Depending on whether you’re writing an empirical or humanities paper, you can use and customize these sentence structures for your thesis or dissertation conclusion.
This concludes our guide about how to write a thesis conclusion and dissertation conclusion. You can bookmark this article to revisit any thesis and dissertation conclusion examples. Once you write the conclusion and complete your paper, you’ll need to edit and proofread your thesis or dissertation. As experts in editing and proofreading services , we’d love to help you perfect your paper!
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Writing a conclusion.
A conclusion is an important part of the paper; it provides closure for the reader while reminding the reader of the contents and importance of the paper. It accomplishes this by stepping back from the specifics in order to view the bigger picture of the document. In other words, it is reminding the reader of the main argument. For most course papers, it is usually one paragraph that simply and succinctly restates the main ideas and arguments, pulling everything together to help clarify the thesis of the paper. A conclusion does not introduce new ideas; instead, it should clarify the intent and importance of the paper. It can also suggest possible future research on the topic.
It is important to remind the reader of the thesis of the paper so he is reminded of the argument and solutions you proposed.
Think of the main points as puzzle pieces, and the conclusion is where they all fit together to create a bigger picture. The reader should walk away with the bigger picture in mind.
Make sure that the paper places its findings in the context of real social change.
Make sure the reader has a distinct sense that the paper has come to an end. It is important to not leave the reader hanging. (You don’t want her to have flip-the-page syndrome, where the reader turns the page, expecting the paper to continue. The paper should naturally come to an end.)
No new ideas should be introduced in the conclusion. It is simply a review of the material that is already present in the paper. The only new idea would be the suggesting of a direction for future research.
As addressed in my analysis of recent research, the advantages of a later starting time for high school students significantly outweigh the disadvantages. A later starting time would allow teens more time to sleep--something that is important for their physical and mental health--and ultimately improve their academic performance and behavior. The added transportation costs that result from this change can be absorbed through energy savings. The beneficial effects on the students’ academic performance and behavior validate this decision, but its effect on student motivation is still unknown. I would encourage an in-depth look at the reactions of students to such a change. This sort of study would help determine the actual effects of a later start time on the time management and sleep habits of students.
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The conclusion of your essay is like the grand finale of a fireworks display. It's the last impression you leave on your reader, the moment that ties everything together and leaves them with a lasting impact.
But for many writers, crafting a conclusion can feel like an afterthought, a hurdle to jump after the excitement of developing the main body of their work. Fear not! This article will equip you with the tools and techniques regarding how to write a conclusion for an essay that effectively summarizes your main points, strengthens your argument, and leaves your reader feeling satisfied and engaged.
In an essay, the conclusion acts as your final curtain call. It's where you revisit your initial claim (thesis), condense your main supporting arguments, and leave the reader with a lasting takeaway.
Imagine it as the bridge that connects your ideas to a broader significance. A well-crafted conclusion does more than simply summarize; it elevates your points and offers a sense of closure, ensuring the reader leaves with a clear understanding of your argument's impact. In the next section, you will find conclusion ideas that you could use for your essay.
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Here's a breakdown of various conclusion types, each serving a distinct purpose:
Technique | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
📣 Call to Action | Encourage readers to take a specific step. | "Let's work together to protect endangered species by supporting conservation efforts." |
❓ Provocative Question | Spark curiosity with a lingering question. | "With artificial intelligence rapidly evolving, will creativity remain a uniquely human trait?" |
💡 Universal Insight | Connect your argument to a broader truth. | "The lessons learned from history remind us that even small acts of courage can inspire change." |
🔮 Future Implications | Discuss the potential consequences of your topic. | "The rise of automation may force us to redefine the concept of work in the coming decades." |
🌍 Hypothetical Scenario | Use a "what if" scenario to illustrate your point. | "Imagine a world where everyone had access to clean water. How would it impact global health?" |
The ideal length of a conclusion depends on the overall length of your essay, but there are some general guidelines:
Here are some additional factors to consider:
Remember: The most important aspect is ensuring your conclusion effectively summarizes your main points, leaves a lasting impression, and doesn't feel rushed or tacked on.
Here's a helpful rule of thumb:
How many sentences should a conclusion be?
Essay Length 📝 | Recommended Sentence Range 📏 |
---|---|
Shorter Essays (500-750 words) 🎈 | 3-5 sentences |
Medium Essays (750-1200 words) 📚 | 5-8 sentences |
Longer Essays (1200+ words) 🏰 | 8-10 sentences |
Transition words for conclusion act like signposts for your reader. They smoothly guide them from the main body of your essay to your closing thoughts, ensuring a clear and logical flow of ideas. Here are some transition words specifically suited for concluding your essay:
Technique 🎯 | Examples 📝 |
---|---|
Summarizing & Restating 📋 | |
Leaving the Reader with a Lasting Impression 🎨 | |
Looking to the Future 🔮 | |
Leaving the Reader with a Question ❓ | |
Adding Emphasis 💡 |
Remember, the best transition word will depend on the specific type of conclusion you're aiming for.
Every essay or dissertation writer knows that the toughest part of working on a conclusion can be striking the right balance. You want to effectively summarize your main points without redundancy, leaving a lasting impression that feels fresh and impactful, all within a concise and focused section. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you write a stunning essay conclusion:
Briefly remind your reader of your essay's central claim. This doesn't have to be a word-for-word repetition but a concise restatement that refreshes their memory.
In a few sentences, revisit the main arguments you used to support your thesis. When writing a conclusion, don't get bogged down in details, but offer a high-level overview that reinforces your essay's focus.
This is where your knowledge of how to write a good conclusion can shine! Consider a thought-provoking question, a call to action, or a connection to a broader truth—something that lingers in the reader's mind and resonates beyond the final sentence.
The conclusion paragraph shouldn't introduce entirely new ideas. Stick to wrapping up your existing arguments and leaving a final thought.
Transition smoothly from the main body of your essay to the conclusion. Use transition words like "in conclusion," "finally," or "as a result," and ensure your closing sentences feel natural and well-connected to the rest of your work.
Note that you can simply buy essay at any time and focus on other more important assignments or just enjoy your free time.
Here's an outline to help you better understand how to write a conclusion paragraph:
Step 🚶 | Description 📝 |
---|---|
1. Revisit Your Thesis (1-2 sentences) 🎯 | |
2. Summarize Key Points (1-2 sentences) 🔑 | |
3. Lasting Impression (2-3 sentences) 💡 | This is where you leave your reader with a final thought. Choose one or a combination of these options: Urge readers to take a specific action related to your topic. Spark curiosity with a lingering question that encourages further exploration. Connect your arguments to a broader truth or principle. Discuss the potential long-term consequences of your topic. Evoke a strong feeling (sadness, anger, hope) for a lasting impact. Conclude with a relevant quote that reinforces your key points or offers a new perspective. |
4. Final Touch (Optional - 1 sentence) 🎀 | This is not essential but can be a powerful way to end your essay. Consider a: that summarizes your main point in a memorable way. (simile, metaphor) that leaves a lasting impression. that invites the reader to ponder the topic further. |
Read more: Persuasive essay outline .
According to professional term paper writers , a strong conclusion is essential for leaving a lasting impression on your reader. Here's a list of action items you should and shouldn’t do when writing an essay conclusion:
Dos ✅ | Don'ts ❌ |
---|---|
Restate your thesis in a new way. 🔄 Remind the reader of your central claim, but rephrase it to avoid redundancy. | Simply repeat your thesis word-for-word. This lacks originality and doesn't offer a fresh perspective. |
Summarize your key points concisely. 📝 Briefly revisit the main arguments used to support your thesis. | Rehash every detail from your essay. 🔍 Focus on a high-level overview to reinforce your essay's main points. |
Leave a lasting impression. 💡 Spark curiosity with a question, propose a call to action, or connect your arguments to a broader truth. | End with a bland statement. 😐 Avoid generic closings like "In conclusion..." or "This is important because...". |
Ensure a smooth transition. 🌉 Use transition words like "finally," "as a result," or "in essence" to connect your conclusion to the main body. | Introduce entirely new information. ⚠️ The conclusion should wrap up existing arguments, not introduce new ideas. |
Proofread for clarity and flow. 🔍 Ensure your conclusion feels natural and well-connected to the rest of your work. | Leave grammatical errors or awkward phrasing. 🚫 Edit and revise for a polished final sentence. |
A strong conclusion isn't just an afterthought – it's the capstone of your essay. Here are five examples of conclusion paragraphs for essays showcasing different techniques to craft a powerful closing to make your essay stand out.
In conclusion, the environmental impact of our waste is undeniable. We all have a responsibility to adopt sustainable practices. We can collectively make a significant difference by incorporating simple changes like recycling into our daily routines. Join the movement – choose to reuse, reduce, and recycle.
As artificial intelligence rapidly evolves, it's crucial to consider its impact on humanity. While AI holds immense potential for progress, will it remain a tool for good, or will it eventually surpass human control? This question demands our collective attention, as the decisions we make today will shape the future of AI and its impact on our world.
The study of history offers valuable lessons that transcend time. The events of the [insert historical event] remind us that even small acts of defiance can have a ripple effect, inspiring change and ultimately leading to a brighter future. Every voice has the power to make a difference, and courage can be contagious.
Social media's explosive growth has transformed how we connect and consume information. While these platforms offer undeniable benefits, their long-term effects on social interaction, mental health, and political discourse require careful consideration. As social media continues to evolve, we must remain vigilant and ensure it remains a tool for positive connection and not a source of division.
Imagine a world where our understanding of the universe is limited to Earth. We miss out on the potential for groundbreaking discoveries in physics, medicine, and our place in the cosmos. By continuing to venture beyond our planet, we push the boundaries of human knowledge and inspire future generations to reach for the stars.
Recommended for reading: Nursing essay examples .
Not all conclusions are created equal. A weak ending can leave your reader feeling stranded, unsure of where your essay has taken them. Conversely, writing a conclusion that is strong acts as a landing pad, summarizing your key points and leaving a lasting impression.
⚠️ Weak Conclusion | ❓ What's Wrong with It? | ✅ Good Conclusion |
---|---|---|
In conclusion, exercise is good for you. It helps you stay healthy and fit. | By incorporating regular exercise into our routines, we boost our physical health and energy levels and enhance our mental well-being and resilience. (Rephrased thesis & highlights benefits.) | |
This event was very significant and had a big impact on history. | The [name of historical event] marked a turning point in [explain the historical period]. Its impact resonates today, influencing [mention specific consequences or ongoing effects]. (Connects to specifics & broader significance.) | |
Throughout this essay, we've discussed the good and bad sides of social media. | While social media offers undeniable benefits like connection and information sharing, its impact on mental health, privacy, and political discourse necessitates responsible use and ongoing discussions about its role in society. (Connects arguments to broader issues & future implications.) |
Nailed that essay? Don't blow it with a lame ending! A good conclusion is like the mic drop at the end of a rap song. It reminds the reader of your main points but in a cool new way. Throw in a thought-provoking question, a call to action, or a connection to something bigger, and you'll leave them thinking long after they turn the page.
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How to write a good conclusion, how to write a conclusion for a college essay.
Daniel Parker
is a seasoned educational writer focusing on scholarship guidance, research papers, and various forms of academic essays including reflective and narrative essays. His expertise also extends to detailed case studies. A scholar with a background in English Literature and Education, Daniel’s work on EssayPro blog aims to support students in achieving academic excellence and securing scholarships. His hobbies include reading classic literature and participating in academic forums.
is an expert in nursing and healthcare, with a strong background in history, law, and literature. Holding advanced degrees in nursing and public health, his analytical approach and comprehensive knowledge help students navigate complex topics. On EssayPro blog, Adam provides insightful articles on everything from historical analysis to the intricacies of healthcare policies. In his downtime, he enjoys historical documentaries and volunteering at local clinics.
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Published on 9 September 2022 by Tegan George and Shona McCombes. Revised on 10 October 2022.
The conclusion is the very last part of your thesis or dissertation . It should be concise and engaging, leaving your reader with a clear understanding of your main findings, as well as the answer to your research question .
In it, you should:
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Discussion vs. conclusion, how long should your conclusion be, step 1: answer your research question, step 2: summarise and reflect on your research, step 3: make future recommendations, step 4: emphasise your contributions to your field, step 5: wrap up your thesis or dissertation, full conclusion example, conclusion checklist, frequently asked questions about conclusion sections.
While your conclusion contains similar elements to your discussion section , they are not the same thing.
Your conclusion should be shorter and more general than your discussion. Instead of repeating literature from your literature review , discussing specific research results , or interpreting your data in detail, concentrate on making broad statements that sum up the most important insights of your research.
As a rule of thumb, your conclusion should not introduce new data, interpretations, or arguments.
Depending on whether you are writing a thesis or dissertation, your length will vary. Generally, a conclusion should make up around 5–7% of your overall word count.
An empirical scientific study will often have a short conclusion, concisely stating the main findings and recommendations for future research. A humanities topic or systematic review , on the other hand, might require more space to conclude its analysis, tying all the previous sections together in an overall argument.
Your conclusion should begin with the main question that your thesis or dissertation aimed to address. This is your final chance to show that you’ve done what you set out to do, so make sure to formulate a clear, concise answer.
An empirical thesis or dissertation conclusion may begin like this:
A case study –based thesis or dissertation conclusion may begin like this:
In the second example, the research aim is not directly restated, but rather added implicitly to the statement. To avoid repeating yourself, it is helpful to reformulate your aims and questions into an overall statement of what you did and how you did it.
Your conclusion is an opportunity to remind your reader why you took the approach you did, what you expected to find, and how well the results matched your expectations.
To avoid repetition , consider writing more reflectively here, rather than just writing a summary of each preceding section. Consider mentioning the effectiveness of your methodology , or perhaps any new questions or unexpected insights that arose in the process.
You can also mention any limitations of your research, but only if you haven’t already included these in the discussion. Don’t dwell on them at length, though – focus on the positives of your work.
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You may already have made a few recommendations for future research in your discussion section, but the conclusion is a good place to elaborate and look ahead, considering the implications of your findings in both theoretical and practical terms.
When making recommendations for further research, be sure not to undermine your own work. Relatedly, while future studies might confirm, build on, or enrich your conclusions, they shouldn’t be required for your argument to feel complete. Your work should stand alone on its own merits.
Just as you should avoid too much self-criticism, you should also avoid exaggerating the applicability of your research. If you’re making recommendations for policy, business, or other practical implementations, it’s generally best to frame them as ‘shoulds’ rather than ‘musts’. All in all, the purpose of academic research is to inform, explain, and explore – not to demand.
Make sure your reader is left with a strong impression of what your research has contributed to the state of your field.
Some strategies to achieve this include:
Again, avoid simply repeating what you’ve already covered in the discussion in your conclusion. Instead, pick out the most important points and sum them up succinctly, situating your project in a broader context.
The end is near! Once you’ve finished writing your conclusion, it’s time to wrap up your thesis or dissertation with a few final steps:
Here is an example of how you can write your conclusion section. Notice how it includes everything mentioned above:
V. Conclusion
The current research aimed to identify acoustic speech characteristics which mark the beginning of an exacerbation in COPD patients.
The central questions for this research were as follows: 1. Which acoustic measures extracted from read speech differ between COPD speakers in stable condition and healthy speakers? 2. In what ways does the speech of COPD patients during an exacerbation differ from speech of COPD patients during stable periods?
All recordings were aligned using a script. Subsequently, they were manually annotated to indicate respiratory actions such as inhaling and exhaling. The recordings of 9 stable COPD patients reading aloud were then compared with the recordings of 5 healthy control subjects reading aloud. The results showed a significant effect of condition on the number of in- and exhalations per syllable, the number of non-linguistic in- and exhalations per syllable, and the ratio of voiced and silence intervals. The number of in- and exhalations per syllable and the number of non-linguistic in- and exhalations per syllable were higher for COPD patients than for healthy controls, which confirmed both hypotheses.
However, the higher ratio of voiced and silence intervals for COPD patients compared to healthy controls was not in line with the hypotheses. This unpredicted result might have been caused by the different reading materials or recording procedures for both groups, or by a difference in reading skills. Moreover, there was a trend regarding the effect of condition on the number of syllables per breath group. The number of syllables per breath group was higher for healthy controls than for COPD patients, which was in line with the hypothesis. There was no effect of condition on pitch, intensity, center of gravity, pitch variability, speaking rate, or articulation rate.
This research has shown that the speech of COPD patients in exacerbation differs from the speech of COPD patients in stable condition. This might have potential for the detection of exacerbations. However, sustained vowels rarely occur in spontaneous speech. Therefore, the last two outcome measures might have greater potential for the detection of beginning exacerbations, but further research on the different outcome measures and their potential for the detection of exacerbations is needed due to the limitations of the current study.
I have clearly and concisely answered the main research question .
I have summarized my overall argument or key takeaways.
I have mentioned any important limitations of the research.
I have given relevant recommendations .
I have clearly explained what my research has contributed to my field.
I have not introduced any new data or arguments.
You've written a great conclusion! Use the other checklists to further improve your dissertation.
In a thesis or dissertation, the discussion is an in-depth exploration of the results, going into detail about the meaning of your findings and citing relevant sources to put them in context.
The conclusion is more shorter and more general: it concisely answers your main research question and makes recommendations based on your overall findings.
While it may be tempting to present new arguments or evidence in your thesis or disseration conclusion , especially if you have a particularly striking argument you’d like to finish your analysis with, you shouldn’t. Theses and dissertations follow a more formal structure than this.
All your findings and arguments should be presented in the body of the text (more specifically in the discussion section and results section .) The conclusion is meant to summarize and reflect on the evidence and arguments you have already presented, not introduce new ones.
For a stronger dissertation conclusion , avoid including:
Your conclusion should leave the reader with a strong, decisive impression of your work.
The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation shouldn’t take up more than 5-7% of your overall word count.
The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation should include the following:
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.
George, T. & McCombes, S. (2022, October 10). How to Write a Dissertation Conclusion | Checklist and Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 1 July 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/thesis-dissertation/conclusion/
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A thesis conclusion is the final section of a master’s or a Ph.D. thesis that summarizes the main findings of the research and presents the researcher's conclusions and recommendations. This section aims to provide a concise and comprehensive overview of the research, highlighting the key contributions and significance of the study. A thesis conclusion should also address the research questions or hypotheses and explain how the findings relate to the broader field of study. Overall, a thesis conclusion serves as a critical component of the thesis, showcasing the researcher's ability to synthesize and communicate complex information effectively.
This article describes the importance of your thesis conclusion section. It covers the details on how to write a thesis conclusion section and the final steps required after you have written this section.
It is a summary of the thesis, highlighting the importance of the thesis study and how it stands in the context of the field of research.
The conclusion section is the final part of your thesis/dissertation. It is a summary of the thesis, highlighting the importance of the thesis study and how it stands in the context of the field of research.
The discussion and conclusion sections are usually written as separate chapters. However, they may be written as a single section in some fields. If you are unsure which structure to use, ask your supervisor for guidance and check the requirements of your academic institution.
End your conclusion with something memorable, such as a question, warning, or call to action.
We cannot afford further devastating and unnecessary deaths. The training of first responders on how to deal with a nuclear accident should be implemented immediately.
When writing your thesis conclusion, consider what you would like the reader to remember if this was the only section of your thesis they read.
The thesis conclusion section must be able to stand alone as a separate entity from the other sections of your study. When writing your thesis conclusion, consider what you would like the reader to remember if this was the only section of your thesis they read. Thesis examiners often look at the abstract, introduction, and conclusion sections to gain an overall impression of your thesis study before delving into the other sections.
A great thesis conclusion section leaves the reader with a clear understanding of the main argument or discovery that resulted from your thesis study. It reminds them why you chose your particular approach, what you expected to find, and whether the findings met your expectations.
It is essential to highlight the relevance of your thesis study in the conclusion section so that the readers will be engaged and perhaps consider taking up one of your recommendations or collaborating with you on further research in your field of study.
The Sciences domain usually includes quantitative research, while the Humanities and Social Sciences(HSS) domain usually includes qualitative research. Therefore, the structure of the conclusion section is slightly different for each area.
By evaluating the response to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, we demonstrated that there was an insufficient number of adequately trained first responders.
This study demonstrates that ABC affects DEF but raises fundamental questions about the role of GHI.
The significant relationship observed between ABC and JKL (p < 0.001) could be due to the synergistic effect of MNO on JKL.
This is the first report of Species X in Central Africa. Prior to this, Species X has only been observed in Northern Africa.
Because the response rate to our questionnaire was only 19%, the significance of our findings may not be generalizable to the general population.
Further large-scale studies are suggested to confirm the association between ABC and JKL.
This research aimed to…
These findings concurred with those of...
I have only addressed the role of… It must be stressed that I deliberately did not…
We were unable to e-mail the questionnaire to all of the selected participants because some of the addresses no longer existed.
Our findings suggest that ABC may be a vital contributor to DEF.
Future research into ABC is essential to confirm…
These findings provide an alternative theory to that proposed by…
While undertaking this research, I gained valuable insight into… This thesis study has prompted me to…
If you didn’t mention the limitations of your study in the discussion section , they must be included in the conclusion section. When discussing your study limitations, first identify them, then explain their impact on your study, and finally suggest how they could be addressed in future investigations. These three steps will help you to demonstrate the weaknesses of your study without undermining the value and integrity of your research.
Examples of study limitations: sample size, differences in methods used for data collection or analysis, study type (e.g., retrospective vs. prospective), inclusion/exclusion criteria of the study population, and effects of confounders Example study limitation statement: This was a single-institution study, and the results may not be generalizable to populations in rural areas…
If you didn’t mention recommendations arising from your study findings in the discussion section of your thesis study, they must be included in the conclusion section. Don’t exaggerate the contributions or significance of your findings.
Recommendations should consider the relevance of your findings for further investigations or how your findings could be extended to other academic or real-world settings and practices. This could include:
Because the cause of the association remains unelucidated, this should be the topic of future studies
Building on our findings that the number of staff trained to respond to a nuclear accident was inadequate, we suggest developing and rolling out a compulsory training program for all first responders.
Future studies using a larger sample size from multiple sites are recommended to confirm the generalizability of our findings
A thesis is the most important document you will write during your academic studies. For professional thesis editing and thesis proofreading services , visit Enago Thesis Editing for more information.
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Have you answered the thesis question clearly and concisely?
Have you summarized the overall argument of the key message?
Have you mentioned the limitations of your thesis study?
Have you given recommendations for the next steps and future investigations?
Have you clearly explained how your research contributes to or addresses a gap in the knowledge of your subject area?
The discussion section mentions specific results and interprets them in depth. On the other hand, the conclusion section makes general statements that summarize the most important insights stemming from your thesis study.
The thesis conclusion should be shorter than the discussion section. It typically comprises 5%–7% of the overall word count.
The introduction section poses the thesis question and explains the background to the problem. The conclusion section answers the thesis question by summarizing the topic and the research findings.
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The conclusion is a very important part of your essay. Although it is sometimes treated as a roundup of all of the bits that didn’t fit into the paper earlier, it deserves better treatment than that! It's the last thing the reader will see, so it tends to stick in the reader's memory. It's also a great place to remind the reader exactly why your topic is important. A conclusion is more than just "the last paragraph"—it's a working part of the paper. This is the place to push your reader to think about the consequences of your topic for the wider world or for the reader's own life!
A good conclusion should do a few things:
Restate your thesis
Synthesize or summarize your major points
Make the context of your argument clear
You've already spent time and energy crafting a solid thesis statement for your introduction, and if you've done your job right, your whole paper focuses on that thesis statement. That's why it's so important to address the thesis in your conclusion! Many writers choose to begin the conclusion by restating the thesis, but you can put your thesis into the conclusion anywhere—the first sentence of the paragraph, the last sentence, or in between. Here are a few tips for rephrasing your thesis:
Remind the reader that you've proven this thesis over the course of your paper. For example, if you're arguing that your readers should get their pets from animal shelters rather than pet stores, you might say, "If you were considering that puppy in the pet-shop window, remember that your purchase will support 'puppy mills' instead of rescuing a needy dog, and consider selecting your new friend at your local animal shelter." This example gives the reader not only the thesis of the paper, but a reminder of the most powerful point in the argument!
Revise the thesis statement so that it reflects the relationship you've developed with the reader during the paper. For example, if you've written a paper that targets parents of young children, you can find a way to phrase your thesis to capitalize on that—maybe by beginning your thesis statement with, "As a parent of a young child…"
Don’t repeat your thesis word for word—make sure that your new statement is an independent, fresh sentence!
This section of the conclusion might come before the thesis statement or after it. Your conclusion should remind the reader of what your paper actually says! The best conclusion will include a synthesis, not just a summary—instead of a mere list of your major points, the best conclusion will draw those points together and relate them to one another so that your reader can apply the information given in the essay. Here are a couple of ways to do that:
Give a list of the major arguments for your thesis (usually, these are the topic sentences of the parts of your essay).
Explain how these parts are connected. For example, in the animal-shelter essay, you might point out that adopting a shelter dog helps more animals because your adoption fee supports the shelter, which makes your choice more socially responsible.
One of the most important functions of the conclusion is to provide context for your argument. Your reader may finish your essay without a problem and understand your argument without understanding why that argument is important. Your introduction might point out the reason your topic matters, but your conclusion should also tackle this questions. Here are some strategies for making your reader see why the topic is important:
Tell the reader what you want him or her to do. Is your essay a call to action? If so, remind the reader of what he/she should do. If not, remember that asking the reader to think a certain way is an action in itself. (In the above examples, the essay asks the reader to adopt a shelter dog—a specific action.)
Explain why this topic is timely or important. For example, the animal-shelter essay might end with a statistic about the number of pets in shelters waiting for adoption.
Remind the readers of why the topic matters to them personally. For example, it doesn’t matter much if you believe in the mission of animal shelters, if you're not planning to get a dog; however, once you're looking for a dog, it is much more important. The conclusion of this essay might say, "Since you’re in the market for a dog, you have a major decision to make: where to get one." This will remind the reader that the argument is personally important!
Conclusion paragraphs
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Every essay requires a proper conclusion. It is particularly important in academic writing where texts can be several dozen pages long. A conclusion helps the audience remember the contents of your essay and retain important information. In this article, you will learn how to write a conclusion for an essay.
When writing essays, we always strive to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the topic. We do our research, present different perspectives, and provide examples. Our goal is to convince the audience that our position is right, and we do everything we can to prove our worth.
But all this effort goes to waste if we fail to create an equally thought-out conclusion. The conclusion is the final part of an academic paper that serves as a summary of all aforementioned points. While the main body of the essay provides arguments for (or against) a certain point of view, the conclusion ties your line of reasoning together.
Conclusions allow your audience to remember the main idea behind your work without going back to reread it from the beginning. That’s why learning how to end an essay is a necessary step in any academic paper.
While essay conclusions are usually expressed in one paragraph, there are important parts that you need to include to write a perfect essay:
Even though you have to give a recap of everything you’ve written before, you should avoid repeating the same phrases. Remember that the conclusion is your final opportunity to leave a lasting impression on your reader, so make sure it is clear, concise, and impactful.
To understand how to make a conclusion in an essay, you need to follow a specific plan. All parts of an essay have a beginning and an end, and the conclusion is no exception. Let’s explore the following overview and find out how to start a conclusion in an essay.
This might seem redundant to you, but before you start thinking of words to conclude an essay, you should refresh your memory. Students often forget what their line of argument is about, so their conclusion sometimes does not match their initial idea. That is why you should always reread your text to remind yourself of what you are trying to prove.
Start your conclusion by repeating your initial thesis statement. This helps to remind your audience of the central argument of your essay. However, you should use different words to conclude an essay than you did in the introduction to avoid unnecessary redundancy.
Summarize the key ideas or arguments that you discussed in the body of your paper. Focus on the most important aspects that support your thesis. Make sure to be concise and brief in your recap. In addition to that, you should avoid adding new information that has not been discussed before.
In this part of your conclusion, you should offer a broader insight into the topic that ties everything together. This could involve explaining the significance of your topic, showing how your arguments can help your audience understand the issue, or suggesting the results of your analysis. You can also give your opinion about the possible solution to the issue or suggest further research.
As for how to end a conclusion, you should use idiomatic phrases and words to conclude an essay like all in all , in summary , all things considered , in conclusion , etc. to indicate the end of your essay and ensure your writing is smooth. Your conclusion should be brief and not repetitive to show that you can analyze your writing and make new deductions. Provide a memorable closing statement to leave a lasting impression on your audience.
A conclusion is a vital element of academic essays. To write a successful conclusion, you should analyze your entire essay and relay your line of reasoning using non-repetitive phrases.
If you have trouble wording your essay conclusion, you should try essay generator Aithor. Author is an AI-powered generator created specifically to help students with their academic writing. Use Aithor now and create a compelling conclusion to your essay in a matter of seconds.
How to write recommendations in research paper.
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Writing a good conclusion for your science lab report can be the difference between a good grade and a great one. It's your last chance to show you understand the experiment and why it matters. This article will help you learn how to write a lab conclusion that sums up your work and shows your teacher that you understood what you did. What Should Be in Your Lab Report Conclusion? A good lab report conclusion wraps up your lab work in a neat package. When you're thinking about how to write a c ...
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Every person wishing to get to College or University faces a real challenge – writing a motivation letter. Through lack of knowledge, the process may seem quite stressful and backbreaking. But the devil is not so black as he is painted. Just calm down and let's start. Today we will: 1. discuss the structure of a motivation letter and its peculiarities in terms of sense and format; 2. accentuate the moments, colleges pay special attention to; and 3. give some tips on how to create a real suc ...
When you acquaint two strangers, you introduce one person to another, right? The same thing concerns the text and any material you wish to present to your reader or listener. At that moment an introduction composed of letters comes onto the stage and plays its leading part. Being the first thing the audience is faced with, an essay introduction should catch a person's attention, give information about the topic and idea the author discusses, and prepare him for the following comprehension. How ...
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Ai generator.
As writers, we strive to engage our readers and leave a lasting impact on them. One crucial element of achieving this is crafting a strong conclusion. A good conclusion serves as the final chance to drive home the main points, provide a sense of closure, and leave a lasting impression on the reader. In this article , we will delve into what constitutes a good conclusion , the step-by-step guide to writing one, and explore some examples to help you master this essential skill.
A good conclusion effectively wraps up an essay by summarizing the main points, restating the thesis in a new way, and providing a final thought or call to action. It should give the reader a sense of closure and leave a lasting impression. A good conclusion connects back to the introduction, uses concise language, and avoids introducing new information.
Writing a strong conclusion helps to effectively wrap up your essay and leaves a lasting impression on your reader. Here are a few examples of good conclusions for different types of essays:
Topic: The Importance of Renewable Energy In conclusion, transitioning to renewable energy sources is not just an option but a necessity. The evidence is clear: fossil fuels are depleting, and their continued use poses a grave threat to our environment. By investing in renewable energy, we can ensure a sustainable future, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and create a cleaner, healthier planet for generations to come. The time to act is now; we owe it to ourselves and to future generations to embrace renewable energy and pave the way for a brighter, greener future.
Topic: The Symbolism in “The Great Gatsby” In conclusion, F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “The Great Gatsby” is a profound exploration of the American Dream’s complexities and pitfalls. Through the use of symbolism, Fitzgerald highlights the illusion of wealth and the moral decay hidden behind the facade of opulence. The green light at the end of Daisy’s dock, the eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg, and the Valley of Ashes all serve to underscore the novel’s central themes. Ultimately, “The Great Gatsby” serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of obsession and the hollow pursuit of material success.
Topic: The Impact of Social Media on Society In conclusion, social media has transformed the way we communicate, connect, and interact with the world around us. While it offers numerous benefits, such as instant communication and access to information, it also poses significant challenges, including privacy concerns and the spread of misinformation. By understanding both the positive and negative impacts of social media, we can better navigate its complexities and harness its potential for good. It is crucial for individuals and society to use social media responsibly and thoughtfully to maximize its benefits while minimizing its drawbacks.
Topic: A Life-Changing Experience In conclusion, the summer I spent volunteering at the local animal shelter changed my life in ways I never imagined. It taught me the value of compassion, the importance of community, and the profound impact of small acts of kindness. The relationships I formed with the animals and the people I met have left an indelible mark on my heart. This experience has not only shaped my perspective but has also inspired me to continue giving back to my community. Sometimes, it’s the unexpected moments that teach us the most valuable lessons.
Topic: The Benefits of a Plant-Based Diet In conclusion, adopting a plant-based diet offers numerous benefits for personal health, the environment, and animal welfare. The research is conclusive: a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can reduce the risk of chronic diseases, lower our carbon footprint, and prevent animal cruelty. While making the transition may require effort and adjustment, the rewards are well worth it. By choosing a plant-based diet, we take a powerful step towards a healthier, more sustainable, and compassionate world.
A strong conclusion for an informative essay summarizes the key points, reinforces the importance of the topic, and leaves the reader with a final thought or call to action. Here are a few examples of good conclusions for different informative essay topics:
In conclusion, recycling is a crucial practice that benefits both the environment and the economy. By reusing materials, we reduce the need for raw resources, decrease pollution, and conserve energy. The evidence clearly shows that communities with robust recycling programs experience significant environmental and financial gains. As individuals, we can contribute by being mindful of our waste and actively participating in recycling initiatives. Together, we can make a significant impact and move towards a more sustainable future.
In conclusion, the internet has revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate. From its early days as a military project to its current status as a global network, the internet’s development has been marked by rapid innovation and expansion. Understanding its history helps us appreciate the technological advancements and societal changes it has brought about. As we move forward, it is essential to continue fostering an open and accessible internet that can adapt to future challenges and opportunities.
In conclusion, regular exercise is vital for maintaining physical and mental health. It helps prevent chronic diseases, boosts mood, and improves overall quality of life. Incorporating physical activity into our daily routine can lead to long-term health benefits and a more active lifestyle. Whether it’s through sports, gym workouts, or simple activities like walking, making exercise a priority is a step towards a healthier and happier life. Let’s commit to staying active and reaping the numerous benefits of regular exercise.
In conclusion, global warming is an urgent issue that requires immediate attention and action. The rising temperatures, melting ice caps, and increasing frequency of extreme weather events are clear indicators of its impact. Addressing global warming involves both individual efforts and collective action on a global scale. By reducing our carbon footprint, supporting renewable energy sources, and advocating for environmental policies, we can mitigate the effects of global warming and protect our planet for future generations. The time to act is now.
In conclusion, technology has transformed education by enhancing learning experiences, providing access to vast resources, and enabling personalized instruction. The integration of digital tools in the classroom has made education more interactive and engaging for students. However, it is essential to address challenges such as digital divide and ensure that all students have access to technology. By leveraging the power of technology responsibly, we can create a more inclusive and effective educational environment that prepares students for the future.
A strong conclusion for an argumentative essay should restate the thesis, summarize the main points, and leave the reader with a lasting impression or call to action. Here are a few examples of good conclusions for different argumentative essay topics:
In conclusion, the legalization of marijuana presents numerous benefits, including medical advantages, economic growth, and the reduction of crime rates. By regulating marijuana like alcohol, we can ensure safe use while reaping substantial tax revenues. The evidence clearly supports that the benefits outweigh the risks, making a compelling case for nationwide legalization. It is time for lawmakers to listen to the growing body of research and public opinion, and to take action towards a more rational and just drug policy.
In conclusion, the death penalty is an inhumane and ineffective form of punishment that fails to deter crime more effectively than life imprisonment. The risk of executing innocent people and the high costs associated with capital punishment further highlight its flaws. Society should focus on restorative justice and rehabilitation rather than retribution. Abolishing the death penalty would be a significant step towards a more ethical and equitable justice system.
In conclusion, mandatory school uniforms are a beneficial policy that promotes equality, reduces distractions, and fosters a sense of community within schools. By leveling the playing field, uniforms can help eliminate social pressure and bullying based on appearance. While some argue that uniforms suppress individuality, the advantages in creating a focused and respectful learning environment are substantial. Schools should adopt uniform policies to enhance the educational experience for all students.
In conclusion, urgent action on climate change is imperative to prevent catastrophic environmental, economic, and social consequences. The overwhelming scientific consensus confirms that human activities are driving global warming, necessitating immediate and sustained efforts to reduce carbon emissions. Investing in renewable energy, implementing strict environmental regulations, and promoting sustainable practices are crucial steps. It is the responsibility of individuals, businesses, and governments to act now to safeguard our planet for future generations.
In conclusion, animal testing is an outdated and unethical practice that should be replaced with more humane and scientifically advanced alternatives. Modern methods such as in vitro testing and computer modeling provide more accurate and humane options for scientific research. The suffering inflicted on animals cannot be justified when viable alternatives exist. It is time for the scientific community and regulatory agencies to embrace these alternatives and put an end to animal testing.
A strong conclusion for a persuasive essay should restate the thesis, summarize the main arguments, and leave the reader with a compelling final thought or call to action. Here are a few examples of good conclusions for different persuasive essay topics:
In conclusion, recycling is not just an environmental responsibility but a necessary action for the sustainability of our planet. By reducing waste, conserving natural resources, and decreasing pollution, recycling plays a crucial role in protecting our environment. The evidence is overwhelming: communities that prioritize recycling see significant economic and environmental benefits. It’s time for all of us to commit to recycling and encourage others to do the same. Together, we can make a meaningful difference for future generations.
In conclusion, adopting a plant-based diet offers numerous health benefits, environmental advantages, and ethical improvements. Research shows that a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can reduce the risk of chronic diseases, lower our carbon footprint, and prevent animal suffering. Making the switch to a plant-based diet may require some adjustment, but the positive impacts are well worth it. Let’s embrace this healthier, more sustainable way of living for ourselves and for the planet.
In conclusion, implementing school uniforms is a beneficial policy that fosters equality, reduces distractions, and enhances school spirit. Uniforms help to eliminate socioeconomic disparities and create a focused learning environment. While some may argue that uniforms suppress individuality, the overall advantages they provide in promoting discipline and unity are undeniable. Schools should adopt uniform policies to create a more inclusive and productive educational experience for all students.
In conclusion, voting is a fundamental right and a crucial duty of every citizen in a democracy. It is through voting that we can influence government policies, hold leaders accountable, and shape the future of our society. The power of a single vote can determine the outcome of elections and drive meaningful change. Therefore, it is essential for everyone to participate in the electoral process and make their voices heard. Let’s honor our democratic responsibilities and ensure a better future by voting in every election.
In conclusion, smoking poses severe health risks and has detrimental effects on both individuals and society. The link between smoking and diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and respiratory issues is well-documented. Quitting smoking not only improves personal health but also reduces healthcare costs and increases productivity. It is imperative for smokers to seek help and for society to support anti-smoking initiatives. By working together, we can reduce the prevalence of smoking and create a healthier, smoke-free world.
A strong conclusion for a research paper should restate the main findings, summarize the significance of the research, and suggest possible implications or future research directions. Here are a few examples of good conclusions for different research paper topics:
In conclusion, this research underscores the profound impact of climate change on global ecosystems and human societies. The data reveals a consistent trend of rising temperatures, more frequent extreme weather events, and significant disruptions to natural habitats. These findings highlight the urgent need for comprehensive climate policies and global cooperation to mitigate the effects of climate change. Future research should focus on developing adaptive strategies and exploring innovative technologies to address this pressing issue. Only through concerted efforts can we hope to safeguard our planet for future generations.
In conclusion, the study illustrates a complex relationship between social media use and mental health. While social media can foster connections and provide support, excessive use is linked to increased feelings of anxiety, depression, and loneliness. These findings emphasize the importance of promoting balanced and mindful use of social media. Future research should explore intervention strategies to mitigate the negative impacts and further investigate the long-term effects of social media on mental health. By understanding these dynamics, we can better support individuals in navigating the digital age.
In conclusion, this research highlights the significant benefits and challenges associated with the adoption of renewable energy sources. The transition to renewables offers substantial environmental advantages, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions and decreased reliance on fossil fuels. However, economic and infrastructural barriers must be addressed to facilitate widespread adoption. Policymakers should prioritize investment in renewable energy infrastructure and create incentives to encourage both consumers and businesses to transition to cleaner energy options. Future research should focus on developing cost-effective technologies and strategies to overcome these barriers.
In conclusion, the research demonstrates the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare. AI technologies can enhance diagnostic accuracy, personalize treatment plans, and improve patient outcomes. However, ethical considerations, data privacy concerns, and the need for rigorous validation of AI tools remain critical challenges. To fully realize the benefits of AI in healthcare, stakeholders must collaborate to address these issues and ensure that AI applications are both effective and equitable. Future research should explore the integration of AI with existing healthcare systems and its long-term impact on patient care.
In conclusion, the study reveals the profound economic impact of e-commerce on global markets. E-commerce has revolutionized retail by increasing accessibility, reducing costs, and driving innovation. The findings suggest that businesses must adapt to this digital shift by enhancing their online presence and leveraging data analytics to understand consumer behavior. Policymakers should support e-commerce growth through favorable regulations and infrastructure development. Future research should investigate the evolving trends in e-commerce and their implications for traditional retail models.
A strong conclusion for a speech should restate the main points, leave a lasting impression, and call the audience to action or reflection. Here are a few examples of good conclusions for different types of speeches:
In conclusion, each of us has the power to overcome obstacles and achieve our dreams. We’ve explored the importance of perseverance, the value of setting goals, and the impact of maintaining a positive mindset. Remember, challenges are opportunities in disguise, and your determination can turn dreams into reality. Let’s embrace our potential, support each other, and strive for greatness every day. Together, we can create a future filled with success and fulfillment. Now, go out there and make it happen!
In conclusion, renewable energy is not just an option but a necessity for a sustainable future. We have examined the benefits of solar, wind, and hydro power, and their potential to reduce our carbon footprint. By investing in renewable energy, we can combat climate change, create jobs, and ensure a cleaner environment for future generations. It’s crucial that we continue to educate ourselves and advocate for policies that support renewable energy development. Let’s take the first step today by committing to a more sustainable lifestyle.
In conclusion, adopting a plant-based diet is a powerful way to improve our health, protect the environment, and reduce animal suffering. We’ve discussed the numerous benefits, from lower risks of chronic diseases to a smaller ecological footprint. I urge you to consider the impact of your dietary choices and make a conscious effort to incorporate more plant-based meals into your diet. Small changes can lead to significant benefits for both you and the planet. Let’s work together to create a healthier, more compassionate world.
In conclusion, as we celebrate this milestone, let’s take a moment to reflect on our journey and the hard work that brought us here. We’ve faced challenges, learned valuable lessons, and grown stronger together. As we move forward, let’s carry the spirit of determination and unity with us. Congratulations to each one of you on this remarkable achievement. May your future be filled with success, joy, and endless possibilities. Here’s to new beginnings and the exciting adventures that await!
In conclusion, the power of kindness and compassion cannot be overstated. Through our actions, we have the ability to make a positive difference in the lives of others and create a ripple effect of goodwill. We’ve shared stories of remarkable individuals who have transformed their communities through simple acts of kindness. Let these stories inspire you to spread kindness in your daily life. Remember, a small gesture can have a profound impact. Let’s commit to making the world a better place, one act of kindness at a time.
A strong conclusion for a project should summarize the key findings, emphasize the significance of the work, and suggest possible future directions or applications. Here are a few examples of good conclusions for different types of projects:
In conclusion, this project successfully demonstrated the effect of different fertilizers on plant growth. The data showed that organic fertilizers, such as compost, resulted in healthier and faster-growing plants compared to chemical fertilizers. These findings suggest that organic fertilizers are a more sustainable and eco-friendly option for promoting plant growth. Future research could explore the long-term effects of these fertilizers on soil health and productivity. This project highlights the importance of sustainable agricultural practices for a healthier environment.
In conclusion, our market analysis project has provided valuable insights into consumer behavior and preferences within the tech industry. The research indicates a growing demand for innovative and user-friendly products, with a particular emphasis on sustainability. By leveraging these insights, our company can tailor its product development and marketing strategies to meet the evolving needs of our target audience. Moving forward, it will be crucial to continuously monitor market trends and adapt our approaches accordingly to maintain a competitive edge.
In conclusion, this project has underscored the critical importance of wetland conservation. Wetlands play a vital role in maintaining biodiversity, regulating water cycles, and providing habitat for numerous species. Our findings highlight the significant impact of human activities on wetland degradation and the urgent need for protective measures. Implementing conservation strategies, such as creating protected areas and restoring degraded wetlands, will be essential for preserving these ecosystems. Future efforts should focus on raising public awareness and fostering collaboration between stakeholders to ensure the long-term sustainability of wetlands.
In conclusion, the development of our mobile application has successfully addressed the need for a user-friendly platform to manage personal finances. The app’s features, including budgeting tools, expense tracking, and financial planning resources, have received positive feedback from test users. This project demonstrates the potential of technology to simplify financial management and empower individuals to make informed decisions. Future enhancements could include integrating AI for personalized financial advice and expanding the app’s accessibility features. The success of this project highlights the importance of continuous innovation in the tech industry.
In conclusion, our community service project has made a meaningful impact on the local homeless population by providing essential resources and support. Through collaboration with local shelters and volunteers, we distributed food, clothing, and hygiene kits, while also offering job placement assistance and mental health services. The positive feedback from recipients and the increased awareness within the community underscore the project’s success. To sustain these efforts, it will be important to secure ongoing funding and engage more community members in volunteer activities. This project has demonstrated the power of collective action in addressing social issues and improving lives.
1. conclusion research paper template.
A good conclusion is crucial in writing as it provides closure to the reader while reinforcing the main points of the text. Here are the key characteristics that define an effective conclusion:
A strong conclusion should restate the thesis statement in a fresh way, reinforcing the main argument without simply repeating it verbatim.
The conclusion should summarize the key points discussed in the body of the text. This helps the reader recall the main arguments and understand how they support the thesis.
A good conclusion provides a sense of closure, leaving the reader with a clear understanding that the discussion has come to an end. It ties up loose ends and resolves any remaining questions or issues.
It should reflect on the significance of the topic, explaining why it matters. This could involve discussing the broader implications, the importance of the findings, or future directions for research or action.
An effective conclusion can encourage the reader to continue thinking about the topic. This could be through posing a question, suggesting further reading, or highlighting the relevance of the discussion to the reader’s own life or the wider world.
Introducing new information in the conclusion can confuse the reader. A good conclusion focuses on summarizing and reflecting on what has already been discussed rather than presenting new ideas.
The last sentence of the conclusion should be strong and memorable. This could be a call to action, a poignant quote, or a thought-provoking statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.
The conclusion should match the tone of the rest of the essay. Whether the tone is formal, informal, serious, or humorous, the conclusion should be consistent with the overall style of the text.
Writing a good conclusion is essential for wrapping up your essay or paper effectively. A strong conclusion not only summarizes the main points but also leaves a lasting impression on the reader. Here are the steps to write a good conclusion:
Begin by restating your thesis statement in a new way. This reminds the reader of your main argument without repeating it word for word.
Briefly summarize the key points you made in the body of your essay. This helps reinforce your argument and reminds the reader of the evidence you presented.
Link your conclusion to the introduction by revisiting a theme, anecdote, or idea you introduced at the beginning. This creates a sense of closure and completeness.
Offer a final thought or insight related to your topic. This could be a call to action, a prediction, or a reflection on the broader implications of your argument.
Ensure that you do not introduce any new arguments, evidence, or points in the conclusion. The conclusion is for wrapping up your existing points, not for presenting new ones.
End with a powerful, memorable sentence. This could be a thought-provoking quote, a call to action, or a rhetorical question that leaves the reader thinking about your topic.
Begin by restating your thesis in a new way to remind the reader of your main argument without repeating it verbatim.
No, avoid introducing new arguments or evidence. The conclusion is for wrapping up your existing points.
The purpose is to summarize the main points, reinforce the thesis, and leave a lasting impression on the reader.
Use a strong final sentence, such as a thought-provoking quote, a call to action, or a rhetorical question.
A conclusion should be concise, typically around 5-7 sentences, summarizing key points without being overly detailed.
Briefly summarize the key points, focusing on the most important ones that support your thesis.
Yes, linking the conclusion to the introduction creates a sense of closure and completeness, reinforcing your main themes.
Yes, a call to action can be effective, especially in persuasive essays, to encourage the reader to take specific steps.
Maintain a confident and clear tone, reinforcing your arguments and leaving a strong final impression on the reader.
Avoid simply summarizing without adding any insight. Reinforce the significance of your argument and leave the reader with something to ponder.
Text prompt
10 Examples of Public speaking
20 Examples of Gas lighting
Value investors, this one's for you:
The S&P 500 PE multiple at fair value has been trending upward since the Fed and other major central banks have made the decision to continuously monetize excessive debt in the system, since the GFC. This fair value multiple expansion may be partially, but significantly, explained by such currency debasement, and/or the global liquidity catalyzed by debt monetization, which makes its way into scarce assets.
Coincidentally mega cap tech stocks whose hyper growth is based on the network effect, built on, or around the rails of the internet, and thusly driven in a relatively frictionless fashion…
Zhang, Xing-Zhou; Liu, Jing-Jie; Xu, Zhi-Wei (2015). "Tencent and Facebook Data Validate Metcalfe's Law". Journal of Computer Science and Technology. 30 (2): 246-251.
…compared to more traditional S&P 500 companies, have come to dominate the index on a weighted basis:
January 2024 top weighted S&P companies (Finhacker.cz)
The top 10 S&P 500 holdings by weight represent about 32.5% of the index, much higher than 17.8% in 2015, and also ahead of the 27% at the peak of the dotcom bubble in 2000. The concentration of the top 10 stocks within the S&P 500 index has reached the highest level in decades, stoking fears of overconcentration risks and the necessity for diversification away from these top 10 holdings - Forbes, May 2024
These companies command much larger PE's, based on either massive earnings growth…
Peter Lynch earnings growth of 15% | Peter Lynch fair value PE = 15 |
Peter Lynch earnings growth of 20% | Peter Lynch fair value PE = 20 |
Peter Lynch earnings growth of 30% | Peter Lynch fair value PE = 30 |
Meta ( ) 5 year historical earnings growth diluted = 19% | 5-year average of forward PE = 23 |
Google ( ) 5 year historical earnings growth diluted = 32% | 5-year average of forward PE = 26 |
Amazon ( ) 5-year historical OCF growth = 30% | 10-year median P/OCF = 27 |
…or on the fact that fair values have little to do with their PE's, but instead price to cash flow ratios…
AMZN may have a PE of 51, but if its P/OCF is in the 20 to 25 range, then it's at around fair value. PE is an afterthought.
Amazon valuation metrics (Gurufocus.com)
Other mega caps like Apple ( AAPL ) and Microsoft ( MSFT ) on the surface may not have the earnings growth to justify their higher PEs, but instead have solidified their premiums as top world brands with awesome balance sheets and wide moats. Perfect for liquidity-driven PE expansion.
Morningstar rates AAPL as having a wide moat (Morningstar)
Morningstar rates MSFT's moat as wide (Morningstar)
Thus, this tech mega cap dominance of the S&P 500 over the last ten years has naturally caused its PE at fair value to also rise.
And again, circling back around, this rise to dominance, by way of capitalization growth, likely has to do with the global liquidity phenomenon mentioned above, as the hyper growth mega caps are considered a kind of 'long duration' asset that is sensitive to monetary policy and liquidity.
As a result, until major world economies fix their debt problems, investors in the SPDR S&P 500 ETF ( NYSEARCA: SPY ) or Vanguard S&P 500 ETF ( VOO ) should expect to pay for shares at higher multiples than what their pre-GFC, long term historical averages would recommend, but without this particular phenomenon negatively affecting long-term returns, at least at the magnitude suggested by such.
S&P Historical Trailing PE time series (Gurufocus.com)
Here I encourage readers to familiarize themselves with macroeconomist Raoul Pal's thesis on how debt and global liquidity have become the leading driver of asset prices since the GFC. The thesis is entitled, The Everything Code, and is published through his company, Global Macro Investor. I'll provide a brief summary below:
US GDP growth has been trending down for decades, secondary to demographic trends (slower population growth, and slower growth of the total number of working age people and labor participation rate).
GMI US GDP growth trend (Global Macro Investor)
Yet, US debt growth has been trending upwards, to the point well past what GDP growth can service. And thus, to avoid a credit crisis and deflationary spiral, the Federal Reserve has been monetizing the public debt, freeing up the capital born from GDP growth to service the private debt.
Fed net liquidity versus US debt as a % of GDP growth (Global Macro Investor )
GMI Fed net liquidity versus US government interest expense (Global Macro Investor)
And it's not just the Fed, but all major central banks are roughly doing the same thing, causing global liquidity to rise exponentially in the long term:
Rate of global liquidity growth (Global Macro Investor)
The quantitative easing obsessed gold bugs from the 2010s ended up being correct. A significant amount of the price action of the SPY or VOO can be explained by this increase in global liquidity. In other words, if you divide SPY price action from 2008 to present by the GMI global liquidity index series, you basically get a flat line.
I did my own version of this a while back using the St. Louis Fed graph tool, when I was writing my article on ARKK vs. STMZF . There, I divided the S&P 500 by the Fed balance sheet. Your market gains are kind of meaningless if you're in the market for a new home, every time the Fed prints:
S&P Versus Fed Balance Sheet 2014 to 2023 (St Louis Fed)
To test this thesis, I examined the fair value PE ratios of S&P 500's top ten equities from the GFC onward, at intervals quantized at 3 years. For each discrete snapshot in time, I calculated each set of ten's weighted average PE at fair value.
The PE values I used to represent these multiples of fair value are the historic ten-year median PEs for each company, i.e. what traders, on the whole, were on average willing to pay for these stocks over ten years. Data from Gurufocus:
Weighted Average Fair Value PE's of Top Ten S&P Companies for Select Years Post GFC (Andrew Feazelle )
With the rise of mega cap tech, the fair value of the S&P's top ten equities has also risen from 18 handle to 42 handle.
Further, if we know that the top 10 stocks in the S&P 500 make up 1/3rd of the weighting, and their current fair value PE is 42, then even if all the other stocks were at their median historical fair value PE of 18 (backward looking median PE's from 1871 onward, using GuruFocus data), it follows that the S&P 500's trailing fair value PE as of January 2024 is 26 = (42 + 2*18)/3.
Year (January of...) | Weighted fair value PE of top 10 S&P companies (trailing) | Implied fair value PE of entire S&P 500 (trailing) |
2009 | 18.5 | 18.1 |
2012 | 20.1 | 18.7 |
2015 | 20.2 | 18.7 |
2018 | 31.9 | 22.6 |
2021 | 44.7 | 26.9 |
2024 | 42.3 | 26.1 |
This is likely why the SPY has continued to perform well, even when it looked like stocks were 'in a bubble' in the pre-pandemic years:
In March of 2017, the S&P had rallied into the $2,300 range, providing a blended PE of 19.9. Here it was beginning to peek above the long term historical average, which was in the 18 handle range. This prompted legendary value investor Chuck Carnevale to caution the investment community that stocks were no longer cheap.
...all things good or bad must someday come to an end. Although I believe it's impossible to time it perfectly, after such a long bull run caution is certainly now in order. - Chuck Carnevale, March 2017
S&P 500 Index time series 2016 to present (St. Louis Fed)
Ultimately, the proof is in the pudding: Since its post GFC nadir in the third quarter of 2011, the S&P's monthly trailing PE has afforded a series of higher highs and higher lows, discounting the local effect of the Covid-19 disruption on the multiple. And as a value investor at heart, I say that any type of market phenomenon that can last 10 years or more is likely (9 times out of 10) justified by some underlying fundamental quality.
Monthly Trailing PE's for S&P from 2011 nadir to 2024. Trend line by Andrew Feazelle (multpl.com)
What is also noteworthy here is that as some of these mega caps start reaching middle age, and focus more cash flow onto earnings, buybacks and dividends , there may be a bit of deceleration of this trend. Such has informed which trend line I ultimately used, on the above graph, and which I've used to project out future bull case fair value PE's for the S&P in the next section below.
If the monthly PE long-term trend from the GFC nadir held, then the fair values for the S&P look something like this:
December 2023 | FV PE based on trend = 25.7 | S&P EPS = $192 | S&P FV = $4,942 |
January 2024 | FV PE based on weighted average = 26.1 | ||
January 2024 | FV PE based on trend = 25.8 | ||
December 2024 | FV PE based on trend = 26 | S&P EPS estimate = $214 | S&P FV = $5,564 |
December 2025 | FV PE based on trend = 26.25 | S&P EPS estimate = $244 | S&P FV = $6,405 |
; estimates based on FactSet EPS growth estimates (11.66% and 14.1% respectively) for 2024, 2025. |
I don't think it's appropriate to extrapolate out past December 2025. Past that point, the global liquidity cycle should be winding down, based on its historic periodicity:
Periodicity of the ISM shown by superimposing it onto itself, one period removed (Global Macro Investor)
Global liquidity cycle follows the ISM and should go negative in 2026 (Global Macro Investor)
Based on this cycle, central banks will try to reduce their balance sheets, and/or cool inflation by pulling liquidity out of the system in 2026, and equities will do what they do every 4 years since the GFC, and find gravity.
Equities find gravity as liquidity falls (Global Macro Investor (comments by Andrew Feazelle))
However for long only, diamond-hands investors with decadal investing horizons, the bull case projection suggests that buying the SPY under $556 for 2024, and under $640 in 2025 is appropriate.
The ultra bull case is made by plotting my average fair value PE's for the top ten S&P companies onto GMI's liquidity vs federal interest expense chart. One can see how all three of these phenomena are strongly correlated. GMI has projected out federal interest expenditures into 2025, as all of the pandemic spending comes home to roost, and it is not pretty:
GMI Fed net liquidity, public interest expense, and author's calculated PE FV's of top 10 S&P companies (Global Macro Investor & Andrew Feazelle)
Such theoretically implies that somewhere in 2025, the fair value PE for the top ten S&P companies could peak at as much as 66! And this then implies an overall S&P fair value PE at 34, were its bottom 2/3rds to retain its historical trailing fair value PE of 18!
This could be a perfect storm scenario, where something in the system goes horribly wrong, giving the Fed the excuse it needs to rapidly monetize all that pandemic incurred debt, eventually catalyzing a tech rally on the other side of a panic. Basically, something similar to what we went through in the pandemic.
Fed net liquidity | Corresponding top 10 S&P weighted average fair value PE | Corresponding S&P fair value PE | Corresponding S&P price at fair value; end of 2025 ($244 EPS) |
$7T | 46 | 27.55 | $6,722 |
$8T | 53 | 29.77 | $7,263 |
$9T | 60 | 32 | $7,808 |
$10 | 66 | 34.22 | $8,350 |
If this seems outlandish, consider that in February of 2020, the S&P's monthly trailing PE was 26 and its price was somewhere in the $3300 range. This would be considered over 40% overvalued by traditional value investing methods, not taking into account currency debasement and/or the rise of big tech. The Fed's balance sheet then went from around $4T up to almost $9T in Q2 2022…
Fed Balance Sheet, 2019 to present (St. Louis Fed)
…and the S&P subsequently peaked at around $4700 in December 2021. That's a 42% gain from a point that was statistically more likely to fall than rise. Admittedly, it did fall before it rose, but likely you can't get to the sweet, sweet rush of liquidity without there being some type of painful event.
Based on my trend line fair value methodology for the S&P's PE, and a rough estimate of trailing earnings as of June 2024, the fair value of the S&P is currently $5,200. A similar 42% gain from here would put the S&P at $7,400.
I doubt anything past $8000 is probable, as the Fed may be more cognizant of inflation and the US's massive deficit spending contributing to such, this time around. A rapid balance sheet expansion likely could put significant upward pressure on housing, which then would show up down the line in PCE.
No doubt they do want to monetize the debt, to avoid pain regarding GDP growth, but at the same time they want to not contribute to price instability. So likely those middle ground numbers on the chart above (mid $7,000's) are more probable during a massive liquidity surge.
But don't get too caught up on the exact numbers; these aren't price targets; the concept is this: if I see Federal Reserve net liquidity rapidly rising to 8, 9 or 10 trillion dollars, then I would feel comfortable adding to my long SPY position anywhere in the $600 to 699 range or below, and would consider those prices to have a significant safety margin for the long run, or at least up until the global liquidity cycle breaks. And whatever event would cause the Fed to react in such a manner would likely give me that opportunity to be a buyer in that range and likely below it.
In the less aggressive case, I'll respect that there may be a local attrition of the S&P's top ten equity average fair value PE.
Date | Top 10 S&P company weighted FV PE |
Jan 2021 | 44.7 |
Jan 2024 | 42.3 |
June 2024 | 38.2 |
Tesla has at present moved out of the top ten companies, so its massive 104 PE at fair value for the last ten years is no longer as influential as it once was:
Weighted average for S&P top ten companies' median FV PE's for June 2024 (Gurufocus & Andrew Feazelle)
And again, as these companies focus more on earnings and dividends, their fair value PE's should come down over time. A linear recession, based on the January 2021 peak and January 2024 data point, provides the following:
Date | Top ten S&P company weighted FV median PE | Corresponding S&P FV PE | Corresponding S&P Price at FV |
Dec 2024 | 41.33 | 25.77 | $5,514 |
Dec 2025 | 40.66 | 25.55 | $6,234 |
The major risk to this thesis is anything that disrupts the liquidity cycle or its periodic trend that's been occurring since 2008.
On a smaller investment horizon, this could be a political disruption secondary to the financial insecurity from this monetary driven, asset price inflation.
On a medium term investment horizon, this could be an AI driven sustained productivity boost (and accelerated technological innovation rate secondary to such) that allows GDP growth to service debt more efficiently, taking the pressure off central banks to monetize debt. Because it would be productivity that's increasing GDP growth, likely this would not be as inflationary as other drivers of growth, such as population growth, or debt growth. I'd say this is the most likely scenario, and we may only get a few more cycles that mimic what's been occurring since the GFC.
On a much greater investment horizon, productivity should also rise as clean energy technology eventually puts downward pressure on energy prices. But that is rather irrelevant to this article.
Because of the massive debt in the major world economies, central banks have chosen the lesser of two evils, and have seemingly collectively decided to monetize that debt, rather than let a Great Depression event unfold.
Such has caused the S&P 500's fair value PE multiple to inflate past what would be considered reasonable before the GFC. As a result, value investors have to become more comfortable owning SPY and VOO at higher multiples.
This article was written by
Analyst’s Disclosure: I/we have a beneficial long position in the shares of SPY, META, GOOG, GOOGL, AMZN, MSFT, AVGO, JPM, JNJ either through stock ownership, options, or other derivatives. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.
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Subscribe to global connection, robin brooks and robin brooks senior fellow - global economy and development @robin_j_brooks ben harris ben harris vice president and director - economic studies , director - retirement security project @econ_harris.
June 26, 2024
The price cap on Russian oil and refined products, conceived and implemented in the wake of Russia’s February 2022 invasion of Ukraine, was a novel attempt to reduce revenue from oil exports while maintaining global price stability. Successful application of the cap demands continued attention by the price cap coalition to sanction private entities that violate its terms. A particularly relevant issue today is whether further enforcement actions can dissuade Russia from utilizing an expanded “shadow fleet” to circumvent the terms of the price cap—and whether more aggressive sanctions enforcement will surge the price of oil. In this note, we argue that the coalition should sanction 15 Sovcomflot tankers that are especially active, shutting them down as a means of transport for Russia’s oil trade. Historical experience suggests that this enforcement measure is unlikely to have even a modest impact on global oil prices.
Russia is an important supplier of oil and refined products to the global economy. In the run-up to its invasion of Ukraine, Russia’s seaborne exports of crude and refined products were just shy of six million barrels per day, with a substantial share of these exports going to the European Union (EU) and other advanced economies. Before the invasion, the global benchmark price for oil—Brent—was very close to the price of Urals oil, which is the main reference blend for Russian crude sold on Baltic and Black Sea ports. The invasion changed that. Global oil prices spiked on fears of supply disruptions and a large discount on Urals versus Brent emerged as buyers shunned Russian oil (Figure 1). Yet, despite the unprecedented discount on Russian oil, revenues flowing to the Russian state rose to distressingly high levels.
In light of soaring Russian revenues and continued aggression towards Ukraine, the EU formulated a package of additional sanctions against Russia in the summer of 2022. This set of actions—the “sixth sanctions package”—aimed to both limit the EU’s import of Russian oil while also banning the use of European services in the Russian oil trade. The centrality of European services to the trade of Russian oil was tantamount to an embargo, which threatened to sharply raise global energy prices. Concerns about an oil price shock led Ukrainian allies to consider a price cap on Russian oil in lieu of an outright services ban.
The price cap was established with the dual goals of limiting Russian profits from the trade of crude oil and refined products while also maintaining stability in global energy markets. The central approach established by the price cap coalition (the G7, plus the European Union and Australia) was to disallow the provision of services in trades that exceeded the maximum allowable price of each product. The primary lever utilized by the coalition was the sanctioning of service providers who violated these terms, with a broad range of services subject to the cap, including shipping, insurance, brokering, flagging, and financing.
The success of the price cap was most pronounced in the early stages of its implementation, especially in terms of limiting trading profits accruing to Russia. In terms of export volumes, Russia’s seaborne exports of crude oil and refined product have been stable near six million barrels per day since December 2022, so a key goal of the price cap—to ensure the continued flow of Russian oil to global markets—has been met. Simultaneously, the composition of its exports has shifted away from advanced economies—which now import near zero—to emerging markets, where China, India and Turkey have emerged as large buyers. Despite drastic reshuffling of its export destinations, export volumes have remained largely stable since the invasion of Ukraine—and have even increased on the margin prior to recent voluntary cutbacks to meet OPEC+ production quotas. Price stability has accompanied global production stability, which is somewhat remarkable when contrasted against geopolitical turmoil in oil production-relevant regions.
With export volumes stable, Russia’s oil tax revenues—critical to fund its war in Ukraine—have fluctuated with the price of Urals (Figure 2). In the months before and after the pre-announced implementation of the price cap in December 2022, Russian revenues remained depressed. According to the U.S. Treasury Department , Russian oil tax revenues fell by 40% over the first nine months of 2023 compared to one year earlier, while analysis from the Atlantic Council put the monthly revenue loss at around $5 billion through the first ten months of the cap. However, as the price of Urals has risen over the past year, so have Russia’s tax revenues on oil, a key challenge for the coalition of countries behind the price cap. Notable, too, is the closing of the Brent-Urals spread, suggesting that Russia has devised strategies for circumventing the price cap.
The closing of the Brent-Urals spread has been enabled by Russian countermeasures to circumvent the price cap, namely the cultivation of an expanded shadow fleet of aging tankers, often covered by inferior insurance provided by the Russian company Ingosstrakh. The expanded shadow fleet has allowed Russia to blunt the price impact of compliant service providers by shifting away from Western-provided services, which simultaneously reduces the leverage of non-Western trading partners like China. While the expanded shadow fleet ultimately means more oil revenue for Russia, the gain is somewhat offset by increased expenditures for obtaining the shadow fleet and higher trading costs—namely increased insurance fees. That being said, the key point is that limiting the scope of the shadow fleet is central to preserving the continued success of the price cap.
The price cap achieved its goal of ensuring stable supply of Russian oil to the global economy, but the build-up of the shadow fleet has allowed Russia to export oil above the cap, boosting its economy and tax revenues. As a result, a second phase of the price cap was launched in October 2023, designed to enhance enforcement and increase the costs to Russia of using the shadow fleet. As part of this second phase, the U.S. rolled out a series of enforcement actions designating vessel owners, shipping companies, and an oil trader that were using western services to export Russian oil above the cap. On February 23 of this year, in an enforcement action coinciding with the two-year anniversary of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the U.S. also designated 14 tankers operated by Sovcomflot—Russia’s state-owned shipping company.
Despite these actions, Russia’s continued ability to trade around the cap has intensified calls for additional enforcement provisions. For example, Harvard scholar Craig Kennedy proposed making the Baltic a “shadow free” zone by requiring proof of adequate insurance, backed by a blocking threat (i.e., exclusion from the Baltic) for non-compliant tankers. Along similar lines, Simon Johnson and Catherine Wolfram proposed that a greater number of Sovcomflot tankers be subject to sanctions and that the sale of tankers to undisclosed buyers should be banned—arguing that such actions would increase the risk premia demanded by service providers that transact with Russia.
The most straightforward, and perhaps obvious, potential option facing U.S. policymakers is to expand on the February 23 action to designate 14 Sovcomflot tankers and sanction the remaining 100 Sovcomflot tankers that have yet to be identified for enforcement. Such a move would be consistent with prior actions and would meaningfully limit Russia’s ability to transact above the respective price caps. As we explain below, this incremental move would likely have limited, if any, impact on global oil prices.
Sovcomflot currently has a fleet of 120 oil tankers according to its website . Twenty of these ships are now sanctioned, including the 14 ships sanctioned in the February 23 action and six oil tankers sanctioned prior to that. Bloomberg maintains a database called AHOY that tracks oil tanker traffic around the world. We use this database to track departures of all oil tankers departing Russian ports in recent years. These data cover around 85% of all oil tanker traffic out of Russia and are thus highly representative. We divide the Sovcomflot fleet into four groups: (i) the six ships sanctioned prior to February 23; (ii) the 14 ships sanctioned on February 23; (iii) the 100 ships that remain unsanctioned; and (iv) the 15 most active ships—measured by number of departures from Russian ports between February 2022 and June 2024—among the 100 unsanctioned Sovcomflot ships.
Figure 3 shows the importance of these four subsets of the Sovcomflot fleet in all of Russia’s seaborne exports of crude and refined product. The 100 unsanctioned Sovcomflot oil tankers currently account for around 10% of total seaborne exports out of Russian ports. Exports on Sovcomflot’s sanctioned oil tankers have fallen to zero, although it is possible that some continued activity is not captured in the Bloomberg data. Importantly, on average in 2023, the 14 now-sanctioned Sovcomflot ships accounted for 2% of total seaborne exports, but their designation on February 23 resulted in no oil price spike whatsoever, even as volumes on these 14 ships went to zero. As volumes on the 100 unsanctioned Sovcomflot oil tankers remained roughly stable around this action, it is likely that this volume was absorbed by Western-owned ships or the shadow fleet.
Within the fleet of 100 unsanctioned Sovcomflot oil tankers, activity is highly concentrated. We rank these 100 ships by their frequency of departure from Russian ports. The top 15 ships account for half of remaining Sovcomflot volume in terms of Russia’s seaborne exports. Table 1 in the Appendix provides details on these oil tankers, including the frequency of their departures from Russian ports, their size—most of these are Aframax oil tankers—and in what region they primarily operate. In principle, by designating these 15 ships, it is possible to target more than half of the remaining Sovcomflot export capacity out of Russia. To ensure little impact on price, the U.S. may want to calibrate future designations using this ranking to ensure that the overall volume effect is comparable to February 23. (On average in 2023, these 15 ships accounted for 7% of overall Russian seaborne oil exports versus 2% for the 14 ships designated on February 23.) That is, it may be worth sanctioning the remaining fleet of unsanctioned Sovcomflot ships in waves to minimize price effects.
The big picture is that price effects arising from sanctioned Sovcomflot tankers are extremely unlikely. Figure 4 shows the Brent oil price along with oil price futures at the first mention of the oil price cap mid-2022 and subsequent OPEC+ production cuts. None of these instances appear to have had any material impact on oil prices. While this is far from causal, we think it validates the notion that further sanctions on the Sovcomflot fleet are unlikely to cause oil price spikes.
The designation of 14 Sovcomflot oil tankers earlier this year is an important precedent. It suggests that—for comparable volumes—there is no adverse impact on global oil prices. As a result, further such action on the remaining Sovcomfleet is highly desirable, since it will drive Russia’s seaborne oil exports to Western-owned or shadow fleet vessels, both of which should adversely impact the revenue Russia generates from these exports.
Given that activity among the unsanctioned fleet of 100 Sovcomflot ships is highly concentrated, we recommend sanctioning these ships in multiple rounds to keep volume effects on par with the February 23 action. With such a process in place, we anticipate little to no impact on global oil prices but suspect the action will meaningfully lower Russia’s revenue from the oil trade.
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Table 1 lists the top 15 unsanctioned Sovcomflot oil tankers by frequency of departure from late February 2022 when Russia invaded Ukraine through early June 2024. It lists the International Maritime Organization identification number (“IMO”) of each of these ships, the name of each ship, the type of oil tanker, and in what region these ships primarily operate. These 15 ships account for half of unsanctioned Sovcomflot volume out of Russian ports. The dark blue series in Figure 3 is made up of these 15 ships.
The Brookings Institution is financed through the support of a diverse array of foundations, corporations, governments, individuals, as well as an endowment. A list of donors can be found in our annual reports published online here . The findings, interpretations, and conclusions in this report are solely those of its author(s) and are not influenced by any donation.
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Creative Ways to Use Graphic Novels in the Classroom! 🎥
In our opinion, every student needs to learn to write good conclusions.
A strong conclusion wraps up your writing and leaves a lasting impression in the reader’s mind. Use these helpful conclusion sentence starters to let your audience know you’re about to make your final points.
Be sure to grab your free printable featuring all of the conclusion sentence starters below plus a worksheet to help teach conclusion writing by filling out the form on this landing page.
Every essay , research paper, lab report, or speech requires a conclusion paragraph at the end. This allows the author to sum up their key points and reinforce their main idea (thesis), encouraging the reader to reflect on what they’ve said. It may also include a call to action, prompting the reader to adopt a particular viewpoint or take certain actions. Good conclusions have a lasting impact, leaving the reader with a clear impression of what they’ve just read.
Conclusion sentences are usually the ones that start that final paragraph. They use language that indicates the writer is about to wrap up their writing, which urges the reader to pay close attention. Writers don’t necessarily need to use typical conclusion sentence starters, but they do need to find a way to indicate that they’re drawing their ideas to a close. Conclusion sentence starters are an easy way to do that.
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President Joe Biden and Republican Donald Trump went right to mixing it up on policy — and each other — in their first presidential debate of the 2024 campaign.
FILE _ CNN’s Dana Bash, left, and Jake Tapper listen as they moderate a presidential debate between President Joe Biden and Republican presidential candidate former President Donald Trump, Thursday, June 27, 2024, in Atlanta. There were exhaustive, independent fact-checks of claims made during the CNN debate between Joe Biden and Donald Trump on Thursday, June 27, but none available to the millions of people watching the two presidents in real time. (AP Photo/Gerald Herbert, File)
FILE - President Joe Biden, right, and Republican presidential candidate former President Donald Trump, left, stand during break in a presidential debate hosted by CNN, Thursday, June 27, 2024, in Atlanta. There were exhaustive, independent fact-checks of claims made during the debate but none available to the millions of people watching the two presidents in real time. (AP Photo/John Bazemore, File)
This combination of photos shows Republican presidential candidate former President Donald Trump, left, and President Joe Biden during a presidential debate hosted by CNN, Thursday, June 27, 2024, in Atlanta. (AP Photo/Gerald Herbert)
NEW YORK (AP) — There were some exhaustive, independent fact checks of claims made during the CNN debate between Joe Biden and Donald Trump . Trouble was, none of them were available to the millions of people watching the two presidents in real time.
That was the result of CNN’s decision ahead of Thursday’s debate that moderators Dana Bash and Jake Tapper would be questioners, not arbiters. Supporters of President Biden were frustrated, since Trump was later flagged for more misleading statements than his rival, and it served to put greater emphasis on the Democrat’s tepid performance.
At the same time, it emphasized a puzzle the media has yet to solve after nine years of Trump operating in the public arena as it relates to the presidency.
“I think that there is a very real question about whether it is possible to fact-check Donald Trump live on television,” said Jane Hall, author of “Politics and the Media: Intersections and New Directions” and an American University journalism professor. “He has confounded many different formats.”
An estimated 51.3 million people watched the unusual June debate, according to a preliminary estimate by the Nielsen company. The first time these candidates met onstage in 2020, there were 73 million viewers.
Bash and Tapper held firm to their intentions , which CNN stressed was its own call and not part of the debate rules negotiated with the campaign. The journalists avoided follow-ups, though they had to restate questions a number of times when candidates ignored them.
What to know about the 2024 Election
CNN’s Daniel Dale offered a report in which he said Trump had made at least 30 false claims, and Biden at least nine. But it wasn’t shown on the air until more than an hour after the debate ended — just shy of midnight on the East Coast.
“I wish the CNN moderators did more fact-checking, letting the audience know when things are said that are flatly false,” columnist Nicholas Kristof of The New York Times wrote on X. “Not sure how it helps for a platform to transmit falsehoods disguised as facts.”
Bill Adair, a professor of journalism and public policy at Duke University who founded Politifact , said it’s extraordinarily difficult to balance on-air corrections with the need to keep a conversation moving.
That said, “for them to be completely silent, I think, was going too far,” said Adair, who is no longer affiliated with Politifact. When Trump falsely claimed during an abortion discussion that Democrats supported killing live babies, one of the moderators should have stepped in, he said.
CNN expressed no regrets and was pleased with Bash and Tapper’s performances. “Like a big game, when no one is talking about the referees the day after, we did our jobs,” one executive said privately.
The debate ran smoothly as a television production, particularly in comparison to the first 2020 debate that moderator Chris Wallace recalled Thursday as a “disaster,” and a poorly conceived Trump town hall in 2023 that was a factor in then-CNN chief Chris Licht’s ouster.
It’s not that Biden did not dispute Trump’s statements; he did at least 10 times, according to the debate transcript.
“You’re lying,” Biden told Trump during an abortion discussion. “Every single thing he said is a lie, every single one,” he said about veterans. “What he’s telling you is simply not true,” he said about the Capitol insurrection. “He has no idea what the hell he’s talking about,” he said when the topic was NATO. “It is simply a lie,” he said about Trump on Ukraine.
And there was the familiar Biden phrase: “I’ve never heard so much malarkey in my life.”
Yet the claims often lacked specificity, and a feeling of missed opportunity lingered. Biden “let every fastball hanging over the plate get by,” MSNBC host Joe Scarborough said on Friday.
Politifact pointed out 15 false statements made by Trump and another one — that Biden had allowed millions of people illegally into the country from jails and mental institutions — that it classified as a “pants on fire” lie. It cited three false statements by Biden.
The New York Times chronicled 20 false statements by Trump, with another 21 it said were either misleading, lacked context or lacked evidence. Its fact check pointed out no false statements by Biden, with 11 meeting the other characterizations. The Associated Press corrected 11 statements by Trump, four by Biden.
The Washington Post wrote that Trump “confidently relied on false assertions that have been debunked repeatedly” while Biden “stretched the truth occasionally.”
Some journalists, like Dale, fact-checked online during the debate, yet that required viewers to specifically pay attention to a second screen. Adair noted that at Duke, educators have experimented with ways to fact-check on television screens in real-time, yet automated efforts have largely failed and those led by humans require great speed.
Duke conducted one experiment with on-screen fact checks at a North Carolina television station in 2020, he said.
As yet, he said, he has seen little interest among television networks in doing anything similar this election cycle.
David Bauder writes about media for The Associated Press. Follow him at http://twitter.com/dbauder .
What should i include in a thesis or dissertation conclusion.
The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation should include the following:
Dissertation word counts vary widely across different fields, institutions, and levels of education:
However, none of these are strict guidelines – your word count may be lower or higher than the numbers stated here. Always check the guidelines provided by your university to determine how long your own dissertation should be.
A dissertation prospectus or proposal describes what or who you plan to research for your dissertation. It delves into why, when, where, and how you will do your research, as well as helps you choose a type of research to pursue. You should also determine whether you plan to pursue qualitative or quantitative methods and what your research design will look like.
It should outline all of the decisions you have taken about your project, from your dissertation topic to your hypotheses and research objectives , ready to be approved by your supervisor or committee.
Note that some departments require a defense component, where you present your prospectus to your committee orally.
A thesis is typically written by students finishing up a bachelor’s or Master’s degree. Some educational institutions, particularly in the liberal arts, have mandatory theses, but they are often not mandatory to graduate from bachelor’s degrees. It is more common for a thesis to be a graduation requirement from a Master’s degree.
Even if not mandatory, you may want to consider writing a thesis if you:
The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation shouldn’t take up more than 5–7% of your overall word count.
For a stronger dissertation conclusion , avoid including:
Your conclusion should leave the reader with a strong, decisive impression of your work.
While it may be tempting to present new arguments or evidence in your thesis or disseration conclusion , especially if you have a particularly striking argument you’d like to finish your analysis with, you shouldn’t. Theses and dissertations follow a more formal structure than this.
All your findings and arguments should be presented in the body of the text (more specifically in the discussion section and results section .) The conclusion is meant to summarize and reflect on the evidence and arguments you have already presented, not introduce new ones.
A theoretical framework can sometimes be integrated into a literature review chapter , but it can also be included as its own chapter or section in your dissertation . As a rule of thumb, if your research involves dealing with a lot of complex theories, it’s a good idea to include a separate theoretical framework chapter.
A literature review and a theoretical framework are not the same thing and cannot be used interchangeably. While a theoretical framework describes the theoretical underpinnings of your work, a literature review critically evaluates existing research relating to your topic. You’ll likely need both in your dissertation .
While a theoretical framework describes the theoretical underpinnings of your work based on existing research, a conceptual framework allows you to draw your own conclusions, mapping out the variables you may use in your study and the interplay between them.
A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical first steps in your writing process. It helps you to lay out and organize your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding what kind of research you’d like to undertake.
Generally, an outline contains information on the different sections included in your thesis or dissertation , such as:
When you mention different chapters within your text, it’s considered best to use Roman numerals for most citation styles. However, the most important thing here is to remain consistent whenever using numbers in your dissertation .
In most styles, the title page is used purely to provide information and doesn’t include any images. Ask your supervisor if you are allowed to include an image on the title page before doing so. If you do decide to include one, make sure to check whether you need permission from the creator of the image.
Include a note directly beneath the image acknowledging where it comes from, beginning with the word “ Note .” (italicized and followed by a period). Include a citation and copyright attribution . Don’t title, number, or label the image as a figure , since it doesn’t appear in your main text.
Definitional terms often fall into the category of common knowledge , meaning that they don’t necessarily have to be cited. This guidance can apply to your thesis or dissertation glossary as well.
However, if you’d prefer to cite your sources , you can follow guidance for citing dictionary entries in MLA or APA style for your glossary.
A glossary is a collection of words pertaining to a specific topic. In your thesis or dissertation, it’s a list of all terms you used that may not immediately be obvious to your reader. In contrast, an index is a list of the contents of your work organized by page number.
The title page of your thesis or dissertation goes first, before all other content or lists that you may choose to include.
The title page of your thesis or dissertation should include your name, department, institution, degree program, and submission date.
Glossaries are not mandatory, but if you use a lot of technical or field-specific terms, it may improve readability to add one to your thesis or dissertation. Your educational institution may also require them, so be sure to check their specific guidelines.
A glossary or “glossary of terms” is a collection of words pertaining to a specific topic. In your thesis or dissertation, it’s a list of all terms you used that may not immediately be obvious to your reader. Your glossary only needs to include terms that your reader may not be familiar with, and is intended to enhance their understanding of your work.
A glossary is a collection of words pertaining to a specific topic. In your thesis or dissertation, it’s a list of all terms you used that may not immediately be obvious to your reader. In contrast, dictionaries are more general collections of words.
An abbreviation is a shortened version of an existing word, such as Dr. for Doctor. In contrast, an acronym uses the first letter of each word to create a wholly new word, such as UNESCO (an acronym for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).
As a rule of thumb, write the explanation in full the first time you use an acronym or abbreviation. You can then proceed with the shortened version. However, if the abbreviation is very common (like PC, USA, or DNA), then you can use the abbreviated version from the get-go.
Be sure to add each abbreviation in your list of abbreviations !
If you only used a few abbreviations in your thesis or dissertation , you don’t necessarily need to include a list of abbreviations .
If your abbreviations are numerous, or if you think they won’t be known to your audience, it’s never a bad idea to add one. They can also improve readability, minimizing confusion about abbreviations unfamiliar to your reader.
A list of abbreviations is a list of all the abbreviations that you used in your thesis or dissertation. It should appear at the beginning of your document, with items in alphabetical order, just after your table of contents .
Your list of tables and figures should go directly after your table of contents in your thesis or dissertation.
Lists of figures and tables are often not required, and aren’t particularly common. They specifically aren’t required for APA-Style, though you should be careful to follow their other guidelines for figures and tables .
If you have many figures and tables in your thesis or dissertation, include one may help you stay organized. Your educational institution may require them, so be sure to check their guidelines.
A list of figures and tables compiles all of the figures and tables that you used in your thesis or dissertation and displays them with the page number where they can be found.
The table of contents in a thesis or dissertation always goes between your abstract and your introduction .
You may acknowledge God in your dissertation acknowledgements , but be sure to follow academic convention by also thanking the members of academia, as well as family, colleagues, and friends who helped you.
A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .
An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a paper .
In a thesis or dissertation, the discussion is an in-depth exploration of the results, going into detail about the meaning of your findings and citing relevant sources to put them in context.
The conclusion is more shorter and more general: it concisely answers your main research question and makes recommendations based on your overall findings.
In the discussion , you explore the meaning and relevance of your research results , explaining how they fit with existing research and theory. Discuss:
The results chapter or section simply and objectively reports what you found, without speculating on why you found these results. The discussion interprets the meaning of the results, puts them in context, and explains why they matter.
In qualitative research , results and discussion are sometimes combined. But in quantitative research , it’s considered important to separate the objective results from your interpretation of them.
Results are usually written in the past tense , because they are describing the outcome of completed actions.
The results chapter of a thesis or dissertation presents your research results concisely and objectively.
In quantitative research , for each question or hypothesis , state:
In qualitative research , for each question or theme, describe:
Don’t interpret or speculate in the results chapter.
To automatically insert a table of contents in Microsoft Word, follow these steps:
Make sure to update your table of contents if you move text or change headings. To update, simply right click and select Update Field.
All level 1 and 2 headings should be included in your table of contents . That means the titles of your chapters and the main sections within them.
The contents should also include all appendices and the lists of tables and figures, if applicable, as well as your reference list .
Do not include the acknowledgements or abstract in the table of contents.
The abstract appears on its own page in the thesis or dissertation , after the title page and acknowledgements but before the table of contents .
An abstract for a thesis or dissertation is usually around 200–300 words. There’s often a strict word limit, so make sure to check your university’s requirements.
In a thesis or dissertation, the acknowledgements should usually be no longer than one page. There is no minimum length.
The acknowledgements are generally included at the very beginning of your thesis , directly after the title page and before the abstract .
Yes, it’s important to thank your supervisor(s) in the acknowledgements section of your thesis or dissertation .
Even if you feel your supervisor did not contribute greatly to the final product, you must acknowledge them, if only for a very brief thank you. If you do not include your supervisor, it may be seen as a snub.
In the acknowledgements of your thesis or dissertation, you should first thank those who helped you academically or professionally, such as your supervisor, funders, and other academics.
Then you can include personal thanks to friends, family members, or anyone else who supported you during the process.
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By michael hanich | jun 29, 2024.
The race for the 2025 Stanley Cup title has already begun. All 30 teams have a fair shot at making the postseason for a Stanley Cup title run. Not all teams have an equal shot, however, as some teams are more composed, Experienced and well-suited with their roster to make a significant run.
The 2024 NHL Draft has already occurred with teams picking the best upcoming stars of the future. On Monday, July 1, free agency will kick off the official start to the preparations of the 2024-2025 NHL Season. This will be a time when the rosters will improve, but there are teams that are still elite to contend for the title.
That is evident based on the new odds for the title by multiple sports websites and betting sites . Five teams have great chances to make a serious run for the Stanley Cup title next season before the start of free agency. Here's who we believe have the best chances of winning it all next season.
Much like the Florida Panthers, the Dallas Stars possesses one of the deepest and most efficient rosters in the league.
At one point of the season, the Stars had one of the most productive offenses based on the many impact players. They finished the season ranked third in the league in goals per game (3.6) and the roster is still young.
There is potential with this team as they took the Edmonton Oilers to six games. They can rely on the impact of Wyatt Johnston and Jason Robertson on offense, but they could use more explosive playmaking. They are also more offensively efficient to not getting shut out than other Western Conference teams like the Colorado Avalanches and the Winnipeg Jets.
The Carolina Hurricanes officially became the team to beat after trading for Pittsburgh Penguins forward Jake Guentzel at the deadline. The team added a legitimate star on the offensive side of the ice while also playing well on defense. The Hurricanes had some good, but not elite moments after the trade with more needed from the role players.
Offensively, they were solid in the first two rounds, but their defense was incredibly underwhelming. This offseason is a chance for the Hurricanes to get more composed and find some efficient defensive talent. If defense sees a boost, the Hurricanes will be there with the Panthers.
Currently as constructed, the Hurricanes are a team that can make a serious case for the Stanley Cup title. The key will be the efficiency from the coaching staff. Guentzel can be a huge MVP candidate when the first puck drops this upcoming season; but the offense will have to go through him. He was traded to be the top offensive player. But now, it's a matter of whether they can retain him or not.
It shouldn’t be a surprise to see the Western Conference champions in a prime spot to potentially win a Stanley Cup title the following season.
At the start of the 2023-24 season, the Edmonton Oilers struggled significantly on defense. As a new coaching staff took over with Jay Woodcroft being shown the door and Kris Knoblauch, the players were more serious on the defensive side of the ice. Having franchise great Paul Coffey taking over did help out the defense.
It also helps to have one of the best players in the world in center Connor McDavid. McDavid won the Conn Smythe Trophy despite the Oilers losing to the Panthers in the Stanley Cup Final. There are very few aspects that may have given the disadvantage to the Oilers in game seven. The biggest problem was the Panthers’ defense suffocating other stars like center Leon Draisaitl to three assists and no goals in the series.
The Oilers are right there, this loss might be their push to get back to the Stanley Cup Final.
If there was any team that was dominant from the beginning of the season to most of the postseason, it would be the New York Rangers .
The Rangers were absolutely ruthless on the defensive side of the ice. Forward Artemi Panarin was the top playmaker in steals and tough to get through. The Rangers finished the 2023-2024 season with the seventh-ranked scoring offense and the seven-ranked scoring defense.
Their biggest problems were finishing strong offensively in the postseason. The Rangers were on fire versus the Carolina Hurricanes but were only able to average 2.4 goals per game in six games versus the Florida Panthers.
The Rangers might be favorites if they create or trade for an offensive star. There are times when the Rangers can make their offense overcompensate and perform like one of the top-scoring teams in the league. They can't rely on Panarin forever, but he has proven to be one of the most underrated players.
Kicking off the offseason as the favorite for the title next season are the current reigning champions; the Florida Panthers .
The Panthers arguably have the most complete roster in the league. While there is no dominant star on their team, there are plenty of key players who can easily be named All-Stars that play great on both sides of the ice. What makes them even more elite is their consistency on the defensive side of the ice. The defense is the biggest reason why they have been so successful this year. The Panthers allowed 64 goals in 24 games played in four series where five or more games were played.
The Panthers are a tough and disciplined team. While their defense is elite, their offense could use some small upgrades to potentially avoid losing series leads. They will be back and more determined than ever next season.
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A good conclusion will review the key points of the thesis and explain to the reader why the information is relevant, applicable, or related to the world as a whole. Make sure to dedicate enough of your writing time to the conclusion and do not put it off until the very last minute. Organize your papers in one place. Try Paperpile.
Argumentative paper: Restate your thesis and arguments. In an argumentative paper, you will have presented a thesis statement in your introduction, expressing the overall claim your paper argues for. In the conclusion, you should restate the thesis and show how it has been developed through the body of the paper.
Step 1: Answer your research question. Step 2: Summarize and reflect on your research. Step 3: Make future recommendations. Step 4: Emphasize your contributions to your field. Step 5: Wrap up your thesis or dissertation. Full conclusion example. Conclusion checklist. Other interesting articles.
The conclusion of your thesis, whether embedded in or separated from your discussion chapter, should create a strong closure to your thesis as it leads out to future research and pathways. Key conclusion moves. Summarise the research by restating the research problem and aim, providing a succinct answer to these, and recapping the key findings ...
Step 1: Return to your thesis. To begin your conclusion, signal that the essay is coming to an end by returning to your overall argument. Don't just repeat your thesis statement—instead, try to rephrase your argument in a way that shows how it has been developed since the introduction.. Example: Returning to the thesis Braille paved the way for dramatic cultural changes in the way blind ...
Here is a format that you could follow while writing the conclusion of your thesis: 1. Restate your thesis statement. Rephrase it so that slightly different from the thesis statement presented in the introduction and does not sound repetitive. 2. Reiterate the key points of your work. To do this, go back to your thesis and extract the topic ...
Some universities will prefer that you cover some of these points in the discussion chapter, or that you cover the points at different levels in different chapters. Step 1: Craft a brief introduction section. As with all chapters in your dissertation or thesis, the conclusions chapter needs to start with a brief introduction.
How to Write Dissertation Conclusion Example. Here is a dissertation conclusion example of a dissertation that aimed to test a theoretical argument based on an analysis of a case study; Proposed anaerobic digestion plant in Tripoli. Chapter 5 - Dissertation Conclusion. 5.1 Background.
1. Restate Your Thesis. You should start your conclusion by restating your thesis. Include all of the factors you stated in your introduction while making it clear to the reader that they have reached the end of your paper. To avoid repetition, use a different sentence structure and wording. 2.
Your thesis statement should already be. clear and well-defined in the introduction of your paper. Instead, a thesis conclusion should focus on providing a concise summary of your main points and providing closure to your argument. It should also leave a lasting impression on your readers and provide a final thought or takeaway message.
The conclusion pushes beyond the boundaries of the prompt and allows you to consider broader issues, make new connections, and elaborate on the significance of your findings. Your conclusion should make your readers glad they read your paper. Your conclusion gives your reader something to take away that will help them see things differently or ...
A conclusion basically includes a review of the main points of your thesis. It should largely consist of the research outcomes and any recommendations you may have for further research. ⌛ How long is a thesis conclusion? The length of your conclusion will depend on the length of the whole thesis. Usually, a conclusion should be around 5-7% of ...
Address the limitations of your argument. The strategy you employ in writing a conclusion for your paper may depend upon a number of factors: The conventions of the discipline in which you are writing. The tone of your paper (whether your paper is analytical, argumentative, explanatory, etc.) Whether your paper is meant to be formal or informal.
Here is the best format for how to end a research paper or thesis. Start by answering the thesis question: Your conclusion should commence by restating the main thesis question that you anticipate answering. Finally, you have the opportunity to answer the question. Ensure the answer is clear and concise.
The thesis conclusion gives your readers a reminder about why you approached a topic in a certain way. You must summarize the expected results and the actual results that matched these expectations. The summary should not have too many repetitions. It is not meant to summarize every chapter. Instead, it must reflect your views and ideas that ...
The thesis or dissertation conclusion should be 5-7% of your paper's overall word count. For example, if your thesis is 30,000 words, the conclusion can be 1,500-2100 words. The conclusion for empirical or scientific theses or dissertations is often brief. It summarizes the main findings, interprets the research, and discusses the main ...
Writing a Conclusion. A conclusion is an important part of the paper; it provides closure for the reader while reminding the reader of the contents and importance of the paper. It accomplishes this by stepping back from the specifics in order to view the bigger picture of the document. In other words, it is reminding the reader of the main ...
A good conclusion should leave a strong and memorable impression on the reader while effectively summarizing the main points of the essay. Start by restating the thesis statement in different words to remind the reader of the essay's main argument. Then, briefly summarize the key points or arguments made in the body paragraphs.
Step 3: Make future recommendations. You may already have made a few recommendations for future research in your discussion section, but the conclusion is a good place to elaborate and look ahead, considering the implications of your findings in both theoretical and practical terms. Example: Recommendation sentence.
A thesis conclusion should also address the research questions or hypotheses and explain how the findings relate to the broader field of study. Overall, a thesis conclusion serves as a critical component of the thesis, showcasing the researcher's ability to synthesize and communicate complex information effectively.
A good conclusion should do a few things: Restate your thesis. Synthesize or summarize your major points. Make the context of your argument clear. Restating Your Thesis. You've already spent time and energy crafting a solid thesis statement for your introduction, and if you've done your job right, your whole paper focuses on that thesis statement.
Step 2. Rephrase your thesis. Start your conclusion by repeating your initial thesis statement. This helps to remind your audience of the central argument of your essay. However, you should use different words to conclude an essay than you did in the introduction to avoid unnecessary redundancy. Step 3. Provide a summary of your arguments
Here are the key characteristics that define an effective conclusion: 1. Restates the Thesis. A strong conclusion should restate the thesis statement in a fresh way, reinforcing the main argument without simply repeating it verbatim. 2. Summarizes Key Points. The conclusion should summarize the key points discussed in the body of the text.
That RoboTaxi business is the crux of ARKK's thesis, expecting to become a business with more annual revenue than Apple's revenue today in 4-years. ... Conclusion. Cathie Wood has recently ...
Conclusion Because of the massive debt in the major world economies, central banks have chosen the lesser of two evils, and have seemingly collectively decided to monetize that debt, rather than ...
Conclusion The designation of 14 Sovcomflot oil tankers earlier this year is an important precedent. It suggests that—for comparable volumes—there is no adverse impact on global oil prices.
This allows the author to sum up their key points and reinforce their main idea (thesis), encouraging the reader to reflect on what they've said. It may also include a call to action, prompting the reader to adopt a particular viewpoint or take certain actions. ... Conclusion sentence starters are an easy way to do that. Conclusion Sentence ...
That said, "for them to be completely silent, I think, was going too far," said Adair, who is no longer affiliated with Politifact. When Trump falsely claimed during an abortion discussion that Democrats supported killing live babies, one of the moderators should have stepped in, he said.
The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation should include the following: A restatement of your research question. A summary of your key arguments and/or results. A short discussion of the implications of your research.
The 2024 NHL postseason came to a thrilling conclusion, but the chase for the 2025 Stanley Cup has already begun. Five teams immediately come to mind when talking about favorites to win it all.