to do so to this day. Today, this process includes advanced technologies, such as computerized monitoring systems, real-time data analysis and automated quality checks to ensure consistent production standards.

This article was created in conjunction with AI technology, then fact-checked and edited by a HowStuffWorks editor.

Original article: Who Invented the Assembly Line?

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Wisconsin GOP-led Senate votes to override nine of governor’s vetoes in mostly symbolic action

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The Republican-controlled Wisconsin Senate voted Tuesday to  override nine vetoes  of Democratic Gov. Tony Evers in a mostly symbolic move that comes less than six months before the November election.

The overrides included bills combatting  PFAS pollution , setting a population  goal for gray wolves  and requiring a new post-election audit.

But despite the Senate’s votes, all of Evers’ vetoes are likely to stand.

To be successful, two-thirds of both the Senate and Assembly must vote to override a veto. Republicans have a two-thirds majority in the Senate, but they are short of that in the Assembly. There are no immediate plans for the Assembly to hold a vote, and Republican leaders there did not return messages Tuesday.

Democratic Sen. Mark Spreitzer said lawmakers were “wasting time” on overrides that Republicans “know won’t be sustained.”

Even though the overrides appear ultimately to be doomed, the votes will give Republicans fodder for the campaign trail to use against Democrats.

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One of the most contentious ongoing fights between Republicans and Evers was the focus of one override.

The Senate voted to override the veto of  a bill  that would have created grants to spend $125 million fighting pollution from “forever chemicals” known as PFAS.

Evers and Republicans have not been able to agree on the best way to combat pollution from PFAS, chemicals that have polluted groundwater in communities across the state. Evers and Republicans have both said that fighting the chemicals is a priority, but they haven’t been able to come together on what to do about it.

“We’ve done nothing on PFAS,” said Democratic Minority Leader Dianne Hesselbein. “Worse than nothing.”

She urged Republicans to “get the dollars out the door.”

Republican Sen. Mary Felzkowski accused Democrats of playing politics over PFAS funding.

“You’re playing with people’s lives, their investments and their families,” she said. “And it’s time to stop.”

Evers has repeatedly called on lawmakers to release the $125 million in funding approved last year in the state budget. But Republicans object to handing the money over to the state Department of Natural Resources and instead want to funnel it through the grant program created under  the bill Evers vetoed .

Republican Sen. Eric Wimberger said doing what Evers wants would give the state DNR a “slush fund” that wouldn’t protect innocent landowners from lawsuits, fines and other harm.

The bill Evers vetoed called for spending the money on grants for municipalities, private landowners and waste disposal facilities to test for PFAS in water treatment plants and wells. Landowners with property that became contaminated through no fault of their own also would have been eligible for grants.

Evers said in his veto message that he objected to the bill because it would limit the DNR’s authority to hold polluters liable.

The Senate also voted to override the veto of a bill to make $15 million available for emergency hospital services in Chippewa or Eau Claire counties.

Similar to the fight over the PFAS funding, Evers and Republicans have not been able to agree on the best way to spend $15 million on health care in the wake of hospital closures in Eau Claire and Chippewa Falls. Evers signed a bill into law allowing for the spending, but the Legislature’s GOP-controlled budget committee has yet to approve it.

Among the eight other vetoes the Senate voted to override were bills that would require new post-election audits; set a new goal for the state’s gray wolf population; change the framework for teacher apprenticeship programs; and require the transportation department to put the words “not valid for voting purposes” on identification cards of people who are not citizens.

Not a single Democrat voted for any of the overrides.

Wisconsin Watch  is a nonprofit and nonpartisan newsroom. Subscribe to our  newsletter  to get our investigative stories and Friday news roundup. This story is published in partnership with The Associated Press.

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Scott Bauer / Associated Press Correspondent at Associated Press

Scott Bauer is the head of the AP bureau in Madison, covering state government and politics.