salem witch trials research paper thesis

83 Salem Witch Trials Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best salem witch trials topic ideas & essay examples, ⭐ good research topics about salem witch trials, 👍 simple & easy salem witch trials essay titles, ❓ salem witch trials research questions.

• The Salem Witch Trials History Salem is a village in Massachusetts, which is a state in the New England region, in the North East of the United States of America.
• Salem Witch Trials and the Enlightenment Cultural Shift However, the further change in the attitude to the processes and their reconsideration indicated the strong impact of Enlightenment ideas and their spread over the region.
• The Salem Witch Trials: A Time of Fear The outbreak began with the sudden and rather unusual illness of the daughter and niece of the local Reverend Samuel Parris.
• Salem Witchcraft Hysteria: Crime Against Women In the “Was the Salem Witchcraft Hysteria a Product of Women’s Search for Power?” Kyle Koehler and Laurie Winn Carlson present the “pro” and “cons” arguments for this claim.
• Witch Trials. Salem Possessed by Boyer and Nissenbaum Let us recall that the greater part of the complaints during the trials came from the Salem Village and the greater part of the accused came from Salem Town and the pattern of economic and […]
• Salem Witch Trials: Differeenses From in Europe Witch trials in the new colonies of America were not a unique phenomenon in world history but the events of 1692 in Salem Massachusetts differed in scope and circumstances from in Europe, the origin of […]
• The Salem Witch Trials in American History Blame ranges from the devil initially to puritan ministers encouraging the witch mania to bring support for the Church, and to the ideology of Puritanism itself, a strong belief that everything strange is the work […]
• The Grave Injustices of the Salem Witchcraft Trials These thoughts enforced the belief in the existence of witchcraft in New England. The people of New England were in the middle of a war with the Indians.
• Witchcraft Accusations, Trials, and Hysteria in Border Regions and Rural Areas in Western Europe To a great extent, this phenomenon can be attributed to the following factors: 1) official recognition of witchcraft and the activities of religious zealots who inspired the persecution of many people; 2) the stereotypes and […]
• Mysteries of the Salem Witch Trials As much as these trials can be referred to as the Salem trials, initial hearings were conducted in a number of towns in 1692.
• Through Women’s Eyes: Salem Witch Trial The accusers took advantage of the ignorance of the people to make them believe that it was indeed supernatural causes which made the town of Salem suffer.
• Salem Witch Trials Causes The writers explain that the problem began in the year 1691 and was marked by the behaviour of some girls in the same village who were involved in fortune telling.
• Salem Witch Trials and Civil Rights Movement
• The Infamous Salem Witch Trials
• Behavior, Expectation, and Witch-Hunting During the Salem Witch Trials
• Origins, Consequences, and Legacy of the Salem Witch Trials
• The History, Causes, and Effects of the Salem Witch Trials
• Reasons for Salem Witch Trials
• Salem Witch Trials and Innocent People
• Witchcraft and the Salem Witch Trials
• Discrimination and the Salem Witch Trials
• The Facts and Fictions of the Salem Witch Trials
• The Salem Witch Trials of Colonial History
• Religion, Social Norms, and the Salem Witch Trials
• The Psychic Crisis Theory of the Salem Witch Trials
• Salem Witch Trials and Religious Superstition
• Historical References From the Salem Witch Trials
• Mass Hysteria During the Salem Witch Trials
• The Salem Witch Trials on Society and Religious Belief
• Witchcraft and the Puritan Lifestyle in Salem During the Late 1600s in the Salem Witch Trials, a Book by Lori Lee Wilson
• Salem Witch Trials and McCarthyism in America
• Factors That Influence the Salem Witch Trials
• Salem Witch Trials and the Great Tragedy
• Elizabeth Proctor and the Salem Witch Trials
• Hygiene During the Salem Witch Trials
• Cause, Effect, and Importance of the Salem Witch Trials
• Persecution and the Salem Witch Trials
• Individuals Who Played Different Roles in the Salem Witch Trials in Massachusetts
• Salem Witch Trials and Modern Satanic Trials
• McCarthyism and the Salem Witch Trials
• Puritanism and Salem Witch Trials
• Salem Witch Trials and Convulsive Ergotism
• The Events and History of Salem Witch Trials
• Anthropological and Sociological Effects of Puritanism and the 1692 Salem Witch Trials
• Primary Sources for the Salem Witch Trials
• The Salem Witch Trials and the Women Victims
• Puritan Literature and the Salem Witch Trials
• Belonging: Salem Witch Trials and Society
• The Factors That Influenced Salem Witch Trials
• Horror During the Salem Witch Trials
• Crucible: Salem Witch Trials and American Society
• Salem Witch Trials and Forbidden Knowledge Witch
• What Social Problem Did the Salem Witch Trials and Executions Solve?
• Why and How Did the Salem Witch Trials Happen?
• What Effect Did the Salem Witch Trials Have on American Literature?
• Was Abigail Williams Solely Responsible for the Salem Witch Trials?
• What Do the Salem Witch Trials Reveal About Gender and Power in the 17th Century in the US?
• How Did the Puritans Affect the Trials of the Salem Witch?
• What Was Ann Putnum’s Point of View About the Salem Witch Trials?
• Were Salem Witch Trials a Peculiar Aberrant Moment in an Age of Superstition or Were They Something Else?
• What Part Did Gender Roles Play During the Salem Witch Trials?
• How Did the Salem Witch Trials Impact Modern Culture?
• What Impact Did the Puritan’s Religious and Social Culture Have on the Proceedings of the Salem Witch Trials?
• Were the Salem Witch Trials Spurred by Food Poisoning?
• What Were the Causes and Effects of the Salem Witch Trials?
• How Do the Salem Witch Trials Relate to the Changes Occurring During the Late 17th Century in Colonial British America?
• What Caused the Salem Witch Trials Hysteria?
• How Did the Salem Witch Trials Go Down?
• What Happened During the Salem Witch Trials?
• How Were McCarthyism and the Salem Witch Trials Related?
• What Was the Significance of the Salem Witch Trials?
• Is the Movie ‘the Crucible’ Historically Accurate to the Salem Witch Trials of 1693?
• How Were Elizabeth Proctor and Sarah Cloyce Arrested During the Salem Witch Trials?
• What Were the Underlying Causes of the Persecution of People During the Salem Witch Trials?
• Do the Salem Witch Trials Which Occurred in 1662 and 1663 Have an Explanation Other Than Superstition and Religion?
• How the Salem Witch Trials Affected How We View Witches Today?
• What Was the Best Way to Avoid Trial and Execution for Witchcraft During the Salem Witch Trials?
• Are Witch Trials Legitimate Today? Was It Legal in the Period of the Salem Witch Trials?
• What Were the Events That Led to the Salem Witch Trials?
• Had the Puritan Religion Itself Been the Real Culprit in the Salem Witch Trials?
• How Does the Author Laurie Winn Carlson Speak About the Salem Witch Trials?
• What Did the Leaders of Salem Have to Gain Through the Exposure of So-Called Witches?
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Essays on Salem Witch Trials

Salem witch trials essay topics and outline examples, essay title 1: the salem witch trials: an examination of mass hysteria and its consequences.

Thesis Statement: The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 were a tragic chapter in American history characterized by mass hysteria, social dynamics, and the persecution of innocent individuals, and this essay explores the factors that led to the witch trials and their enduring legacy.

• Introduction
• The Historical Context of Puritan New England
• The Outbreak of Accusations and the Role of Fear
• The Trials and Executions
• Analysis of Social and Psychological Factors
• The Legacy of the Salem Witch Trials

Essay Title 2: The Accused and the Accusers: Uncovering Motivations and Identities in the Salem Witch Trials

Thesis Statement: A closer examination of the accused witches and their accusers in the Salem Witch Trials reveals a complex interplay of personal grievances, social dynamics, and religious fervor that contributed to the tragedy.

• The Accused: Their Backgrounds and Vulnerabilities
• The Accusers: Motivations and Social Positions
• The Legal Proceedings and the Role of Spectral Evidence
• Repercussions on the Accused and the Accusers

Essay Title 3: Lessons from Salem: Examining the Salem Witch Trials in Historical Context

Thesis Statement: The Salem Witch Trials serve as a cautionary tale about the dangers of unchecked power, religious extremism, and the need for a fair and just legal system, and this essay explores the enduring relevance of the trials in contemporary society.

• Comparing the Salem Witch Trials to Other Historical Witch Hunts
• Exploring the Role of Religion and Superstition
• Lessons for Modern Justice Systems and Civil Liberties
• Preserving the Memory and Lessons of the Salem Witch Trials

Salem Witch Trials Unfair

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Salem Witch Trials: Film Analysis

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Causes and Effects of The Salem Witch Trials

A brief history of the salem witch trials, why salem witch trials were aimed solely at women, the motivations behind the salem witch trials, get a personalized essay in under 3 hours.

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How Cotton Mather’s Influence Caused The Salem Witch Trial Hysteria of 1692

The salem witch trials and the women victims, a research on what caused the salem witch trial hysteria of 1692, the salem witch trials and mccarthyism: a comparative analysis, depiction of the salem witch trials of 1692 in "the crucible" by arthur miller, tituba as the first woman accused of practicing witchcraft, the theories around what caused the salem witch trial hysteria of 1692, causes of witchcraft mass hysteria in salem, freedom for the people: the possible speech of mary warren, giles corey and the salem witchcraft trials, the sins of fear: arthur miller’s the crucible and the treatment of arab-americans after 9/11, social structure change as a root cause of the salem witch trial hysteria of 1692, escaping salem: how one person can make a difference, the arrest of sarah cloyce and elizabeth (bassett) proctor, reverend hale: a spiritual doctor, exploring the link between 'the lottery' and the witch trials, red scare: america’s fear of terrorism, tituba accused the salem witch trials, reverend hale's evolution in "the crucible" by arthur miller, salem witch trials dbq.

May 1692 - October 1692

United States

The Salem witchcraft trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions that took place in colonial Massachusetts, specifically in the town of Salem, between 1692 and 1693. These trials were a dark chapter in American history, characterized by the mass hysteria and persecution of individuals accused of practicing witchcraft. The trials were sparked by the strange and unexplained behavior of several young girls, who claimed to be afflicted by witches. This led to a frenzy of accusations and trials, where numerous people, primarily women, were accused of consorting with the Devil and practicing witchcraft. During the trials, the accused individuals faced unfair and biased proceedings, often based on hearsay, spectral evidence, and superstitions. Many innocent people were wrongly convicted and subjected to harsh punishments, including imprisonment and even execution.

The Salem witch trials occurred in the late 17th century in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, which was a Puritan society deeply rooted in religious beliefs and strict social hierarchies. The trials took place against the backdrop of a tense and uncertain period, marked by political, social, and religious upheaval. In the years leading up to the trials, the colony faced challenges such as territorial disputes, conflicts with Native American tribes, and economic instability. Additionally, the Puritan community was grappling with the concept of witchcraft, influenced by prevailing beliefs in Europe at the time. The prevailing religious ideology, which emphasized a strict interpretation of Christianity, fostered a climate of fear and suspicion. The Puritans believed that witchcraft was a serious offense and that the Devil could infiltrate their community. This mindset, combined with existing social tensions and personal rivalries, created fertile ground for the accusations and subsequent trials.

Reverend Samuel Parris: Parris was the minister of Salem Village and the father of one of the afflicted girls. His sermons and strict religious teachings contributed to the atmosphere of fear and suspicion. Tituba: Tituba was a slave belonging to Reverend Parris. She was the first person accused of witchcraft and her supposed confessions fueled the hysteria surrounding the trials. Cotton Mather: Mather was a prominent Puritan minister and writer who played a role in shaping public opinion during the trials. Although initially supportive, he later expressed doubts about the fairness of the proceedings. Judge William Stoughton: Stoughton was the chief justice of the special court established to hear the witchcraft cases. He was known for his strong belief in witchcraft and his harsh and biased approach to the trials. Rebecca Nurse: Nurse was an elderly woman known for her piety and respected standing in the community. Despite her innocence, she was accused and ultimately executed as a witch.

The Salem witch trials, although a localized event in colonial America, have had a lasting influence on history. Here are some ways in which they have made an impact: Legal Reforms: The trials revealed the dangers of unchecked religious fervor and the flaws of the legal system at the time. This prompted reforms in evidence standards and legal procedures, ensuring fairer trials in the future. Religious Freedom: The trials highlighted the dangers of religious intolerance and the need for the separation of church and state. They contributed to the growing idea of religious freedom and the recognition of individual rights. Public Consciousness: The Salem witch trials serve as a cautionary tale about the consequences of mass hysteria, false accusations, and the power of fear. They continue to raise awareness about the dangers of scapegoating and the importance of critical thinking. Cultural Impact: The trials have become an enduring symbol of injustice and persecution. They have inspired numerous works of literature, art, and media, ensuring their place in popular culture and keeping the memory alive.

"The Crucible" by Arthur Miller: This renowned play, first performed in 1953, uses the trials as an allegory for McCarthyism and the Red Scare in the United States during the 1950s. It depicts the hysteria, false accusations, and the devastating consequences of mass paranoia. "The Witch" (2015): This horror film, set in the 17th century, portrays a family dealing with supernatural forces and suspicion of witchcraft. While not a direct adaptation of the Salem witch trials, it captures the atmosphere and fear prevalent during that time. "Salem" (2014-2017): This television series explores the trials within a supernatural context, depicting witches, magic, and historical figures. It weaves a fictional narrative with elements inspired by the events of the Salem witch trials. "I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem" by Maryse Condé: This novel offers a fictionalized account from the perspective of Tituba, an enslaved woman accused of witchcraft during the trials. It examines the intersection of race, gender, and power dynamics in the context of the trials.

1. The trials resulted in the execution of 20 people, 14 of whom were women, and the imprisonment of many others. 2. The initial accusations began when young girls in Salem Village claimed to be afflicted by witchcraft. 3. The first person to be accused and executed was Bridget Bishop on June 10, 1692. 4. The trials were fueled by religious and social tensions, as well as economic disputes within the community. 5. The court relied heavily on spectral evidence, which was testimony of the accused appearing in the form of a specter or ghost. 6. The infamous Salem witch trials ended abruptly when Governor William Phips ordered the trials to stop in October 1692. 7. The aftermath of the trials led to a sense of shame and guilt within the community, with efforts made to compensate the families of the victims.

The topic of the Salem witch trials is important to write an essay about due to its profound historical significance and the valuable lessons it teaches us about human behavior, justice, and the dangers of mass hysteria. The trials serve as a cautionary tale, reminding us of the devastating consequences that can arise when fear, prejudice, and the suspension of rational judgment take hold. By examining the Salem witch trials, we gain insight into the complex social, religious, and political dynamics of colonial America. We explore the role of religion in shaping beliefs and attitudes, the power dynamics within communities, and the impact of external influences on society. Furthermore, the trials raise important questions about justice and the legal system. They highlight the importance of due process, the presumption of innocence, and the dangers of relying on unreliable evidence. The events of Salem also shed light on the long-lasting psychological, emotional, and social effects on both the accused and the accusers.

1. Baker, E. A. (2007). The devil of great island: Witchcraft and conflict in early New England. Palgrave Macmillan. 2. Boyer, P., & Nissenbaum, S. (1974). Salem possessed: The social origins of witchcraft. Harvard University Press. 3. Carlson, L. (2010). A fever in Salem: A new interpretation of the New England witch trials. Ivan R. Dee. 4. Demos, J. (1982). Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and the culture of early New England. Oxford University Press. 5. Hoffer, P. C. (1997). The Salem witchcraft trials: A legal history. University Press of Kansas. 6. Karlsen, C. F. (1989). The devil in the shape of a woman: Witchcraft in colonial New England. W.W. Norton & Company. 7. Norton, M. B. (2003). In the devil's snare: The Salem witchcraft crisis of 1692. Vintage. 8. Reis, E. (1997). Damned women: Sinners and witches in Puritan New England. Cornell University Press. 9. Rosenthal, B. (2009). Salem story: Reading the witch trials of 1692. Cambridge University Press. 10. Upham, C. W. (1980). Salem witchcraft: With an account of Salem Village and a history of opinions on witchcraft and kindred subjects. Colonial Society of Massachusetts.

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Salem Witch Trials - Free Essay Samples And Topic Ideas

The Salem Witch Trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. Essays could delve into the historical context, the societal and religious factors contributing to the witch trials, and the lasting impact on American history and literature. Comparisons to other historical instances of mass hysteria could also be insightful. We’ve gathered an extensive assortment of free essay samples on the topic of Salem Witch Trials you can find in Papersowl database. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

A Social Tension in Bacon S Rebellion and Salem Witch Trials

Considerable growth and great tensions were developed in the late seventeenth century in the European colonies. With the imposition of salutary neglect, colonists were demanded to create their forms of local government. Although some governments proved successful, others left the regions with great instability. Additionally, the large population of neighboring Native Americans, who believed colonists had stolen their land, led to much tension. Finally, a continued wavering effect in the economic success of the colonies created unrests. All these factors […]

Religion, Social Norms and the Salem Witch Trials

Intro: Between February 1692 and May 1593, confusion and accusations ravaged throughout Salem, Massachusetts, about the presence of witchcraft. A series of hearings and prosecutions of citizens supposedly practicing witchcraft ended with the death of 25 people. These events being viewed so differently now leave questions about what really caused the Salem Witch Trials. A lot of controversies is present when it comes to this issue as a cause of people's differing religious beliefs. The Salem Witch Trials occurred as […]

Power and Authority in the Crucible

In Arthur Miller’s captivating play, The Crucible, the Salem Witch Trials were examined during 1693 and 1694. Through this play, we can see how powerless people have become powerful. This essay will be describing the trasition from powerless to powerful or the other way around, based off of the Salem Witch Trials. Empowerment plays a crucial role in the development of a powerful person. The audience realizes that the role of adversity has helped the powerless to become powerful. In […]

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The Causes of Hysteria from the Salem Witch Trials

This is an essay on causes of the Salem Witch Trials hysteria that hopes to reveal the root causes and explain the actions of so many during a time of strict religious beliefs. During the time period of 1692 to 1693, the small town of Salem, within the Massachusetts Bay colony, was struck by mass hysteria from a series of trials notoriously known as the Salem Witch Trials. By the end, over 200 people would be accused of witchcraft, and […]

Analysis of the Salem Witch Trials

The Salem Witch Trials were a progression of preliminaries endeavoring to discover, recognize, and slaughter every single known lady and men honing black magic. The preliminaries happened in Colonial Massachusetts from 1692 and 1693, and for the subjects there, all killings were a triumph as the residents trusted they were disposing of the underhanded spirits expedited by the demon, until the point that they swung to catastrophe when the natives acknowledged they had slaughtered honest blood. "As a country we […]

The Crucible Final Essay

Arthur Miller believes that the idea of tragedy is often misinterpreted. Many people believe that in a tragedy a person in the play must die unexpectedly for the person that they love. He sees that In “The Crucible” his intention was not to rewrite the history of the Salem Witch Trials but to create characters to show how people were falsely accused and have been hung as a result. He also shows characters who are very courageous. Within his quote […]

Oppression of Women in Salem Witch Trials

A "witch" a word derived from old English that was placed in this world especially for women. Women were the main victims of the lynching and homicidal crimes of 1692. After being described as witches and the devil's spawn, women were the main target of the people of Salem; Tituba was the fatal spark to the actual witchcraft after being seen doing critical magic/voodoo (Ray, Benjamin C. pp. 190-203). The Salem Witch Trials oppressed women in a variety of ways […]

The Truth Behind the Salem Witch Trials

The Salem Witch Trials took place in colonial Massachusetts. The trials occurred between 1692 and 1693. More than two-hundred people were accused of practicing witchcraft, or as they called it "The Devil's Magic." Twenty lives were lost through the execution of "witches." Nineteen executions were hangings, and one person was burned at stake. Still, to this day, the real cause of the Salem witch trials is unknown. The reasons behind the trials themselves are complex and multifaceted. Economics, religious constraints, […]

Equality between Men and Women

Men and women should have the equally right to vote, education, and respect. They should have the same rights because being a woman is just a gender. It does not change who we are as a person and it is very unfair. Through time, the way people look at women now has changed through some historical ways. The Salem Witch trials had a very powerful impact on women. Economic and voting oppurtunities for women were very limited. For example, most […]

The Salem Witch Trials in the United State’s History

The Salem witch trials were the most infamous witchcraft trials in the United State's history. Taking place in colonial Massachusetts, the trials began in late February 1692 and lasted through May of 1693. There were at least twenty-five people who died: nineteen of which were executed by hanging, one person was tortured to their death, and there were at least five people who died in jail because of poor living conditions, including an infant who was bon in jail and […]

Governor Phips and the Salem Witch Trials

The accusations and hysteria led the court to execute the accused witches without any strong evidence of witchcraft. In 1692, Governor Phips assembled with the court and decided the seven judges (Salem Witch Trials). The judges decided their punishments based on spectral evidence or dreams which weren't strong evidence. The people who were accused had to defend themselves without any help (Simons). They weren't given any help from the court and had to defend themselves on their own. The judges […]

How is Reputation Shown in the Crucible

Reputation is the way that other people perceive you. Integrity is the way you perceive yourself. Abigail wanted to protect her reputation and Integrity so, she went around Salem and accused others of being involved with witchcrafts. A bad reputation on others can result in social or physical punishment. In The Crucible, people in Salem used accusations of witchcraft to destroy the reputation of their enemies. Abigail Williams lies and manipulates her friends and the entire town causing innocent people […]

A Start of the Salem Witch Trials

The Salem Witch Trials began in May of 1692. The first accused witch was hung in June of 1692. A special court was invented in Salem and in multiple other places to deal with the accused witches. The Salem Witch Trials had been endured for centuries and more than 200 people would be accused of witchery. The belief in the supernatural and specifically in the devils practice of giving witches as they called them powers of a sort to do […]

Witchcraft Time in the Salem Witch Trials

Imagine waking up in the morning, and people banging on your door accusing you of being a witch. During 1692-1693 200 people were accused of witchcraft. The Salem witchcraft trials were a time when people were executed for being accused of witchcraft. Over 141 suspects, both men and women were trialed for witchcraft. January 1692 a group of girls begins to make odd noises, be in strange positions, and spend hours lying motionless in the bed. When the word spread […]

The Salem Witch Trials between 1692 and 1693

The Salem Witch Trials occurred in Massachusetts in the colonial era between 1692 and 1693. The cause for these were very debatable. Some theories lead to Rye poisoning from bread to even people faking it. Everyone had a motive, and all just wanted to save himself or herself. This period caused people to be overwhelmingly selfish and only care for themselves. The most believable claim is that people were faking it due to being orphaned or little no dowries from […]

History of the Salem Witch Trials

Introduction The Salem Witch Trials were a group of US trials and prosecutions that resulted from the paranoia of townspeople in which two hundred people were accused of witchcraft and nineteen were hanged. The trials took place in colonial Massachusetts over a nearly 7-month period in the years of 1692 and 1693. The colony would eventually admit that the trials were a mistake and went on to compensate the families that were involved. (Blumberg, J. "A Brief History of the […]

John Proctor’s Pride in the Play the Crucible

A tragedy is an event that leads to one's affliction and downfall. That’s the case in the play The Crucible by Arthur Miller. The Crucible took place in Salem, MA in the 1960s. It's about how a group of girls dancing in the forest led to a full-on witch trial investigation. This play is an allegory which means its a story told on two levels. The first time period is the Salem Witch Trials and the second is the time […]

Unjust Power and Gender Relations in the Salem Witch Trials

The Salem Witch Trials have entranced fear skepticism and fear into the world of American history, for scholars and non-scholars alike. Yet on how the account of how these witch trial started and continued for such a long time is due to the fact of gender relations, and the abuse of power. These two things affected the start and outcome of this historical debacle.People often have many misconceptions on what exactly happened in The Salem Witch Trials, many of those […]

Salem Witch Trials a Dark Day in American History

The town of Salem Massachusetts, was founded in 1626 by Roger and a group of migrants. The settlements first name was Naumkeag, but they name was too hard so they called it Salem. The word Salem comes from the hebrew word for peace. Salem a small and peace full town right on the great Atlantic Sea. Little do people know but this small town has a very, very dark history, which will be a permanent stain in America's history. The […]

Hygiene during the Salem Witch Trials

The European American Exchange of infectious diseases was responsible for the demographic havoc of the native population in the New World after 1492. In America, before Europeans arrived, there were no record of any human viral diseases, though there were records of rickettsiasis, pinta, yaws and syphilis. Sailors were contaminated by yaws and spread this disease into Europe. In late 1400s, influenza was introduced into Santa Domingo which had been responsible for the annihilation of the natives of the Antilles […]

Mccarthyism Vs Salem Witch Trials

America is among the most developed countries in the world and is developing daily. When someone talks about America, people think of it as a big country with good education and a strong economy. But how many people know about American history? How many people know what did America experience to be strong as today? Before America becomes such solid as today, it has undergone many crises. Some events that led to the death of many innocent people were The […]

The Crucible as an Allegory to McCarthyism

Arthur Miller's The Crucible seems to be historical fiction at first glance; it is, in its simplest state, a dramatic retelling of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. However, a close reading of the play leads us to conclude that The Crucible deviated from the real historical narrative accuracies quite a bit. This is not a failure of storytelling or a symptom of laziness on Miller's part; it is rather a symptom of the artistic liberties taken by Miller in […]

The Salem Witch Trials: a Dark Chapter of the 1690s

Picture a sleepy village in Massachusetts, where Puritan beliefs reign supreme and the boundaries between reality and superstition are occasionally blurred. Now imagine that same village consumed by a fire of paranoia, accusations, and fear — not of an actual physical enemy, but of the unseen and the mystical. This is Salem in the 1690s, the stage for one of the most infamous episodes in American history: the Salem witch trials. The Salem witch trials began in January 1692, triggered […]

Similarities and Difference the Crucible Play and Movie

Over many years many movies have been based upon famous plays or even books. Sometimes these movies succeed in exaggeration of the plays images and thoughts for the play or book. The play by Arthur Miller, The Crucible and the movie have many similarities and differences. These all help change the plot, characters, and mood for the play which have been set into the movie. For starters, usually a movie is far different from the play or book it originally […]

Fear and Misinformation in the Crucible

In the Crucible, the Salem witch trials was shown in a fictional matter. But still had inspiration from the real event and the hysteria known as the Red Scare. In the book, it shows how fear and misinformation can cause major repercussions, hysteria, and cause a whole town to turn on each other. In this essay, I will identify who gets blamed for what happened in Salem. I also will defend the main antagonist Abigail Williams. Firstly, in Act 1 […]

John Proctor a One Man Show

Just as the heart and brain are part of human anatomy, sinful nature and desire are woven into the DNA of the natural man. One of the most notorious examples of people acting based on their own greed and sinful desires is the Salem Witch Trials. The quiet Puritan town of Salem, Massachusetts erupted into chaos and hysteria in 1692 when several girls accused various members of the community of conspiring with the devil. Most of the people entangled in […]

About a Dramatized the Crucible by Arthur Miller

It is a dramatized and partially fictionalized story of the real life Salem Witch Trials that took place in Salem, Massachusetts during 1692- 1693. Many innocent people were wrongfully accused of witchery and put on trial for things that they didn’t commit. Many of those people were punished simply because they didn’t want to confess to lies and weren’t going to be manipulated. Some characters of the play include John Proctor who is often referred to as the protagonist, and […]

One of the Main Characters in the Play “The Crucible”

In the play The Crucible by Arthur Miller, John Proctor, one of the main characters in his mid-thirties, was overly prideful in his name and reputation. To start, John Proctor had a previous affair with a 17- year- old girl named Abigail. When John revealed this to his wife Elizabeth, whom he has three sons with, she was very upset and on the edge. So, when Abigail was put on trial for previous accusations, Elizabeth wanted John to go testify […]

The Effects of Godliness and Worldliness in the Puritan Civilization

In past civilizations, many upheld the belief that religious principles were in fact to be embedded within the present standards of the country's economic and social status. The aspect of godliness and worldliness is still contrasted in discussions today. The effects that the two factors play on the outcome of the trials remain a prominent part of Salem and Andover's historical prevalence. The genuinity of Miller's work, The Crucible, resonates throughout the nation, and is praised for its dissection on […]

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The Crucible is a play written by Arthur Miller based on the Salem Witch Trials that took place around the late 1600’s. During this time period, in Salem especially, it is very important that the people of the community were holy and lived according to God’s will. For example, you must know your Ten commandments in order to keep bad suspicions off your back. Although, even that will not be enough if you are accused of conjuring the devil. In […]

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Essay on Salem Witch Trials One of the most controversial and discussed topics of the 1600s was the Salem Witch Trials. In total, 20 people were murdered 14 women and six men. 19 were hung near Gallows Hill, while one was tortured to death. However, over approximately 200 villagers were accused of witchcraft but ultimately were pardoned or not thoroughly investigated by the authorities. This all begun in January of 1692, when two young girls named Elizabeth Parris and Abigail Williams began exhibiting strange, supernatural behaviors. They suddenly began to do odd things like screaming, contorting their bodies in strange ways, and throwing objects. (In these dark times, the believability for supernatural occurrences was much higher and many people wanted them to occur.) The girls insisted that an invisible figure was persistently biting, grabbing, and scratching them. Around this time, many other girls began to experience these same things. In February of the same year, the young girls accused three women for being the cause of their weird behavior. Their names were Sarah Osborne, Tituba the Witch, and Sarah Good. Sarah Osborne and Sarah Good never admitted anything, however, Tituba did. However, some people believe that Tituba was forced to confess. She admitted that she had used witchcraft to cause the girls to act strangely and said that she was serving the devil. In her testimony, she said that there were other witches working together to harm the people in Salem. This caused them to have a mission and purpose to find those who were using witchcraft. Over time, many more people including, men and women, were accused of being witches before eventually being murdered. The Salem Witch Trials finally ended in May of 1683. Eventually, the colony apologized for these injustices of murdering potentially innocent villagers and said that the witch trials were overall just a mistake. There are several main possible theories as to why this happened. A common theory as to why the Salem Witch Trials happened was that the people accused of witchcraft were potentially exposed to a fungus called ergot. If this was eaten, it could cause hallucinations, muscle contractions (similar to seizures), tingling sensations, and even vertigo. All of these symptoms seem to match up with what the accused witches were going through. According to the woman who came up with this theory, Linnda Caporael, all the conditions in the environment were “just right” for the fungus to grow. Rye was being commonly grown in villages at this point in time and there was some moisture in the air. Additionally, rye has to be stored for a long time, which would increase the amount of time that the ergot had to infect the rye. However, some other symptoms this disease brings did not match up to what the girls were experiencing. Other horrific symptoms include burning fingertips that would eventually disintegrate. This is definitely not the most trusted theory, however, it provides a reasonable explanation that aligns with the economic times.Another theory suggests that the climate in which the witch trials went through could have had something to do with the behaviors of the people. In the years of 1550 to the 1800s, there was a “Little Ice Age” occurring and it especially intensified between the years of the Salem Witch Trials. During this period, crops were failing due to the cold weather and brought many hardships to people in villages and colonies who had to grow their own crops and use what the land offered them. This sense of failure and regret made many people rudely blame others for what they were going through. During the Salem Witch Trials, there was another event going on that became known as a 'Great Witch Craze”. In this time period, many people were desperate to find witches and hunt them down. As you can tell, during this time, people were absolutely desperate for people to blame and proof that witches are real. The brutal weather combined with the unusual need to hunt witches could have easily contributed to everyone’s lack of judgment. One theory suggests that Reverend Samuel Parris (the minister during the witchcraft) actually used the witch trials for his own socio-political gain. This theory is quite convincing as it came from a Salem merchant named Robert Calef, who was one of the people in the community during the witch trials. He proposed that Parris forced his slave Tituba to confess to using witchcraft on the young girls and cause mass hysteria. Then, he could use the resulting paranoia to take back his diminishing role of power in the Salem village. Tituba’s testimony is the longest and most detailed out of all of the testimonies of the Salem Witch Trials. In her testimony, she spoke about seeing visions of eerie animals in various colors and that she went blind as a result of the devil punishing her for speaking about him so honestly and effortlessly. During her whole testimony, she was especially accommodating to all of the judges. If Reverend Parris did force her to confess, then it definitely would make sense since her testimony described many things that became the push that the colony needed to start their hunt for witches. A more controversial theory states that the girls had suffered from a disease called encephalitis lethargica and had been wrongfully diagnosed as possession of witchcraft. In this theory, presented in a book called, “A Fever in Salem”, the author states that when the young girls began exhibiting these odd behaviors, the doctor couldn’t find a specific cause or illness that they were experiencing so he concluded that they had been possessed. During this time, this was a common diagnosis since it was difficult for them to figure out what was happening if there weren’t physical or common symptoms showing since they were limited to resources they could use. The doctor that went to treat the girls was the only doctor in the Salem Village and he could most likely read, but not write. This furthers the lack of knowledge that there was to provide a proper diagnosis.

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The Salem Witch Trials: A legal bibliography

The law of the Salem Witch Trials is a fascinating mix of biblical passages and colonial statutes.  According to Mark Podvia (see Timeline , PDF), the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony adopted the following statute in 1641:  “If any man or woman be a WITCH, that is, hath or consulteth with a familiar spirit, they shall be put to death. Exod . 22. 18. Levit . 20. 27. Deut . 18. 10. 11.”  The statute encompasses passages from the Bible written circa 700 B.C. Exodus states:  “Thou shall not suffer a witch to live.” Leviticus prescribes the punishment.  Witches and wizards “shall surely be put to death:  they shall stone them with stones:   their blood shall be upon them.”  And Deuteronomy states:  “There shall not be found among you any one that maketh his son or his daughter to pass through the fire, or that useth divination, or an observer of times, or an enchanter, or a witch.  Or a charmer, or a consulter with familiar spirits, or a wizard, or a necromancer.”

In Salem, the accusers and alleged victims came from a small group of girls aged nine to 19, including Betty Parris and Abigail Williams.  In January 1692, Betty and Abigail had strange fits. Rumors spread through the village attributing the fits to the devil and the work of his evil hands.  The accusers claimed the witchcraft came mostly from women, with the notable exception of four-year old Dorcas Good.

The colony created the Court of Oyer and Terminer especially for the witchcraft trials.  The law did not then use the principle of “innocent until proven guilty” – if you made it to trial, the law presumed guilt.  If the colony imprisoned you, you had to pay for your stay.  Courts relied on three kinds of evidence:  1) confession, 2) testimony of two eyewitnesses to acts of witchcraft, or  3) spectral evidence (when the afflicted girls were having their fits, they would interact with an unseen assailant – the apparition of the witch tormenting them).  According to Wendel Craker, no court ever convicted an accused of witchcraft on the basis of spectral evidence alone, but other forms of evidence were needed to corroborate the charge of witchcraft. Courts allowed “causal relationship” evidence, for example, to prove that the accused possessed or controlled an afflicted girl.  Prior conflicts, bad acts by the accused, possession of materials used in spells, greater than average strength, and witch’s marks also counted as evidence of witchcraft.  If the accused was female, a jury of women examined her body for “witch’s marks” which supposedly showed that a familiar had bitten or fed on the accused.  Other evidence included the “touching test” (afficted girls tortured by fits became calm after touching the accused).  Courts could not base convictions on confessions obtained through torture unless the accused reaffirmed the confession afterward, but if the accused recanted the confession, authorities usually tortured the accused further to obtain the confession again.  If you recited the Lord’s Prayer, you were not a witch.   The colony did not burn witches, it hanged them.

The Salem Witch Trials divided the community.  Neighbor testified against neighbor.  Children against parents.  Husband against wife.  Children died in prisons.  Familes were destroyed.  Churches removed from their congregations some of the persons accused of witchcraft.  After the Court of Oyer and Terminer was dissolved, the Superior Court of Judicature took over the witchcraft cases.  They disallowed spectral evidence.  Most accusations of witchcraft then resulted in acquittals.  An essay by Increase Mather, a prominent minister, may have helped stop the witch trials craze in Salem.

Researching the Salem Witch Trials is easier than it used to be.  Most of the primary source materials (statutes, transcripts of court records, contemporary accounts) are available electronically.  Useful databases include HeinOnline Legal Classics Library (see  Trials for Witchcraft before the Special Court of Oyer and Terminer, Salem, Massachusetts, 1692 ;   The Salem Witchcraft  (Clair, Henry St., 1840); and “ Witch Trials ,”  1 Curious Cases and Amusing Actions at Law including Some Trials of Witches in the Seventeenth Century (1916) ), HeinOnline World Trials Library, HeinOnline Law Journal Library (also JSTOR, America:  History & Life, Google Scholar, and the LexisNexis and Westlaw journal databases),  Gale Encyclopedia of American Law (“ Salem Witch Trials “), Google Books, Hathi Trust, and the Internet Archive.  For books and articles on the Salem Witch Trials and witchcraft and the law generally, Library of Congress subject headings include:

• Trials (Witchcraft) — History
• Trials (Witchcraft) — Massachusetts — Salem
• Witch hunting — Massachusetts — Salem
• Witchcraft — Massachusetts — Salem — History — 17th century
• Witchcraft — New England
• Witches — Crimes against

• Salem Witch Trials:  Documentary Archive & Transcription Project (University of Virginia)(includes online searchable text of the transcription of court records as published in Boyer/Nissenbaum’s The Salem Witchcraft Papers , revised 2011, and e-versions of contemporary books)
• Famous American Trials:  Salem Witch Trials, 1692 (Prof. Douglas O. Linder, University of Missouri-Kansas City Law School)

Bibliography

Adams, Gretchen A. The Specter of Salem:  Remembering the Witch Trials in Nineteenth-Century America (University of Chicago Press, BF1576.A33 2008).

Boyer, Paul & Stephen Nissenbaum, eds. The Salem Witchcraft Papers:  Verbatim Transcripts of the Legal Documents of the Salem Witchcraft Outbreak of 1692  (Da Capo Press, XXKFM2478.8.W5S240 1977 )( digital edition , revised and augmented, 2011).  3v.

___________________________. Salem Possessed:  The Social Origins of Witchcraf t (Harvard University Press, BF1576.B79 1974 ).  See especially pages 1-59.

___________________________, eds. Salem Village Witchcraft:  A Documentary Record of Local Conflict in Colonial New England  (Wadsworth Pub. Co., KA653.B75 1972 LawAnxS ).

Brown, David C.  “The Case of Giles Corey.” EIHC ( Essex Institute Historical Collections , F72.E7E81 ) 121 (1985): 282-299.

___________.  “ The Forfeitures of Salem, 1692 .” The William and Mary Quarterly 50 (1993): 85-111.

Burns, William E. Witch Hunts in Europe and America:  An Encyclopedia (Greenwood Press, BF1584.E9B87 2003 ).  Includes a Chronology (1307-1793), “Salem Witch Trials” at pages 257-261, and a bibliography at pages 333-347.

Burr, George Lincoln. Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases, 1648-1706 (Barnes & Noble, BF1573.B6901 1963 ).

Calef, Robert. More Wonders of the Invisible World (1700).

Craker, Wendel D.  “Spectral Evidence, Non-Spectral Acts of Witchcraft, and Confession at Salem in 1692. ” Historical Journal 40 (1997):  331-358.

Demos, John. Entertaining Satan:  Witchcraft and the Culture of Early New England (Oxford University Press, BF1576.D38 1982 ).

Francis, Richard. Judge Sewall’s Apology:  The Salem Witch Trials and the Forming of the American Conscience (Fourth Estate, F67.S525 2005 ).

Godbeer, Richard. The Salem Witch Hunt:  A Brief History with Documents (Bedford/St. Martin’s, XXKFM2478.8.W5G63 2011 ).

Hansen, Chadwick. Witchcraft at Salem (G. Braziller, BF1576.H25 1969 ).

Hill, Frances. The Salem Witch Trials Reader (Da Capo Press, BF1576.H55 2000 ).

Hoffer, Peter Charles. The Salem Witchcraft Trials:  A Legal History (University Press of Kansas, XXKFM2478.8.W5H645 1997 )(Landmark Law Cases & American Society).

______________. The Devil’s Disciples:  Makers of the Salem Witchcraft Trials (Johns Hopkins University Press, XXKFM2478.8.W5H646 1996 ).

Karlsen, Carol F. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman:  Witchcraft in Colonial New England (Norton, BF1576.K370 1987 ).

Le Beau, Bryan F. The Story of the Salem Witch Trials:  “We Walked in Clouds and We Could Not See Our Way” (Prentice Hall, 2d ed., XXKFM2478.8.W5L43 2010 )(DLL has 1998).

Levin, David. What Happened in Salem? (2d ed.  Harcourt, Brace & Co. BF1575.L40 1960 ) (Documents Pertaining to the Seventeenth-Century Witchcraft Trials).  Compiles trial evidence documents, contemporary comments, and legal redress.

Mather, Cotton. The Wonders of the Invisible World:  Being an Account of the Tryals of Several Witches Lately Executed in New England, and Of Several Remarkable Curiosities Therein Occurring (1693) .

Mather, Increase. Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits Personating Men, Witchcrafts, Infallible Proofs of Guilt in Such As Are Accused with That Crime  (1693).

Nevins, Winfield S. Witchcraft in Salem Village in 1692 (North Shore Pub. Co., BF1576.N5 1892 ).

Norton, Mary Beth. In the Devil’s Snare:  The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692  ( BF1575.N67 2002 )(legal analysis, with appendixes).

Powers, Edwin. Crime and Punishment in Early Massachusetts, 1620-1692  A Documentary History (Beacon Press, KB4537.P39C8 1966 LawAnxN ).

Rosenthal, Bernard ed. Records of the Salem Witch-Hunt (Cambridge University Press, XXKFM2478.8.W5R43 2009 )(includes Richard B. Trask, “Legal Procedures Used During the Salem Witch Trials and a Brief History of the Published Versions of the Records” at pages 44-63).

Ross, Lawrence J., Mark W. Podvia, & Karen Wahl. The Law of the Salem Witch Trials .  American Association of Law Library, Annual Meeting, Boston, Massachusetts, July 23, 2012 (AALL2go – password needed to access .mp3 and program handout).

Starkey, Marion. The Devil in Massachusetts:  A Modern Inquiry into the Salem Witch Trials (A.A. Knopf, XXKFM2478.8.W5S73 1949 ).

Upham, Charles W. Salem Witchcraft:  with an Account of Salem Village and a History of Witchcraft and Opinions on Kindred Subjects   (Wiggin & Lunt, 1867).  2v.

Weisman, Richard. Witchcraft, Magic, and Religion in 17th-Century Massachusetts (The University of Massachusetts Press, XXKFM2478.8.W5W4440 1984 ).  Includes a chapter on “The Crime of Witchcraft in Massachusetts Bay  Historical Background and Pattern of Prosecution.”  Appendixes includes lists of legal actions against witchcraft prior to the Salem prosecutions, Massachusetts Bay witchcraft defamation suits, persons accused of witchcraft in Salem, confessors, allegations of ordinary witchcrafts by case, afflicted persons.

Young, Martha M.  “ The Salem Witch Trials 300 Years Later:  How Far Has the American Legal System Come?  How Much Further Does It Need to Go? ”   Tulane Law Review 64 (1989): 235-258.

General Resources

Mackay, Christopher S., trans. & ed.   The Hammer of Witches:  A Complete Translation of the Malleus Maleficarum (authored by Heinrich Institoris & Jacobus Sprenger in 1487 – Dominican friars, who were both Inquistors and professors of theology at the University of Cologne)(Cambridge University Press, BF1569.M33 2009 ).  This medieval text ( Der Hexenhammer in German) prescribes judicial procedures in cases of alleged witchcraft.  In question-and-answer format.  The judge should appoint as an advocate for the accused “an upright person who is not suspected of being fussy about legal niceties” as opposed to appointing “a litigious, evil-spirited person who could easily be corrupted by money” (p. 530).

“Judgment of a Witch.” The Fugger News-Letters 259-262 (The Bodley Head, Ltd., 1924).  Also reprinted in The Portable Renaissance Reader .

Pagel, Scott B. The Literature of Witchcraft Trials:  Books & Manuscripts from the Jacob Burns Law Library (University of Texas at Austin, BF1566.P243 2008 ) (Tarlton Law Library, Legal History Series, No. 9).

Witchcraft and the Law:  A Selected Bibliography of Recent Publications (Christine Corcos, LSU Law)(includes mostly pre-2000 works).

Government Documents Resource: ProQuest Congressional

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Salem witch trials research paper thesis

Perfect your essay writing skills for academic excellence| salem witch trials research paper thesis.

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