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Tips for Writing a Research Paper using LaTeX

guanyingc/latex_paper_writing_tips

Folders and files, repository files navigation, table of contents, examples for table organization, examples for figure organization, latex templates for cvpr/iccv/neurips paper submission, sample latex conference posters (cvpr/iccv/eccv/neurips), latex files for my thesis (sysu b.eng. + hku phd.), simple python programs for figure creation, great resources shared by others, brief introduction.

LaTeX is a very powerful tool for documentation preparation, and is often used by researchers to prepare a manuscript for reviewing and publication. However, some new graduate students might not have experience in using LaTeX and thus have a difficult time in prepare their first papers.

In this article (PDF) , we will first provide some tips for paper writing. Then, we will showcase several working examples for the tables and figures, which have been used in our previous publications. The readers are encouraged to adapt those tables and figures to their purposes to save time when preparing their first papers.

Overleaf Link: https://www.overleaf.com/read/hypvpvnzjjwx

More Resources

• 💥 Main Paper + Supplementary for Conference Submission (NeurIPS) in Overleaf
• 💥 Main Paper + Rebuttal + Supplementary for Conference Submission (CVPR/ICCV) in Overleaf

Download or fork the overleaf project: click the menu at the top left, and select Source or Copy

• Rebuttal for Conference Submission (CVPR/ICCV)
• Supplementary Material for Conference Submission (CVPR/ICCV/ECCV)
• TOM-Net: Learning Transparent Object Matting from a Single Image (CVPR 2018)
• PS-FCN: A Flexible Learning Framework for Photometric Stereo (ECCV 2018)
• Self-calibrating Deep Photometric Stereo Networks (CVPR 2019)
• HDR Video Reconstruction: A Coarse-to-fine Network and A Real-world Benchmark Dataset (ICCV 2021)
• PS-NeRF: Neural Inverse Rendering for Multi-view Photometric Stereo (ECCV 2022)
• S^3-NeRF: Neural Reflectance Field from Shading and Shadow under a Single Viewpoint (NeurIPS 2022)

• Single View Analysis of Non-Lambertian Objects Based on Deep Learning (PhD Thesis, HKU CS)
• LaTex Template Files for Undergraduate Thesis (Sun Yat-sen University)
• A simple code for plotting figure, colorbar, and cropping with python
• Paper Writing Tips by MLNLP-World: https://github.com/MLNLP-World/Paper-Writing-Tips
• Paper Picture Writing Code by MLNLP-World: https://github.com/MLNLP-World/Paper-Picture-Writing-Code
• Makefile 0.4%

Beginners’ guide to writing a manuscript in LaTeX

Hannah Foreman

About this module

LaTeX is a freely available, powerful typesetting system used to create papers in fields where tables, figures and formulae are common. Disciplines using it include Mathematics, Physics, Computer Science, Economics and Statistics. As it uses plain instead of formatted text, authors can concentrate on the content, rather than the design. You’ll only need to learn a few easy commands to achieve a professional result.

This interactive module covers the basics of writing a manuscript using LaTeX and the mark-up language, similar to html, which is used. If you are starting out on your writing career, you will learn how to download the system before following a detailed step by step guide to creating a manuscript, including how to add commands and comments.

We also share some top golden rules – such as keeping your document simple and the importance of checking the journal’s Guide for Authors – and we highlight some common mistakes. You will come away with a clear understanding of the benefits of LaTeX and develop the skills required to build your own high-quality LaTeX submission.

About the presenter

Publisher, Elsevier

Hannah has 15 years’ experience in the STM publishing industry working directly with researchers, journal editors, reviewers and academic societies. As Senior Product Manager for the Journal Finder, Hannah is responsible for ensuring researchers can easily and quickly find the right home for their research first time around. This includes helping researchers to define and build a publishing plan during the pre-submission phase and making sure that if a researcher does find their manuscript is not accepted for publication at a journal, then a suitable alternative transfer option is offered.

7 tips for simplified LaTeX submissions

LaTeX instructions

Getting Started with LaTeX

• Installation
• Creating a document
• A sample document
• Library Workshop Files

Introduction

This section of the guide is intended for people looking to get started creating documents with LaTeX.  If you still need to install LaTeX please see the Getting Started: Installation  section of the guide.  

The focus of this portion of the guide is to explain the structure of a LaTeX document, introduce various functions and symbols, and provide the reader with an understanding of how to write, edit, and produce their first document.  When you are done with this page take a look at the Getting Started: A sample document  to help you create your first document.  Check the  Exercises  tab of this guide if you are looking for some practice exercises to help get you familiar with LaTeX.

LaTeX Structures

Commands are a vital structure for creating any kind of document in LaTeX.  Commands have many uses such as changing document/text formatting, creating equations, delineating sections of a document, and inputting symbols.  To use a command a back slash is placed before the command.  For example \pi is the command to insert the symbol π and \begin{matrix} is one of the commands needed to input a matrix.  Generally commands have the format \command[optional argument]{required argument} . Multiple arguments can be used with some commands by separating each argument with a comma, for example \hypersetup{colorlinks=true, linkcolor=blue, urlcolor=blue}  sets the font color of certain hyperlinks in a document.  Some commands such as \pi have neither a optional nor required argument.  Others such as \begin{} will only work with a recognized required argument.  Some commands can also accept an optional argument which is used to specify what action the command will take, for example \documentclass[11pt, twocolumn]{article} tells LaTeX that the current project is an article with 11pt font and should be formatted with two columns, leaving out the optional argument, \documentclass{article} , will cause LaTeX to use the defaults associated with this command  Lastly, some commands may have more than one required argument for example \frac{numerator}{denominator} creates a faction where the first argument is the numerator and the second argument is the denominator.  A list of common commands can be seen in the Common Commands section of this page, there are also links to several useful websites with lists of commands in the Resources page.

Packages are used to supplement the standard features of LaTeX.  If you are trying to use a command and find that it is generating an error one of the most common issues is that you have not included the needed package in your document.  The command \usepackage{} with the package name as the argument will tell LaTeX to include a certain package in your document. Packages should be placed in the document preamble (see Document Structure  below).  If you would like to include multiple packages in your document you can either include the \usepackage{} command multiple times or use it once and separate each package name with a comma i.e.:

• \usepackage{geometry}
• \usepackage{amsmath}                                  
• \usepackage{graphicx}
• \usepackage{geometry, amsmath, graphicx}

It is better to list the packages separately if you intend to use an optional argument with any package, otherwise it just comes down to personal preference.  Many standard packages come with a MikTex or MacTex download, but you can also install new ones if needed.  Some instruction for installing new packages can be found online.  See the Common Packages part of this page for a list of some useful packages.

Writing text in a LaTeX document is easy.  Once you are inside the body of the document, as described in the  Document Structure  section of this page, all you have to do is start typing.  When you compile the code LaTeX will take care of all the text formatting based on any commands and packages used.  

Incorporating mathematical symbols and equations is one of the most popular features of LaTeX.  There are a number of ways to include math in a LaTeX document, for more information see the Document Structure section of this page.

Anything that follows a % in a line of code will be treated as a comment and ignored by compiler.  If you want to include a percentage symbol in your text use the command \% for example of you want to write 100% in LaTeX you would write 100\%

Document Structure

To create PDFs with LaTeX the user must generate a .tex file.  The .tex file will consist of the code that is compiled by the back end LaTeX software to generate the end result PDF document.  With LaTeX installed .tex files can be created in notepad or textedit on Windows or OS X computers respectively, though it is strongly recommenced to generate these files directly in a LaTeX text editor as discussed in the Getting Started: Installation tab.

A LaTeX document consists of two main pieces, the  preamble  and the body , the bibliography can be considered a third piece depending on how you structure it, but that will be discussed in the BibTex  tab of this guide.  It is recommended that the user creates a new folder on their computer for each LaTeX document they are working on.  When LaTeX compiles a .tex file it generates several files in order to create the PDF having a folder for the each individual document you are working on will help keep all of the files generated organized.  Additionally, it possible the user will want to insert images, figures, or other objects into their document (BibTex files for example), it is much simpler to insert items into the document when they are located in the same folder as the .tex file.

The preamble to a LaTeX document is all the information that occurs before the document begins.  The preamble starts with the command  \documentclass{} and ends with the command \begin{document} .  Below is an image of a document preamble:

Different objects are placed in the preamble between the commands \documentclass{} and \begin{document} .  The most common of these items is the command \usepackage{} .  A more detailed explanation of what packages are can be found under the LaTeX Structures heading on this page, but briefly a package informs the compiler of certain commands that will be used and certain procedures to take while generating the final document.  Any number of packages can be included in the preamble, and one of the most common mistakes made by the new LaTeX user is to include a command in their document without including the proper package in the preamble.  Other commands such as \title , \author , and \date are included in the preamble and than may be incorporated within the document.  Lastly, new commands can be created in the preamble that will only be used in the current document.

The body of a LaTeX document is where all of the text, equations, figures, tables, etc... will be placed.  The body of the document begins with the command \begin{document} and ends with the command \end{document} .  A very simple sample code and its output can be seen below.  The code contains both the preamble and body of the document.

Writing Math

One of the most popular features of LaTeX is its ability to easily incorporate and format mathematical equations and symbols.  There are two important things to remember to ensure LaTeX handles mathematical formula properly.  

First is to make sure that you have included all necessary packages.  The most common package for using mathematical formulas in a document is "amsmath", though this package allows the use of a multitude of mathematical symbols and commands it does not include everything.  If you try to compile a document and an error occurs related to a mathematical object you have included you will want to check if there is an additional package you need, for example if you try to include bold lettering in a mathematical equation without the package "bm" an error will occur.

Second is to enter  math mode .  Math mode lets LaTeX know that something should be formatted as math and not regular text, there are also some symbols and commands that can not be used outside of math mode.  The image below shows the same text, f(x) = 2x+5, first not using math mode and second using it.   There is a very clear difference between how the equation is formatted inside an d outside of math mode. 

There are several different ways to enter math mode.  If you would like to write mathematical expression inside a line of text all the mathematical text should be book ended by $ .  For example writing $x+3$ would tell LaTeX to write x+3 as math. If you want math to appear on its own line it what is called display mode you can use either the command $$ on both sides of the math, or \[ and \] .  The previous example would look like this: $ $x+3$$ or \[x+3\].  Finally, some commands will automatically place the user in math mode for example any text appearing between the commands  \begin{equation} and \end{equation} will be written in math mode.  Go to the exercises tab for some questions to let you practice using math mode. 

Common Commands

Here is a list of some useful and common commands for LaTeX.  Links to more exhaustive lists can be found on the Resources tab of this guide.  If you are looking for specific mathematical symbols check the links on the resources tab.  If you are interested in more information about a specific command a simple Google search will often provide great results.   

Preamble commands:

\documentclass{}.

The first command in any document.  Used to specify what type of document is being made.  Some common arguments are article (common for scientific journals), book, IEEEtran (for IEEE transaction format), slides, beamer (for presentations).

\usepackage{}

This command imports a package into the LaTeX document.  This is important for including any commands that are not standard in LaTeX.

The intended title of the document should be used as the argument

The author of the document should be used as the argument, for multiple authors use \and to separate authors name or use the authblk  package.  For the authblk package uses the following format where \affil is used to entire the affiliation of the author and the optional argument denotes the whatever symbol should be used after the author's name:

• \author[1]{1st Author} 
• \author[1]{2nd Author} 
• \author[1]{3rd Author} 
• \author[2]{Nth Author}
• \affil[1]{Institute 1}
• \affil[2]{Institute 2} 

The argument is the date associated with the document.  Note that leaving the argument empty will create a blank date in the title, and not including the command will default the title to the date compiled.

Body commands:

Creates a title based on the \title , \author , and \date provided.

\tableofcontents, \listoffigures, \listoftables

Creates a table of content, list of figures, and/or list of tables.

Creates a new page

Creates a line break

\begin{} and \end{}

Whenever there is a  \begin{}  it must be paired with an  \end{}  with the same argument at some point later in the document.  The \begin{} command tells LaTeX to entire a certain environment while the \end{} command concludes that environment.  \begin{document} will start the body of the document (end the preamble) and  \end{document} will end the document.  Other common arguments are equation , align , tabular , and figure . 

Denotes a new section.  The title section should be used as the argument.  Sections will be automatically included in the table of contents. Use the commands \subsection{} and \subsubsection{}  to create sections within sections.

Common Packages

Packages allow for additional features to be used within a LaTeX document.  Both MikTex and MacTex come pre-installed with a large number of standard packages and instructions for installing new packages.  To use a package include the command \usepackage{} where the argument is the package name i.e. \usepackage{amsmath} .  

Below is a brief list of some useful LaTeX packages:

This package allows for more complicated mathematical structures within a document such as matrices.

This package is for the more advanced user.  It allows the user to better control the formatting of the document.

This package allows graphics to be integrated into a document.

This package allows for hyperlinks inside a document.  Use the command \hypersetup{} to control different link colors.

A useful package if you are having trouble with spacing inside of tables.

• << Previous: Installation
• Next: A sample document >>
• Last Updated: Oct 10, 2023 12:53 PM
• URL: https://guides.nyu.edu/LaTeX

LaTeX – A document preparation system

LaTeX is a high-quality typesetting system; it includes features designed for the production of technical and scientific documentation. LaTeX is the de facto standard for the communication and publication of scientific documents. LaTeX is available as free software .

You don't have to pay for using LaTeX, i.e., there are no license fees, etc. But you are, of course, invited to support the maintenance and development efforts through a donation to the TeX Users Group (choose LaTeX Project contribution) if you are satisfied with LaTeX.

You can also sponsor the work of LaTeX team members through the GitHub sponsor program at the moment for Frank , David and Joseph . Your contribution goes without any reductions by GitHub to the developers in support of the project.

The volunteer efforts that provide you with LaTeX need financial support, so thanks for any contribution you are willing to make.

Recent News

• 24 April, 2024 Development releases for the L3 Programming Layer
• 27 March, 2024 ISO PDF/UA-2 standard released - Examples made by LaTeX
• 26 March, 2024 Accessibility talks at DEIMS 2024 conference in Tokyo
• 25 November, 2023 Talks from the TUG Conference 2023 in Bonn
• 4 November, 2023 LaTeX 2023-11-01 released and distributed
• 10 June, 2023 LaTeX 2023-06-01 released and distributed
• 27 May, 2023 Final pre-release of LaTeX 2023-06-01 is available for testing

LaTeX the product

The latex3 project, latex books.

List of books on LaTeX in English, French, German, and Spanish.

Documentation

The official LaTeX help and documentation section.

Learn more about the people behind the LaTeX project.

Use LaTeX templates to write scientific papers

As researchers, we have to write and publish scientific papers to let the world know about our work. The process of preparing a scientific paper can be enjoyable, but it can also be arduous.

Different journals and publishers have different requirements about how we should format our submission. The title page should include certain items, the headers should be bold and italic, references should be formatted in this style, etc. The Instructions to Authors of many journals are long and overwhelming, which may deter potential authors.

When I was a PhD student, I found it strange that journals had so many Instructions on how to prepare a manuscript, but never provided a downloadable template as a .doc or .docx. If I had a template with [Insert title here] , [Insert Abstract here; 400 words] , etc, where the various elements were already formatted correctly, I could focus on writing my paper and not on formatting my paper. Moreover, editors and reviewers would likely have an easier time of dealing with submissions that were more uniform in their style.

Fear not! Many journals and publishers have LaTeX templates that can be downloaded and used in just this way. While these LaTeX files may seem a little intimidating if you have never opened up a .tex file before, most are fairly straightforward and actually include key points from the Instructions to Authors as dummy text in the article or as comments.

Example: writing a paper for a PLOS journal

How do we find LaTeX templates? As is often the case, Google is your friend.

A simple Google search reveals that there is a LaTeX template for all of the PLOS journals. You can download the plos-latex-template.zip file, which contains three files:

• plos_latex_template.tex : This is the file you would open in your text or LaTeX editor to write your paper.
• plos_latex_template.pdf : This is the PDF file generated from the current text entered in the plos_latex_template.tex file.
• plos2015.bst : This is the file that LaTeX will use to appropriately format the references in your paper. References, managing references, and formatting references are a huge topic and will be the focus of one or more future posts.

A copy of these files is also available here .

The title and author section of the first page of plos_latex_template.pdf looks like this:

As you can see it looks very professional and complies with the journal format.

If you open up the plos_latex_template.tex file, there are approximately 70 lines of comments and instructions on how to prepare your article. If you are new to LaTeX, many of these instructions will seem like gibberish. But don’t worry, this won’t stop you from drafting your first article. With a little bit of patience, and possibly reading our series of LaTeX blog posts, you will soon be able to make sense of these instructions.

The actual document starts on line 175. Below we can see the part of the LaTeX document that relates to the title and author section from the PDF document:

While some of the LaTeX commands might seem intimidating at first, you can safely ignore them. Simply replace the dummy text with your own text. For example, if I wanted to write the title of my paper, I would enter the following:

As you can see, I simply entered the title of my paper “ScientificallySound as a resource for scientists” between the curly brackets. Also, I followed the instructions provided in the document, which tell me that I should use “sentence case”. Speaking of these instructions, note that text that follows a percentage sign (i.e. %) is a comment in LaTeX. Comments do not appear in the final PDF.

Special symbols and characters.

If the percentage sign is used to start comments in LaTeX documents, how do we obtain a percentage sign in our final PDF document? In this case, you would put a back slash in front of it, for example 25\% . This tells LaTeX that you want a percentage sign in your text, not start a comment.

This convention may seem overly complex, especially if you are not used to computer programming. It does take a little time to get use to, but soon enough it will become automatic.

What about other special characters? We will address some of these in a future post, but the easiest thing is to Google your question. Also, many modern LaTeX editors such as Texmaker , Lyx and Texstudio have look-up tools similar to the special character look-up in Microsoft Word. You look up the symbol or character you want, click on it and the correspond LaTeX command gets inserted into your text.

Templates for other journal and publishers

Many publishers provide LaTeX templates. For example:

Some journals offer their own templates, and researchers who have created templates that adhere to the Instructions to Authors for a given journal often make these files freely available. For example:

Given that many journals now accept a generically formatted PDF for a first submission, it is possible to use a generic article template to prepare your paper.

• generic article
• short article
• various article formats

Lastly, there are online services that let researchers prepare LaTeX articles in the cloud. These services, such as Overleaf and authorea , provide hundreds of templates. Importantly, using these services means you don’t need LaTeX installed on your computer. Depending on the service and whether or not your institution has an agreement or contract with the service, you may be able to collaborate simultaneously with other authors, regardless of where they are located in the world. Moreover, you can leave comments, track changes, retain a history of your changes, and integrate version control software such as git and github . Given the benefits of such services, they will be the focus of an upcoming post.

LaTeX templates can save you lots of time.

However, there is more to writing a paper in LaTeX then simply downloading a template and filling in the required bits. How do you generate the pretty PDF? How do you get references and figures into the document? How do I share these files with my co-authors? These are all important questions, and we will be deal with them in the next few blog posts.

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Computer Science > Human-Computer Interaction

Title: live: latex interactive visual editing.

Abstract: LaTex coding is one of the main methods of writing an academic paper. When writing a paper, abundant proper visual or graphic components will represent more information volume than the textual data. However, most of the implementation of LaTex graphic items are designed as static items that have some weaknesses in representing more informative figures or tables with an interactive reading experience. To address this problem, we propose LIVE, a novel design methods idea to design interactive LaTex graphic items. To make a lucid representation of the main idea of LIVE, we designed several novels representing implementations that are interactive and enough explanation for the basic level principles. Using LIVE can design more graphic items, which we call the Gitems, and easily and automatically get the relationship of the mutual application of a specific range of papers, which will add more vitality and performance factors into writing of traditional papers especially the review papers. For vividly representing the functions of LIVE, we use the papers from NeRF as the example reference papers. The code of the implementation project is open source.

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Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them.

Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs .

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• Published: 06 May 2024

APOE4 homozygozity represents a distinct genetic form of Alzheimer’s disease

• Juan Fortea   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1340-638X 1 , 2 , 3   na1 ,
• Jordi Pegueroles   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3554-2446 1 , 2 ,
• Daniel Alcolea   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3819-3245 1 , 2 ,
• Olivia Belbin   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6109-6371 1 , 2 ,
• Oriol Dols-Icardo   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2656-8748 1 , 2 ,
• Lídia Vaqué-Alcázar 1 , 4 ,
• Laura Videla   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-8465 1 , 2 , 3 ,
• Juan Domingo Gispert 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ,
• Marc Suárez-Calvet   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2993-569X 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ,
• Sterling C. Johnson   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8501-545X 10 ,
• Reisa Sperling   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1535-6133 11 ,
• Alexandre Bejanin   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9958-0951 1 , 2 ,
• Alberto Lleó   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2568-5478 1 , 2 &
• Víctor Montal   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-9282 1 , 2 , 12   na1  

Nature Medicine ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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• Alzheimer's disease
• Predictive markers

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of APOE4 homozygosity on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by examining its clinical, pathological and biomarker changes to see whether APOE4 homozygotes constitute a distinct, genetically determined form of AD. Data from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center and five large cohorts with AD biomarkers were analyzed. The analysis included 3,297 individuals for the pathological study and 10,039 for the clinical study. Findings revealed that almost all APOE4 homozygotes exhibited AD pathology and had significantly higher levels of AD biomarkers from age 55 compared to APOE3 homozygotes. By age 65, nearly all had abnormal amyloid levels in cerebrospinal fluid, and 75% had positive amyloid scans, with the prevalence of these markers increasing with age, indicating near-full penetrance of AD biology in APOE4 homozygotes. The age of symptom onset was earlier in APOE4 homozygotes at 65.1, with a narrower 95% prediction interval than APOE3 homozygotes. The predictability of symptom onset and the sequence of biomarker changes in APOE4 homozygotes mirrored those in autosomal dominant AD and Down syndrome. However, in the dementia stage, there were no differences in amyloid or tau positron emission tomography across haplotypes, despite earlier clinical and biomarker changes. The study concludes that APOE4 homozygotes represent a genetic form of AD, suggesting the need for individualized prevention strategies, clinical trials and treatments.

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Alzheimer’s disease risk reduction in clinical practice: a priority in the emerging field of preventive neurology

APOE4/4 is linked to damaging lipid droplets in Alzheimer’s disease microglia

Dynamics of cognitive variability with age and its genetic underpinning in NIHR BioResource Genes and Cognition cohort participants

Data availability.

Access to tabular data from ADNI ( https://adni.loni.usc.edu/ ), OASIS ( https://oasis-brains.org/ ), A4 ( https://ida.loni.usc.edu/collaboration/access/appLicense.jsp ) and NACC ( https://naccdata.org/ ) can be requested online, as publicly available databases. All requests will be reviewed by each studyʼs scientific board. Concrete inquiries to access the WRAP ( https://wrap.wisc.edu/data-requests-2/ ) and ALFA + ( https://www.barcelonabeta.org/en/alfa-study/about-the-alfa-study ) cohort data can be directed to each study team for concept approval and feasibility consultation. Requests will be reviewed to verify whether the request is subject to any intellectual property.

Code availability

All statistical analyses and raw figures were generated using R (v.4.2.2). We used the open-sourced R packages of ggplot2 (v.3.4.3), dplyr (v.1.1.3), ggstream (v.0.1.0), ggpubr (v.0.6), ggstatsplot (v.0.12), Rmisc (v.1.5.1), survival (v.3.5), survminer (v.0.4.9), gtsummary (v.1.7), epitools (v.0.5) and statsExpression (v.1.5.1). Rscripts to replicate our findings can be found at https://gitlab.com/vmontalb/apoe4-asdad (ref. 32 ). For neuroimaging analyses, we used Free Surfer (v.6.0) and ANTs (v.2.4.0).

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the contributions of several consortia that provided data for this study. We extend our appreciation to the NACC, the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, The A4 Study, the ALFA Study, the Wisconsin Register for Alzheimer’s Prevention and the OASIS3 Project. Without their dedication to advancing Alzheimer’s disease research and their commitment to data sharing, this study would not have been possible. We also thank all the participants and investigators involved in these consortia for their tireless efforts and invaluable contributions to the field. We also thank the institutions that funded this study, the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitario, Carlos III Health Institute, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas and the Generalitat de Catalunya and La Caixa Foundation, as well as the NIH, Horizon 2020 and the Alzheimer’s Association, which was crucial for this research. Funding: National Institute on Aging. This study was supported by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitario, Carlos III Health Institute (INT21/00073, PI20/01473 and PI23/01786 to J.F., CP20/00038, PI22/00307 to A.B., PI22/00456 to M.S.-C., PI18/00435 to D.A., PI20/01330 to A.L.) and the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas Program 1, partly jointly funded by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Unión Europea, Una Manera de Hacer Europa. This work was also supported by the National Institutes of Health grants (R01 AG056850; R21 AG056974, R01 AG061566, R01 AG081394 and R61AG066543 to J.F., S10 OD025245, P30 AG062715, U54 HD090256, UL1 TR002373, P01 AG036694 and P50 AG005134 to R.S.; R01 AG027161, R01 AG021155, R01 AG037639, R01 AG054059; P50 AG033514 and P30 AG062715 to S.J.) and ADNI (U01 AG024904), the Department de Salut de la Generalitat de Catalunya, Pla Estratègic de Recerca I Innovació en Salut (SLT006/17/00119 to J.F.; SLT002/16/00408 to A.L.) and the A4 Study (R01 AG063689, U24 AG057437 to R.A.S). It was also supported by Fundación Tatiana Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno (IIBSP-DOW-2020-151 o J.F.) and Horizon 2020–Research and Innovation Framework Programme from the European Union (H2020-SC1-BHC-2018-2020 to J.F.; 948677 and 847648 to M.S.-C.). La Caixa Foundation (LCF/PR/GN17/50300004 to M.S.-C.) and EIT Digital (Grant 2021 to J.D.G.) also supported this work. The Alzheimer Association also participated in the funding of this work (AARG-22-923680 to A.B.) and A4/LEARN Study AA15-338729 to R.A.S.). O.D.-I. receives funding from the Alzheimer’s Association (AARF-22-924456) and the Jerome Lejeune Foundation postdoctoral fellowship.

Author information

These authors contributed equally: Juan Fortea, Víctor Montal.

Authors and Affiliations

Sant Pau Memory Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain

Juan Fortea, Jordi Pegueroles, Daniel Alcolea, Olivia Belbin, Oriol Dols-Icardo, Lídia Vaqué-Alcázar, Laura Videla, Alexandre Bejanin, Alberto Lleó & Víctor Montal

Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas. CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain

Juan Fortea, Jordi Pegueroles, Daniel Alcolea, Olivia Belbin, Oriol Dols-Icardo, Laura Videla, Alexandre Bejanin, Alberto Lleó & Víctor Montal

Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain

Juan Fortea & Laura Videla

Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Lídia Vaqué-Alcázar

Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain

Juan Domingo Gispert & Marc Suárez-Calvet

Neurosciences Programme, IMIM - Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain

Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain

Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina. Instituto de Salud carlos III, Madrid, Spain

Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain

Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA

Sterling C. Johnson

Brigham and Women’s Hospital Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Reisa Sperling

Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain

Víctor Montal

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Contributions

J.F. and V.M. conceptualized the research project and drafted the initial manuscript. V.M., J.P. and J.F. conducted data analysis, interpreted statistical findings and created visual representations of the data. O.B. and O.D.-I. provided valuable insights into the genetics of APOE. L.V., A.B. and L.V.-A. meticulously reviewed and edited the manuscript for clarity, accuracy and coherence. J.D.G., M.S.-C., S.J. and R.S. played pivotal roles in data acquisition and securing funding. A.L. and D.A. contributed to the study design, offering guidance and feedback on statistical analyses, and provided critical review of the paper. All authors carefully reviewed the manuscript, offering pertinent feedback that enhanced the study’s quality, and ultimately approved the final version.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Juan Fortea or Víctor Montal .

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Competing interests.

S.C.J. has served at scientific advisory boards for ALZPath, Enigma and Roche Diagnostics. M.S.-C. has given lectures in symposia sponsored by Almirall, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Roche Diagnostics and Roche Farma, received consultancy fees (paid to the institution) from Roche Diagnostics and served on advisory boards of Roche Diagnostics and Grifols. He was granted a project and is a site investigator of a clinical trial (funded to the institution) by Roche Diagnostics. In-kind support for research (to the institution) was received from ADx Neurosciences, Alamar Biosciences, Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Fujirebio, Janssen Research & Development and Roche Diagnostics. J.D.G. has served as consultant for Roche Diagnostics, receives research funding from Hoffmann–La Roche, Roche Diagnostics and GE Healthcare, has given lectures in symposia sponsored by Biogen, Philips Nederlands, Esteve and Life Molecular Imaging and serves on an advisory board for Prothena Biosciences. R.S. has received personal consulting fees from Abbvie, AC Immune, Acumen, Alector, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Genentech, Ionis and Vaxxinity outside the submitted work. O.B. reported receiving personal fees from Adx NeuroSciences outside the submitted work. D.A. reported receiving personal fees for advisory board services and/or speaker honoraria from Fujirebio-Europe, Roche, Nutricia, Krka Farmacéutica and Esteve, outside the submitted work. A.L. has served as a consultant or on advisory boards for Almirall, Fujirebio-Europe, Grifols, Eisai, Lilly, Novartis, Roche, Biogen and Nutricia, outside the submitted work. J.F. reported receiving personal fees for service on the advisory boards, adjudication committees or speaker honoraria from AC Immune, Adamed, Alzheon, Biogen, Eisai, Esteve, Fujirebio, Ionis, Laboratorios Carnot, Life Molecular Imaging, Lilly, Lundbeck, Perha, Roche and outside the submitted work. O.B., D.A., A.L. and J.F. report holding a patent for markers of synaptopathy in neurodegenerative disease (licensed to Adx, EPI8382175.0). The remaining authors declare no competing interests.

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Fortea, J., Pegueroles, J., Alcolea, D. et al. APOE4 homozygozity represents a distinct genetic form of Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Med (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-02931-w

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