how to write abstract malayalam

Email your Message in മലയാളം...

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Special Characters in Malayalam:

Independent vowels:, dependent vowels:, consonants:, malayalam numbers:.

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Features you should know:.

For example, typing "nan malayalikale snehikkunnu" will be transliterated into "ഞാൻ മലയാളികളെ സ്നേഹിക്കുന്നു." .

• Press (Ctrl+G) to switch between English and Malayalam.
• Use the backspace or click on any words to get more choices on a drop-down menu.
• Once you have finished typing , email it to your friends and family.
• Simply copy and paste to post content on Facebook, Twitter, or format it on a text editor such as Word Document.

How to type in Malayalam using English Keyboard - QWERTY keyboard?

To start typing in Malayalam, just type a word as it is pronounced in English. This would then be transliterated into Malayalam. For E.g. if you type "nan ninne snehikkunnu" then it would be transliterated into “ഞാൻ നിന്നെ സ്നേഹിക്കുന്നു” .

If the transliterated word is not what you have expected - either click on the word or use the backspace to get more choices on a drop-down menu.

What is difference between Translation and Transliteration?

A translation tells you the meaning of words in another language. For E.g the translation of "India is multicultural country" would be "ഇന്ത്യ ബഹു സാംസ്കാരിക രാഷ്ട്രമാണ്" in Malayalam. You can use various online tool for translating word, sentence and phrase from English to Malayalam for FREE. Some of the popular translation tool are Google Translator , Bing Translator or use our own Malayalam Translation for FREE.

On the other hand, transliteration software works on phonetics. A transliteration doesn't tell you the meaning of the words but it helps you pronounce them. What you type in Roman script is converted in Malayalam script. For E.g. typing "intya oru bahu sanskarika rajyamnṇ" will be converted into "ഇന്ത്യ ഒരു ബഹു സാംസ്കാരിക രാജ്യമാണ്" .

Therefore, we can say, transliteration changes the letters from one alphabet into the similar-sounding characters of another alphabet. This makes it the simplest and fastest method of typing in Malayalam without practising any Malayalam Keyboard . You can either use Google Input Tool for FREE.

Malayalam Aksharamala Guide | മലയാളം അക്ഷരമാല | All Alphabets

The Malayalam Aksharamala, also known as the Malayalam alphabets or Malayalam letters, is the writing system used to represent the sounds of the Keralite language. For those embarking on the journey of learning Malayalam , understanding the Aksharamala is the first step towards unlocking the richness of this beautiful language. In this comprehensive guide, we delve into the intricacies of the Malayalam Aksharangal , exploring its unique characters, pronunciation, and importance in learning this wonderful language.

Malayalam Alphabets aka Malayalam Aksharamala Letters

Unlike many other alphabets, the Malayalam Aksharamala or script is syllabic, meaning each Malayalam letter represents a syllable rather than a single consonant or vowel sound. This distinctive feature gives Malayalam its melodic and rhythmic quality, making it one of the most captivating languages in the world.

Did you know?

• Malayalam Aksharamala boasts a unique blend of Dravidian and Brahmic influences
• The Malayalam alphabets consists of 36 consonants and 15 vowels
• Malayalam script follows a complex syllabic structure, incorporating vowels, consonants, and modifiers.

Malayalam Vowels – Swaraksharangal – സ്വരാക്ഷരങ്ങൾ

Malayalam vowels are represented by unique characters in the Aksharamala or letters, each with distinct phonetic properties. These vowels play a crucial role in determining the pronunciation and meaning of words in the Malayalam language.

Independent Vowels – Swaras – സ്വരം

Independent vowels in Malayalam can stand alone and form syllables without the need for consonant support. They include iconic characters such as അ (a), ആ (aa), ഇ (i), ഈ (ii), ഉ (u), ഊ (uu), എ (e), ഏ (ee), ഒ (o), and ഓ (oo).

‘a’ in “father”

‘aa’ in “car”

‘i’ in “sit”

‘ee’ in “bee”

‘u’ in “put”

‘oo’ in “boot”

‘ri’ in “riff”

‘e’ in “bed”

‘ay’ in “say”

‘ai’ in “aisle”

‘o’ in “hot”

‘o’ in “goat”

‘ou’ in “ouch”

‘am’ in “sam”

‘h’ in “ahh”

Dependent Vowels – Swarachinhangal – സ്വരചിഹ്നങ്ങൾ

Dependent vowels are symbols that combine with consonants to modify their pronunciation in Malayalam. These vowel modifiers, such as ി (i), ീ (ii), ു (u), ൂ (uu), െ (e), േ (ee), ൊ (o), and ോ (oo), add nuances to the sounds of consonants when written in combination.

‘i’ in “kit”

Malayalam Consonants – Vyanjanaksharangal – വ്യഞ്ജനാക്ഷരങ്ങൾ

Malayalam consonants, known as “vyanjanams,” form the backbone of the Aksharamala or script, providing the framework for syllable construction.

‘k’ in “kite”

‘kha’ in “khaki”

‘g’ in “go”

‘gh’ in “ghost”

‘ng’ in “sing”

‘ch’ in “cheese”

‘j’ in “jump”

‘ny’ in “canyon”

‘t’ in “top”

‘o’ in “go”

‘d’ in “dog”

‘n’ in “nose”

‘th’ in “think”

‘n’ in “note”

‘p’ in “pot”

‘ph’ in “photo”

‘b’ in “bat”

‘bh’ in “Bharat”

‘m’ in “man”

‘y’ in “yes”

‘r’ in “run”

‘l’ in “love”

‘v’ in “vase”

‘sh’ in “shoe”

‘sh’ in “ship”

‘s’ in “sun”

‘h’ in “hot”

‘ra’ in “rat”

Malayalam Chillaksharangal – Consonant Modifiers – ചില്ലക്ഷരങ്ങൾ

In Malayalam script, “Chillaksharangal” refers to consonants that can be pronounced by themselves without the support of ‘swaram’. These modifiers are added to consonants to indicate a slight modification in pronunciation or to denote the absence of a vowel sound after the consonant. They are primarily used to form conjunct consonants or compound consonants in Malayalam words.

Malayalam Koottaksharangal – Compound Consonants – കൂട്ടക്ഷരങ്ങൾ

Koottaksharangal, or compound consonants of Malayalam, are formed by combining two or more consonants to create a single character. These compound consonants represent specific sounds or combinations of sounds that are common in the Malayalam language but do not have separate characters.

Above table shows some Samyuktaaksharangal (സംയുക്താക്ഷരങ്ങൾ) Kootaksharangal (കൂട്ടക്ഷരങ്ങൾ)

Malayalam Numerals – Akkangal – മലയാളം അക്കങ്ങൾ

Malayalam numerals are a set of symbols used to represent numbers in the Malayalam language. They have their own unique script and are occasionally used in official documents, and educational materials in Kerala, India. Here are the numerals along with their corresponding Arabic and English equivalents:

0 – zero

1 – one

2 – two

3 – three

4 – four

5 – five

6 – six

7 – seven

8 – eight

9 – nine

The Malayalam alphabets are called “ Aksharamala ” in Malayalam. It consists of a set of characters representing consonants and vowels.

The origin of Malayalam letters can be traced back to the Brahmi script, which evolved into the Grantha script and later adapted to create the Malayalam script.

The Malayalam alphabet consists of 36 consonants and 15 vowels.

The Malayalam alphabet is the writing system used to represent the sounds of the Malayalam language. It is essential for reading, writing, and communicating in Malayalam.

Malayalam alphabets are classified into two categories: consonants (vyanjanaksharam) and vowels (swaraksharam).

Yes, Malayalam alphabet includes special characters such as chillaksharam (dependent vowels), compound consonants, and conjunct consonants.

Yes, Malayalam letters have different forms based on their position in a word—initial, middle, or final—and whether they are connected to other letters.

Malayalam alphabets are pronounced based on their phonetic properties. Each letter represents a specific sound or combination of sounds in the Malayalam language.

There are various resources available for learning Malayalam alphabets, including books, online tutorials, and educational websites. We recommend reading our blog post on how to learn Malayalam easily .

You can continue learning Malayalam through our online Malayalam course , whether you’re a beginner or looking to improve fluency.

We also offer academic Malayalam tuition for school students in grades 1 to 10, tailored for all curriculums including CBSE, Kerala State Board, etc.

After learning letters, we recommend you to read our guide on basic Malayalam words to start with words.

If you think you’ll need additional support, our one-on-one online Malayalam learning course will be a good choice, feel free to fill the below form and our counselors will reach out to you to help.

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അതിവേഗ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് → മലയാളം ← മലയാളം നിഘണ്ടു

• സംഗ്രഹിക്കുക
• സംക്ഷേപിക്കുക
• വേർതിരിച്ചെടുക്കുക
• പ്രയാസമുള്ള
• വേർപ്പെടുത്തുക
• രൂപമില്ലാത്ത
• അമൂർത്തമായ ആശയം
• ഗുണാത്മകമായ
• ആകാരമില്ലാത്ത
• സാരമെടുക്കുക
• പ്രത്യക്ഷമായ യാഥാർത്ഥ്യത്തെ കുറിച്ചുള്ള അടിയുറച്ച വിശ്വാസം
• പ്രത്യേകമായ
• ശ്രദ്ധയില്ലാത്ത
• ചിന്താമഗ്നയായ
• അന്യമനസ്കമായ

Abstraction

• വേർതിരിക്കൽ
• അമൂർത്തീകരണം
• അമൂർത്തഗുണം
• ശ്രദ്ധയില്ലായ്മ

Abstract art

അഭിപ്രായങ്ങളും നിർദ്ദേശങ്ങളും രേഖപ്പെടുത്തുക.

അവലോകനത്തിനായി സമർപ്പിക്കുക പൂട്ടുക

Malayalam Typing with Manglish

English to malayalam typing.

Type in English letters and choose the correct Malayalam word by clicking or using arrow keys

Voice Typing

Click the Voice button and speak the Malayalam sentence into your mic. The spoken words will appear in the editor

Copy & Paste

Use the Copy Text button, open the app or website you wish and paste the Malayalam text. Works in WhatsApp, Facebook, Microsoft Word, etc.

Explore and download your favorite Malayalam fonts

Try Manglish Keyboard on your phone

Manglish Keyboard is the best app to type Malayalam on your phone. It has Malayalam & English typing modes, voice typing, handwriting, stickers, and much more.

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Frequently Asked Questions

With Manglish Keyboard, you can type in English letters and the Malayalam word will appear. Type namaskaram to get നമസ്കാരം . This is English to Malayalam transliteration - എളുപ്പത്തിൽ മലയാളം ടൈപ്പിംഗ്!

Yes, this Malayalam Keyboard works similar to Google Input Tools Malayalam, also called Google എഴുത്ത് ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ (ezhuthupakaranangal). It is also similar to Kuttipencil Google version.

Voice typing is available only on Google Chrome browsers.

Manglish Keyboard is available as an app for Android and iOS devices. Please download the app for the best Malayalam typing experience.

A standard warning is shown when you enable any new keyboard on your phone. Manglish Keyboard does not collect or share any private information. Over 2 crore Malayalis use Manglish to type. The Manglish online tool uses an API to get Malayalam suggestions for the words you type.

• Constructed scripts
• Multilingual Pages

Malayalam (മലയാളം)

Malayalam is a Southern Dravidian language spoken mainly in the state of Kerala in southern India, and also in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Lakshadweep, Puducherry and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In 2011 there were about 35.5 million speakers of Malayalam in India.

There are speakers of Malayalam in a number of other countries, including: UAE (1 million), Sri Lanka (732,000), Malaysia (344,000), Oman (212,000), USA (146,000), Qatar (71,600) and Australia (53,200).

Malayalam at a glance

• Native name : മലയാളം (malayāḷam) [mʌlʌjaːɭʌm])
• Language family : Dravidian, Southern Dravidian, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam
• Number of speakers : c. 38 million
• Spoken in : India,
• First written : 4th century AD
• Writing system : Malayalam and Arabic scripts (current), Grantha, Vatteluttu and several other scripts (past)
• Status : statutory provincial language in Kerala, Lakshadweep and Mahé, Puducherry in India
• Information about Malayalam

Written Malayalam

• Malayalam alphabet

Arabic script for Malayalam

• Sample text in Malayalam
• Videos in Malayalam
• Suriyani Malayalam
• Malayalam Phrases
• Malayalam Numbers
• Tower of Babel in Malayalam
• Malayalam Learning materials

Malayalam is also known as Alealum, Malayalani, Malayali, Malean, Maliyad, Mallealle or Mopla. The name Malayalam means "mountain region", and comes from mala (mountain) and alam (region). Original the name referred to the land of the Chera dynasty (2nd century BC - 3rd century AD), which corresponds to modern Kerala and Tamil Nadu, and was later used to refer to the language.

Malayalam was first written with the Vatteluttu alphabet (വട്ടെഴുത്ത് Vaṭṭeḻuttŭ), which means 'round writing' and developed from the Brahmi script. The oldest known writing in Malayalam is known as the Edakal-5 inscription, is in the Vatteluttu alphabet, and dates from late 4th century or the early 5th century AD [ more details ].

A version of the Grantha alphabet originally used in the Chola kingdom was brought to the southwest of India in the 8th or 9th century and was adapted to write the Malayalam and Tulu languages. By the early 13th century it is thought that a systemised Malayalam alphabet had emerged. Some changes were made to the alphabet over the following centuries, and by the middle of the 19th century the Malayalam alphabet had attained its current form.

As a result of the difficulties of printing Malayalam, a simplified or reformed version of the script was introduced during the 1970s and 1980s. The main change involved writing consonants and diacritics separately rather than as complex characters. These changes are not applied consistently so the modern script is often a mixture of traditional and simplified letters.

Malayalam is also regularly written with a version of the Arabic script by Muslims in Singapore and Malaysia, and occasionally by Muslims in Kerala. Christians in Kerala used to write Malayalam with the Syriac script and use a variety of Malayalam known as Suriyani Malayalam in their liturgy.

Notable features

• Type of writing system : Abugida / Syllabic Alphabet in which all consonants have an inherent vowel. Diacritics, which can appear above, below, before or after a consonant, are used to change the inherent vowel.
• When they appear at the beginning of a syllable, vowels are written as independent letters.
• When certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used which combine the essential parts of each letter.
• Writing direction : left to right in horizontal lines.
• Used to write: Kodava , Konkani , Malayalam , Ravula

Malayalam alphabet (മലയാളലിപി)

• When combined with vowel diacritics some consonants change shape. This doesn't happen in the reformed version of the script (in red on the right)
• The vowels ഋ (r̥), ൠ (r̥̄), ഌ (l̥) and ൡ (l̥̄) are used in Sanskrit words. They are called semi-vowels and are phonetically closer to vowels in Malayalam and Classical Sanskrit. The letters and signs for ൠ (r̥̄), ഌ (l̥) and ൡ (l̥̄) are very rare and are not considered as part of the modern orthography.
• ഫ [pʰ] is occasionally pronounced [f] in loanwords.
• A chillu or chillaksharam represents pure consonants independently, without help of a virama (്). Unlike a consonant represented by an ordinary consonant letter, these consonants are never followed by an inherent vowel.
• The consonant ഩ (ṉa) is archaic and represents an apical alveolar nasal, as opposed to the laminal dental nasal represented by ന (na). In the current orthography,m both are written as ന (na).
• The consonant ഺ (ṯa) is archaic and represents the voiceless unaspirated apical alveolar plosive, as opposed to the voiceless dental plosive represented by ത (ta). In the current orthography this sound is written with a റ below another റ ⟨റ്റ⟩ (ṟṟa) or sometimes next to each other ⟨ററ⟩ (ṟṟa).
• The Ccillus ൿ (k), ൔ (m), ൕ (y) and ൖ (ḻ) are obsolete and not used in the modern orthography.
• The ligatures for ച (ca), ബ (ba), യ (ya), and വ (va) are special in that a doubled consonant is denoted by a triangle sign below the consonant letter.

Learn how to pronounce Malayalam letters:

ق ,غ ,ع ,ظ ,ط ,ض ,ص ,ز ,ذ ,خ ,ح are only used in Arabic loanwords.

Download alphabet charts for Malayalam (Excel)

Some information provided by Michael Peter Füstumum

Sample text

Transliteration.

man̠uṣyarellāvaruṁ tulyāvakāśaṅṅaḷōṭuṁ antassōṭuṁ svātantryattōṭuṅkūṭi jan̠icciṭṭuḷḷavarāṇ‌ŭ. an̠yōn̠yaṁ bhrātr̥bhāvattōṭe perumāṟuvān̠āṇ‌ŭ man̠uṣyan̠ŭ vivēkabuddhiyuṁ man̠asākṣiyuṁ siddhamāyirikkunnat‌ŭ.

A recording of this text by Vijay Prabhu

Translation

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Sample videos in Malayalam

Information about Malayalam | Suriyani Malayalam | Phrases | Numbers | Tower of Babel | Learning materials

Information Malayalam http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/usr/vipin/www/mal.html http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org

Online Malayalam lessons http://www.learn-malayalam.com http://websitefor.info/learn/malayalam/ http://www.entemalayalam.org http://www.kpmalayalam.com http://malayalamteacher.com http://polymath.org/malayalam.php

Malayalam phrases http://www.jaimalayalam.com/vegam_vegam_malayalam.htm http://www.languageshome.com/English-Malayalam.htm

Online Malayalam dictionaries http://www.prokerala.com/general/dictionary/ http://www.mashithantu.com/dictionary/ http://www.dictionary.tamilcube.com/malayalam-dictionary.aspx http://malayalam.changathi.com/Dictionary.aspx http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/gundert/ http://www.shabdkosh.com/ml/ http://olam.in

Malayalam fonts http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Fonts_Malayalam.html http://www.prokerala.com/downloads/fonts.php https://sites.google.com/site/fontpacksite/malayalam-fonts https://sites.google.com/site/cibu/ http://www.horomatching.com/KattaFont.aspx https://smc.org.in/fonts/

The Bible in Malayalam (Unicode) http://216.156.35.218/Default.asp

Online Malayalam news http://www.mathrubhumi.com http://www.malayalamanorama.com http://tvnew.in/ https://www.vachakam.com/

Online Malayalam transliterator http://www.writeka.com

Dravidian languages

Badaga , Brahui , Dhundari , Gondi , Irula , Jatapu , Kannada , Kodava , Kolam , Konda , Koya , Kurukh , Malayalam , Malto , Mukha Dora , Ravula , Sankethi , Savara , Sunuwar , Suriyani Malayalam , Tamil , Telugu , Toda , Tulu , Yerukula

Languages written with the Malayalam alphabet

Kodava , Konkani , Malayalam , Ravula

Abugidas / Syllabic alphabets

Ahom , Aima , Arleng , Badagu , Badlit , Basahan , Balinese , Balti-A , Balti-B , Batak , Baybayin , Bengali , Bhaiksuki , Bhujimol , Bilang-bilang , Bima , Blackfoot , Brahmi , Buhid , Burmese , Carrier , Chakma , Cham , Cree , Dehong Dai , Devanagari , Dham Lipi , Dhankari / Sirmauri , Ditema , Dives Akuru , Dogra , Ethiopic , Evēla Akuru , Fox , Fraser , Gond , Goykanadi , Grantha , Gujarati , Gunjala Gondi , Gupta , Gurmukhi , Halbi Lipi , Hanifi , Hanuno'o , Hočąk , Ibalnan , Incung , Inuktitut , Jaunsari Takri , Javanese , Kaithi , Kadamba , Kamarupi , Kannada , Kawi , Kharosthi , Khema , Khe Prih , Khmer , Khojki , Khudabadi , Kirat Rai , Kōchi , Komering , Kulitan , Kurukh Banna , Lampung , Lanna , Lao , Lepcha , Limbu , Lontara/Makasar , Lota Ende , Magar Akkha , Mahajani , Malayalam , Meitei (Modern) , Manpuri (Old) , Marchen , Meetei Yelhou Mayek , Meroïtic , Masarm Gondi , Modi , Mon , Mongolian Horizontal Square Script , Multani , Nandinagari , Newa , New Tai Lue , Ojibwe , Odia , Ogan , Pahawh Hmong , Pallava , Phags-pa , Purva Licchavi , Qiang / Rma , Ranjana , Rejang (Kaganga) , Sasak , Savara , Satera Jontal , Shan , Sharda , Sheek Bakrii Saphaloo , Siddham , Sinhala , Sorang Sompeng , Sourashtra , Soyombo , Sukhothai , Sundanese , Syloti Nagri , Tagbanwa , Takri , Tamil , Tanchangya (Ka-Pat) , Tani , Thaana , Telugu , Thai , Tibetan , Tigalari , Tikamuli , Tocharian , Tolong Siki , Vatteluttu , Warang Citi

Other writing systems

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Find Good Malayalam Essay Topics to Write About

One of the major hurdles is that of finding essay topics in Malayalam language. Students often wonder if they can write about anything in this language the same way they do in English. But which are the easiest Malayalam essay topics to write about?

Since Malayalam is a language spoken mostly by individuals living in the Kerala region of India, it would be easy to write about the culture of these people. You can study their traditional beliefs, their ways of life, the food they eat, and many other things.

The secret is to find something interesting to write about. Once you find the topic, follow these tips below to write a high-quality paper that will get you a good grade. These tips will help you to increase your GPA, which is very critical in your career after graduation.

Table of Contents

Find Many essay topics in Malayalam language then Select One from Them

The best way to start writing an essay in Malayalam is to find numerous interesting topics. You cannot just find one topic and then settle on it at once because this may have consequences in the end. The problem with settling on one topic at once is that it may turn out to be interesting, but with limited information.

If you decide to study the Malayalam speaking people of Kerala, there are many things that you may wish to write about them. As already indicated above, you may design a topic that aims at studying their beliefs, food, and way of life.

Another topic that you may find interesting may be about the business culture of the people who speak the language. In this topic, you may decide to study their business beliefs, their practices, strategies they use, and how they form relationships with customers.

It would also be interesting to develop a topic that compares the culture of the Malayalam speaking people to that of others such as the English people or any other culture that strikes you. Such a topic would be rich with information.

The final step is to do some preliminary research to find out the topic that has sufficient information. Research each and every topic you have come up with so that it may be easy to select the best. These Malayalam essay writing tips are very valuable if you follow them to the letter. They will make your college life smooth and fun.

How to Write a Vishu essay in Malayalam

Assuming that you have chosen to write a Vishu essay in Malayalam, how would you write your paper? Since Vishu is already a famous festival that is known around the world, there is no doubt that the internet is rich with information about this topic.

It is the same as saying that you want to write about a Christmas essay in Malayalam. You will be spoilt with information about the traditions that led to the festival being formed, what it symbolizes, the activities that people do during this day, and the types of costumes that they wear during the celebration.

The first step in writing the paper is something that you already know. You need an introduction that informs the reader what you aim at achieving in the essay. Write it in a way that will make the reader to be enticed to read the whole paper. You may start by writing something unique about the Malayalam that is not common in other cultures. Such a point may strike the person who is reading and make him or her want to find out more fascinating things about the culture.

The next step is to write the body of your essay. You need to divide this part into sections so that each may cover a different idea. For example, one of the subtopics may be about the history of the Vishu festival. How did it begin? Who was involved in making this event a reality?

After coming up with subtopics, ensure that you write a fresh idea in every paragraph. This is the same way that you do with English essays. Each paragraph has to stand on its own so that you may not confuse the reader by mixing ideas. Research and write a thorough analysis or description of the event depending on the aim of your essay. Note that in Malayalam essay writing, you have to reference your work. This will add credibility to your research, and if you were writing the paper with the aim of getting a good grade, you will definitely achieve this objective.

How to Write a Malayalam Paper Conclusion and Format the Essay

Once you reach the conclusion, it is good to take a break. You may have had enough of all this information that you have found in books and journals. If you have time, a few hours break may be enough if you want to complete your paper the same day. Even fifteen or forty minutes may be enough to rest your mind.

The next step is to start reading the essay from the beginning. As you read, clarify the points that you did not explain in detail when writing the paper. since it is only a few minutes or hours after writing the essay, and you have all the references that you used, this should be easy. You can easily locate the source where you got the information, read, and then add a few details or edit what you wrote to make it better. you should do this for all paragraphs in the body of the assignment.

After this, start writing the conclusion. This should be very easy because you are not introducing any point. You are basically summarizing the work that you have written in the introduction and body of the essay. It is advisable to remind the reader the reason why you started writing the paper, and then give your findings and the final verdict. In the verdict, you may encourage people to learn more about the Malayalam people or state what you have concluded about the culture.

Once you have finalized the Malayalam essay on reading and writing, format the essay. Your professor must have informed you in the instructions about the formatting style to use. If this is not mentioned in the question, it should be indicated in the class notes.

If you were asked to use APA format, ensure that you have a title page with a running head, page numbers, and references at the end of the paper. Note that if there are images or links that you may want to attach in the essay, they should be attached as appendices. The last thing is to pass your essay through a grammar editing software to ensure that you have not missed out on any errors that may lead to potential loss of marks.

Malayalam Essay Sites Writing Guarantees

Sometimes, it may be impossible to write your essay no matter how much you try. Maybe you are learning the Malayalam language for the first time, and you fear that you have not captured the basics of the language. You may also not have enough time to write all the assignments that you have been given in class. In this case, seeking for help from Malayalam essay sites may be very helpful. It may save you from losing marks due to submitting papers late.

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The Malayalam Script

All writing systems in India are based on the Brahmi script, the first evidence of which is the group of inscriptions by King Ashoka in the third century BCE. Malayalam has been written in several scripts, including Brahmi, Vatteluttu, Grantha, and modern Malayalam scripts beginning in roughly the ninth century CE.

For English speakers, the Malayalam writing system, or script, may look intimidating. It’s not really. It works a little differently and requires some memorization, but the script is  phonetic , meaning that you say it as you write it (mostly!), and  syllabic , meaning that it’s based on an alphabet and the syllables you can make with an alphabet. With some hard work, you can learn the script within a week and never look back.

There are four types of letters or syllables in Malayalam: initial vowels, consonants, dependent vowels added to consonants, and combining consonants for conjunct sounds. That means there are three tricky parts about learning the Malayalam script for English readers.  1) If a vowel begins a word, you must use its initial vowel  form.  When a vowel occurs in the middle of a word, you must use its  dependent vowel  form. 2) Consonants always have an inherent a-sound, unless they are marked with a different dependent vowel or “cut off” with the special sign that looks like small crescent, for example ത് ല്, or other marker. 3) For some clusters of consonants (str, pl, kr, ty, etc.) you will have to recognize and use a few special combining consonant forms. This guide covers the modern or reformed Malayalam script, established in the 1970s to facilitate typing and computer entry.

Let’s learn the initial vowels first. The chart below is also the alphabetical order for Malayalam vowels. Rounded letters are characteristic of most South Indian language scripts and you will gradually get used to writing with lots of curves. The Roman letter equivalents indicate that most vowels have both a short and a long version. Click each letter below to see a clip showing how each should be written by hand.

Next we come to the consonants. The full chart of consonants (also in alphabetical order) below is organized according to where in the mouth a letter is pronounced (from back to front in the rows) and the addition of aspiration, voicing, or nasalization (from left to right in the columns). Please consult the pronunciation guides for details. For now, first study the chart below to get an overview of all the consonants. Remember that all consonants have an inherent a-sound (short a) without any additional marker. Next, see how each consonant is formed in handwriting by clicking each. All the basic consonants should be formed in a single sequence of curved movements, i.e. your pen should not leave the paper—one complex motion.

To put consonants and vowels together, you need to use dependent vowels. To change the inherent a-sound of a consonant, you add a dependent vowel marker to indicate the new vowel. In the modern Malayalam script described here, all these markers stand apart from the consonant, usually to the right side of the consonant but sometimes on both sides (for ഒ ഓ ഐ and ഔ). (In the old script, some dependent vowels were joined directly to the consonant.)

See below how each dependent vowel connects to the letter ക:

The same dependent vowel markers are used with all basic consonants and the consonant clusters described below. The best way to learn the Malayalam script is to write all the basic consonants with all the dependent vowels over and over again. Try to write each group in a single line on the page. Something like this:

ക കാ കി കീ കു കൂ കൃ കെ കേ കൈ കൊ കോ കൗ ഖ ഖാ ഖി ഖീ ഖു ഖൂ ഖൃ ഖെ ഖേ ഖൈ ഖൊ ഖോ ഖൗ ഗ ഗാ ഗി ഗീ ഗു ഗൂ ഗൃ ഗെ ഗേ ഗൈ ഗൊ ഗോ ഗൗ

Do this twice a day for a week and you will be unable to forget these letters, especially if you pronounce each one as you go. Notice that some initial vowels and several dependent vowels extend below or above the imaginary lines within which each letter is written.

Many Malayalam words end in a special type of vowel that we will call the echo vowel (also called a schwa). Think of it as a kind of half-u vowel sound, a special dependent vowel. Echo vowel has no initial form. It is indicated by a small crescent high and to the right of a basic consonant (്). At the end of a word (where it most frequently occurs), the echo vowel is just another vowel sound.

However, the modern Malayalam script also uses the same symbol to cut off the inherent final a-sound in a consonant. As a general rule of thumb, if the echo vowel is at the end of a word, you can treat it as a half-u vowel sound; if it’s in the middle of a word, it cuts off the a-sound and creates a consonant cluster . Some simple examples with transliteration should illustrate the difference.

ത് (tǔ) as in അത് (atǔ) “that one” ട് (ṭǔ) as in നാട് (nāṭǔ) “country, region” ത്പ (tpa) as in ഉത്പത്തി (utpatti) “origin” ഷ്ട (ṣṭa) as in കഷ്ടം (kaṣṭaṃ) “trouble, problem”

There is another way to cut off the inherent a-sound in a consonant. In Malayalam, it’s called a cillakṣaraṃ , or cillǔ letter. For common words that end in a consonant, a line is drawn vertically to indicate that the a-sound is cut off. In principle, the echo vowel does the same thing, but in practice it’s better to treat echo vowel as a vowel. When words end with one of the following consonants, the cillǔ letter is required. They can also be used in the middle of words with the same effect. While related, therefore, the echo vowel and a cillǔ marker are not the same.

ണ → ൺ (ṇ) ന → ൻ (n) ര/റ → ർ (r) ത/ല → ൽ (t/l) ള → ൾ (ḷ) ക → ൿ (k)

Other consonants do not have cillǔ forms. Those all use the echo vowel marker to create a final consonant, though the half-u sound is often still pronounced.

ഷ് (ṣ) as in മാഷ് (māṣ) “teacher” ഡ് (ḍ) as in ഡേവിഡ് (ḍēviḍ) “David” (name) സ് (s) as in മനസ്സ് (manassǔ) “mind, heart” ങ് (ṅ) as in തെങ്ങ് (teṅṅǔ) “coconut tree”

The use of echo vowel and cillǔ letters is very common and you will pick up how to use each correctly with a little practice.

Many Malayalam words are spelled with doubled consonants, two of the same consonant written together into one syllable. Doubled consonants are written both horizontally and vertically. The second consonant in the cluster often uses a shortened form of the full consonant. Notice particularly the small triangle shape that doubles the letters ച യ and വ. Since doubled consonants occur frequently, you should get comfortable with these combining forms. Letters from the  ക and ങ (nasals) columns (not rows) above frequently double; other letters may double, but more rarely. Here are the most common doubled consonants.

Finally, many Malayalam words combine more than one consonant together into a conjunct or cluster. Usually, a conjunct combines two consonants by joining them horizontally at a common stroke or by using the echo vowel marker on the first. You shouldn’t have to memorize every possible cluster, because the methods or patterns of combining consonants are limited. Notice the patterns in some of the more common conjunct consonants:

Some n-sounds are tricky in how they combine with other consonants.

The remaining conjunct consonants often use the echo vowel marker to make conjuncts. Traditionally, these conjuncts would have been written vertically, with the second letter below the first. You will see both.

Finally, a few special combining consonant markers for the semivowels (യ ര/റ ല and വ) are used to make the writing less cluttered. These frequent combining forms are simplified or stylized versions of the regular consonant. These are the dependent semivowels .

ത് + യ = ത്യ വ് + ര = പ്ര പ് + ല = പ്ല സ് + വ = സ്വ

Once you have mastered the basic consonants and common conjuncts above, you will easily recognize other conjuncts that occur.

Here are a few of the most common mistakes made by people learning to read and write Malayalam.

• Be careful with the dependent versions of ഇ and ഈ below when handwriting. Unless they are clearly written higher than the top of the consonant, they can be confused with the dependent ആ marker. Example: പി vs. പാ.
• The letters പ and വ can be confused. Make sure the initial stroke in പ is small, less than halfway up the final vertical stroke. The top of the initial curved stroke in വ should be even with the top of the final vertical stroke.
• The letters സ and ഡ can be confused, because they are mirrored inversions of each other.
• The dependent vowel  ൃ (from initial ഋ) can easily be confused with the dependent semivowel marker for യ. Remember to close the final curve on the bottom of dependent ഋ. Example: തൃ vs. ത്യ.
• the lower elements of the initial vowels ā, i, ī, u, ū, e, ē, and ai should extend below the line; examples: ഇ ആ ഉ ഏ.
• the dependent u, ū and ṛ vowel markers ( ു  ൂ and ൃ) and all the dependent semivowels (യ ര ല and വ from the previous section) should extend below the line; examples: വു സൂ കൃ വ്യോ ഗ്രു ശ്ലോ and ശ്വ.
• the dependent i, ī, and echo vowel markers should be clearly written above the line:  ി  ീ and  ്; examples: പ്രി ടീ ത്.
• the cillǔ marker should extend above the line. examples: ൻ ൾ.

To put all these syllables together, you simply write each letter/syllable one after the other to form words, left to right.

മ + ക + ൻ = മകൻ “son” പ + ട്ടി = പട്ടി “dog” പോ + കാ +  ം  = പോകാം “let’s go”

In general, to write a Malayalam sentence you just put words together with a space in between each word. However, you will quickly see that Malayalam, like many Indic languages, often makes use of sandhi , joining words together in a composite written form and even sometimes modifying a word’s spelling to make it easier to say—something like the contraction from “cannot” to “can’t” or from “what do you” to “whadya” / “whaccha.” These contractions or joinings occur much more frequently than in English. Unfortunately, they are also not applied consistently in all written Malayalam. For now, we give some simple sentences with each word spaced and some very simple examples of sandhi .

With spaces ഞാൻ വീട്ടിൽ പോകുന്നു. “I am going home.” വെള്ളം തരൂ. “Please give me some water.” എനിക്ക് പഠിക്കാൻ വയ്യ. “I don’t feel like studying.” ചെച്ചി എവിടെ പോയി? “Where did elder sister go?” With simple sandhi അത് ആണ്. → അതാണ്. “That’s it.” (consonant-vowel) നിങ്ങൾക്ക് ഉണ്ടോ? → നിങ്ങൾക്കുണ്ടോ? “Do you have it/any?” (consonant-vowel) അനിയത്തി എടുത്തു? → അനിയത്തിയെടുത്തു. “Younger sister took it.” (vowel-vowel)

"The Malayalam Script" created by Donald R. Davis, Jr. , University of Texas at Austin.

All resources on this site are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License .

Funded by a grant (P017A200040) from the U.S. Department of Education’s  International and Research Studies  program, with additional support from the  South Asia Institute , University of Texas at Austin.

archaic chillus

Click on the key ( virama ) to clear the inherent vowel ( a )

To type directly with the computer keyboard:

• Use the capital to type the letters subscribed with a dot below: T, Th, D, Dh, N, R, Rh, L, S
• Type G for ng & J for ñ
• Type z or ç or sh for ś
• Type l=, r=, n=, t= for ḻ , ṟ , ṉ , ṯ
• Type aa, ii, uu, ee, oo (or A, I, U, E, O) for the long vowels: ā, ī, ū, ē, ō
• Type auu for ൗ
• Type -r and -ri for ri and rī
• Type -l and -li for li and lī
• Type M for ം (anusvara)
• Type H for ഃ (visarga)
• Type ' (apostrophe) for ഽ (avagraha)
• Type x to separate two consonants
• Type x to get a chillu; example: kx

Download & install the font Noto Sans Malayalam

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→ Tamil keyboard

→ Multilingual keyboard : index

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• How to Write an Abstract | Steps & Examples

How to Write an Abstract | Steps & Examples

Published on 1 March 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on 10 October 2022 by Eoghan Ryan.

An abstract is a short summary of a longer work (such as a dissertation or research paper ). The abstract concisely reports the aims and outcomes of your research, so that readers know exactly what your paper is about.

Although the structure may vary slightly depending on your discipline, your abstract should describe the purpose of your work, the methods you’ve used, and the conclusions you’ve drawn.

One common way to structure your abstract is to use the IMRaD structure. This stands for:

• Introduction

Abstracts are usually around 100–300 words, but there’s often a strict word limit, so make sure to check the relevant requirements.

In a dissertation or thesis , include the abstract on a separate page, after the title page and acknowledgements but before the table of contents .

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Table of contents

Abstract example, when to write an abstract, step 1: introduction, step 2: methods, step 3: results, step 4: discussion, tips for writing an abstract, frequently asked questions about abstracts.

Hover over the different parts of the abstract to see how it is constructed.

This paper examines the role of silent movies as a mode of shared experience in the UK during the early twentieth century. At this time, high immigration rates resulted in a significant percentage of non-English-speaking citizens. These immigrants faced numerous economic and social obstacles, including exclusion from public entertainment and modes of discourse (newspapers, theater, radio).

Incorporating evidence from reviews, personal correspondence, and diaries, this study demonstrates that silent films were an affordable and inclusive source of entertainment. It argues for the accessible economic and representational nature of early cinema. These concerns are particularly evident in the low price of admission and in the democratic nature of the actors’ exaggerated gestures, which allowed the plots and action to be easily grasped by a diverse audience despite language barriers.

Keywords: silent movies, immigration, public discourse, entertainment, early cinema, language barriers.

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You will almost always have to include an abstract when:

• Completing a thesis or dissertation
• Submitting a research paper to an academic journal
• Writing a book proposal
• Applying for research grants

It’s easiest to write your abstract last, because it’s a summary of the work you’ve already done. Your abstract should:

• Be a self-contained text, not an excerpt from your paper
• Be fully understandable on its own
• Reflect the structure of your larger work

Start by clearly defining the purpose of your research. What practical or theoretical problem does the research respond to, or what research question did you aim to answer?

You can include some brief context on the social or academic relevance of your topic, but don’t go into detailed background information. If your abstract uses specialised terms that would be unfamiliar to the average academic reader or that have various different meanings, give a concise definition.

After identifying the problem, state the objective of your research. Use verbs like “investigate,” “test,” “analyse,” or “evaluate” to describe exactly what you set out to do.

This part of the abstract can be written in the present or past simple tense  but should never refer to the future, as the research is already complete.

• This study will investigate the relationship between coffee consumption and productivity.
• This study investigates the relationship between coffee consumption and productivity.

Next, indicate the research methods that you used to answer your question. This part should be a straightforward description of what you did in one or two sentences. It is usually written in the past simple tense, as it refers to completed actions.

• Structured interviews will be conducted with 25 participants.
• Structured interviews were conducted with 25 participants.

Don’t evaluate validity or obstacles here — the goal is not to give an account of the methodology’s strengths and weaknesses, but to give the reader a quick insight into the overall approach and procedures you used.

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Next, summarise the main research results . This part of the abstract can be in the present or past simple tense.

• Our analysis has shown a strong correlation between coffee consumption and productivity.
• Our analysis shows a strong correlation between coffee consumption and productivity.
• Our analysis showed a strong correlation between coffee consumption and productivity.

Depending on how long and complex your research is, you may not be able to include all results here. Try to highlight only the most important findings that will allow the reader to understand your conclusions.

Finally, you should discuss the main conclusions of your research : what is your answer to the problem or question? The reader should finish with a clear understanding of the central point that your research has proved or argued. Conclusions are usually written in the present simple tense.

• We concluded that coffee consumption increases productivity.
• We conclude that coffee consumption increases productivity.

If there are important limitations to your research (for example, related to your sample size or methods), you should mention them briefly in the abstract. This allows the reader to accurately assess the credibility and generalisability of your research.

If your aim was to solve a practical problem, your discussion might include recommendations for implementation. If relevant, you can briefly make suggestions for further research.

If your paper will be published, you might have to add a list of keywords at the end of the abstract. These keywords should reference the most important elements of the research to help potential readers find your paper during their own literature searches.

Be aware that some publication manuals, such as APA Style , have specific formatting requirements for these keywords.

It can be a real challenge to condense your whole work into just a couple of hundred words, but the abstract will be the first (and sometimes only) part that people read, so it’s important to get it right. These strategies can help you get started.

Read other abstracts

The best way to learn the conventions of writing an abstract in your discipline is to read other people’s. You probably already read lots of journal article abstracts while conducting your literature review —try using them as a framework for structure and style.

You can also find lots of dissertation abstract examples in thesis and dissertation databases .

Reverse outline

Not all abstracts will contain precisely the same elements. For longer works, you can write your abstract through a process of reverse outlining.

For each chapter or section, list keywords and draft one to two sentences that summarise the central point or argument. This will give you a framework of your abstract’s structure. Next, revise the sentences to make connections and show how the argument develops.

Write clearly and concisely

A good abstract is short but impactful, so make sure every word counts. Each sentence should clearly communicate one main point.

To keep your abstract or summary short and clear:

• Avoid passive sentences: Passive constructions are often unnecessarily long. You can easily make them shorter and clearer by using the active voice.
• Avoid long sentences: Substitute longer expressions for concise expressions or single words (e.g., “In order to” for “To”).
• Avoid obscure jargon: The abstract should be understandable to readers who are not familiar with your topic.
• Avoid repetition and filler words: Replace nouns with pronouns when possible and eliminate unnecessary words.
• Avoid detailed descriptions: An abstract is not expected to provide detailed definitions, background information, or discussions of other scholars’ work. Instead, include this information in the body of your thesis or paper.

If you’re struggling to edit down to the required length, you can get help from expert editors with Scribbr’s professional proofreading services .

Check your formatting

If you are writing a thesis or dissertation or submitting to a journal, there are often specific formatting requirements for the abstract—make sure to check the guidelines and format your work correctly. For APA research papers you can follow the APA abstract format .

Checklist: Abstract

The word count is within the required length, or a maximum of one page.

The abstract appears after the title page and acknowledgements and before the table of contents .

I have clearly stated my research problem and objectives.

I have briefly described my methodology .

I have summarized the most important results .

I have stated my main conclusions .

I have mentioned any important limitations and recommendations.

The abstract can be understood by someone without prior knowledge of the topic.

You've written a great abstract! Use the other checklists to continue improving your thesis or dissertation.

An abstract is a concise summary of an academic text (such as a journal article or dissertation ). It serves two main purposes:

• To help potential readers determine the relevance of your paper for their own research.
• To communicate your key findings to those who don’t have time to read the whole paper.

Abstracts are often indexed along with keywords on academic databases, so they make your work more easily findable. Since the abstract is the first thing any reader sees, it’s important that it clearly and accurately summarises the contents of your paper.

An abstract for a thesis or dissertation is usually around 150–300 words. There’s often a strict word limit, so make sure to check your university’s requirements.

The abstract is the very last thing you write. You should only write it after your research is complete, so that you can accurately summarize the entirety of your thesis or paper.

Avoid citing sources in your abstract . There are two reasons for this:

• The abstract should focus on your original research, not on the work of others.
• The abstract should be self-contained and fully understandable without reference to other sources.

There are some circumstances where you might need to mention other sources in an abstract: for example, if your research responds directly to another study or focuses on the work of a single theorist. In general, though, don’t include citations unless absolutely necessary.

The abstract appears on its own page, after the title page and acknowledgements but before the table of contents .

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English Malayalam Dictionary | ആംഗലേയം മലയാളം ശബ്ദകോശം

The keyboard uses the ISCII layout developed by the Government of India. It is also used in Windows, Apple and other systems. There is a base layout, and an alternative layout when the Shift key is pressed. If you have any questions about it, please contact us.

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abstract - Meaning in Malayalam

• മോഷ്ടിക്കുക

adjective 

• ഗുണാത്മകമായ
• സംഗ്രഹിക്കുക
• അബ്സ്ട്രാക്റ്റ്

abstract Word Forms & Inflections

Definitions and meaning of abstract in english, abstract adjective.

• "abstract words like `truth' and `justice'"
• "abstract reasoning"
• "abstract science"
• abstractionist , nonfigurative , nonobjective
• "a large abstract painting"

abstract noun

• abstraction
• "he loved her only in the abstract--not in person"
• outline , precis , synopsis

abstract verb

• "Let's abstract away from this particular example"

cabbage , filch , hook , hook , lift , nobble , pilfer , pinch , purloin , snarf , sneak , swipe

Synonyms of abstract

• cabbage , filch , hook , lift , nobble , pilfer , pinch , purloin , snarf , sneak , swipe

Antonyms of abstract

More matches for abstract.

What is another word for abstract ?

Sentences with the word abstract

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How to Write an Abstract (With Examples)

Sarah Oakley

Table of Contents

What is an abstract in a paper, how long should an abstract be, 5 steps for writing an abstract, examples of an abstract, how prowritingaid can help you write an abstract.

If you are writing a scientific research paper or a book proposal, you need to know how to write an abstract, which summarizes the contents of the paper or book.

When researchers are looking for peer-reviewed papers to use in their studies, the first place they will check is the abstract to see if it applies to their work. Therefore, your abstract is one of the most important parts of your entire paper.

In this article, we’ll explain what an abstract is, what it should include, and how to write one.

An abstract is a concise summary of the details within a report. Some abstracts give more details than others, but the main things you’ll be talking about are why you conducted the research, what you did, and what the results show.

When a reader is deciding whether to read your paper completely, they will first look at the abstract. You need to be concise in your abstract and give the reader the most important information so they can determine if they want to read the whole paper.

Remember that an abstract is the last thing you’ll want to write for the research paper because it directly references parts of the report. If you haven’t written the report, you won’t know what to include in your abstract.

If you are writing a paper for a journal or an assignment, the publication or academic institution might have specific formatting rules for how long your abstract should be. However, if they don’t, most abstracts are between 150 and 300 words long.

A short word count means your writing has to be precise and without filler words or phrases. Once you’ve written a first draft, you can always use an editing tool, such as ProWritingAid, to identify areas where you can reduce words and increase readability.

If your abstract is over the word limit, and you’ve edited it but still can’t figure out how to reduce it further, your abstract might include some things that aren’t needed. Here’s a list of three elements you can remove from your abstract:

Discussion : You don’t need to go into detail about the findings of your research because your reader will find your discussion within the paper.

Definition of terms : Your readers are interested the field you are writing about, so they are likely to understand the terms you are using. If not, they can always look them up. Your readers do not expect you to give a definition of terms in your abstract.

References and citations : You can mention there have been studies that support or have inspired your research, but you do not need to give details as the reader will find them in your bibliography.

Good writing = better grades

ProWritingAid will help you improve the style, strength, and clarity of all your assignments.

If you’ve never written an abstract before, and you’re wondering how to write an abstract, we’ve got some steps for you to follow. It’s best to start with planning your abstract, so we’ve outlined the details you need to include in your plan before you write.

Remember to consider your audience when you’re planning and writing your abstract. They are likely to skim read your abstract, so you want to be sure your abstract delivers all the information they’re expecting to see at key points.

1. What Should an Abstract Include?

Abstracts have a lot of information to cover in a short number of words, so it’s important to know what to include. There are three elements that need to be present in your abstract:

Your context is the background for where your research sits within your field of study. You should briefly mention any previous scientific papers or experiments that have led to your hypothesis and how research develops in those studies.

Your hypothesis is your prediction of what your study will show. As you are writing your abstract after you have conducted your research, you should still include your hypothesis in your abstract because it shows the motivation for your paper.

Throughout your abstract, you also need to include keywords and phrases that will help researchers to find your article in the databases they’re searching. Make sure the keywords are specific to your field of study and the subject you’re reporting on, otherwise your article might not reach the relevant audience.

2. Can You Use First Person in an Abstract?

You might think that first person is too informal for a research paper, but it’s not. Historically, writers of academic reports avoided writing in first person to uphold the formality standards of the time. However, first person is more accepted in research papers in modern times.

If you’re still unsure whether to write in first person for your abstract, refer to any style guide rules imposed by the journal you’re writing for or your teachers if you are writing an assignment.

3. Abstract Structure

Some scientific journals have strict rules on how to structure an abstract, so it’s best to check those first. If you don’t have any style rules to follow, try using the IMRaD structure, which stands for Introduction, Methodology, Results, and Discussion.

Following the IMRaD structure, start with an introduction. The amount of background information you should include depends on your specific research area. Adding a broad overview gives you less room to include other details. Remember to include your hypothesis in this section.

The next part of your abstract should cover your methodology. Try to include the following details if they apply to your study:

What type of research was conducted?

How were the test subjects sampled?

What were the sample sizes?

What was done to each group?

How long was the experiment?

How was data recorded and interpreted?

Following the methodology, include a sentence or two about the results, which is where your reader will determine if your research supports or contradicts their own investigations.

The results are also where most people will want to find out what your outcomes were, even if they are just mildly interested in your research area. You should be specific about all the details but as concise as possible.

The last few sentences are your conclusion. It needs to explain how your findings affect the context and whether your hypothesis was correct. Include the primary take-home message, additional findings of importance, and perspective. Also explain whether there is scope for further research into the subject of your report.

Your conclusion should be honest and give the reader the ultimate message that your research shows. Readers trust the conclusion, so make sure you’re not fabricating the results of your research. Some readers won’t read your entire paper, but this section will tell them if it’s worth them referencing it in their own study.

4. How to Start an Abstract

The first line of your abstract should give your reader the context of your report by providing background information. You can use this sentence to imply the motivation for your research.

You don’t need to use a hook phrase or device in your first sentence to grab the reader’s attention. Your reader will look to establish relevance quickly, so readability and clarity are more important than trying to persuade the reader to read on.

5. How to Format an Abstract

Most abstracts use the same formatting rules, which help the reader identify the abstract so they know where to look for it.

Here’s a list of formatting guidelines for writing an abstract:

Stick to one paragraph

Use block formatting with no indentation at the beginning

Put your abstract straight after the title and acknowledgements pages

Use present or past tense, not future tense

There are two primary types of abstract you could write for your paper—descriptive and informative.

An informative abstract is the most common, and they follow the structure mentioned previously. They are longer than descriptive abstracts because they cover more details.

Descriptive abstracts differ from informative abstracts, as they don’t include as much discussion or detail. The word count for a descriptive abstract is between 50 and 150 words.

Here is an example of an informative abstract:

A growing trend exists for authors to employ a more informal writing style that uses “we” in academic writing to acknowledge one’s stance and engagement. However, few studies have compared the ways in which the first-person pronoun “we” is used in the abstracts and conclusions of empirical papers. To address this lacuna in the literature, this study conducted a systematic corpus analysis of the use of “we” in the abstracts and conclusions of 400 articles collected from eight leading electrical and electronic (EE) engineering journals. The abstracts and conclusions were extracted to form two subcorpora, and an integrated framework was applied to analyze and seek to explain how we-clusters and we-collocations were employed. Results revealed whether authors’ use of first-person pronouns partially depends on a journal policy. The trend of using “we” showed that a yearly increase occurred in the frequency of “we” in EE journal papers, as well as the existence of three “we-use” types in the article conclusions and abstracts: exclusive, inclusive, and ambiguous. Other possible “we-use” alternatives such as “I” and other personal pronouns were used very rarely—if at all—in either section. These findings also suggest that the present tense was used more in article abstracts, but the present perfect tense was the most preferred tense in article conclusions. Both research and pedagogical implications are proffered and critically discussed.

Wang, S., Tseng, W.-T., & Johanson, R. (2021). To We or Not to We: Corpus-Based Research on First-Person Pronoun Use in Abstracts and Conclusions. SAGE Open, 11(2).

Here is an example of a descriptive abstract:

From the 1850s to the present, considerable criminological attention has focused on the development of theoretically-significant systems for classifying crime. This article reviews and attempts to evaluate a number of these efforts, and we conclude that further work on this basic task is needed. The latter part of the article explicates a conceptual foundation for a crime pattern classification system, and offers a preliminary taxonomy of crime.

Farr, K. A., & Gibbons, D. C. (1990). Observations on the Development of Crime Categories. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 34(3), 223–237.

If you want to ensure your abstract is grammatically correct and easy to read, you can use ProWritingAid to edit it. The software integrates with Microsoft Word, Google Docs, and most web browsers, so you can make the most of it wherever you’re writing your paper.

Before you edit with ProWritingAid, make sure the suggestions you are seeing are relevant for your document by changing the document type to “Abstract” within the Academic writing style section.

You can use the Readability report to check your abstract for places to improve the clarity of your writing. Some suggestions might show you where to remove words, which is great if you’re over your word count.

We hope the five steps and examples we’ve provided help you write a great abstract for your research paper.

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How to Write an Abstract

An abstract of a work, usually of an essay, is a concise summary of its main points. It is meant to concentrate the argument of a work, presenting it as clearly as possible.

The abstract often appears after the title and before the main body of an essay. If you are writing an abstract as part of an assignment, you should check with your instructor about where to place it.

Here are a few guidelines to follow when composing an abstract:

• In general, avoid too much copying and pasting directly from your essay, especially from the first paragraph. An abstract is often presented directly before an essay, and it will often be the first thing readers consult after your title. You wouldn’t repeat your ideas verbatim in the body of your essay, so why would you do that in an abstract? Consider the abstract part of the work itself. 
• Start off strong. An abstract should be a mini essay, so it should begin with a clear statement of your argument. This should be the first sentence or two.
• Abstracts vary in length. But a good rule is to aim for five to seven sentences. The bulk of the abstract will review the evidence for your claim and summarize your findings.
• Avoid complicated syntax. Long sentences and intricate phrasing have their place in essays, but the abstract should be concise. It is not the place for ambitious grammar.
• The last sentence or two should point to any conclusions reached and the direction future research might take. Like the first sentence, the last should be provocative and direct. Leave your readers wanting to read your essay.

In what follows, the authors have written an effective abstract that adheres to the basic principles above:

Literary critics have long imagined that T. S. Eliot’s The Sacred Wood (1920) shaped the canon and methods of countless twentieth-century classrooms. This essay turns instead to the classroom that made The Sacred Wood : the Modern English Literature extension school tutorial that Eliot taught to working-class adults between 1916 and 1919. Contextualizing Eliot’s tutorial within the extension school movement shows how the ethos and practices of the Workers’ Educational Association shaped his teaching. Over the course of three years, Eliot and his students reimagined canonical literature as writing by working poets for working people—a model of literary history that fully informed his canon reformation in The Sacred Wood . This example demonstrates how attention to teaching changes the history of English literary study. It further reveals how all kinds of institutions, not just elite universities, have shaped the discipline’s methods and canons. (Buurma and Heffernan)

This abstract uses the first two sentences to establish the essay’s place in its field of study and to suggest how it intervenes in existing scholarship. The syntax is direct and simple. The third sentence begins to outline how the authors will support their argument. They aim to demonstrate the relevance of Eliot’s teaching to his ideas about literature, and so they move next to discuss some of the details of that teaching. Finally, the abstract concludes by telling us about the consequences of this argument. The conclusion both points to new directions for research and tells us why we should read the essay. 

Buurma, Rachel Sagner, and Laura Heffernan. Abstract of “The Classroom in the Canon: T. S. Eliot’s Modern English Literature Extension Course for Working People and  The Sacred Wood. ”  PMLA , vol. 133, no. 2, Mar. 2018, p. 463.

Estate Best 18 July 2021 AT 05:07 AM

Please how will I write an abstract for my own poem collections?

Your e-mail address will not be published

Marc Simoes 01 April 2022 AT 04:04 PM

I am teaching students how to format and write an abstract, but I find no precise guidelines in the MLA Handbook. Should the first word of the abstract body text begin with the word "Abstract" followed by a period or colon and then the abstract content? Should the word "Abstract" be underlined? Over the years, I was taught both of these ways by different instructors, but I haven't found any definitive instructions, and now my students are asking me the correct format. Please help! Thank you!

Joseph Wallace 12 April 2022 AT 01:04 PM

Although publishers like the MLA will use their own house style guidelines for abstracts in published material, there is no one correct way for students to format their abstracts. Instructors should decide what works best for their classes and assignments.

Lorraine Belo 17 April 2022 AT 10:04 PM

Can you write a brief abstract about your MLA writing

Subrata Biswas 13 July 2023 AT 10:07 AM

Generally, the abstract is written in Italics. Is there any rule as such?

Joseph Wallace 31 July 2023 AT 10:07 AM

Thanks for your question. There is no rule saying that abstracts need to be written in italics. Some publications use italics for abstracts and some do not.

Dhan 07 January 2024 AT 12:01 PM

Should I write key words at the end of the abstract of Phd dissertation?

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Abstract in Malayalam

Do you know Abstract in Malayalam? How to use Abstract in Malayalam and how to say Abstract in Malayalam? How to write Abstract in Malayalam ? Now let's learn how to say Abstract in Malayalam language.

Abstract translate to Malayalam meanings: വേര്പെട്ടുനില്ക്കുന്ന . In other words, വേര്പെട്ടുനില്ക്കുന്ന in Malayalam is Abstract in English. Click to pronunce

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How to use Abstract in Malayalam?

How to say abstract in malayalam, how to write abstract in malayalam, why we should learn malayalam language, alphabet in malayalam, about malayalam language, malayalam language code, conclusion on abstract in malayalam.

Meaning of Abstract in Malayalam language is: വേര്പെട്ടുനില്ക്കുന്ന .

Other words in Malayalam

• Abstract: വേര്പെട്ടുനില്ക്കുന്ന.
• Abstracted: വേർതിരിചെടുത്തതും.
• Abstraction: കര്ത്തവ്യം.
• Abstractions: അമൂർത്തീകരിക്കാനും.
• Abstractly: അമൂർത്തമായ.
• Abstracts: സംഗ്രഹിക്കേണ്ട.
• Inabstracted: വേർതിരിചെടുത്തതും.
• Semiabstract: അർദ്ധ അബ്സ്ട്രാക്റ്റ്.
• What is Abilities in Malayalam?
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Additional definition and meaning of Abstract in Malayalam language

There are many, many reasons why learning a new language is a good idea. It allows you to communicate with new people. It helps you to see things from a different perspective, or get a deeper understanding of another culture. It helps you to become a better listener. It even has health benefits, as studies have shown that people who speak two or more languages have more active minds later in life!

7 reasons to learn a Malayalam language

• Makes you smarter.
• Boosts academic achievement.
• Provides professional and career advantages.
• Provides broader access to education and information.
• Gives you more social and global skills.
• Increases national security.

The standard way to write "Abstract" in Malayalam is: വേര്പെട്ടുനില്ക്കുന്ന

See more about Malayalam language in here .

Malayalam (/ˌmæləˈjɑːləm/; Malayalam: മലയാളം, Malayāḷam ?, [mɐlɐjäːɭɐm] (About this soundlisten)) is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry (Mahé district) by the Malayali people. It is one of 22 scheduled languages of India and is spoken by 2.88% of Indians. Malayalam has official language status in Kerala, Lakshadweep and Puducherry (Mahé), and is spoken by 34 million people worldwide. Malayalam is also spoken by linguistic minorities in the neighbouring states; with significant number of speakers in the Nilgiris, and Kanyakumari, districts of Tamil Nadu and Kodagu and Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka. Due to Malayali expatriates in the Persian Gulf, Malayalam is also widely spoken in the Gulf countries..

Writing system in Malayalam

Malayalam script (Brahmic),Malayalam Braille,Vattezhuth (historical),Kolezhuthu (historical),Malayanma (historical),Grantha (historical),Arabi Malayalam script (historical/rarely used now),Syriac script (historical),Hebrew script,Latin script (informal)

Malayalam Speaking Countries and Territories

Malayalam Speaking Countries and Territories: India.

Malayalam native speakers

Malayalam native speakers: 33 million (2011–2019).

Malayalam language code is: ml.

Now that you have learned and understood the common ways of saying Abstract in Malayalam is "വേര്പെട്ടുനില്ക്കുന്ന", it's time to learn how to say Abstract in Malayalam. This will hopefully give you a little motivation to study Malayalam today.

വേര്പെട്ടുനില്ക്കുന്ന in Malayalam meanings Abstract in English .

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English Malayalam Dictionary Malayalam

Writing an Abstract for Your Research Paper

Definition and Purpose of Abstracts

An abstract is a short summary of your (published or unpublished) research paper, usually about a paragraph (c. 6-7 sentences, 150-250 words) long. A well-written abstract serves multiple purposes:

• an abstract lets readers get the gist or essence of your paper or article quickly, in order to decide whether to read the full paper;
• an abstract prepares readers to follow the detailed information, analyses, and arguments in your full paper;
• and, later, an abstract helps readers remember key points from your paper.

It’s also worth remembering that search engines and bibliographic databases use abstracts, as well as the title, to identify key terms for indexing your published paper. So what you include in your abstract and in your title are crucial for helping other researchers find your paper or article.

If you are writing an abstract for a course paper, your professor may give you specific guidelines for what to include and how to organize your abstract. Similarly, academic journals often have specific requirements for abstracts. So in addition to following the advice on this page, you should be sure to look for and follow any guidelines from the course or journal you’re writing for.

The Contents of an Abstract

Abstracts contain most of the following kinds of information in brief form. The body of your paper will, of course, develop and explain these ideas much more fully. As you will see in the samples below, the proportion of your abstract that you devote to each kind of information—and the sequence of that information—will vary, depending on the nature and genre of the paper that you are summarizing in your abstract. And in some cases, some of this information is implied, rather than stated explicitly. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , which is widely used in the social sciences, gives specific guidelines for what to include in the abstract for different kinds of papers—for empirical studies, literature reviews or meta-analyses, theoretical papers, methodological papers, and case studies.

Here are the typical kinds of information found in most abstracts:

• the context or background information for your research; the general topic under study; the specific topic of your research
• the central questions or statement of the problem your research addresses
• what’s already known about this question, what previous research has done or shown
• the main reason(s) , the exigency, the rationale , the goals for your research—Why is it important to address these questions? Are you, for example, examining a new topic? Why is that topic worth examining? Are you filling a gap in previous research? Applying new methods to take a fresh look at existing ideas or data? Resolving a dispute within the literature in your field? . . .
• your research and/or analytical methods
• your main findings , results , or arguments
• the significance or implications of your findings or arguments.

Your abstract should be intelligible on its own, without a reader’s having to read your entire paper. And in an abstract, you usually do not cite references—most of your abstract will describe what you have studied in your research and what you have found and what you argue in your paper. In the body of your paper, you will cite the specific literature that informs your research.

When to Write Your Abstract

Although you might be tempted to write your abstract first because it will appear as the very first part of your paper, it’s a good idea to wait to write your abstract until after you’ve drafted your full paper, so that you know what you’re summarizing.

What follows are some sample abstracts in published papers or articles, all written by faculty at UW-Madison who come from a variety of disciplines. We have annotated these samples to help you see the work that these authors are doing within their abstracts.

Choosing Verb Tenses within Your Abstract

The social science sample (Sample 1) below uses the present tense to describe general facts and interpretations that have been and are currently true, including the prevailing explanation for the social phenomenon under study. That abstract also uses the present tense to describe the methods, the findings, the arguments, and the implications of the findings from their new research study. The authors use the past tense to describe previous research.

The humanities sample (Sample 2) below uses the past tense to describe completed events in the past (the texts created in the pulp fiction industry in the 1970s and 80s) and uses the present tense to describe what is happening in those texts, to explain the significance or meaning of those texts, and to describe the arguments presented in the article.

The science samples (Samples 3 and 4) below use the past tense to describe what previous research studies have done and the research the authors have conducted, the methods they have followed, and what they have found. In their rationale or justification for their research (what remains to be done), they use the present tense. They also use the present tense to introduce their study (in Sample 3, “Here we report . . .”) and to explain the significance of their study (In Sample 3, This reprogramming . . . “provides a scalable cell source for. . .”).

Sample Abstract 1

From the social sciences.

Reporting new findings about the reasons for increasing economic homogamy among spouses

Gonalons-Pons, Pilar, and Christine R. Schwartz. “Trends in Economic Homogamy: Changes in Assortative Mating or the Division of Labor in Marriage?” Demography , vol. 54, no. 3, 2017, pp. 985-1005.

Sample Abstract 2

From the humanities.

Analyzing underground pulp fiction publications in Tanzania, this article makes an argument about the cultural significance of those publications

Emily Callaci. “Street Textuality: Socialism, Masculinity, and Urban Belonging in Tanzania’s Pulp Fiction Publishing Industry, 1975-1985.” Comparative Studies in Society and History , vol. 59, no. 1, 2017, pp. 183-210.

Sample Abstract/Summary 3

From the sciences.

Reporting a new method for reprogramming adult mouse fibroblasts into induced cardiac progenitor cells

Lalit, Pratik A., Max R. Salick, Daryl O. Nelson, Jayne M. Squirrell, Christina M. Shafer, Neel G. Patel, Imaan Saeed, Eric G. Schmuck, Yogananda S. Markandeya, Rachel Wong, Martin R. Lea, Kevin W. Eliceiri, Timothy A. Hacker, Wendy C. Crone, Michael Kyba, Daniel J. Garry, Ron Stewart, James A. Thomson, Karen M. Downs, Gary E. Lyons, and Timothy J. Kamp. “Lineage Reprogramming of Fibroblasts into Proliferative Induced Cardiac Progenitor Cells by Defined Factors.” Cell Stem Cell , vol. 18, 2016, pp. 354-367.

Sample Abstract 4, a Structured Abstract

Reporting results about the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy in managing acute bacterial sinusitis, from a rigorously controlled study

Note: This journal requires authors to organize their abstract into four specific sections, with strict word limits. Because the headings for this structured abstract are self-explanatory, we have chosen not to add annotations to this sample abstract.

Wald, Ellen R., David Nash, and Jens Eickhoff. “Effectiveness of Amoxicillin/Clavulanate Potassium in the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Sinusitis in Children.” Pediatrics , vol. 124, no. 1, 2009, pp. 9-15.

“OBJECTIVE: The role of antibiotic therapy in managing acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS) in children is controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of high-dose amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate in the treatment of children diagnosed with ABS.

METHODS : This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Children 1 to 10 years of age with a clinical presentation compatible with ABS were eligible for participation. Patients were stratified according to age (<6 or ≥6 years) and clinical severity and randomly assigned to receive either amoxicillin (90 mg/kg) with potassium clavulanate (6.4 mg/kg) or placebo. A symptom survey was performed on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, and 30. Patients were examined on day 14. Children’s conditions were rated as cured, improved, or failed according to scoring rules.

RESULTS: Two thousand one hundred thirty-five children with respiratory complaints were screened for enrollment; 139 (6.5%) had ABS. Fifty-eight patients were enrolled, and 56 were randomly assigned. The mean age was 6630 months. Fifty (89%) patients presented with persistent symptoms, and 6 (11%) presented with nonpersistent symptoms. In 24 (43%) children, the illness was classified as mild, whereas in the remaining 32 (57%) children it was severe. Of the 28 children who received the antibiotic, 14 (50%) were cured, 4 (14%) were improved, 4(14%) experienced treatment failure, and 6 (21%) withdrew. Of the 28children who received placebo, 4 (14%) were cured, 5 (18%) improved, and 19 (68%) experienced treatment failure. Children receiving the antibiotic were more likely to be cured (50% vs 14%) and less likely to have treatment failure (14% vs 68%) than children receiving the placebo.

CONCLUSIONS : ABS is a common complication of viral upper respiratory infections. Amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate results in significantly more cures and fewer failures than placebo, according to parental report of time to resolution.” (9)

Some Excellent Advice about Writing Abstracts for Basic Science Research Papers, by Professor Adriano Aguzzi from the Institute of Neuropathology at the University of Zurich:

Academic and Professional Writing

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HOW TO LEARN TO READ AND WRITE MALAYALAM ALPHABETS AND WORDS

About malayalam.

Malayalam is one of the many languages in India. It is spoken in the state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry. It represents only 2% of Indians. But, it still has a universal speaker base for more than 44 million. Due to so many Malayali expatriates in the Gulf countries like UAE, QATAR, SAUDI ARABIA, etc. Malayalam is widely spoken in those countries. Also, It is one of the members of Dravidian languages – a group that includes, Kannada,Tamil and Telugu. However, Malayalam is one of the toughest languages in the world to learn. But, In this article, I want to provide you the easy steps to learn to read and write Malayalam alphabets and words. Generally, there are 56 letters in Malayalam.

WHY PEOPLE LEARN TO READ AND WRITE MALAYALAM

As of 2013, there were an estimation of 1.6 million Malayali expatriates in different countries. Especially, many of these live with their families over there.

Major Malayali expatriates don’t get permanent residency visa in their residing countries.Hence, they all would have to come back to their native place in Kerala one day. In that scenario, it is essential that Malayali child must know how to read and write Malayalam basic words for many of the following reasons.

1.Malayalam is a mandatory subject in most of the schools of Kerala.

2. To read the board of buses, places, etc. in Malayalam.

3. To read the Malayalam Novels, short stories, News Papers, etc.

4. To read the important scrolling news in Malayalam TV channels.

5. To teach their kids Malayalam in future.

6. To learn more about Malayali culture.

Apart from the child, In short, if anyone wants to live in Kerala or visit Kerala, it is good to learn to read and write Malayalam. That will make their life easier.

WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES TO LEARN MALAYALAM ALPHABETS AND WORDS

Malayalam is a bit difficult compared to other South Indian languages. Many people find difficulty learning Malayalam when it comes to pronouncing or writing the alphabet and words. For Example, pronouncing the letter such as “ZHA” in words like “Mazha” (Rain).

The traditional way of teaching Malayalam alphabets and words also is one of the reasons of people’s fear about Malayalam. In the traditional way, people will be taught all the letters first. Then, the Malayalam basic words, and then, the sentences, which looks like a lengthy process and boring. In addition, the first letter itself ( “A” -The first letter in “Amma” – Mother) is one of the toughest letters in the language. So, people will be annoyed to learn to read and write Malayalam from the day one itself.

Another challenge is find a proper platform to learn. Though some of the platforms like YouTube channels exist, finding the interesting and useful one will be a tedious task.

In short, people are always confused with how to learn Malayalam easily.

HOW TO OVERCOME THE CHALLENGE OF LEARNING MALAYALAM

We teach Malayalam writing and reading in an interesting way. We start with the simplest letter in Malayalam, which is Ra (“Ra” in word “Thara”). Then, the other letters which are formed from the first learnt letter. In this way, the student will learn simple letters and the words formed by those letters. So, students would not be nervous in the first class itself as seen in the traditional way of teaching. After each session, we send the PDF Notes to student’s WhatsApp Number or registered e-mail soon. Accordingly, he can take the print-out of the hard copies if he wants.

Download the PDF file for the first chapter below.

In the above manner, throughout the whole course, we teach words and sentences along with the letters. So, students could able to learn to read and write Malayalam simple sentences before completing half of the total session itself.

We provide 32 sessions for the students from KG1 . Usually, one session extends from 50 minutes to 1 Hour . We conduct 4 classes in a week, so that student can finish the course within 8 weeks. Above all, we allow maximum 6 students in the batch to give individual attention.

There are separate sessions based on the different age groups, which provide more comfort to the student. We named it as Kiddies (KG1 – Grade1), Juniors (Grade2 to 5) and Seniors (From Grade4 ). Please visit our page “ Courses ” for more details.

In case, if any student is absent in the class for genuine reason, we take the missed class particularly for that student.

Since adult people have a lot of barriers keeping timing compared to children, we also offer one-to-one class for them.

WHAT WE TEACH IN “LEARN TO READ AND WRITE MALAYALAM ONLINE”

We teach Malayalam Swaraksharangal (vowels) and Vyanjanaksharangal (consonants) together. This method helps children to learn to read and write sentences within eight classes.

We start with “easy to write” letters, followed by the words that are formed by the same letters.  As a result, within six sessions, student could able to read and write simple words without Malayalam Chinnangal (signs)

After five classes, we introduce the first few letters of Swaraksharangal (vowels) and their chinnangal (signs). It helps the student to from simple sentences. Hence, Within sixteen classes, they learn half of the Malayalam Vyanjanaksharangal (consonants) and all the Swaraksharangal (vowels) with their chinnangal (signs) So, after competing sixteen classes, they write their own sentences. 

Similarly, in the second half, they learn the consonants(“Vyanjanaksharangal”) in order & compound letters(“koottaksharangal”) related to that consonants(“Vyanjanaksharangal”). In the meantime, we also concentrate on reading and writing complex sentences during these sessions.

By following the above method, after completing the course, students can read and write Malayalam fluently.Thus, they can read the short stories like as given in the below links

Dhamuvinte athyagraham varuthiya vina

Kanathaya Swarnakkammal

WHAT IS THE MODE OF TEACHING

We use uninterruptible zoom for teaching online. So, students can learn to read and write Malayalam from anywhere including at your home. Also, this will reduce your cost and provide security for the child. Likewise, the live, interactive classes with the teacher, benefit the student to clarify any doubts on the spot. This also will help the the student to increase his vocabulary and speaking skill of Malayalam language.

HOW TO ENROLL TO OUR COURSE TO LEARN TO READ AND WRITE MALAYALAM

We conduct free demo class for students. Based on the satisfaction of the student, he can enroll in our course. Please contact us for a free demo. You also can WhatsApp to +919037495104 for the demo.

HOW TO IMPROVE THE MALAYALAM READING AND WRITING SKILL

Besides the course, if a student follows some tips in day to day life, he can make a tremendous improvement in writing and reading Malayalam alphabets and words.

• Try to read the scrolling news of Malayalam TV channels. Some of the famous Malayalam channels are a. Asianet News b. 24 News c. Manorama News d. MediaOne News e. Mathrubhumi News
• Read the Malayalam News Papers regularly. Some of the famous Malayalam News Papers are a. Manorama b. Mathrubhumi c. Madhyamam d. Kerala kaumudi e. Suprabhatham f. Siraj Daily e. Deshabhimani f. Chandrika
• Whenever you travel in Kerala, try to read the place boards, bus boards, movie posters along the streets.
• Read Malayalam Magazines for Children. Some of the Books are:- Balarama Poompatta Malarvadi Kalikkudukka
• Try to Write articles in Malayalam .

In short, anyone can learn to read and write Malayalam easily if he follows a systematic and simple pattern . So, don’t wait. please send a WhatsApp message soon to +919037495104 or contact us to get a demo.

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / MLA Format / How to write abstracts in MLA

How to write abstracts in MLA

Abstracts are usually between 100-250 words or around 5-7 sentences depending on the type. They can include short descriptions of your motivations, objective, methods, findings, discussion, and conclusion of the paper. You can also include why you wrote the paper and why readers should be interested.

APA abstracts have different formatting from MLA abstracts, so do not to use their rules interchangeably.

Why do you need an abstract?

Abstracts allow for a quick summary of your paper for other researchers. Busy researchers don’t have time to read everything, so they rely on the abstract to help them decide whether or not they will read the paper.

Although MLA style doesn’t require an abstract, the MLA style abstract is the most commonly used style in the humanities. If you are writing a paper for a class in literature, religion, philosophy, or other similar subjects, you should use MLA style. Check with your professor to see if an abstract is required for your paper.

Different types of abstracts

There are two different types of abstracts: descriptive and informative.

• Descriptive abstracts are approximately 100 words and give a brief overview of the paper. They do not include a full analysis and may not include the results and/or conclusions.
• Informative abstracts are longer and are approximately 150-250 words. They are a condensed version of your writing that contains information from every part of the paper.

How to write an abstract in MLA style

To write a high-quality abstract in MLA style, you will need an explanation of what research was done and what the outcomes were. Write in a clear, simple, and direct style. The abstract gives readers the information they need to decide whether to read the complete paper or not.

Here are some guidelines for writing a great abstract in MLA style:

• Finish the paper first. While it may be tempting to get a head start on your abstract, you should complete your paper before writing the abstract.
• Review your paper for key points and take notes. One way to take notes is to write one sentence for each paragraph. You should not copy directly from your text since your abstract should have different words and phrases. You do not need to include every detail, and in fact, you should avoid doing so. If you have an outline of your paper, use that as a guide to writing your abstract.
• Give a detailed account of the research methods used in the study and how the results were obtained.
• Provide an account of your findings and what you found as a result of your research.
• If your findings have larger implications, include them in the abstract.
• Condense those main points by summarizing the “who, what, where, and when” of your paper.
• If you don’t have an outline, organize information in the same order as in the paper.
• Write a rough draft of your abstract. Begin your abstract with a clear statement about your thesis and why your readers should care about what you’ve written. Then turn your notes into sentences.
• Avoid using long complicated sentences in your abstract along with ambiguous and unnecessary words and phrases. Remember that your abstract needs to be simple and easy to read.
• Do not include citations or footnotes in your abstract.
• Add transitions to show clear connections between ideas and create a smooth flow to your writing.
• Revise your abstract until it is 5-7 sentences or 250 words or less. Limit the length to one or two paragraphs.
• Proofread your abstract several times to make sure it is free of errors. People will stop reading if they see mistakes, and it will damage your credibility.

Format for an MLA abstract

• Use one-inch margins.
• Double-space the abstract.
• Place the abstract after the title and before the main body of the paper.
• Use one space after punctuation marks.
• Indent the first line of the paragraphs ½ inch from the left margin.
• Use 12-point font such as Times New Roman or Arial.
• Spell out acronyms.
• Include italics instead of quotation marks if you reference a long work in the abstract.

MLA abstract examples

Descriptive abstracts.

• Example 1 on Cannon’s “From Literacy to Literature: Elementary Learning and the Middle English Poet.”
• Example 2 on Sealy-Morris’s “The Rhetoric of the Paneled Page: Comics and Composition Pedagogy.”

Informational abstracts

• Example 1 on O’Neill’s “The Personal Public Sphere of Whitman’s 1840s Journalism.”

Works cited

Cannon, Christopher. “From Literacy to Literature: Elementary Learning and the Middle English Poet.”  PMLA , vol. 129, no. 3, 2014, pp. 349–364.  JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/24769474.

MLA Handbook . 9th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2021.

O’Neill, Bonnie Carr. “The Personal Public Sphere of Whitman’s 1840s Journalism.”  PMLA , vol. 126, no. 4, 2011, pp. 983–998.   JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/41414171.

Sealey-Morris, Gabriel. “The Rhetoric of the Paneled Page: Comics and Composition Pedagogy.”  Composition Studies , vol. 43, no. 1, 2015, pp. 31–50.   JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/43501877.

Wallace, Joseph. “How to Write an Abstract.”  MLA Style Center , Modern Language Association of America, 5 Dec. 2018, style.mla.org/how-to-write-an-abstract/.

Published October 25, 2020. Updated July 18, 2021.

By Catherine Sigler. Catherine has a Ph.D. in English Education and has taught college-level writing for 15 years.

MLA Formatting Guide

MLA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
• Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Sample Paper
• Works Cited
• MLA 8 Updates
• MLA 9 Updates
• View MLA Guide

Citation Examples

• Book Chapter
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all MLA Examples

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Writing an abstract - a six point checklist (with samples)

Posted in: abstract , dissertations

The abstract is a vital part of any research paper. It is the shop front for your work, and the first stop for your reader. It should provide a clear and succinct summary of your study, and encourage your readers to read more. An effective abstract, therefore should answer the following questions:

• Why did you do this study or project?
• What did you do and how?
• What did you find?
• What do your findings mean?

So here's our run down of the key elements of a well-written abstract.

• Size - A succinct and well written abstract should be between approximately 100- 250 words.
• Background - An effective abstract usually includes some scene-setting information which might include what is already known about the subject, related to the paper in question (a few short sentences).
• Purpose  - The abstract should also set out the purpose of your research, in other words, what is not known about the subject and hence what the study intended to examine (or what the paper seeks to present).
• Methods - The methods section should contain enough information to enable the reader to understand what was done, and how. It should include brief details of the research design, sample size, duration of study, and so on.
• Results - The results section is the most important part of the abstract. This is because readers who skim an abstract do so to learn about the findings of the study. The results section should therefore contain as much detail about the findings as the journal word count permits.
• Conclusion - This section should contain the most important take-home message of the study, expressed in a few precisely worded sentences. Usually, the finding highlighted here relates to the primary outcomes of the study. However, other important or unexpected findings should also be mentioned. It is also customary, but not essential, to express an opinion about the theoretical or practical implications of the findings, or the importance of their findings for the field. Thus, the conclusions may contain three elements:
• The primary take-home message.
• Any additional findings of importance.
• Implications for future studies.

Example Abstract 2: Engineering Development and validation of a three-dimensional finite element model of the pelvic bone.

Abstract from: Dalstra, M., Huiskes, R. and Van Erning, L., 1995. Development and validation of a three-dimensional finite element model of the pelvic bone. Journal of biomechanical engineering, 117(3), pp.272-278.

And finally...  A word on abstract types and styles

Abstract types can differ according to subject discipline. You need to determine therefore which type of abstract you should include with your paper. Here are two of the most common types with examples.

Informative Abstract

The majority of abstracts are informative. While they still do not critique or evaluate a work, they do more than describe it. A good informative abstract acts as a surrogate for the work itself. That is, the researcher presents and explains all the main arguments and the important results and evidence in the paper. An informative abstract includes the information that can be found in a descriptive abstract [purpose, methods, scope] but it also includes the results and conclusions of the research and the recommendations of the author. The length varies according to discipline, but an informative abstract is usually no more than 300 words in length.

Descriptive Abstract A descriptive abstract indicates the type of information found in the work. It makes no judgements about the work, nor does it provide results or conclusions of the research. It does incorporate key words found in the text and may include the purpose, methods, and scope of the research. Essentially, the descriptive abstract only describes the work being summarised. Some researchers consider it an outline of the work, rather than a summary. Descriptive abstracts are usually very short, 100 words or less.

Adapted from Andrade C. How to write a good abstract for a scientific paper or conference presentation. Indian J Psychiatry. 2011 Apr;53(2):172-5. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.82558. PMID: 21772657; PMCID: PMC3136027 .

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• Multilingual typesetting on Overleaf using polyglossia and fontspec

Introduction

This article provides an overview of typesetting multilingual documents on Overleaf using the XeLaTeX (or LuaLaTeX) compiler in conjunction with the fontspec and polyglossia LaTeX packages.

For many, if not most, users their default choice of TeX engine is pdfTeX , which, unlike XeTeX and LuaTeX, does not have a built-in capability to read UTF-8 encoded text files. Using pdfTeX makes typesetting certain languages in LaTeX very complicated, especially those that do not use a Latin-based script. Some packages—such as inputenc , fontenc and arabtex —provide support to pdfTeX for typesetting non-Latin languages and scripts, but not all glyphs and characters may be supported or rendered correctly in the output PDF, even if you’ve used the utf8 or utf8x option with inputenc .

For an in-depth discussion of UTF-8, Unicode encoding and the XeTeX/LuaTeX engines, the Overleaf article Unicode, UTF-8 and multilingual text: An introduction is a fascinating read.

Enter XeTeX and LuaTeX

The XeTeX and LuaTeX engines can directly read/process UTF-8 encoded text; consequently, they offer native support for Unicode—they can also work with TrueType and OpenType fonts directly. These properties make them a natural choice for typesetting multilingual or non-Latin documents in LaTeX, producing outputs like these:

These examples can be found in the Overleaf Gallery: How to Write Multilingual Text with Different Scripts in LaTeX on Overleaf and Multilingual "Thank-You" .

If you’re looking to typeset Chinese, Japanese and Korean, have a look at these articles:

Xe(La)TeX is still useful for these languages, but more specialised TeX engines are available, specifically designed for typesetting CJK languages —such as pTeX for typesetting Japanese.

Note that if your cursor seems to be misbehaving whilst editing text in certain languages on Overleaf, you may want to click on the Overleaf Menu button (situated above the project file list) and change the “Font Family” option. You could also try changing your browser’s monospaced font preferences or using Overleaf’s Rich Text view instead. However, at the time of writing, the Source and Rich Text views may not (yet) fully support right-to-left text editing at the level of functionality we are aiming to achieve.

Changing the project’s compiler

The fontspec and polyglossia packages require the XeLaTeX or LuaLaTeX compiler, so you’ll need to set up your Overleaf project to use either of those compilers. Detailed instructions can be found in our article Choosing a LaTeX Compiler but here is a brief video clip showing how to set the compiler for your project:

Once you’re compiling with XeLaTeX or LuaLaTeX, you can (should) remove the inputenc and fontenc packages from your .tex file’s preamble because these Unicode-capable engines will assume input (text) files are UTF-8 encoded. Incidentally, all text files uploaded to Overleaf are converted to UTF-8 so you should usually use utf8 with inputenc when working with the pdfLaTeX and LaTeX compilers on Overleaf.

If your entire document involves just one language

When using the fontspec package you might get away with only setting up a main (serif) font, a sans-serif font and probably a monospaced font designed to support the language you are typesetting—there’s a catch, but we’ll revisit that later in the article. For example, if your entire document is in Greek, with some English words, you can simply write

You can choose fonts from a list of available TrueType and OpenType fonts . The Ligatures=TeX option is added automatically for \setmainfont and \setsansfont , so you don’t have to add that yourself. ( \setromanfont is an alias of \setmainfont .)

The LaTeX code above produces the following output:

Mixing right-to-left (RTL) and left-to-right (LTR) languages

You need to be careful when typesetting a mixture of right-to-left (RTL) scripts, such as Arabic or Hebrew, and left-to-right (LTR) scripts in the same document. Consider the following small Arabic document with an English word, using Amiri as the main font:

which produces:

The text is automatically set right-to-left, starting on the right-hand edge of the page. The word “differentiation” itself is typeset correctly as left-to-right text–but wait, no it’s not ! It’s rendered as “dffirentiation” in the output! What’s going on?

The Amiri font does have glyphs for Latin alphabets but here the text differentiation is not marked as English: the compiler treats differentiation as right-to-left text, as if it were a sequence of Arabic characters. During typesetting, the original sequence iff is processed as ffi (i.e., as RTL text) and Amiri’s ligature glyph for “ffi” is typeset. Marking the word with \textenglish{...} ensures it is interpreted correctly as left-to-right text.

Note: If you’re used to the babel package commands you’ll be happy to hear that the commands \selectlanguage , \foreignlanguage and the environment otherlanguage are also supported by polyglossia .

Language-specific options

Some languages support additional options for customisation; for example, greek accepts a variant=ancient , mono or poly option for ancient, monotonic or polytonic Greek; hindi can be configured with numerals=western or devanagari . See the polyglossia package documentation for details.

These can be specified when loading the language:

or later at anytime:

or even locally for a specific environment:

Specifying fonts for specific languages

You can specify the font used for different languages. Suppose you’d like to typeset all English text (contained in our previous example) in italics; you could write:

You can of course use something even more flamboyant:

This mechanism of setting fonts for different languages or scripts is especially important when you use a main font that does not have glyphs for all scripts or languages in your document. Suppose we now decide to use Caladea as the main document font:

Upon compilation we would see the following error:

We are now obligated to specify which fonts to use for Cyrillic and Thai scripts. Again, you can refer to the list of available TrueType and OpenType fonts on Overleaf.

Note : it is outside the scope of this article to address issues relating to choices of aesthetically-pleasing and typographically-compatible font combinations.

Notice that we’ve defined \cyrillicfont instead of \russianfont , i.e. we defined a font for the Cyrillic script rather than the Russian language . The advantage of defining \cyrillicfont is that if, for example, serbian is also a defined language in your project, then \textserbian would automatically use the defined \cyrillicfont . If you had defined only \russianfont , then using \textserbian would again complain about “the current roman font does not contain the Cyrillic script” and you would need to define \cyrillicfont anyway — unless you did mean to use a different font for Serbian text!

Another similar scenario is the Devanagari script , which is used for the Hindi and Sanskrit languages ; or the Arabic script used for Arabic and Farsi (Persian).

When using \newfontfamily it is necessary to specify the Script , otherwise some glyphs may be rendered incorrectly; for example, if we had written only \newfontfamily\thaifont{Garuda} the typeset result may be wrong (left image below)—the correct output is produced by adding [Script=Thai] .

Defining other font families

Let’s have a look at another example, this time with Hebrew:

So far so good. Now suppose we were using a template originally created for an English document, which sets section headers in sans serif type using the titlesec package:

We are confronted with the error message:

This is a bit confusing: didn’t we already define \hebrewfont to be Hadasim CLM? Well, it’s really because we haven’t specified a sans serif font for Hebrew . Let’s remedy this by adding a definition for \hebrewfontsf :

And now we have the output:

Should the need arise, we could also define a monospaced font to use with \hebrewfonttt .

Acknowledgements

All lorem ipsum snippets, in various languages, are from https://lipsum.com .

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• Multi-file LaTeX projects
• Lengths in L a T e X
• Headers and footers
• Page numbering
• Paragraph formatting
• Line breaks and blank spaces
• Text alignment
• Page size and margins
• Single sided and double sided documents
• Multiple columns
• Code listing
• Code Highlighting with minted
• Using colours in LaTeX
• Margin notes
• Font sizes, families, and styles
• Font typefaces
• Supporting modern fonts with X Ǝ L a T e X

Presentations

• Environments

Field specific

• Theorems and proofs
• Chemistry formulae
• Feynman diagrams
• Molecular orbital diagrams
• Chess notation
• Knitting patterns
• CircuiTikz package
• Pgfplots package
• Typesetting exams in LaTeX
• Attribute Value Matrices

Class files

• Understanding packages and class files
• List of packages and class files
• Writing your own package
• Writing your own class

Advanced TeX/LaTeX

• In-depth technical articles on TeX/LaTeX

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