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Theses and Dissertations

Protecting women under the international humanitarian law: a study of the social, cultural, and political conditions in iraq and palestine that have an adverse affect on women.

Nour Mawloud Najeeb Fnish , Golden Gate University School of Law

Date of Award

Degree type.

Dissertation

Degree Name

Doctor of Law (SJD)

First Advisor

Professor Dr. Christian N. Okeke

Second Advisor

Professor Dr. Sophie Clavier

Third Advisor

Professor Dr. Zakia Afrin

This doctoral dissertation examines and studies the protection of women rights under International Humanitarian Law, (also “IHL”) within the context of the social, cultural and political and political conditions with particular reference to the women of Iraq and Palestine. Women in these two countries have suffered unparalleled difficulties that have been afflicted upon them by conditions of war. For a long period in the history of those countries, women as indispensable managers of their families have had to contend with varying challenges necessitating protection under international humanitarian law. This is even more required during periods of war and armed conflicts.

Chapter I opens with a brief definition of International Humanitarian Law, of which there are at least a half dozen working definitions; thereafter follows, a short discussion of each of several documents that have relevance to international humanitarian law. These include one of the oldest documents known. It was actually a stone slab, into which was chiseled several hundred codes pertaining to and governing the citizens of ancient Babylon. Next we shall go to ancient India and consider a volume of her most ancient texts: the Laws of Manu, over 2500 years old; this text regulated affairs of domestic, social and religious life, among many other facets of life in India. Then, we get to the Christian era, where the most avid teachers of a new religion taught having respect for others as if they were your sister or brother. This chapter also presents an overview of early Islamic Law, as well as, the Magna Carta, the latter being a giant step forward for humanitarian concerns in Western Europe. Chapter I concludes with a survey of the all-important Hague and Geneva Conventions, the Additional Protocols to those four Conventions, and finally the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Chapter One provides the background against which we consider the rights of women, and to some extent, civilians, whether man, woman, or child.

Chapter II provides a brief descriptive survey of general protection of civilian women. It provides case examples of Iraqi and Palestinian women prisoners; discusses general protection of civilian women under the 1977 First Additional Protocol, principles of protection of civilian women under the Four Geneva Accords, the Additional Protocols and the United Nations, and introduces the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against women, 1979, as well as the 1995 Peking Declaration and Women’s Special Protocol.

Chapter III highlights the special protection for women as prisoners of war, and during various military operations. The concerns here change depending on whether women are only civilians, or are participating in military operations, which include the very controversial suicide bombing. This chapter delves into several areas of research, among them, treatment of detained and jailed women. Chapter IV continues with discussion of protecting women from capital punishment, and most particularly, the prohibition of capital punishment against pregnant women, women with children, and children themselves.

Chapter V discusses other protections of women, including special aid and assistance rights commensurate to their needs based on their gender. This chapter discusses negative and positive provisions. The negative provisions state what not to do, such as carry out military attacks on women and other civilians, and the positive state what should be done; such as provide adequate food, water, and shelter.

Chapter VI discusses protecting women from the harms of military combat. The chapter points to the relevant international agreements that list and provide for protections against listed war crimes. Here we explore the more common convention base remedies, which include compensation, as they pertain to those crimes, and other misbehavior. This chapter also explores national agreements designed to help women in both Iraq and Palestine. In Chapter VII we take a look at the current conditions that women in Iraq have been enduring for the past fifty years, and more so during the past thirty years, which have been three decades of war along the Persian Gulf. We shall find that the consequences of those wars have been emotionally, psychologically and spiritually devastating upon the Iraqi women. In Chapter VIII, the final section, we retrace our steps through the previous seven chapters, highlighting the main themes. Here, we shall set out recommendations for the International Law, and more general recommendations for the International Law, as well.Towards this end, we suggest ways in which the international community might influence the proper treatment of women, generally in the direction of greater peace despite likely constraints on the resources available for exerting such influence. Knowing that leaders have not been able to shoulder this burden of protecting women around the world, we conclude with an appeal to all to take part in the endeavor of protecting women around the world.

This work is also available in book format from Vandeplas Publishing at: https://vandeplaspublishing.com/store/product.php?productid=163&cat=0&page=1

Recommended Citation

Fnish, Nour Mawloud Najeeb, "Protecting Women Under the International Humanitarian Law: A Study of the Social, Cultural, and Political Conditions in Iraq and Palestine That Have an Adverse Affect on Women" (2013). Theses and Dissertations . 43. https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/theses/43

Since August 28, 2013

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The application and interplay of humanitarian law and human rights law in peace operations, with a particular focus on the use of force

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Students Master Thesis

Many of our course participants contribute to the reflection of humanitarian issues through their master thesis. here you can find a selection of the top contributions from each academic year. to see the full papers click on the link to the left., master thesis 2019.

Annina HUNZIKER , “Decision-Making Power In Humanitarian Action: An Exploration Of Enabling Factors And Their Limitations In Redistributing Decision-Making Power In The Humanitarian Response”. 2019.

Camila LABAKI DE OLIVEIRA , “Roles and Responsibilities of National Military in Crisis Response”. A case study of Brazil. 2019.

Amera MARKOUS , “Humanitarian Action and Anti-migration Paradox: A case study of UNHCR and IOM in Libya”. 2019.

Tarek TAWIL , “Humanitarian Negotiation with Non-State Armed Groups during the Global War on Terror. Challenges, Strategies, and Coordination Mechanisms. Between Humanitarian Actors”. 2019.

Mercedes COLLAZO ALOS , “Humanitarian response in insecure contexts: remote programming and duty of care – the ethical responsibility of humanitarian organizations towards frontline responders”. 2019.

Monica GONZALEZ BATISTA , “Enforced disappearances in Mexico as a humanitarian crisis: the importance of language for humanitarian assistance”. 2019.

Muhanned NUAIMY-BARKER , “ICTs and the Participation Revolution. Can digital communication tools help include people receiving aid in making the decisions that affect their lives”? 2019.$

PANKAJ, Paul , “The Protection of Unaccompanied Children in Humanitarian Crises: Legal Challenges and Recommendations in the European Union (EU)”, 2018 

ARMAGHANYAN, Sonya , “Theatre as Psychosocial Approach in Humanitarian Settings”, 2018 

FTYEH, Ehsan “Refugee integration in the european educational system: the case of Switzerland and Germany”, 2018.

TASHTEMIROVA, Nargiza , “Changing practice: the role of law in protection activities. An analysis of the use of the legal argument in humanitarian advocacy aiming at the protection of health workers in emergencies”, 2018.

YOOHWAN Shim , “Online Learning program as a Humanitarian Response to Higher Education for Refugees”, 2018.

ABESSOLO, Stéphane , “L’applicabilité des stratégies de sortie dans les projets humanitaires: Le cas de l’approche Phase Over dans les projets d’éducation au Tchad”,2017.

AU-GENER, Bridgit , “Engaging Diaspora Health Workers in Humanitarian Action”, 2017. 

BOULLE, Raphaël “Camping in the Humanitarian Space”, 2017

EL AMIN, Mohamed “From Implementers to Partners? Towards a better understanding of challenges dacing UN-NGO field-based partnerships in the humanitarian sector”, 2017

LYIMO, Thomas Victor “Programmatic factors influencing motivation and retention of community health workers (CHWs) in humanitarian emergencies context”, 2017

MAHMOUD, Serri (Sura) “Challenges of Childre Born by ISIS Rape in Iraq”, 2017

MATEI, Luciana “Branding: a business concept in the humanitarian sector. In the haze of theoretical and practical challenges”, 2017

MOHAMED, Fakhreldin “Human Resources Management and the Protection of Volunteer Workers in Conflicts. Case study: Syrian and Iraqi Arab Red Crescent Societies”, 2017

NU, Ja “Localisation of Humanitarian Action: a case study on Myanmar”, 2017

RAMIREZ MENDOZA, Jessica , “The Role of First Responders and South-South Cooperation during Earthquake’s Response and Management”, 2017.

REFAI, Alaa , “When humanity is washed ashore of Europe: SAR operations in the Mediterranean, their challenges and roles int he context of the Refugee crisis” 2017.

ABUELGASIM, Meriam , “Communication between INGOs and the media in respect to the kidnapping of Aid workers”, 2016. 

CHAVEZ AGUIRRE, Oscar , “Humanitarian Protection in Violent Urban Settings: Challenges and Dynamics” 2016. 

DAVIDOFF, Valérie , “The contribution of anthropology during the operational response to an Ebola outbreak. An analysis of the West African Ebola epidemic”, 2016. 

ELGAYAR, Wasel , “Humanitarian shelter response in urban setting during armed conflict”, 2016. 

HENNE, Sonja , “Responsible Deployment of New Technologies in Humanitarian Crises”, 2016.

KAZWINI, Batoul , “Participation of people affected by conflict in humanitarian action: Between theory and practice Case study: “Al-Busira” project – Syria”, 2016. 

MICHILES, Frank , “Nepal: Different Crises, Different Impacts”, 2016. 

ORTEGA CRUZ, Constanza , “Empowerment of Women during Conflict and Post-Conflict Phases and the Role of Humanitarian Aid Organizations in Supporting Women’s Newfound Empowerment Gained during Conflict”, 2016. 

SACKO, Moussa , “Action humanitaire et déterminants de la résilience des ménages dans une situation de post conflit: cas de la région de Tombouctou (Nord du Mali) après la crise de 2012”, 2016. 

SALIM, Muhammad , “Delivery of humanitarian assistance by International Development Contractors (IDCs) and its consequences for traditional humanitarian actors – a case of Pakistan”, 2016. 

SHAHZAD, Neelofar , “Participation of affected women in post disaster responses particularly livelihoods strategies – reality or myth”, 2016. 

VANNATTER, Tricia , “Intimate Partner Violence and humanitarian action: considering cultural context and gender dynamics”, 2016. 

AL NAWAKIL, Marya , “Victims’ Representation in Humanitarian Campaigns: The Case of the Syrian Crisis”, 2015. 

ARJUN, Claire , “Humanitarian Protection: Caught between Definitions and Practical Challenges”, 2015. 

BILLAT, Celine , “The Funding of Humanitarian Action by Non-Western Donors: The Sustainability of Gulf States’ Contribution”, 2015. 

CAICEDO BUCHELI , Maria Alejandra, “Promoting Healthy Lifestyles in Humanitarian Organizations: Challenges and Opportunities”, 2015. 

MEILIAN, Lin , “What Made China Behave Differently? China’s Perception of Humanitarian Assistance”, 2015. 

NZEYIMANA, Henri , “Localizing Humanitarian Response: Can the Rhetoric Translate into Concrete Action? South Sudan Case Study”, 2015. 

SANCHEZ BEAN, María Celeste , “Creating Humanitarian Space in the Era of the Global War on Terrorism: Context of the Gaza Strip”, 2015. 

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• The International Criminal Court and the Darfur Crisis The Prospects of Prosecuting the Sudanese President by Mohamed, Gariballa A. author Call Number: Available online Publication Date: 2013 Format: E-thesis
• Humanitarian Ambitions - International Barriers Canadian Governmental Response to the Plight of the Jewish Refugees (1933-1945) by Comartin, Justin author Call Number: Available online Publication Date: 2013 Format: E-thesis
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International Law Research Paper Topics

This page presents a comprehensive collection of international law research paper topics , curated to aid students studying law in their research endeavors. International law is a multifaceted field with diverse areas of study, and this page aims to provide students with an extensive list of topics that can serve as a foundation for their research papers. By exploring these topics, students can delve into various aspects of international law, such as human rights, criminal law, environmental law, trade law, and humanitarian law, among others. This page also offers insights into how to choose compelling international law research paper topics, tips on writing a coherent and impactful paper, and highlights the custom international law research paper writing services provided by iResearchNet. The ultimate goal is to empower students to embark on an enriching and successful academic journey in the realm of international law research.

100 International Law Research Paper Topics

International law encompasses a vast array of subjects, reflecting the intricate and interconnected nature of global affairs. As students of law, exploring these topics can open new horizons and deepen their understanding of how international legal frameworks shape our world. This comprehensive list presents 10 categories, each comprising 10 diverse and thought-provoking international law research paper topics. Whether you are interested in human rights, environmental protection, trade regulations, or armed conflicts, these topics offer a wealth of opportunities for academic exploration and intellectual growth.

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• The Universality of Human Rights: A Global Perspective
• Human Rights and Armed Conflicts: Challenges and Protections
• Gender Equality and Women’s Rights in International Law
• The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Promoting Human Rights
• Freedom of Speech and Expression in the Digital Age
• Human Rights Violations and the Responsibility to Protect (R2P)
• Children’s Rights and Child Protection Laws Internationally
• The Right to Asylum: Refugee Protection and International Law
• Combating Human Trafficking: International Legal Frameworks
• Indigenous Peoples’ Rights and Cultural Heritage Preservation
• Climate Change and Global Efforts for Environmental Protection
• Biodiversity Conservation and the Convention on Biological Diversity
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Environmental Justice
• Transboundary Pollution and International Liability
• The Role of International Courts and Tribunals in Environmental Disputes
• The Precautionary Principle in International Environmental Law
• Oceans Governance and the Protection of Marine Resources
• International Agreements on Wildlife Conservation and Endangered Species
• Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Rights: Perspectives and Challenges
• The Economics of Environmental Protection: Balancing Trade and Conservation
• World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Multilateral Trading System
• Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and Regional Economic Integration
• Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) Mechanisms in Trade Agreements
• Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade
• Trade and Labor Standards: Addressing Social Issues in Global Commerce
• Environmental Protection in International Trade: Conflicts and Synergies
• Trade Remedies: Anti-dumping, Countervailing, and Safeguard Measures
• Trade Liberalization and Economic Development: Case Studies
• Cross-Border E-Commerce and Digital Trade Regulations
• Challenges of Trade in Services: Legal and Regulatory Perspectives
• The International Criminal Court (ICC) and Its Role in Ending Impunity
• Prosecuting War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity: Legal Challenges
• Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Prosecute
• The Evolution of International Criminal Law: From Nuremberg to the ICC
• The Principle of Universal Jurisdiction: Holding Perpetrators Accountable
• Truth and Reconciliation Commissions in Post-Conflict Societies
• The Role of the United Nations in Combating International Crimes
• War Criminals and Refugees: The Intersection of Criminal and Migration Law
• Cyberwarfare and the Application of International Criminal Law
• Combating Terrorism: Legal Approaches and Human Rights Concerns
• The Geneva Conventions and the Protection of War Victims
• Targeted Killings and Drones: The Legal Challenges of Modern Warfare
• The Principle of Proportionality in Armed Conflicts
• War Crimes and Accountability in Non-International Armed Conflicts
• The Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflicts
• Autonomous Weapons and the Ethics of Lethal Autonomous Systems (LAS)
• The Role of National Courts in Prosecuting War Crimes
• The Humanitarian Impact of Economic Sanctions and Trade Embargoes
• Children in Armed Conflicts: From Recruitment to Rehabilitation
• Humanitarian Assistance and the Challenges of Providing Aid in Conflict Zones
• Comparative Constitutional Law: Analyzing Different Legal Systems and Their Impact on Global Governance
• The Role of International Law in Shaping Domestic Constitutions
• Constitutional Design and State Building in Post-Conflict Societies
• Human Rights and Constitutional Protections: Assessing the Impact of International Treaties
• Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law: Ensuring Effective Governance in International Relations
• Judicial Independence and the Enforcement of Constitutional Rights in International Contexts
• The Impact of International Institutions on National Constitutions
• The Right to Privacy in the Digital Age: Balancing National Security and Civil Liberties
• Federalism and the Division of Powers in Constitutional Design
• The Role of Constitutional Courts in Protecting Democratic Principles
• Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions: Legal and Regulatory Challenges
• International Commercial Arbitration: Enforcement and Recognition of Awards
• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Multinational Corporations
• Foreign Investment Protection and Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs)
• International Contract Law and Choice of Law Clauses
• Dispute Resolution in International Trade: Litigation vs. Arbitration
• Intellectual Property Rights and International Business Transactions
• International Trade Law and the World Trade Organization (WTO)
• Corporate Governance and Compliance in International Business
• Environmental and Social Responsibility in International Business
• Double Taxation Treaties: Legal Implications and Challenges
• Transfer Pricing and Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)
• Tax Havens and Their Impact on Global Taxation
• Taxation of Digital Economy and E-commerce Transactions
• Taxation of Multinational Corporations: Fairness and Equity Concerns
• Tax Avoidance vs. Tax Evasion: Legal Distinctions and Consequences
• Taxation of Foreign Source Income and Territorial vs. Worldwide Tax Systems
• Developing Countries and International Taxation: Bridging the Gap
• The Role of International Organizations in Shaping Global Tax Policies
• Addressing Tax Challenges Arising from the COVID-19 Pandemic
• The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and Its Implementation
• Maritime Boundaries and Dispute Resolution in the South China Sea
• Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) and Marine Resource Management
• Freedom of Navigation and Maritime Security in the Indian Ocean
• Environmental Protection in the High Seas: Addressing Pollution and Overfishing
• Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea: Legal Responses and Jurisdictional Challenges
• Submarine Cables and Cybersecurity in International Waters
• The Role of International Tribunals in Resolving Maritime Disputes
• Deep Sea Mining and the Regulation of Exploitation of Marine Resources
• Indigenous Rights and Traditional Knowledge in Marine Conservation
• Diplomatic Negotiations and Conflict Resolution in International Relations
• The Role of Mediation in Resolving International Disputes
• International Arbitration: Institutional Frameworks and Best Practices
• The Use of Force and Armed Conflict: Legal Perspectives on Peacekeeping
• Compliance with International Court Judgments and Decisions
• The Settlement of Territorial Disputes: Case Studies and Legal Approaches
• The Role of Non-State Actors in International Conflict Resolution
• The Legality of Targeted Sanctions and Economic Coercion
• The Use of International Courts and Tribunals in Human Rights Disputes
• The Role of Regional Organizations in Conflict Mediation and Resolution

In conclusion, the field of international law offers a vast array of research topics that delve into critical global issues, ranging from human rights and environmental protection to trade and business regulations. Scholars and students of law can explore the complexities of international relations, the challenges of cross-border disputes, and the ever-evolving legal frameworks that shape the international community. The comprehensive list of international law research paper topics provided above serves as a starting point for students to delve deeper into their areas of interest and contribute to the understanding and development of international law. Through diligent research and critical analysis, they can further advance the principles of justice, equality, and cooperation on the global stage.

Exploring the Range of International Law Research Paper Topics

International law is a complex and dynamic field that governs the interactions between nations and other actors in the global community. As a crucial component of the global legal system, international law encompasses a diverse range of topics that have significant implications for peace, security, human rights, trade, and cooperation among nations. Researching international law research paper topics offers students a unique opportunity to delve into the intricacies of international relations, diplomatic relations, and the role of international organizations in promoting peace and stability.

• The Sources of International Law : This topic explores the various sources of international law, including treaties, customary international law, general principles of law, and decisions of international courts and tribunals. Students can investigate the hierarchy of these sources and their application in resolving disputes between states.
• International Human Rights Law : This area of international law deals with the protection and promotion of human rights on a global scale. Research topics may cover issues like the role of international human rights organizations, the enforcement of human rights treaties, and the impact of human rights violations on international relations.
• International Humanitarian Law : Also known as the law of armed conflict or the law of war, this branch of international law governs the conduct of parties during armed conflicts. Students can explore topics such as the protection of civilians in armed conflicts, the use of force in self-defense, and the prosecution of war crimes.
• International Environmental Law : With growing concerns about climate change and environmental degradation, international environmental law has become increasingly relevant. Research topics may include international agreements on climate change, biodiversity conservation, and the responsibility of states for transboundary environmental harm.
• International Criminal Law : This field focuses on the prosecution of individuals for international crimes, such as genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. Students can investigate the role of international criminal tribunals, the challenges of obtaining evidence in international cases, and the pursuit of justice for victims of international crimes.
• International Trade Law : International trade is essential for global economic development and cooperation. Research topics in this area may cover international trade agreements, dispute settlement mechanisms in trade disputes, and the impact of trade policies on developing nations.
• Law of the Sea : This branch of international law governs the use and protection of the world’s oceans and resources. Students can explore topics such as the rights and responsibilities of states in their maritime zones, the protection of marine biodiversity, and the resolution of disputes over territorial waters.
• International Investment Law : As globalization continues to shape economic relationships, international investment law has gained prominence. Research topics may include the regulation of foreign direct investment, investor-state dispute settlement mechanisms, and the balance between investor rights and host state regulatory powers.
• International Arbitration and Mediation : International dispute resolution is essential for maintaining peaceful relations among states. Students can explore topics such as the effectiveness of international arbitration and mediation in resolving conflicts, the role of international organizations in facilitating dispute resolution, and the enforcement of arbitral awards.
• Cybersecurity and International Law : With the rise of cyber threats and cyber warfare, international law has grappled with issues of cyber sovereignty, cyber espionage, and the application of existing legal principles to cyberspace. Research topics may delve into the challenges of attributing cyber-attacks, the development of international norms for responsible state behavior in cyberspace, and the protection of human rights in the digital age.

In conclusion, international law offers a vast array of research paper topics that reflect the complexities and challenges of the global legal landscape. As students delve into these topics, they gain a deeper understanding of the intricacies of international relations, human rights, trade, and conflict resolution. Exploring the multifaceted nature of international law research allows students to critically analyze the role of law in shaping the conduct of states and the broader international community, fostering a deeper appreciation for the significance of international law in today’s interconnected world.

How to Choose International Law Research Paper Topics

Selecting a compelling and relevant research paper topic is essential to the success of any academic endeavor. In the context of international law, choosing the right research topic requires careful consideration of various factors that can shape the scope and impact of the research. Whether you are a law student, an aspiring international lawyer, or a researcher interested in global legal issues, the following guide provides valuable insights on how to choose international law research paper topics that are engaging, insightful, and contribute meaningfully to the field of international law.

• Identify Your Area of Interest : International law is a vast and diverse field encompassing numerous sub-disciplines, including human rights law, environmental law, international trade law, and more. Start by identifying your specific area of interest within international law. Reflect on the subjects that intrigue you the most and the issues you are passionate about. This will serve as the foundation for selecting a research topic that resonates with your academic and professional aspirations.
• Stay Abreast of Current Developments : International law is constantly evolving to address contemporary global challenges and opportunities. Keeping up to date with current international legal developments, landmark cases, and significant treaties and agreements can provide valuable inspiration for research topics. Consider exploring emerging issues and debates in the field, as these can offer unique opportunities for original research and innovative insights.
• Analyze Relevant Legal Frameworks : International law operates within a complex web of legal frameworks, including treaties, conventions, and customary international law. Analyzing these legal sources can help you identify gaps, contradictions, or areas where further research is needed. Topics that delve into the interpretation and application of international legal instruments can add depth and value to your research.
• Consider Timeliness and Relevance : A relevant and timely research topic is more likely to capture the attention of readers and contribute to ongoing discussions in the field. Consider the significance of your chosen topic in the context of current global events, policy debates, or emerging challenges. Topics that address pressing international issues, such as climate change, human rights violations, or cybersecurity threats, can have a significant impact on both academic and policy circles.
• Review Existing Literature : Conduct a thorough literature review to understand the existing body of research on your chosen topic. This will help you identify gaps in the literature that you can explore in your research. Additionally, reviewing existing studies can provide insights into the methodologies and approaches used by other researchers, informing your own research design.
• Balance Complexity and Feasibility : While it is essential to select a topic that reflects the complexities of international law, it is equally important to ensure that your research is feasible within the scope and limitations of your academic assignment or project. Avoid overly broad or ambitious topics that may be challenging to address comprehensively within the available time and resources.
• Consult with Professors and Experts : Seek guidance and advice from your professors, academic advisors, or experts in the field of international law. They can provide valuable insights into potential research topics, relevant literature, and methodologies. Engaging in discussions with experienced scholars can help refine your research question and add depth to your analysis.
• Focus on Practical Implications : Consider the practical implications of your research topic in the real world. How might your findings impact international relations, legal practices, or policymaking? Research that offers practical solutions to global challenges or sheds light on pressing legal issues can have a more significant impact on the field of international law.
• Address Controversial Issues : International law often involves contentious and complex topics that evoke strong opinions and debates. Embracing controversial issues can lead to thought-provoking research that challenges existing norms and perceptions. However, ensure that you approach such topics with sensitivity and a commitment to unbiased analysis.
• Conduct a Preliminary Study : Before finalizing your research topic, conduct a preliminary study to gather relevant information and assess the availability of data and resources. This will help you determine whether your chosen topic is viable and whether you can access the necessary materials to conduct a comprehensive study.

In conclusion, choosing the right international law research paper topic is a critical step in producing a successful and impactful piece of academic work. By identifying your area of interest, staying informed about current developments, analyzing legal frameworks, and considering the timeliness and relevance of your topic, you can select a research question that is both intellectually stimulating and practically significant. Engage with existing literature, seek guidance from experts, and balance the complexity and feasibility of your research to ensure a rewarding and insightful exploration of international law issues.

How to Write an International Law Research Paper

Writing an international law research paper requires careful planning, rigorous research, and a structured approach to presenting your arguments and findings. Whether you are a law student or a seasoned researcher, mastering the art of academic writing in the field of international law is essential to communicate your ideas effectively and contribute to the broader legal discourse. This section provides a comprehensive guide on how to write an international law research paper, from choosing a suitable research question to crafting a well-organized and persuasive paper.

• Define Your Research Question : The first step in writing an international law research paper is to define a clear and focused research question. Your research question should be specific, relevant, and aligned with your area of interest within international law. It should address a significant legal issue or gap in the literature and demonstrate your research objectives.
• Conduct a Thorough Literature Review : Before diving into your research, conduct a comprehensive literature review to understand the existing scholarship on your chosen topic. This will help you identify key debates, theoretical frameworks, and gaps in the literature that your research can address. A strong literature review serves as the foundation for your research paper and provides context for your study.
• Develop a Well-Structured Outline : Organize your research paper with a clear and logical structure. Create an outline that includes an introduction, literature review, methodology, main body sections, analysis of findings, and conclusion. Each section should flow seamlessly into the next, guiding the reader through your research process.
• Craft a Compelling Introduction : The introduction sets the tone for your research paper and should capture the reader’s attention. Start with a hook or a thought-provoking question related to your research topic. Provide background information on the issue at hand and clearly state your research question and objectives. Conclude the introduction with a strong thesis statement that outlines the main argument of your paper.
• Conduct Rigorous Research : International law research papers require a robust research methodology. Depending on your research question, you may use various methods, such as legal analysis, case studies, empirical research, or comparative analysis. Ensure that you use credible and authoritative sources for your research and cite them properly using the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
• Analyze and Present Your Findings : In the main body of your research paper, present your findings and analyze them in-depth. Use a clear and coherent structure to present your arguments and evidence. Use relevant case law, treaties, and legal principles to support your analysis and draw well-reasoned conclusions.
• Address Counterarguments : Acknowledge and address counterarguments to your research findings. Demonstrating that you have considered opposing viewpoints and providing a thoughtful rebuttal strengthens the credibility and persuasiveness of your research.
• Consider Policy Implications : In international law, research often has practical implications for policymakers and legal practitioners. Discuss the potential policy implications of your findings and offer recommendations for addressing the legal issue at hand. This demonstrates the real-world relevance of your research.
• Maintain a Cohesive Writing Style : Use clear and concise language throughout your research paper. Avoid jargon and technical terms that may confuse the reader. Maintain a cohesive writing style, ensuring that each paragraph and section contributes to the overall argument of your paper.
• Write a Strong Conclusion : The conclusion is your opportunity to summarize your key findings, restate your thesis statement, and highlight the significance of your research. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion and instead, focus on leaving the reader with a lasting impression of your research’s importance and potential impact.
• Edit and Revise : After completing your first draft, take the time to edit and revise your research paper. Check for clarity, coherence, grammar, and proper citation. Consider seeking feedback from peers or professors to gain valuable insights and improve the overall quality of your paper.
• Review Formatting and Citations : Ensure that your research paper adheres to the required formatting guidelines, such as font size, margins, and line spacing. Double-check your citations and references to avoid plagiarism and maintain academic integrity.

By following these steps and guidelines, you can craft a well-structured, persuasive, and impactful international law research paper. Remember to approach your research with curiosity and dedication, as it is through thorough exploration and analysis that you can make meaningful contributions to the field of international law.

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Sample Dissertations

Sample Dissertations | University Dissertations | Dissertation Examples

International Humanitarian Law

Is international humanitarian law an appropriate legal framework through which to fight against terrorism, how international humanitarian law deals with terrorism.

According to Jean Pictet, international humanitarian law constitutes a critical part of international public laws which largely focuses on the maintenance of humane ideals and protection of individuals in times of war. It is a “body of principles and norms intended to limit human suffering in times of armed conflict and to prevent atrocities” (Conte, 377). The international humanitarian law comprises of international treaty and customary law. Its main objectives involve protecting persons who are no longer taking part in the hostilities (such the sick, wounded as well as civilians) and restricting the parties the methods of warfare between parties to a conflict (Conte, 377). On the other hand, terrorism is defined as violence or threat to violence against the lives, property and wellbeing of innocent civilians (Gasser, 553).

The International humanitarian law neither provides an explicit definition of terrorism nor does it attempt to address the issue of terrorism directly. This may be due to the fact that terrorism, as a social phenomenon, has many aspects which vary from case to case (Gasser, 552). However, the law prohibits numerous acts committed in armed conflict, which would otherwise be considered as acts of terrorism if they were committed in times of peace (Conte, 378). Therefore, the international humanitarian law deals with terrorism in its capacity to deal with armed conflict.

While dealing with the issue of terrorism, the law seeks to draw a distinction between legitimate violence and acts of terrorism. According to the international humanitarian law, the right to use force or commit acts of violence in armed conflict is restricted to the armed forces, which preserve the right to choose the means of warfare (Gasser, 554). Additionally, such violence should only be directed to the armed forces of the other party and not the civilian population. In light of these provisions, the use of illegal means of warfare such as terrorism against ordinary civilians amounts to a crime which is punishable at the domestic and the international level.

When does terrorism amount to armed conflict?

The human international law, through the four Geneva conventions and two protocols identifies four categories of armed conflict; international armed conflict or occupation, wars of national liberation or self determination, non international armed conflict under common article 3, and non international armed conflict under additional protocol 2 (Conte, 378). Some people hold the view that terrorism does not amount to armed conflict because terrorism involves sudden peaks in violence with specific targets while armed conflict develops over a long period of time. In this view, terrorist actions cannot be qualified as armed conflict. However, terrorism acts can be perpetrated during war, and organized terrorists actions can initiate armed conflict.

Terrorism may amount to armed conflict as states retaliate against each other through terrorist attacks. The relationship between terrorism and armed conflict is also constantly evident in numerous warring situations. Terrorism may occur in the context of an ongoing protracted conflict, or lead to military intervention and war. Additionally, terrorism acts may result due to a reaction as a result of intervention in international armed conflict, which further intensifies an international armed conflict. In all these cases, terrorism serves to precipitate armed conflict or intensify an already existing armed conflict.

Are the rules of international or non international armed conflict applicable?

The rules of international and non international armed conflict apply to cases of terrorism in so far as such acts of terrorism occur in the context of armed conflict (Gasser, 555). Since the rules emphasize on the protection of civilian rights, it ensures that any actions that are directed towards the destruction of civilian property and lives, are not perpetrated. Since terrorism is an action that is directed towards the prohibited acts, it is deemed illegal according to the international humanitarian law, making the laws governing international and non international armed conflict relevant in cases of terrorism.

Other provisions of humanitarian law are also relevant in determining the role of international humanitarian law on terrorism. Such provisions include rules governing the protection of cultural property against hostile acts as well as legal protection often awarded to property containing dangerous forces. In the case provided, the state intends to fight against terrorism following a series of attacks on its military as well as its civilian population. However, the applicability of the law of armed conflict in the protection of the members of the armed forces is not self evident because what may appear to be a terrorist act in a civilian case may not appear to be so in the case of armed forces exchanges (Gasser, 557). However, given that the IHL law prohibits the use of weapons to cause unnecessary suffering to members of the opposing party indicates that terrorism acts against members of the military may be considered a crime (Gasser, 557)

Relevant legal rules to evaluate the question of collateral damages

According to the Merriam Webster dictionary, collateral damage refers to “an injury inflicted on something other than the intended target;” with specific reference to civilian casualties of a military operation (Catherwood & Horvitz, 87). In this case, military’s airplane attacks lead to death of civilians and the destruction of property owned by innocent civilians. Legally, collateral damage should involve unavoidable and unplanned damage to civilian personnel and property incurred while attacking a military objective. Therefore, the military is prohibited from engaging in actions for which they are entirely certain that they will result in massive collateral damages.

The international law does not prohibit collateral damage per se, since it is quite difficult to enact laws that prohibit accidents. However, international law relating to armed conflict restricts indiscriminate attacks that can potentially inflict harm to innocent civilians and their property. Indeed, the international humanitarian law dictates that an attack should be cancelled or suspended if it is expected to cause loss of civilian life or property that “would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage” (Catherwood & Horvitz, 87). Article 51 further prohibits attacks using weapons whose impacts cannot be properly controlled.

The international humanitarian law further requires that in an international conflict, constant care should be taken to ensure that the civilian population is protected as well as their property. In this case, the military’s plane attack clearly fails to protect the civilians, who in turn lose their lives as well as their property. Consequently, on the face value, such military action may be considered as legally unjustifiable since the consequences were easily predictable. However, in order for such military action to be considered justifiable, the executors must demonstrate that the loss incurred by the civilian populations is insignificant compared to the loss that the state would have incurred if they had failed to retaliate.

Criteria for evaluating whether collateral damages are unlawful

Evaluating and assessment of collateral damages poses a number of challenges owing to the fact that both direct and indirect impacts of such actions must be weighed in order to determine their legality. The most common means of evaluation involves weighing the military necessity and the principle of proportionality against the collateral damages. The combination of the two principles gives rise to the conclusion whether such actions are legally justifiable or not. If the military action is deemed necessary in order to prevent the occurrence of a national crisis, and if the cost incurred during such actions is substantially low compared to the cost of inaction, then such military action is considered legally justifiable.

The direct and indirect impacts of such military actions should not lead to massive violation of human rights. The direct impacts refer to loss of lives and property during military actions. The indirect effects include long term medical trauma, illnesses and impact on the affected families. Military actions should be designed to protect the lives of civilians and not destroy them. Consequently, military actions that lead to destruction of civilians’ lives and property are obviously questionable in a court of law. However, if in this case, the loss of lives was unavoidable, probably because the plane contained terrorist who were set to perpetrate terrorism acts that would lead to massive losses of lives in the country including those of the civilians in the aircraft, then such military attacks would be justifiable.

The principle of discrimination forbids indiscriminate attacks that are not directed at a specific military action. Based on this principle, a military action must be necessitated by the need to accomplish at a specific military objective. Additionally, the principle dictates that parties to a conflict direct their operations against combatant and military objectives rather than property, persona and places. Therefore, military actions that are not motivated by a specified objective may be viewed as illegal.

Can military operations be launched against a military objective if children are surrounding it?

International law has created provisions which ensure the protection of the most vulnerable members of the population, including women and children, and prohibits actions that are aimed inflicting suffering to such members of the population. Additionally, other international laws relating to respect for human rights in armed conflict offer important guarantees for the protection of children in such incidences. Moreover, international law clearly stipulates that states and military forces actively spare children as well as women from the ravages of war. This is done by ensuring that children are protected against persecution, torture, punitive measures, degrading treatment and violence in the event of war.

Given the emphasis that is placed on the protection of children in armed conflicts, military forces may refrain from launching military operations against a military objective that involves children. The law clearly states that children should be subjected to special respect and protection during war, and should not be involved in direct hostilities during war. Consequently, the military should not direct their actions against children in their efforts to attack the other party. In fact, children who are orphaned or separate from their families in the event of war should, with the consent of the protecting power, be evacuated to a neutral region until such a time that the war subsides. Additionally, parties to the conflict are expected to ensure that children below the age of fifteen are excluded from taking part in direct hostilities and should not be recruited in the armed forces. These regulations remain valid for both international and non international armed conflict.

Rules governing the delivery of humanitarian aid in a non international armed conflict

According to article 18 of additional protocol 2 of the international humanitarian law, individuals subjected to armed conflict have a right to humanitarian assistance, and the parties to such conflict are under obligation to accept such humanitarian relief, which is critical for the survival of the population (Stoffels, 519). The civilians’ right to humanitarian assistance thrives from the principle of inviolability. States are obligated to ensure wellbeing and demonstrate respect for life and humanity for all individuals residing within their territories (Stoffels, 517). In this light, states must refrain from violating individual rights and must embrace measures necessary to ensure that such rights are not abused. This implies that states have a duty to ensure that civilians affected by armed conflicts are adequately supplied with resources critical, for their survival during such warring periods. If the state is not in a position to do so, then it should allow third parties to provide humanitarian aid to the affected population.

The humanitarian organization also have the right to provide humanitarian assistance, which entails the right to provide victims with relief supplies needed for their survival, as well as the right that such offer of aid not to be unreasonable denied by the concerned authorities (Stoffels, 521). States and other parties to the conflict are obligated to permit entry, passage, and access of humanitarian aid in their territories. In this light, states must authorize entry and passage of humanitarian aid for the affected populations, parties to the conflict must not obstruct such humanitarian efforts and the affected parties must actively ensure that humanitarian assistance is offered effectively, and that the humanitarian actors and their supplies are safe and secure (Stoffels, 521)

Humanitarian assistance is deemed acceptable if it adheres to the basic principles of humanitarianism, impartiality and neutrality. If the humanitarian assistance does not comply with these principles, and favors one party to the conflict over the other, the parties involved are at discretion to decline or sign authorization for such assistance. In such cases, humanitarian assistance is not protected as such under International humanitarian law (Stoffels, 539).

Authorization for the delivery of humanitarian aid

Historically, a state’s involvement in internal armed conflict is viewed as an issue that the international community should not interfere with, given that each country is considered to be a sovereign state (Dungel 1). Additionally, the responsibility to ensure proper nourishment and wellbeing of the civilians rests on the hands of the state. Therefore relief societies should only play an auxiliary role in assisting state authorities in the execution of this task (Dungel 1). According to this argument therefore, State A would require authorization from State B in order to distribute relief food to the rebel held area. Indeed, the international humanitarian law, in article 18 stipulates that, humanitarian organizations “have a right of initiative in offering relief actions” and that if civilians are suffering undue hardships owing to a lack of supplies essential for survival”, relief action should be undertaken but under the consent of the relevant authority (Dungel 1). Clearly, under these provisions, the authorization by the affected state is critical in enabling humanitarian actors to effectively deliver relief.

In this case, such authorization potentially threatens the principle of neutrality given that the region in question is that which is held by the rebels. Since the IHL stipulates that such authorization be provided by “high contracting power concerned” which is the government, it may be reluctant to authorize humanitarian aid provision in such areas (Dungel 1). Therefore, since the rebel group has de facto control over the territory in question, it is rational that the party be considered as a high contracting power. Therefore, authorization by state extends to the point where such aid is transported over the territory in which it controls, while the authorization for delivery of aid to the rebel held area lies in the hands of the rebel group.

Principals governing humanitarian aid

Humanitarian principles, in their broadest sense are based on international humanitarian law, and are designed to guide the work of humanitarian actors. The four key principles are; humanity, neutrality and impartiality.

Humanitarianism is founded on the basic principle of humanity, which according to the Red Cross is the desire “to prevent and alleviate human suffering wherever it may be found…to protect life and health and to ensure respect to the human being” (Volberg, 51). Under this principle, organizations, governments, military force s, among other institutions may feel obligated to provide aid to civilians affected by an emergency, and have a moral responsibility towards other members of humanity. Their main aim is to alleviate human suffering and contribute towards protection of life, health, wellbeing, and respect for human life. In this case, the military decision to provide humanitarian aid while at the same time providing military assistance may be driven by humanity considerations, in which the military is motivated to do so with the aim of alleviating human suffering for civilians.

According to the principle of neutrality, humanitarian actors should remain neutral in the conflict, and should not take sides with either of the conflicting parties. This ensures that organizations provide aid to all victims without any exceptions. Based on the principle of neutrality, the humanitarian actors should first and foremost focus on the material needs of the civilians while remaining distant to the political or social issues that have precipitated the armed conflict. However, in this case, State A’s military is already offering military assistance to one the parties to the non international armed conflict, which significantly compromises the neutrality of State A.

In conclusion, the principle of impartiality dictates that humanitarian actions are carried out based on the need, giving priority to the most urgent humanitarian needs. The principle of impartiality rejects discrimination and subjective distinctions in the provision of humanitarian aid. In this case, State A provides military assistance and later decides on distributing humanitarian aid , which raises the questions whether their actions are solely guided by the needs of the civilians, and whether the state has given priority to the most urgent cases of distress.

Catherwood, Christopher & Horvitz, Alan Leslie, encyclopedia of wars and genocide, New York: InfoBase Publishing Group.

Conte, Alex. Human rights in the prevention and punishment of terrorism, New York: Springer. 2010. Print.

Dungel, Joakim, a right to humanitarian assistance in internal armed conflicts respecting sovereignty, neutrality and legitimacy: practical proposal to practical problems.

Gasser, Hans-Peter , Acts of terror, “terrorism” and international humanitarian law, International Review of the Red Cross, volume 84 No 847. 2002.

Stoffels, Ruth Abril. Legal regulations of humanitarian assistance in armed conflict: achievement and gaps, International Review of the Red Cross, volume 86 no 855. 2004.

Volberg, Thorsten. The politicization of humanitarian aid and its effects on the principles of humanity, impartiality and neutrality , GRIN Verlag. 2007 Print.

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100s of Free Human Rights Law Dissertation Topics and Titles

Published by Grace Graffin at January 6th, 2023 , Revised On May 2, 2024

Introduction

Writing a dissertation is a long process that requires good research skills and decent expertise in the field. Depending on the researcher’s university’s academic requirements, some different prerequisites and requirements should be fulfilled before writing the dissertation (thesis).

For instance, the supervisor may ask the researcher to provide a dissertation proposal with topics based on current legal trends. Once the dissertation topic is approved, the researcher will have to provide the supervisor with the research aim and problem statement alongside a good methodology .

Human Rights Law Dissertation Topics

Topic 1: how the social rights of immigrants are protected under international human rights law: a primary investigation in the uk.

Research Aim: The research will aim to investigate the protection of the social rights of immigrants given in international law in the UK. Many human rights contracts clearly forbid discrimination centred on state origin and want states to guarantee that immigrants’ human rights are treated equally. Moreover, immigrants, like other particularly vulnerable groups, have been granted additional safeguards under international law to address situations in which their rights are most in danger, such as employment. The research will focus on the immigrants and their social rights in the UK.

Topic 2: The role of social media apps in spreading awareness among youth about human right

Research Aim: The research will aim to explore the part social media plays in spreading awareness of human rights among the young. In today’s world, people use social media more than reading newspapers, and social media has also helped many people get justice. Young or old, every age group is active on social platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, etc., and these apps have brought a new way to learn things. So, this study will specifically focus on social media apps and how they are contributing in spreading awareness about human rights among people.

Topic 3: What obstacles do international human rights policies encounter in terms of implementation? An academic review

Research Aim: The research will aim to investigate the challenges and problems international human rights face during implementation.  There are many factors that make it difficult to implement the policies in a country or an organisation. There should be solutions to the problems and challenges in the implementation of international human rights. This study will explore and explain the challenges and try to give solutions to tackle the challenges.

Topic 4: How are the rights of men being violated in the society? A human right perspective

Research Aim: The research aims to find the reason men’s rights are violated in society. Men’s rights are violated in society more often now. Men also get raped, beaten, killed without anyone questioning the abuser. Even after getting hit by a woman, people blame the man. Violence against males is a severe violation of human rights. The government’s role is to guard males from abuse, including domestic violence.

Topic 5: Define the rights to ethics, religion and life in the context of human rights law in US

Research Aim: The research will aim to define the basic human rights to culture, religion and life in the human rights law in the US. The research will explain the fundamental rights given to human beings, freedom of speech, and a thorough explanation of the human rights law article. The study will also describe the acts that violate fundamental human rights.

Topic 6: Investigating the impact of nationalist movements and ideologies on the rights of religious and ethnic minorities in India

Research Aim: The study investigates how nationalist movements and ideologies impact the rights of religious and ethnic minorities in India. It will also assess the role of governments in promoting or suppressing minority rights in such contexts.

Topic 7: Examining the rights and legal status of stateless persons who are forced to flee their countries of origin

Research Aim: The study aims to examine the rights and legal status of stateless persons who are forced to flee their countries of origin. This research will focus on the challenges they face in accessing protection and assistance in the absence of citizenship.

Topic 8: Investigating the tension between national security concerns and the protection of refugee rights

This research explores the tension between national security concerns and the protection of refugee rights. It discusses the context of border control policies, immigration detention, and anti-terrorism measures.

COVID-19 Human Rights Law Research Topics

Impacts of coronavirus on human rights.

Research Aim: This study will highlight the impacts of Coronavirus on human rights.

International human rights law and COVID-19

Research Aim: This study will address the current pandemic crisis and international human rights law status in response to COVID-19.

United Nations on human rights during COVID-19

Research Aim: This study will review the United Nations’ response to human rights for protecting human health and rights during COVID-19.

The role of National Human Rights Institutions during COVId-19

Research Aim: This study will highlight the role of National Human Rights Institutions during COVID-19.

Dissertation Topics in Human Rights Law and Society

Human Rights is an important area of the law inherent to all human beings, regardless of their race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, and other status forms. Human Rights can be seen as the most significant law area that has taken place since the end of the Second World War.

According to Rehman, even though the world has evolved over the years, human rights continue to be constrained and limited. Research in this particular area of the law is important to know its weaknesses and limitations in the 21st century.

This document contains a wide range of dissertation topics based on the area of Human Rights or Fundamental Rights. These topics provided by our PhD-qualified writers are based on the current legal trends, which tend to assess different topics related to Human Rights in the 21st Century.

Most of the themes provided have never been researched before, and a desk-based or comparative analysis approach is used to provide a meaningful contribution to human rights.

Some topics are aimed at the thesis, which should implement an international aspect of Human Rights. On the other hand, the other topics are focused on specific jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom or the European Union.

You can also start your dissertation by requesting a brief research proposal from our writers on any of these topics, including an introduction to the topic, research question , aim and objectives, literature review , and the proposed research methodology to be conducted. Let us know if you need any help in getting started.

Check our dissertation example to get an idea of how to structure your dissertation .

Review the step-by-step guide on how to write your own dissertation here .

Topic 1: An assessment of life imprisonment under the European Convention on Human Rights.

Research Aim: The research will be based on fundamental rights, more specifically on the European Convention on Human Rights. The research will use a desk-based approach to assess Article 3 of the ECHR, which prohibits inhuman or degrading treatment and punishment. The research critically assesses how the EU Member States deal with life imprisonment based on their domestic legislation.

Topic 2: Should prisoners be allowed to exercise their right to vote in a democratic society?

Research Aim: Disfranchisement is known as the revocation of the fundamental right to vote in a democratic society. The research will assess if there is a need to make the right to vote a basic fundamental right that can be exercised by prisoners. The research will use be a comparative assessment based on different jurisdictions.

Topic 3: The European Court Of Human Rights and its effectiveness amongst the EU member states

Research Aim: The research will assess the role of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in safeguarding the rights of EU Citizens. The research will evaluate the EU Supremacy and its authority over the EU Member States regarding human rights. In this line, the research will demonstrate how The ECtHR should balance the EU Law’s fundamental rights and the Member State’s Constitution on fundamental rights.

Topic 4: The link between human rights and same-sex marriage

Research Aim: The Universal Declaration on Human Rights recognises same-sex marriage as a basic right to marriage. However, it can be seen that most countries do not recognise this right. The research will assess different jurisdictions where same-sex marriage is considered legal to enforce this right amongst the signatory countries.

Topic 5: Assessment of human rights in the workplace

Research Aim: Basic Human Rights, such as protection from slavery or inhuman treatment, are available under the Universal Declaration on Human Rights. However, the research will assess human rights’ employment, such as fair treatment, equal pay, and minimum wage. The research will use a comparative analysis to evaluate how different jurisdictions view human rights regarding employment.

Topic 6: The right to life and death penalty in the 21st century

Research Aim: The fundamental right to life is enshrined under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. On the other hand, the death penalty seems to be against the right to life and the protection of life preservation. The research will assess how to strike a balance between the right to life and capital punishment.

Topic 7: Should the death penalty be reinstated in the United Kingdom post-Brexit?

Research Aim: The 13th Protocol of the European Convention on Human Rights has prohibited the restoration of the United Kingdom’s death penalty since 2004. The research will assess if the United Kingdom should reinstate the death penalty after Brexit. Since the United Kingdom will leave the European Union, it will no longer be a party to the convention and will be able to reinstate the death penalty.

Topic 8: Social media and the right to hold an opinion

Research Aim: The research will assess if the current Freedom of Speech and the Right to hold an opinion is adequate to be used online. The research will demonstrate a need to reform the Universal Declaration on Human Rights for online use.

Topic 9: Should Article 14 of the Human Rights Act 1998 be amended to implement more protected characteristics?

Research Aim: Article 14 of the Human Rights 1998 has a minimal number of protected characteristics. Following Brexit, the United Kingdom nationals may lose the protection of the European Convention on Human Rights. In this line, the research will assess whether there is a need to review Article 14 of the Human Rights Act 1998.

Topic 10: Should Human Rights be ignored when taking counter-terrorism measures?

Research Aim: The research will assess if Human Rights should be overlooked when dealing with counter-terrorism measures. The research will aim to demonstrate if there is a need to protect a presumed or prospective terrorist’s basic human rights.

Topic 11: The EU Supremacy and the Constitutional Rights of the Member States

Research Aim: The EU Supremacy imposes authority and control over the EU Member States. In this line, a Member State should remove all conflicting laws that are incompatible with the EU Law. The research will assess the extent to which Member States have accepted the authority of the EU supremacy regarding human rights. In other words, the research will demonstrate if the European Convention on Human Rights has adequate fundamental rights for the Member States.

Topic 12: The importance of Human Rights in a democratic society

Research Aim: The research will assess the importance of human rights, which is a pivotal requirement for democracy. The research will use a comparative analysis of how fundamental rights have been adopted around the world. Furthermore, the research will assess how certain countries that do not follow the Universal Declaration on Human Rights may suffer from the lack of democratisation.

Topic 13: The role of courts in safeguarding fundamental rights in their domestic jurisdiction

Research Aim: The research will demonstrate the courts’ key role in safeguarding the fundamental rights enshrined in a country’s Constitution.

Topic 14: Does the General Data Protection Regulation Act as a Safeguard to the Basic Right To Privacy?

Research Aim: The research will assess the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and its safeguards regarding the right to privacy. The research demonstrates how the GDPR can have an important human rights aspect, such as when dealing with a consumer or an online user.

Topic 15: Should Countries Implement A Constitutional Court for Fundamental Rights Breaches?

Research Aim: The research will assess how each country deals with breaches of fundamental rights. The research aims to provide recommendations in implementing a higher domestic authority to treat only constitutional matters like the Constitutional Court of South Africa.

Topic 16: Can Torture Be Justified Under Human Rights?

Research Aim: Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides that no individual shall be subjected to torture. The research will assess whether torture can ever be justified under the law. For instance, the research will aim to demonstrate whether there are justifiable grounds to inflict torture on criminals in certain cases such as terrorism with the view of getting confessions.

Topic 17: CCTV Surveillance and the Right to Privacy

Research Aim: The Research will assess the use of CCTV surveillance and its effect on Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The research will demonstrate if covert surveillance can either undermine or positively affect the right to privacy. The research will further critically analyse the right to privacy against public policy for the common good.

Topic 18: The Need to Standardise Disability Rights around the World

Research Aim: The Research compares and contrasts different disability rights under certain jurisdictions. The research will assess whether there is a need to standardise disability rights under one convention or treaty.

Topic 19: Should the Right to Education Be Extended to Tertiary Education

Research Aim: The research will access the right to education as found under Article 26 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights. The right to education applies to only fundamental stages of education, such as primary and secondary education. The research will aim to demonstrate if the right to education should be extended to tertiary education.

Topic 20: The Role of Legislators and the Right to Education in the Sub-Saharan Region

Research Aim: The research will assess legislators’ role with regard to the right to education. The research will demonstrate whether Sustainable Development Goal No. 4 (SDG4) is implemented in various sub-Saharan regions. The research will prove whether legislators are implementing appropriate safeguards to remain in line with SDG4 and promote quality education.

How Can ResearchProspect Help?

ResearchProspect writers can send several custom topic ideas to your email address. Once you have chosen a topic that suits your needs and interests, you can order for our dissertation outline service , which will include a brief introduction to the topic, research questions , literature review , methodology , expected results , and conclusion . The dissertation outline will enable you to review the quality of our work before placing the order for our full dissertation writing service !

List of the Best Human Rights Law Dissertation Topics in Critical Issues

• An analysis of the link between human trafficking and armed conflict: trafficking for sexual exploitation and forced recruitment of child soldiers.
• The impact of technology on the protection of human rights in the digital age.
• Exploring the role of international criminal law in prosecuting human rights violations.
• The effectiveness of regional human rights mechanisms in addressing human rights abuses.
• Analysing the relationship between environmental law and human rights protection.
• Investigating the challenges and opportunities of implementing economic, social, and cultural rights.
• Examining the intersection of gender equality and human rights law.
• Assessing the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in advancing human rights agendas.
• The implications of counter-terrorism measures on human rights and civil liberties.

Important Notes:

As a human rights law student looking to get good grades, it is essential to develop new ideas and experiment with existing human rights law theories – i.e., to add value and interest to your research topic.

The field of human rights law is vast and interrelated to so many other academic disciplines like law , business law , cybercrime , and more. That is why it is imperative to create a human rights law dissertation topic that is particular and sound and actually solves a practical problem that may be rampant in the field.

We can’t stress how important it is to develop a logical research topic based on your entire research. There are several significant downfalls to getting your topic wrong: your supervisor may not be interested in working on it, the topic has no academic creditability, the research may not make logical sense, and there is a possibility that the study is not viable.

This impacts your time and efforts in writing your dissertation , as you may end up in a cycle of rejection at the initial stage of the dissertation. That is why we recommend reviewing existing research to develop a topic, taking advice from your supervisor, and even asking for help in this particular stage of your dissertation.

While developing a research topic, keeping our advice in mind will allow you to pick one of the best human rights law dissertation topics that fulfil your requirement of writing a research paper and add to the body of knowledge.

Therefore, it is recommended that when finalising your dissertation topic, you read recently published literature to identify gaps in the research that you may help fill.

Remember- dissertation topics need to be unique, solve an identified problem, be logical, and be practically implemented. Please look at some of our sample human rights law dissertation topics to get an idea for your own dissertation.

How to Structure Your Human Rights Law Dissertation

A well-structured dissertation can help students to achieve a high overall academic grade.

• A Title Page
• Acknowledgements
• Declaration
• Abstract: A summary of the research completed
• Table of Contents
• Introduction : This chapter includes the project rationale, research background, key research aims and objectives, and the research problems. An outline of the structure of a dissertation can also be added to this chapter.
• Literature Review : This chapter presents relevant theories and frameworks by analysing published and unpublished literature on the chosen research topic to address research questions . The purpose is to highlight and discuss the selected research area’s relative weaknesses and strengths whilst identifying any research gaps. Break down the topic and key terms that can positively impact your dissertation and your tutor.
• Methodology : The data collection and analysis methods and techniques employed by the researcher are presented in the Methodology chapter, which usually includes research desig n, research philosophy, research limitations, code of conduct, ethical consideration, data collection methods, and data analysis strategy .
• Findings and Analysis : The findings of the research are analysed in detail under the Findings and Analysis chapter. All key findings/results are outlined in this chapter without interpreting the data or drawing any conclusions. It can be useful to include graphs, charts, and tables in this chapter to identify meaningful trends and relationships.
• Discussion and Conclusion : The researcher presents his interpretation of the results in this chapter and states whether the research hypothesis has been verified or not. An essential aspect of this section of the paper is to link the results and evidence from the literature. Recommendations with regard to the implications of the findings and directions for the future may also be provided. Finally, a summary of the overall research, along with final judgments, opinions, and comments, must be included in the form of suggestions for improvement.
• References : This should be completed following your University’s requirements
• Bibliography
• Appendices : Any additional information, diagrams, and graphs used to complete the dissertation but not part of the dissertation should be included in the Appendices chapter. Essentially, the purpose is to expand the information/data.

About ResearchProspect Ltd

ResearchProspect is a  UK-based academic writing service  that provides help with  Dissertation Proposal Writing ,  PhD. Proposal Writing ,  Dissertation Writing ,  Dissertation Editing, and Improvement .

Our team of writers is highly qualified. They are experts in their respective fields. They have been working for us for a long time. Thus, they are well aware of the issues and the trends of the subject in which they specialise.

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Frequently Asked Questions

How to find human rights law dissertation topics.

To find Human Rights Law dissertation topics:

• Study recent legal developments.
• Examine global human rights issues.
• Analyse case law and controversies.
• Explore intersection with other fields.
• Consider cultural and social aspects.
• Select a topic resonating with your passion and research objectives.

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Are you a marketing or management student looking for specific marketing management dissertation topics? If yes, your search is over because this article provides 25 highly focused marketing management dissertation ideas and examples.

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Topics in Foreign and International Law

• Reference--General Sources
• Amnesty International Under Library link find text of annual reports, campaign reports, publications arranged by country, country reports from 1994, and selected thematic reports and news releases.
• ASIL Electronic Resource Guide: International Human Rights Prepared by Marci Hoffman, Lecturer in Residence; Associate Director, Law Library; International & Foreign Law Librarian University of California, Berkeley School of Law Library (updated in 2011).
• Bibliography for Research on International Human Rights Law Univ. of Minnesota Human Rights Library. By Marci Hoffman and David Weissbrodt.
• European Court of Human Rights Full-text judgments are only available from October 1996 to date, with a list of decisions from 1959. Information on pending cases, basic texts including European Convention on Human Rights and its protocols, and the Rules of Court. Speeches and press releases also available.
• The European Human Rights System On GlobaLex. By James W. Hart (2011).
• The Exploitation of Women and Children: A Comparative Study of Human Trafficking Laws between the United States-Mexico and China-Vietnam On GlobaLex. By Christina T. Le (2013).
• FINDOC database From the Institute for Human Rights in Finland. Has entries for books, articles and seminar reports from 1966 on.
• Human & Constitutional Rights, Columbia University International conventions, comparative law bill rights collections, country, regional and international sections. No longer updated as of March 2008.
• Human Rights Organizations Database The Human Rights Organizations Database is Human Rights Internet's most comprehensive listing of institutions working in the field of human rights
• Human Rights Library The University of Minnesota Human Rights Library houses one of the largest collections of more than eighty-five thousand core human rights documents, including several hundred human rights treaties and other primary international human rights instruments. The site also provides access to more than four thousands links and a unique search device for multiple human rights sites.
• Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch, the largest human rights organization based in the United States, conducts fact-finding investigations into human rights abuses in all regions of the world, issues reports, and generates global attention on the situtation. Site has information by country and by topic.
• Inter-American Human Rights Database In English and Spanish. From the Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law at the Washington College of Law, American University. Collection of documents adopted by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights since its first session in 1960. Available in both English and Spanish versions. Contains reports on the Commission's individual cases and reports of its early work sessions, and will eventually include special country reports and thematic reports.

• The Inter-American System of Human Rights: A Research Guide On GlobaLex. By Cecilia Cristina Naddeo; update by Francisco A. Avalos (2016).
• International Centre for the Legal Protection of Human Rights INTERIGHTS defends and promotes human rights and freedoms worldwide through the use of international and comparative law.
• International Human Rights Research Guide On GlobaLex. By Grace M. Mills (2014).
• A Review of the Progressive Development of International Human Rights Framework on Capital Punishment By Michelle Miao.
• United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Includes documents, publications and a searchable Treaty Bodies Database. The database was established to monitor the implementation of human rights treaties and can be searched by treaty, country, symbol, or type.
• U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants Searchable database of country conditions and statistics from its annual World Refugee Survey of 120 countries. Full-text articles on such topics as detention, internally displaced persons, repatriation, religious persecution, women and child, safe havens, etc. are also available.
• Women in International Law: Research Resources Prepared by Lyonette Louis-Jacques of the University of Chicago Law Library. Last updated 2002.

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A Class like no other

As three fourth-year students look forward to commencement, a look back at their penn journey, which started during a global pandemic..

It was a Move-In like no other : first-years arriving at their College Houses for the first time during the early days of January 2021. Wearing masks and following pandemic protocols, they pushed their carts to their single rooms to start their college experience. Those first-years are now fourth-years at the end of their final undergraduate semester, heading toward Commencement.

Moving in that January were Max Cass from Haddonfield, New Jersey; Carmen Harrison Montoya from Houston; and Babatomiwa Sofela from Lagos, Nigeria, all three in the College of Arts and Sciences . They were among 400 moving in that Sunday.

While the world raced to find a COVID-19 vaccine, their classroom was a computer. These classmates had to find new ways to find each other, online during the fall semester and on campus in the spring semester.

Pandemic restrictions meant dining halls were closed and group activities inside were restricted. Safety protocols meant distancing, hand-washing, mask-wearing, daily health-symptom checks, and weekly COVID tests. Red and green passes displayed on cell phones determined entrance to buildings.

Most had been in the Class of 2020 in high school, their senior years scuttled by the pandemic, proms and graduations and final-year celebrations cancelled or significantly curtailed.  

“Many of us would like to forget all of this,” says Paul Sniegowski , dean of the College of Arts and Sciences. “Being young, they’re sure to remember and tell stories about it for the rest of their lives. Yet despite all of the challenges they faced in finishing high school and starting here at Penn, this class has distinguished itself for its outstanding scholarship and its civic-mindedness.

“Members of this class have won prestigious national and international scholarships for postgraduate work; have conducted and published peer-reviewed research across the natural sciences, social, sciences, and humanities; have engaged locally, regionally, and globally with our West Philadelphia community and the world; and have made their voices heard in the great concerns of our day,” Sniegowski says.

“All of our graduating classes are special: this class is one that has risen above their difficult transition from high school to college and will be remembered with great admiration by us all for their resilience in a difficult time.”

Arriving on campus that January, Cass and his parents pushed moving carts up the ramp and into Harnwell House. Cass said that day that he felt like he “really lacked the college experience, so, when we got the news that we were allowed to come back, I was ecstatic.”

Cass and his friends have often talked about what it was like for them that first year, he says, “and just how hard it was becomes even more apparent” as they have experienced the campus without COVID restrictions. “It definitely makes me sad knowing that we didn’t get that typical freshman year,” he says, noting that he has a “little bit of jealousy” for the younger students who have had an easier time.

They weren't allowed in each other’s rooms or in dorms other than their own, and it was too cold to be outside together for too long. “There was a constant fear of hanging out with people. We really couldn’t with the COVID policies,” he says. “I totally understand that was necessary, but it was really difficult.”

In his work-study job, Cass has been at the front desk of Penn Residential Services , triaging calls from parents and students and prospective students and regularly talking with Penn staff. “It’s ironic, because freshman year the policies that were the hardest to adapt to were coming from the department for housing,” he says. “Knowing where those policies were coming from, and the people that they were coming from, I have a deeper appreciation for how much those people care.”

Cass is in the interdisciplinary major of politics, philosophy, and economics, with a concentration in choice and behavior. He has taken diverse courses, including clay, poetry, Russian literature, and strategic reasoning. Philosophy courses were some of his favorites. “I tried to take as many cool classes as I could,” he says.

A gender-and-media course was important because that’s where he met professor Sarah Banet-Weiser , now dean of the Annenberg School for Communication . He did an independent study course with her, and she is also his advisor for his honors thesis, on how a rising consumer demand for authenticity affects queer representation.

He also has been a research assistant for Penn’s Center for Social Norms and Behavioral Dynamics , interested “in the power of social norms in determining our choice and behavior” because of his exploration of his own sexuality and identity, he says.

In the spring of his third year, Cass studied in Paris with Penn Abroad, a “spectacular experience” which included travel through Europe, and connections with more Penn classmates. “I was able meet totally new people and expand who I was hanging out with at Penn,” he says. “I still have those friends, and now they’re friends with my friends.”

During his final semester, Cass says he has been focusing on “cementing these really good friendships that I’ve made hanging out with friends every single day.”

Cass is planning to take a gap year to travel and backpack, doing conservation and agriculture work, with his good friend Chloë Mouzakitis, a fourth-year biology major who also works at Residential Services. He also plans to study for the LSAT and apply to law schools to start in the fall of 2025.

“I’ve had really great experiences with the advising and the professors at Penn. I’ve been very fortunate to have a support system,” says Cass. “It was hard freshman year, but I’m impressed by the resilience among a lot of the students because they are still very involved and still doing a lot of really cool things.”

Carmen Harrison Montoya

Wrestling large suitcases with the help of her mother, that January move-in was the first time Harrison Montoya had seen Penn’s campus. “I’m so excited. I really can’t wait to explore it all,” she said as she stood in the center of the Quad. “It just all seems like a world of opportunity.”

Harrison Montoya has found many opportunities during her years at Penn, including a semester working at the White House, a summer internship in Argentina, and a work-study job in the Gittis Legal Clinic s at Penn Carey Law School . She is a double-major in political science and criminology with a concentration in political science and international relations.

During those first few hours on campus she was waving hello to classmates she had connected with online. “Everyone would follow each other on Instagram, and there would be ways to video chat with new people and clubs,” she says. “Penn did a really great job at fostering virtual connection that first semester.”

In a research position at Perry World House as a second-year, she focused on military technology and artificial intelligence. She became interested in international politics, international law, and how technology like AI influences military and governments.

And she started to travel, first with a summer internship in Buenos Aires with the nonprofit America Solidaria , focused on youth empowerment and education in low-income communities in Central and South America.

“I wanted to continue using my Spanish language and really strengthen that by using it in a professional setting for the first time,” says Harrison Montoya, whose mother is from Colombia. An only child who grew up in Houston, she says she is the first on her father’s side to go to college and the first on her mother’s side to go to college in the United States.

A turning point for Harrison Montoya was her experience in Washington, D.C., with the Penn in Washington program and the White House internship. Working in the Domestic Policy Council under Susan Rice was “life changing,” she says. Each intern was assigned to an aspect of policy, and Harrison Montoya’s was immigration. She “really found community with the other interns” at the White House.

“I think in the end I felt so much more self-worth, and I felt more confident in my abilities to interact with the world around me, especially interacting in an institution like Penn,” she says. “It was hard for me to adjust to the world here at Penn, and I think the White House really gave me that confidence to understand that I deserve to be here. In my next steps, I know that I will be kinder to myself, and that I deserve to be there too.”

Travel has continued, with a trip this semester to Geneva, Switzerland, and the United Nations as a Perry World House Student Fellow . “I would have never been able to travel internationally without Penn,” she says.

During this fourth year, she has worked at Penn’s legal clinics, translating court documents in Spanish and English, and working to keep the filing system organized. Her honors thesis is on lethal autonomous weapons systems and why nations would choose to develop them, which blends her interests in international security, international relations, and international law.

She is currently applying to law school, interested in a career in international humanitarian law.

“I feel like I’ve changed so much as a person but still maintained the core of myself,” she says. “I’m so glad that I could still have that wonder and that joy that I had the first day that I came in.”

Babatomiwa Sofela

Sofela moved into the Quad with help from his older sister, who graduated from the Wharton School in 2020. His other sister was a fourth-year at Wharton at the time.

“Once we came on campus it felt more like the college experience. I was making friends. I was able to meet up with people, with the restrictions, but it felt more like a community experience, a personal experience,” says Sofela, who attended high school in Atlanta.

“But I don't know what exactly I would've been missing because I had no other frame of reference,” he says. “I was just happy to be on campus at that point in time. It felt like I was finally actually starting college.”

After that first year, Sofela was a summer intern with Penn’s Biocultural Anthropological Methods Lab , researching disparities in maternal mortality between Black women and other races in the United States. “It was something that was near to my heart that I wanted to learn more about and help impact in a positive way,” he says.

The fall semester of 2021 was the “most fun I’ve had at Penn, just because everything was new” with fewer pandemic restrictions, Sofela says. He developed most of his relationships that second year, when he lived in Harnwell with his friends “because that’s when everyone was really trying to be outgoing.”

Academics became more challenging, Sofela says, because he started focusing on classes in his major of health and societies, with a possible minor in neuroscience. But he also had an interest in business, and he was looking for summer internships, while working a remote internship for Xenon Health during the school year. “I was trying to juggle different things,” he says, “but that’s when the friends group became more solidified, leading up to junior year.”

Working with Penn’s Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics during a summer internship and traveling to conferences laying the foundation for a career in business, he made the switch from a pre-med track, deciding on a concentration in health care markets and finance.

Sofela was president of the student group Nigerians at Penn . He also was director of member development for the Black Wharton Undergraduate Association . “That got me interested in consulting and helped me with understanding business more,” he says. And he was part of the Penn chapter of First Generation Investors , teaching high school students about financial literacy.

“Junior year was probably my most impactful year at Penn. I felt I learned the most from my college experience, or at least experienced the most things at once,” he says. Pandemic restrictions that had been in place were finally removed, and he was living in a house with four other students. He worked out regularly at the gym, which “helped a lot with discipline and being able to manage my time better.”

Sofela says that this year it has been important to him to continue making memories with his friends and to go to as many senior events as possible. 

He has decided on a career in health care consulting and already has a job lined up with Ernst & Young-Parthenon in New York City as an associate.

“It’s crazy to me to think about at this point in time how I felt like starting college. I was very unsure on what I wanted to do or why exactly I was here,” he says. “I feel like I’m still very unsure about what I want to do exactly, but I feel like I have a good path I’m starting on and that I’ll be able to figure things out more down the line.”

Class of 2025 relishes time together at Hey Day

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Picturing artistic pursuits

Hundreds of undergraduates take classes in the fine arts each semester, among them painting and drawing, ceramics and sculpture, printmaking and animation, photography and videography. The courses, through the School of Arts & Sciences and the Stuart Weitzman School of Design, give students the opportunity to immerse themselves in an art form in a collaborative way.

Penn celebrates operation and benefits of largest solar power project in Pennsylvania

Solar production has begun at the Great Cove I and II facilities in central Pennsylvania, the equivalent of powering 70% of the electricity demand from Penn’s academic campus and health system in the Philadelphia area.

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The Empowerment Through Education Scholarship Program at Penn’s Graduate School of Education is helping to prepare and retain teachers and educational leaders.

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Gaza updates: Israel may have broken international law — US

The White House has said that Israel may have violated international humanitarian law with US weapons in Gaza. Meanwhile, South Africa has asked the World Court for more measures against Israel. Follow DW for more.

What you need to know

• A US report has said Israel's offensives in Gaza may have violated international law while using US weapons, but evidence is lacking
• The UN General Assembly votes to recommend full Palestinian UN membership to the Security Council
• South Africa seeks new emergency measures against Israel at the International Court of Justice 

Germany, EU and UN condemn protests against UNRWA

• UNRWA agency closes Israeli office temporarily following arson attack

France demands immediate halt to Israel's assault on Rafah

France has called on Israel to immediately end its military operation in the city of Rafah in southern Gaza. 

The French Foreign Ministry said that the operation, which has been underway since the beginning of the week, threatens to create a catastrophic situation for the civilian population in the enclave . 

The ministry called on Israel to resume negotiations as the only way to achieve the immediate release of the hostages and a lasting cease-fire.

France also reiterated its call on Israel to do everything in its power to ensure the protection of the civilian population and to allow the entry of humanitarian aid in accordance with international law and the demands of the International Court of Justice . 

US: Israel may have breached international law with American weapons

The Biden administration on Friday said US arms supplied to Israel may have been used in ways that were "inconsistent" with international humanitarian law.

The assessment was part of a National Security Memorandum (NSM) issued by President Joe Biden in February, ordering the US State Department to deliver a report on the issue to Congress.   "Israel has not shared complete information to verify whether US defense articles covered under NSM-20 were specifically used in actions that have been alleged as violations of IHL [international humanitarian law] or IHRL [international human rights law] in Gaza, or in the West Bank and East Jerusalem during the period of the report," the State Department report read.

"Nevertheless, given Israel's significant reliance on US-made defense articles, it is reasonable to assess that defense articles covered under NSM-20 have been used by Israeli security forces since October 7 in instances inconsistent with its IHL obligations or with established best practices for mitigating civilian harm."

More than 34,000 people have been killed in Gaza since Israel began its operations against the Islamist militant group Hamas, which attacked Israel on October 7, 2023.

The issue of supplying arms has become increasingly fraught in the US, as politicians see themselves caught between an obvious obligation to support a close ally Israel in defending itself and growing public outrage over what many see as the indiscriminate killing of Palestinian civilians. 

'Israel sticks to hard line, despite US objections'

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Israel and Palestinian Authority voice vastly different reactions to UN vote

Israel and the Palestinian Authority on Friday both reacted strongly to the symbolic UN General Assembly vote on Palestinian membership that took place earlier in the day. An overwhelming majority of member states voted in favor of the resolution.

The Palestinian Authority's Foreign Ministry said the vote, "affirms that Palestine meets all the requirements stipulated by the Charter of the United Nations, thus it deserves, and is qualified to obtain, full membership in the United Nations."

Israeli UN Ambassador Gilad Erdan, on the other hand, slammed what he said was a vote "to reward modern-day Nazis with rights and privileges," saying it made him "sick."

Claiming that Hamas would win a vote among Palestinians if it were held today, Erdan told UN members before the vote, "you are about to grant privileges and rights to the future terror state of Hamas." 

"With this new precedent," he continued, "we may see here representatives of ISIS [so-called "Islamic State"] or Boko Haram that will sit among us."

US Deputy UN Ambassador Robert Wood, who earlier said the US would veto the resolution when it arrives in the Security Council, called it "an unproductive text." 

Further, Wood said that while US opposition to the resolution, "does not reflect opposition to Palestinian statehood, it remains the US view that unilateral measures at the UN and on the ground will not advance this goal."  

US believes truce deal between Hamas and Israel possible

The United States renewed concern Friday about an Israeli military ground operation in Rafah. 

Fighting intensified around the southern Gaza city earlier this week. Residents described almost constant explosions and gunfire east and northeast of Rafah on Friday, with intense fighting between Israeli forces and militants from Hamas and Islamic Jihad.

"We're obviously watching it with concern, of course, but I wouldn't go so far as to say what we've seen here in the last 24 hours connotes or indicates a broad, large (or) major ground operation," National Security Council spokesman John Kirby told reporters.

He added the United States believes the remaining issues in the cease-fire talks can be solved. 

Kirby said it was "deeply regrettable" that there was "nobody sitting across from tables anymore today."

"We are working hard to try to keep both sides engaged in and continuing the discussion, if only virtually, and to continue to work on the actual text itself," he said.

"We still believe that a deal was possible."

On Thursday, representatives of Hamas and Israel left Cairo after two days of talks aimed at securing a truce.

Earlier this week, Hamas accepted a Qatari-Egyptian cease-fire deal that would end the war and bring about the phased release of some of the Israeli hostages held in Gaza.

Israel rejected the deal, saying it did not meet "core demands." 

South Africa seeks new ICJ emergency measures against Israel

South Africa  requested that the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on Friday order additional emergency measures against Israel regarding its recent attacks on Rafah, Gaza's southern city. 

In the ongoing case brought by South Africa, which accuses Israel of acts of genocide against Palestinians, the World Court in January ordered Israel to take all measures within its power to prevent its troops from committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza. It also instructed Israel to take action to protect Palestinian civilians from further harm and allow humanitarian aid to enter the territory.

In filings published Friday, South Africa is seeking additional emergency measures in light of the ongoing military action in Rafah, which it calls the "last refuge" for Palestinians in Gaza.

In February, South Africa proceeded to file an additional petition, asking the ICJ to review the legality of Israel's planned military offensive in Rafah. The UN's top court then rejected the request .

In its new request, the ICJ said in a Friday statement, South Africa "states that the provisional measures previously indicated by the court are 'not capable of fully addressing the changed circumstances and new facts on which the request is founded'."

Hamas says truce talks back to square one after Israel rejection

The Palestinian, militant group Hamas said on Friday that efforts to reach a truce were back to square one after Israel effectively rejected a proposal by mediators.

"Israel’s rejection of the mediators’ proposal through the amendments it made returned things to the first square," Hamas said. The group added that it will hold consultations with Palestinian factions to review negotiation strategies.

Talks have recently intensified in an effort to reach a deal that would halt the fighting in the Gaza Strip and see Israeli hostages released. Cairo-hosted talks over the past two weeks were mediated by Egypt, Qatar and the US.

On Monday, Hamas said it had agreed to a proposal by Qatari and Egyptian mediators. However, Israel said the Hamas proposal contained elements it cannot accept, and on Tuesday took control of the Palestinian side of the Rafah border crossing on the Egyptian border.

"In the light of [Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin] Netanyahu’s behavior and rejection of the mediators’ document and the attack on Rafah and the occupation of the crossing, the leadership of the movement will hold consultations with the brotherly leaders of the Palestinian factions to review our negotiation strategy," the Hamas statement read.

Hamas is designated as a terrorist organization by Israel, the US, Germany and other countries.

Berlin, Brussels and the United Nations condemned on Friday the violent protests against the UN agency for Palestinian refugees (UNRWA) in east Jerusalem.

"Israel must ensure the protection of UN facilities and personnel in the occupied Palestinian territories," the German foreign ministry said on X, formerly Twitter. "The UN need to be able to serve their important mandate in Gaza, the West Bank and east Jerusalem."

UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres also condemned the attack.

"Targeting aid workers and humanitarian assets is unacceptable, and must stop," he said on X.

EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell joined in the chorus of condemnation, calling for holding to account the perpetrators.

"It is Israel’s responsibility to ensure the safety of humanitarian workers," Borrell said, adding that "UNRWA is an irreplaceable lifeline to millions in Gaza and the region."

UNRWA late on Thursday that it would be closing its headquarters in East Jerusalem temporarily, after reporting two fires set by protesters in the space of a week on the premises.

Police clear student encampments in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts

Police in the United States broke up student sit-ins at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Pennsylvania, arresting dozens of pro-Palestinian protesters on Friday.

Around 40 students were arrested on the two campuses, with riot police flattening the encampments.

MIT President Sally Kornbluth said in a statement that the 10 people arrested on Friday "peacefully" handed themselves over to police. 

She nevertheless defended her decision to involve the police, saying the arrests came after escalating clashes between pro-Palestinian and pro-Israeli protesters.

"It was not heading in a direction anyone could call peaceful," she said, adding that "the cost and disruption for the community overall made the situation increasingly untenable."

At Penn University, Interim President J. Larry Jameson had said on Monday that "every day the encampment exists, the campus is less safe," citing reports of harassing and threatening speech, the defacement of campus landmarks, and a video of a student being denied entry to the encampment.

Student protests against the war in Gaza have spread over the past few weeks across various campuses in the US and Europe.

Since arrests started at the Columbia University campus in New York some three weeks ago, over 2,500 students have been arrested in the US.

Protesters are calling for a cease-fire in Gaza, as well as urging their universities to divest from Israel and companies which support its war efforts.

UN General Assembly backs Palestinian bid for membership in symbolic vote

The  United Nations (UN)  General Assembly on Friday approved a resolution that would grant new "rights and privileges" to Palestine by a vote of 143 to 9 with 25 abstentions. The vote also recognizes Palestine's right to become the 194th member of the body.

This second part means that a Palestinian membership bid will be forwarded to the UN Security Council to "reconsider the matter favorably." A Palestinian bid submitted to the Security Council last month was vetoed by the United States despite widespread support in the General Assembly.

US Deputy UN Ambassador Robert Wood said ahead of the vote the US would repeat its veto.

Should Palestine become a full member it would effectively acknowledge Palestinian statehood, something that Israel has fought to keep from happening. 

Read more about the vote by clicking here . 

Israeli tanks surround eastern half of Rafah

Israeli tanks have reportedly captured the main road that divides the eastern from the western half of Rafah.

The development means Israeli troops have effectively surrounded the entire eastern side of the city in the southern Gaza Strip .

Israeli tanks had already cut off eastern Rafah from the south and captured and closed the only crossing between the Palestinian territory and Egypt.

The militant Islamist group Hamas, which  Israel is targeting with its offensive,  has said it has ambushed Israel tanks near a mosque in the east of the city, indicating that the Israeli forces have moved in from the east to the fringes of the built-up area

Tens of thousands of people have been forced to take refuge outside the city, which had previously provided shelter to more than a million fleeing fighting in other parts of the enclave.

Israel says it has been forced to assault Rafah , despite much opposition to such a move from within and outside the country, to root out thousands of Hamas fighters it believes to be located in the city.

Hamas is considered a terrorist organization by Israel, the EU, the US and several other countries.

UNRWA estimates 110,000 displaced in eastern Rafah

The main United Nations aid agency for Palestinians UNRWA said on Friday that it estimated 110,000 people had been displaced in recent days, mainly from eastern areas of Rafah, a slight increase on its recent assessments. 

It said Israeli bombardment had "intensified," and that forced displacement continued, attached photos of some flat bed trucks filled with multiple people and their belongings. 

"UNRWA estimates around 110,000 people have now fled Rafah looking for safety. But nowhere is safe in the Gaza Strip and living conditions are atrocious. The only hope is an immediate cease-fire," it said. 

The UN had already warned that in the region of a million people had fled to Rafah , which has an estimated population of below 200,000 in more typical times, in the earlier months of fighting. They funneled towards the last major settlement to the south at the border to Egypt as Israel's military operations began to the north.

General Assembly to vote again on boosted Palestinian UN status

On Friday, the United Nations General Assembly is scheduled to vote on a motion recommending that the "State of Palestine ... should be admitted to membership of the United Nations." 

It also recommends that the Security Council, which holds the decisive power on membership, "reconsider the matter favorably."

The US vetoed a similar proposal a few weeks ago , saying it did not believe that declaring full or increased status at the UN would help implement a viable two-state solution.

There were enough votes in favor for the motion to have passed, if none of the five permanent members had objected. 

Friday's vote is not binding, but is likely to serve as another barometer of international support for eventual Palestinian statehood. 

It is expected to comfortably secure the two-thirds majority needed for passage, as other similar votes have. 

The "State of Palestine" is currently classified as a non-member observer state at the UN, the same status as the Vatican holds. It achieved this level of recognition in 2012.

The resolution has been submitted by the United Arab Emirates but drafted by Palestinian officials.

You can read more on the debate about whether greater Palestinian recognition at the international level is likely to help halt the fighting or implement any practical changes on the ground here . 

Netanyahu says would fight with 'fingernails' if necessary

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu tried to strike both an untroubled and a conciliatory tone on the comments from Israel's main ally in on Thursday. 

"If we have to stand alone, we will stand alone. If we need to, we will fight with our fingernails. But we have much more than fingernails," he said in a statement. 

Military officials also sought to play down the potential impact of any changes in weapons deliveries in the short term. 

"The army has munitions for the missions it plans, and for the missions in Rafah, too — we have what we need," top military spokesman Rear Admiral Daniel Hagari said at a press conference. 

In a US TV interview, though, Netanyahu also voiced hope that any differences with Biden could be resolved, trying to signal a strong relationship more generally. 

"We've often had our agreements but we've had our disagreements. We've been able to overcome them," he said on the "Dr. Phil Primetime" show. "I hope we can overcome them now, but we will do what we have to do to protect our country."

Israel's military said on Thursday that its forces had killed 50 militants and uncovered 10 tunnel shafts during operations it describes as limited in scope in eastern Rafah this week.

Germany's Pistorius can 'understand' US questions on Israel arms

Defense Minister Boris Pistorius, speaking on German TV during his visit to the US this week, hinted that weapons deliveries to Israel were not unconditional and that a broader assault on Rafah might jeopardize them. He stopped short of an explicit warning, however.

This follows US President Joe Biden suggesting some US deliveries could be put on hold, as one shipment was last week, if such an attack materializes.

"Yes, I can understand," Pistorius said on ZDF when asked about Biden's comments this week. 

He said that issues like this were discussed behind closed doors during his talks in the US with his counterpart Lloyd Austin, UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres, and others.

But Pistorius said that responsibility for such decisions by Germany lay more clearly with the Foreign Ministry and the Chancellery than with his office. 

The defense minister repeated that the "order of the day" in the conflict was to de-escalate it as quickly as possible, a message he had also delivered at the UN. 

Germany has however defended its weapons exports to Israel more generally, including against a challenge at the UN's top court last week, securing a preliminary ruling that its assistance to Israel need not be halted on humanitarian grounds . 

UN court rules German military aid to Israel can continue

A larger-scale assault on Rafah has not really materialized to date despite months of warnings and threats from all sides. Israel did however launch limited operations this week in the east of the city as cease-fire talks hit another roadblock, renewing the focus on the issue.

UNRWA says closing East Jerusalem office after fires laid

The UN agency coordinating aid in the Palestinian territories, UNRWA , said late on Thursday that it would be closing its headquarters in East Jerusalem temporarily. 

UNRWA, or the UN Relief and Works agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, reported two fires set by protesters in the space of a week on the premises. 

"Israeli residents set fire twice to the perimeter of the UNRWA Headquarters in occupied East Jerusalem," agency boss Philippe Lazzarini said online. "This took place while UNRWA and other UN Agencies' staff were on the compound." 

"In light of this second appalling incident in less than a week, I have taken the decision to close down our compound until proper security is restored," he said. 

Israel and the UNRWA have quite frequently been at loggerheads in recent months. 

Israel accused around a dozen members of the agency of participating in or supporting Hamas' October 7 attacks. An independent report, led by French former Foreign Minister Cathine Colonna, recently found "neutrality-related issues" in the group but said Israel had not provided evidence for its most serious allegations. 

Schulze: 'Report shows UNRWA is not part of Hamas'

The agency, the main provider and organizer of Palestinian aid, has long been unpopular in some more nationalist circles in Israel and this has only intensified amid the conflict and the allegations and investigation.

According to Lazzarini, the protests have been relatively regular for two months and were "called by an elected member of the Jerusalem municipality." 

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DHS Announces Proposed Rule and Other Measures to Enhance Security, Streamline Asylum Processing

WASHINGTON – As part of the Biden-Harris Administration’s continued efforts to enhance the security of our border and deliver more timely consequences for those encountered who do not have a legal basis to remain in the United States, today the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), through U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) that would allow statutory bars to asylum to be applied much earlier in the process. Even though the number of migrants who are subject to these bars is small, this rule would enable DHS to more quickly remove those who are subject to the bars and pose a risk to our national security or public safety.

Federal law bars individuals who pose a national security or public safety risk from asylum and withholding of removal, specifically those who have been convicted of a particularly serious crime, participated in the persecution of others, are inadmissible on national security or terrorism-related grounds, or for whom there are reasonable grounds to deem them a danger to the security of the United States. While anyone who is deemed to pose a public safety threat is taken into custody, the asylum eligibility determination is not currently made until later in the process – at the merits adjudication stage of the asylum and withholding of removal claims. Today’s proposed rule would permit Asylum Officers to consider these bars to asylum and withholding of removal during initial credible fear screening, which happens just days after an individual is encountered. This will allow DHS to expeditiously remove individuals who pose a threat to the United States much sooner than is currently the case, better safeguarding the security of our border and our country.

“The proposed rule we have published today is yet another step in our ongoing efforts to ensure the safety of the American public by more quickly identifying and removing those individuals who present a security risk and have no legal basis to remain here,” said Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas . “We will continue to take action, but fundamentally it is only Congress that can fix what everyone agrees is a broken immigration system.”

Noncitizens who present a national security or public safety risk remain in DHS custody while their cases are referred for full immigration hearings before an immigration judge, a process that can take years and is resource intensive. The proposed rule would allow Asylum Officers to issue denial of claims within days after an individual is encountered when there is evidence that the individual is barred from asylum because of a terrorism, national security, or criminal bar, thereby significantly shortening the overall time between encounter and removal from the United States.

In addition to this proposed rule and in close coordination with vetting and law enforcement partners, DHS is updating its policy and procedures regarding the use of classified information in immigration proceedings. This updated guidance clarifies the circumstances in which classified information should be used in immigration proceedings. Consistent with longstanding practice, DHS will continue to screen and vet individuals prior to their entry to the United States to identify national security or public safety threats and take appropriate action.

The Department also continues enforcing the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways (CLP) rule. This rule incentivizes the use of orderly processes and imposes swifter consequences for those without a legal basis to remain in the United States. Today, USCIS issued revised guidance to Asylum Officers to consider whether an asylum seeker could reasonably relocate to another part of the country of feared persecution when assessing claims of future persecution in all credible fear cases. Internal relocation has always been a part of an analysis of future claims of harm, and this new guidance, consistent with the CLP rule, will ensure early identification and removal of individuals who would ultimately be found ineligible for protection because of their ability to remain safe by relocating elsewhere in the country from which they fled.

The Biden-Harris Administration has already taken numerous actions to address migration challenges in the region and at our border, while overseeing a historic expansion of lawful pathways. These efforts, with partner countries in the region and across the world, have made a significant impact. From May 12, 2023 through May 1, 2024, DHS has removed or returned more than 720,000 individuals, the vast majority of whom crossed the Southwest Border, including more than 109,000 individual family members. That includes removals to 170 countries around the world. Total removals and returns since mid-May 2023 exceed removals and returns in every full fiscal year since 2011. DHS has also significantly expanded the capacity to conduct the credible fear interviews needed to ultimately remove those without a legal basis to stay in the United States.

The Administration again calls on Congress to pass needed reforms and provide DHS the resources and tools it needs to fully implement expedited processing of all individuals encountered at the border. The public is invited to submit comments on the NPRM during the 30-day public comment period from May 13, 2024 to June 12, 2024.

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US says Israel may have breached international law with American weapons in Gaza

• Published 4 days ago
• Israel-Gaza war

The US has grown increasingly concerned over mounting civilian deaths in Gaza.

The US says Israel may have used American-supplied weapons in breach of international humanitarian law in some instances during the war in Gaza.

It is "reasonable to assess" that those arms have been used in ways "inconsistent" with Israel's obligations, says the state department.

But it added that the US did not have complete information in its assessment and that shipments could continue.

The report was submitted to Congress on Friday after a delay.

The White House-ordered review looked into how the country, along with six others engaged in conflict, has used US-supplied arms since the start of last year.

While the report was a clear rebuke of some Israeli operations in Gaza, it stopped short of definitively saying that the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) campaign had breached international law.

Israel had had to confront an "extraordinary military challenge" fighting Hamas in Gaza, it said.

And it added that assurances it had received from Israel about adhering to the legal use of US weapons were "credible and reliable".

The document also noted that because Hamas "uses civilian infrastructure for military purposes and civilians as human shields", it was often "difficult to determine facts on the ground in an active war zone" of what are legitimate targets.

But it said that given Israel's significant reliance on US-made weapons, they had probably been used "in instances inconsistent with its IHL [international humanitarian law] obligations or with established best practices for mitigating civilian harm".

It added that "Israel has the knowledge, experience, and tools to implement best practices for mitigating civilian harm in its military operations", but that "results on the ground, including high levels of civilian casualties, raise substantial questions as to whether the IDF is using them effectively in all cases".

The report said the UN and humanitarian organisations had described Israeli efforts to mitigate civilian harm as "inconsistent, ineffective and inadequate".

The state department found that Israel did not fully co-operate with US efforts to "maximise" humanitarian aid into Gaza in the initial months of the conflict. It said, however, that this situation had changed.

"We do not currently assess that the Israeli government is prohibiting or otherwise restricting the transport or delivery of US humanitarian assistance," the report said.

One of the contributors to the report, David Satterfield, a former US ambassador to Turkey, told the BBC that the report was the first of its kind and that the US would continue to keep Israeli actions "under review".

"This is a conflict quite unlike any that the world has seen," he added. "We tried to take account of all those factors in coming up with a very frank, but also credible judgement."

The report was finally released days after US President Joe Biden publicly threatened to withhold certain bombs and artillery shells from Israel if it went ahead with an assault on Rafah, the last stronghold of Hamas in Gaza that is packed with more than a million Palestinians.

Shortly before the report's publication, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu dismissed President Biden's warnings that the operation in Rafah would cross a "red line" and vowed that Israel would "stand alone" if necessary.

More than 80,000 people have fled Rafah since Monday, the UN says, with Israeli tanks reportedly massed close to built-up areas amid constant bombardment.

Israeli troops took control and closed the Rafah crossing with Egypt at the start of their operation, while the UN said it was too dangerous for its staff and lorries to reach the reopened Kerem Shalom crossing with Israel.

Israel launched a military campaign in Gaza to destroy Hamas in response to the group's attack on southern Israel on 7 October, during which about 1,200 people were killed and 252 others were taken hostage. More than 34,900 people have been killed in Gaza since then, according to the territory's Hamas-run health ministry.

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Israeli operation leaves Rafah's hospitals overwhelmed

• Published 5 days ago

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• Published 6 days ago

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• Published 7 days ago

US reveals it paused shipment of bombs for Israel

Biden administration acknowledges possible Israeli weapons misuse in report to Congress

WASHINGTON — The Biden administration acknowledged Friday that Israel likely used U.S.-made arms to inflict a higher number of civilian casualties in Gaza than is broadly deemed acceptable but stopped short of saying the close ally had violated U.S. weapons policy or international humanitarian law.

The State Department found that it is "reasonable to assess" that there are possible violations with hundreds of investigations open. But it could not definitively assess violations occurred, a senior State Department official who requested anonymity to discuss the unclassified document said.

The report covers the period through late April. It was transmitted to lawmakers on Friday afternoon.

In the report the Biden administration argued that a lack of U.S. government personnel on the ground and Hamas' penchant for hiding behind civilian populations made it "difficult to assess or reach conclusive findings onindividual incidents."

"Nevertheless, given Israel’s significant reliance on U.S.-made defense articles, it is reasonable to assess that defense articles covered under NSM-20 have been used by Israeli security forces since October 7 in instancesinconsistent with its IHL obligations or with established best practices for mitigating civilian harm," the report said.

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The report itself was not expected to force changes but the State Department official said it has allowed the U.S. to go to Israel and ask for specifics. There are still information gaps that the U.S. is pushing Israel to close, the official said.

The report's release follows several days of delay and a warning from Biden to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu that the U.S. would put an indefinite pause on weapons that have been used in civilian populations.

White House national security spokesman John Kirby said Friday afternoon that President Joe Biden was "aware of the contents" of the report and was "fully briefed on it" but would not say when the commander in chief was read in.

The State Department missed an original deadline of Wednesday to submit the report to Congress. Biden had pledged to provide an initial report by May 8 on U.S. weapons transfers in a national security memorandum he issued in February. Reports are due once annually after that.

Biden's memo in February called on the secretary of state "to obtain certain credible and reliable written assurances from foreign governments" receiving U.S. weapons and pledges his administration will "provide periodic congressional reports to enable meaningful oversight."

The pledge came amid a push from Democratic lawmakers for the Biden administration to press Israel on the treatment of civilians in Gaza.

In addition to Israel, the State Department says it "sought and obtained credible and reliable assurances" from the governments of Colombia, Iraq, Kenya, Nigeria, Somalia and Ukraine that they were meeting the criteria, too.

"While in some countries there have been circumstances over the reporting period that raise serious concerns, the (U.S. government) currently assesses the assurances provided by each recipient country to be credible and reliable so as to allow the provision of defense articles covered under NSM-20 to continue," the report said.

Biden said Wednesday that he would not send heavy payload bombs, artillery shells and other offensive weapons to Israel that have been used in population centers in Gaza with Netanyahu's government considering a major ground invasion in Rafah, where more than 1 million Palestinians had taken refuge. The southern Gaza city was facing a mass exodus on Friday as the Israeli military and Hamas militants battled on its edges.

His administration has vowed to continue providing Israel with defensive weapons.

Human rights experts have accused Israel's military of crossing the line in its war against Hamas. Gaza's Hamas-run health ministry says more than 34,500 Palestinians have died since the war began on Oct. 7.

Amnesty International assessed in a late April report that Israel had used U.S.-supplied weapons to engage in "serious violations of international humanitarian and human rights law, and in a manner that is inconsistent with U.S. law and policy." The organization called on the Biden administration to suspend the transfer of weapons to Israel over the alleged misuse and denials of humanitarian assistance to civilians.

A former State Department official, who quit last year over concerns the U.S. stance on the Israel-Hamas war, is helping to lead an independent task force. The group sent a report to the Biden administration last month accusing Israel of a "systematic disregard for fundamental principles of U.S. and international law."

State addressed the allegations in its Friday report, writing that while Israel asserts that it has taken steps to protect civilians, human rights groups deemed "Israeli civilian harm mitigation efforts as inconsistent, ineffective, and inadequate, failing to provide protection to vulnerable civilians who cannot or chose not to relocate."

"While Israel has the knowledge, experience, and tools to implement best practices for mitigating civilian harm in its military operations, the results on the ground, including high levels of civilian casualties, raise substantial questions as to whether the IDF is using them effectively in all cases," the report stated.

The distribution of humanitarian aid also continues to be a serious problem, the State Department said in a summary of the report's key findings. However, it did not assess that the Israeli government was intentionally fueling the crisis or violating U.S. law.

"While the U.S. has had deep concerns during the period since October 7 about action and inaction by Israel that contributed significantly to a lack of sustained and predictable delivery of needed assistance at scale, and the overall level reaching Palestinian civilians – while improved – remains insufficient, we do not currently assess that the Israeli government is prohibiting or otherwise restricting the transport or delivery of U.S. humanitarian assistance within the meaning of section 620I of the Foreign Assistance Act," the summary said.

The Center for American Progress, which typically agrees with Biden but has broken with the administration on Israel policy, chided the State Department over the findings in a statement Friday from its president and CEO Patrick Gaspard.

"It’s hard to believe that the administration sees what’s happening in Gaza yet fails to conclude that Israel has violated the terms for use of American weapons," Gaspard said.

Senator Jim Risch, R-Idaho, the ranking member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee accused Biden's administration of "trying to have it both ways" in a statement.

“NSM-20 is aimed squarely at Israel in the near-term, but the additional highly politicized reporting requirements will eventually be aimed at other American allies and partners across the globe, further impeding the delivery of security assistance and undermining our ability to deter China and Russia," Risch said.

Maryland Democratic Sen. Chris Van Hollen, who was behind the push by lawmakers for written assurances, also told reporters the report "contradicts itself." It acknowledges that there is evidence that Israel broke the law but "the administration ducked all the hard questions" about whether action is needed, Van Hollen said.

"If this conduct complies with international standards, God help us all, because that would set a very low bar for what is allowed," he added. "I think what they're trying to do is make clear that they recognize how bad the situation is, but they don't want to have to take any action to hold the Netanyahu government accountable for what's happening."

Contributing: Riley Beggin