ma phd nedir

BA, BSc, MA, MSc, PhD - what do they all mean?

BA, BSc, MA, MSc, PhD (and more) are abbreviations of British degrees.

They reflect the specific level and discipline of a qualification achieved at university.

While most courses are conducted on a full-time basis, there are options for part-time, distance learning and other flexible learning arrangements.

Here is a breakdown of some of the most common qualifications and ones that Aberystwyth University offers.

• BA = Bachelor of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences;
• BSc = Bachelor of Sciences;
• BENG = Bachelor of Engineering (Software, Robotics and Physics);
• LLB = Bachelor of Law.

Achieved after 3 to 4 years of study. The extra year (for a 4 year course) can be from a year studying abroad or a year working in industry.

Integrated-Masters:

• MARTS = Masters of Arts;
• MBIOL = Masters of Biology;
• MCOMP = Masters of Computer Science;
• MENG = Masters of Engineering;
• MMATH = Masters of Mathematics;
• MPHYS = Masters of Physics;
• MSCI = Masters of Sciences and Humanities.

4 years course (3-year Bachelors, 1 year Masters) that enables you to secure a loan for the full duration rather than having to fund a Masters degree separately.

• MA = Masters of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences;
• MSc = Masters of Sciences;
• MBA = Masters of Business Administration;
• MPhil = Masters of Philosophy: Advanced research Masters degree;
• MRes = Masters of Research: Contains some taught and research elements;
• LLM = Masters of Law.

Achieved after graduation from Bachelors level, usually 1-2 years duration.

• PhD = Doctor of Philosophy: for a range of disciplines.

Achieved after graduating from Masters level, usually 3-8 years duration.

A wide range of Undergraduate, Postgraduate and Further-Research courses – across the Arts and Sciences – are available at Aberystwyth.

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MA ve MSc Arasındaki Farklar

MA mı MSc mi? Hangi derecede eğitim almanız gerektiği konusunda kafanız mı karıştı? Peki, hangi derecenin kariyerinize daha uygun olduğu konusunda bir fikriniz var mı? O halde okumaya devam edin.

Yurtdışı yüksek lisans yapmak isteyen uluslararası öğrencilerin sıklıkla karşılaştıkları terimler arasında yer alan Master of Science kısaca MSc ve Master of Arts yani MA, üniversite eğitiminin en önemli bölümlerinden olan iki farklı yurtdışı yüksek lisans derecesini tanımlar. Her yıl, binlerce öğrenci yurtdışı eğitim almak için bir lisans ya da yüksek lisans derecesini seçerken, çoğu ülke de nitelikli ve üstün yetenekli master öğrencilerini üniversitelere çekmek için sayısız teşviklerde bulunur.

Bugün, yurtdışı yüksek lisans yapmanın en önemli avantajı, mezuniyetten sonra gittiğiniz Amerika, İngiltere, Kanada, Avustralya gibi ülkelerde 6 ay ile 4 sene arasında bir iş bulup kalabilme imkanı sunmasıdır. Aynı zamanda küreselleşen dünyada teknoloji ve inovasyonun ağırlıklı olduğu çok sayıda yurtdışı yüksek lisans programına sahip bu ülkeler, dünyanın en iyi üniversiteleri ile göz doldurur. Yazımızda, sıklıkla anlam kargaşası yaşanmasına sebep olan MSc ne demek, MA nedir ve iki farklı yüksek lisans derecesi arasındaki farklar neler sizin için araştırdık. 

MA mı MSc mi?

Günümüzde bir lisans programından mezun olan öğrencilerin hem akademik kariyerlerinde ilerlemek hem de iş dünyasında daha yüksek rütbelerde ve daha cazip maaşlara sahip olmak için tercih ettikleri yurtdışı yüksek lisans eğitimi, seçtiğiniz programa ve ülkeye göre 1-2 yıl arasında değişiklik gösterir. Peki, MA ve MSc olarak bilinen yüksek lisans nedir öğrenelim!

Sitemize üye olarak dünyanın en iyi üniversiteleri, yurt dışı eğitim haberleri, faydalı içerikler ve ücretsiz broşürlerden faydalanabilirsiniz. Nasıl mı?  Hemen bu linkten kayıt olun .

Master of Arts olarak da bilinen MA nedir sorusunun en yalın hali, Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Yüksek Lisansı derecesidir denebilir. Genel olarak tarih, felsefe, coğrafya, dil, beşeri bilimler, güzel sanatlar, sosyoloji, psikoloji, gazetecilik, mimarlık, teoloji gibi sözel içerikli olan yüksek lisans programlarını tanımlayan MA, eğitiminiz boyunca yoğun seminerler ve araştırma çalışmalarıyla karşı karşıya kalacağınız bir derecedir. Master of Arts derecesi, 1 ya da 2 yıllık bir zaman aralığında tamamlanır ve eğitiminiz boyunca sınavlar, ödevler ve bir tez kombinasyonuyla değerlendirilirsiniz. 

MSc ne demek?

Master of Science olarak da bilinen MSc ne demek sorusunun en basit cevabı, Fen Bilimleri Yüksek Lisans derecesidir denebilir. Aynı zamanda MSc nedir merak edenler için genellikle bilimsel ve matematiksel konulara odaklı programlar için kullanılan bir terimdir diyebiliriz. Bu tür konular bilgisayar bilimi, iktisat, matematik, biyokimya, mühendislik bölümleri ve tıp gibi konuları içerir. MSc yurtdışı yüksek lisans programları genel olarak matematiksel ve mantıksal becerileri olan öğrenciler için en iyi seçenektir. Eğitiminiz süresince ağır laboratuvar çalışmaları, bilimsel araştırmalar, analiz ve değerlendirmelerle sıklıkla karşılaşacağınız yüksek lisans programları, 1 ya da 2 yılda tamamlanırken genellikle tez hazırlanmasını gerektirir. 

MA ve MSc programlarında alacağınız dersler nelerdir?

Yurtdışı eğitim programları arasında yer alan MSc ve MA programları arasındaki farklar, alt disiplinler ve derslerde de kendisini gösterir. Bir Master of Science derecesi ile daha çok araştırma ve teknik beceriler üzerine yoğunlaşıp kendinizi geliştirebilirken, bir Master of Arts programına kayıt olan öğrenciler, genellikle daha az teknik beceri gerektiren dersler görürler.

Bugün, sosyal ya da Türkiye’de sözel bilimler olarak da tanımlanan programlar, toplum ve insan doğasını araştıran bilimlerdir. İletişim, sanat tarihi, işletme, girişimcilik ve inovasyon, felsefe, nöropsikoloji gibi programları kapsar. Master of Science programları, teknolojik bilgileri kapsayan gözlem ve deneye dayanan sistematik bilgilerden oluşur. Daha çok matematik, mühendislik bölümleri, tıp ve doğa bilimlerinin incelendiği daha derin ve belli konulara odaklı işleyen MSc programları öğrenciye dünya çapında üniversitelerden mezun olma ve geliştirilmiş kariyer fırsatları sunar.  Yurtdışı Yüksek Lisans Başvurusu Nasıl Yapılır?  öğrenmek için hemen yazımıza göz atın. 

Araştırma ve Tez konularında farklılıklar var mı?

Yurtdışı yüksek lisans eğitimi veren üniversitelerde sıklıkla karşılaşacağınız MSc ve MA gibi terimler arasındaki farklara araştırma projeleri ve tez konularında da rastlarız. Genel olarak teknik konular ve Master of Science programlarında öğrenciler tez ve çeşitli projeler sunarlar. Örneğin; bir bilim derecesinde, insan vücuduna farklı maddelerin etkisi üzerine ya da kanser araştırmaları, HIV virüsü ya da aşılar gibi çok çeşitli konularda derinlemesine araştırmalar yapmanız gerekir. Yurtdışı yüksek lisans yapmak için  Tez Nasıl Yazılır? Merak ediyorsanız rehberimize göz atın. 

Master of Arts yani Sosyal Bilimler Yüksek Lisansı ile öğrenciler, daha az araştırma ve küçük bir proje yapma seçenekleri olacakları bir eğitim dönemine sahip olurlar. Örneğin, bir güzel sanatlar öğrencisi tez hazırlamak yerine becerilerini gösterdiği resimlerden oluşan bir proje çalışması yürütebilir. Aynı zamanda bazı yurtdışı yüksek lisans programları öğrencilerin son bir yıl içerisinde saha da çalışmasını gerektirebilir.

Yurtdışında üniversite okumak istediğiniz okullar, bölümler ve başvurular hakkında merak ettiklerinizi uzmanlarımıza ücretsiz sorarak  yurtdışı eğitim danışmanlığı  alabilirsiniz. 

MSc ve MA eğitiminde en iyi ülkeler hangileri?

Bugün dünya çapında bir çok üniversitede MSc veya MA eğitimi alabileceğiniz çok sayıda ülke ve üniversite bulunmaktadır. İster Amerika ya da İngiltere, isterseniz de Güney Kore, Çin, İtalya ya da Almanya gibi ülkeler için olsun, yurtdışı yüksek lisans şartları farklılıklar gösterirken, bir yüksek lisans kaydı için GRE veya GMAT sınavlarına girmek gerekir. Yurtdışında master yapmak isteyenler için  Master Eğitimi Alabileceğiniz En İyi 10 Ülke  rehberimizde. 

Eğer İngilizce anadiliniz değilse tüm İngilizce master eğitimi programlarına sahip ülkeler için IELTS ya da TOEFL gibi yabancı dil yeterlilik testlerinden istenilen puana sahip olmak bir zorunluluktur. Bugün yurtdışı yüksek lisans eğitimi alabileceğiniz en iyi ülkeleri şu şekilde sıralayabiliriz; 

• Çin : Yurtdışı yüksek lisans programları açısından en zengin ülkelerden biridir. Uygun eğitim ücretleri ile MBA, finans ve çevre bilimlerinde master eğitimleri ve Mandarince öğrenmek iyi bir sebep olabilir. 
• İsviçre : Avrupa’da yüksek lisans düşünüyorsanız, İsviçre ilk tercih edeceğiniz ülke olmalı. ETH Zurich gibi dünyanın en iyi üniversitelerine sahip ülkede Cenevre, Basel, Zürih, Bern gibi popüler şehirlerde eğitim alabilir, ilaç sanayi ve bankacılık sektöründe iş imkanları yüksek master programlarını seçebilirsiniz. 
• Amerika : Dünya çapında binlerce öğrenciyi mıknatıs gibi kendine çeken Amerika, bugün özellikle işletme, hukuk, mühendislik gibi konularda Stanford ve Harvard gibi dünyanın en iyi üniversitelerinde yüksek kaliteli master programları ve iş imkanları ile göz doldurur.

Yurtdışı yüksek lisans şartları nelerdir?

Yurtdışı yüksek lisans programlarına kayıt olan öğrenciler için giriş şartları MA ve MSc arasında da farklılık gösterir. Genel olarak bir üniversiteye başvururken istenilen TOEFL ya da IELTS gibi dil testlerinde yetkinlik, diploma notu, transkript gibi belgeler en önemli şartlar arasındadır. Master of Arts ve Master of Science programlarında ise öğrencilerin tercih ettikleri programa göre değişen ek kriterler gelir. Örneğin; bazı bölümler lisans derecesinden mezun olan öğrencilerde 2-3 yıl arası çalışma deneyimi arar. Aynı zamanda Master of Arts programlarından bazılarında eğitim almayı tercih eden öğrencilerin bir portfolyo sunmaları istenebilir.  Yurtdışında Eğitim Alacağınız Ülkelere Göre Gireceğiniz Sınavlar  için rehberimize göz atın. 

MSc ve MA alt disiplinleri arasında farklılıklar var mı?

Bugün, yurtdışı yüksek lisans yapmak isteyen öğrenciler arasında MA ve MSc arasındaki farklılıklara disiplinler arasında da rastlarız. Yönetim, gazetecilik, insan kaynakları, turizm, sosyoloji ile fotoğraf, müzik, mimarlık gibi sanat konularında etkin olan Master of Arts ile bilgi teknolojisi, matematik ve mühendislik bölümleri gibi bilim ana programları ile fizik, kimya, biyoloji, jeoloji, tıp gibi hem teorik hem de araştırma merkezli disiplinleri kapsayan Master of Science yer alır. Aynı zamanda finans, pazarlama, siyaset bilimi, ekonomi gibi alanları her iki programda da bulabilirsiniz.

Yurtdışı yüksek lisans yapmanın kariyerinize faydaları var mı?

Yurtdışı yüksek lisans derecesinde MSc ya da MA’yı seçmek, öğrenciler için kariyer hedeflerinde dikkat etmeleri gereken önemli bir adım olacaktır. Çoğu işveren için iki alan arasında hiçbir ayrım yapılmazken, öğrenci beşeri konularda başarılı ise Master of Arts programlarını seçmesi akıllıca olacaktır.

Sonuç olarak, Master of Science ya da Master of Arts arasında çok büyük farklılıklar olmadığını ve bir yüksek lisans derecesinin, her halükarda yurtdışı üniversite tercihi yapan ya da mezun olan öğrencilere başarı, yüksek kazanç ve daha fazla iş bulma potansiyeli sunduğunu söylemekte fayda var.  Yüksek Lisans Mezunları İçin İş İmkanları  için hemen linke tıklayın.

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• İlgili bölümler 952 üniversitede mevcut

Okunması gerekenler

IELTS: Uluslararası İngilizce Dil Test Sistemi

IELTS, bugün dünyanın en iyi üniversiteleri ve kolejlerinde eğitim almak isteyen öğrencilere İngilizce dil yeterliliklerini kanıtlama imkanı sunuyor. Yurtdışında eğitim almak, birçok kişi için kariyerlerini ilerletmek, kültürel deneyimler yaşamak ve yeni fırsatlar keşfetmek anlamına gelir. Ancak Amerika, Kanada, İngiltere gibi birçok ülke, uluslararası öğrencilerden İngilizce dil yeterliliğini belgelemelerini ister. Yazımızda IELTS sınavının yurtdışı eğitim

İletişime geç

What Does BA, MA & PhD Mean in Degrees?

How to Get a Bachelor's and a Master's Degree at Once

Are you ready move ahead in your education, but not entirely sure which degree is right for your future career? Depending upon your focus and what education you've already earned, you can earn a degree in just a few years.

Many employers depending upon the level of the job require employees to have obtained a bachelors degree. For individuals hoping to advance their career or even to receive higher compensation, a masters degree is required. In some positions of leadership, it's not only necessary to have a doctorate degree, but a requirement.

A B.A., Bachelor of Arts, M.A., Master of Arts, or PhD, Doctor of Philosophy are nationally recognized degree programs that will give you the knowledge you need to succeed.

B.A.: Bachelor of Arts

Typically a four-year degree program within a specified departmental major, B.A. degrees are undergraduate degrees conferred upon completion of a Bachelor of Arts program or by transferring credits from an associate degree program toward the completion of a bachelor's degree program and finishing the required courses at the four-year school. Bachelor of Arts degrees emphasize education in the liberal arts. It's often required to complete course credits in fields such as humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, mathematics and foreign language. Some schools may also require additional categories of course work, such as multicultural studies. To complete a B.A. degree, you must also declare a major field of concentration for the degree. The major concentration is normally associated with the humanities or social sciences.

M.A.: Master of Arts

An M.A. is a Master of Arts degree. Master of Arts degrees are graduate degree programs within a concentrated specialization pursued after the completion of a bachelor's degree. Students often pursue master's degrees to gain promotion in their current careers or to advance to a new career within their field. A Master of Arts degrees gives you the opportunity to really focus on the subject in which you will earn your degree. The type of work typically involved includes, more in-depth reading and writing papers based on your analysis of a specific subject. As you near the completion of the degree, you will most likely be required to participate in a lecture, exam, final project or a thesis. It all depends on the intensity of the program. If you intend on furthering your education even more to obtain a doctoral degree, you must complete a master's degree program first.

Ph.D.: Doctor of Philosophy

A Ph.D. means Doctor of Philosophy and is the highest academic degree you can earn within a field of study. Students who complete a Ph.D. receive the prestigious title of doctor. A doctoral degree requires extensive research, often leading to the completion of a dissertation. Ph.D. recipients can progress toward careers as college professors, researchers or other professional positions related to their field.

Selecting the Right Degree

If you're wishing to pursue higher education degrees, you should consider your career goals and the objectives you hope to accomplish. You should research the career you intend to pursue and determine the level of education needed to acquire the position. You should speak to academic and enrollment counselors at the prospective institutions where you wish to study before making final decisions about your education. Some careers require only a bachelor's degree, while others prefer graduate degrees in the form of a master's or doctoral degree.

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• Columbia College: Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts
• Penn State University: B.A. Degree Requirements
• Purdue University: Notes on the PhD Degree
• The Princeton Review: Master's vs PhD Programs
• Thomas Edison State College: Bachelor of Arts

Heather Dennull has been active in the education field since 2003. She teaches developmental English and introductory courses in humanities and philosophy at the college level. She has a master's degree in education and is working toward a doctorate in educational leadership.

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PhD Nedir? Doktora Derecesi Nasıl Alınır?

Yüksek lisans öğrencilerinin akademik kariyerlerine devam etmek istemesi önlerine bir soru çıkarıyor. PHD nedir, doktora derecesi nasıl alınır? Haydi öğrenelim.

PhD’nin tarihi ile başlayalım

Eğitimin evrildiği 19. yüzyıl dönemlerinde Almanya’nın modern araştırma üniversitesi tarafından bir derece olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Yüksek lisans eğitiminden sonra gereken yeterlilik sağlanırsa öğrenciler en yüksek akademik rütbe olan doktora derecesini almaya aday olabileceklerdir.

PHD, yani yabancı ismiyle Doctor of Philosophy , doktora derecesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Eski Yunancaya göre Felsefe Doktoru olarak olarak çevirilmektedir. Lisans programlarını ve yüksek lisans eğitminin derecesini başarıyla elde eden öğrenciler, ilgili bilim dalında doktora yapabilmektedirler. Buradan sonra alınan başarı, uluslararası geçerliliğe sahip olan bilim doktoru veya Doctor of Philosophy olarak unvan kişiye kazandırılmaktadır.

PHD nasıl yapılır?

PHD yapmak isteyen öğrenciler için sağlamak zorunda olması gereken bazı şartlar bulunmaktadır. Akademik kariyerlerinin devamı için bu şartları sağlayan adaylar doktora programına başlayabilirler. Peki, gelelim doktora nasıl yapılır sorusunun cevabına. Doktoranın amacı ; öğrencilere bağımsız araştırma yapabilme, bilimsel konuları takip edebilme ve katma değer sağlayabilme, bunun sonucunda araştırma sonuçlarına göre bilimsel tez çalışması yürütebilme ve bu tezi sunma yeteneği kazandıracaktır.

PHD başvuru şartları nelerdir?

PHD başvurusu yapabilmek için öğrencileri bekleyen bazı şartlar vardır. Bu şartlar üniversiteden üniversiteye ve ülkeden ülkeye değişkenlik göstermektedir. Ortalama olarak doktora programına başvurmak için aşağıdaki başvuru şartlarını yerine getirmelidir:

• Yabancı dil sınavları yeterlilik sınavına girerek istenen puanı elde etmek,
• Lisans eğitimi ve yüksek lisanslarını iyi bir ortalama ile bitirebilmek,
• Yüksek lisans not ortalaması minimum 3.00 olarak kabul edilmektedir,
• 55 ALES puanına sahip olmak,
• Yurtdışı yüksek lisans eğitimi için IELTS veya TOEFL sınavlarında yeterlilik sağlamak.

Phd candidate ne demek

PHD candidate, Türkçe’ye çevirilmek istenirse bize Doktor adayı sonucunu verecektir. Yani gerekli yeterlilikleri tamamladıktan sonra doktoraya başlayan adaylar doktor adayı, PHD candidate veya doktora öğrencisi olarak adlandırılmaktadır.

PHD araştırma süreçleri nelerdir?

PHD araştırma süreçleri, genel olarak aşağıdaki gibi sıralanmaktadır:

• Kaynak tarama
• Araştırma konusunun detaylandırılarak belirlenmesi
• Başlık belirlenmesi (Introduction)
• Özet (Konuyu basit bir şekilde anlatan yazı)
• Araştırma konusu içeriği (Research Context)
• Araştırma soruları (Research Questions)
• Araştırma yöntemi (Research Metodology)
• Araştırma süresi (Research Timeline)
• Bibliyografi (References/ Bibliography)

Türkiye’de kaç kişi PHD yapıyor?

2022 YÖK verilerine göre Türkiye’de toplam 109540 kişi doktora programına kayıtlıdır. Bu kişilerden 53361 kişi kız, 56179 kişi ise erkek öğrencidir.

PHD'nin önemi nedir?

PhD'nin önemi oldukça geniştir ve farklı açılardan değerlendirilebilir. İşte PhD'nin önemine dair bazı anahtar noktalar:

• Uzmanlık Alanında Derinlemesine Bilgi: PhD programları, öğrencilere uzmanlık alanlarında derinlemesine bilgi ve uzmanlık kazandırır. Bu sayede, öğrenciler kapsamlı ve detaylı bir şekilde çalıştıkları konuda uzmanlaşarak, o alandaki en güncel bilgileri ve gelişmeleri takip edebilirler.
• Yenilikçi Araştırma Yeteneği: PhD öğrencileri, orijinal ve yenilikçi araştırmalar yapma becerisi kazanırlar. Bu sayede, bilgi birikimini artırırken aynı zamanda yeni bilgiler ve teoriler üretebilirler. Bu tür araştırmalar, bilimsel ve akademik topluluğun ilerlemesine katkı sağlar.
• Akademik Kariyer İmkanları: PhD, akademik kariyerlerde önemli bir basamaktır. Doktora derecesine sahip olanlar, üniversitelerde öğretim üyeliği yapabilir ve araştırma merkezlerinde çalışabilirler. Ayrıca, doktora derecesi, akademik dünyadaki saygınlığı ve itibarı artırır.
• Mesleki Gelişim ve Liderlik: PhD programları, öğrencilere eleştirel düşünme, problem çözme, liderlik ve iletişim becerilerini geliştirme fırsatı sunar. Bu, mezunların hem akademik hem de iş dünyasında başarılı olmalarını sağlar.
• Toplumsal ve Ekonomik Katkı: PhD sahibi bireyler, topluma ve ekonomiye katkı sağlayan değerli bilgi ve uzmanlıkla donanmış olurlar. Yaptıkları araştırmalar ve çalışmalar, sosyal ve ekonomik problemlerin çözümünde önemli rol oynayabilir.

Doktora en erken kaç yılda biter?

Türkiye'deki doktora programlarının çoğu genellikle dört yıldır. Ancak, yurtdışında bu süre üç ila altı yıl arasında değişebilir. Dolayısıyla, doktora programlarının süresi ülkeye ve programın gerekliliklerine göre değişiklik gösterir. Türkiye'de doktora programları genellikle en az dört yıl sürerken, yurtdışında üç yıldan başlayıp altı yıla kadar uzayabilir.

Nerdler İçin Dünyanın En İyi Mühendislik Okulları

Bütünleşik doktora kaç yıl sürer?

Birleşik doktora programı, yüksek lisans ve doktora eğitimini tek bir çatı altında birleştiren bir öğrenim modelidir ve genellikle 5 yıl süresindedir. Bu programda, öğrenciler hem yüksek lisans hem de doktora düzeyindeki dersleri bir arada alır ve akademik çalışmalarını tamamlarlar. 5 yıl süresince yeterli akademik krediyi başarıyla tamamlayan öğrenciler, doktora derecesini elde etmeye hak kazanır ve mezun olurlar.

MBA Yapmak Ne Kazandırır?

PhD’nin açılımı nedir?

PhD açılımı Doctor of Philosophy ’dir. Türkiye ve dünyadaki en yüksek akademik rütbe doktora programıdır.

PhD kaç yıl sürer?

Türkiye’deki doktora programları 2 dönem doktora eğitimi, 6 dönem de bilimsel araştırma yani tez çalışmaları olarak toplamda 8 yarı dönem (4 yıl) gerçekleşmektedir. Yurtdışı üniversitelerinde bu süre değişkenlik göstermektedir. Örneğin İngiltere’de doktora programı 3 yıl, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri 'nde doktora eğitimi ortalama 4 yıl sürmektedir.

İş Başvurusu Maili Nasıl Yazılır?

PhD ünvanı nasıl kullanılır?

PhD ünvanı, doktora eğitimi alan kişilerin dersleri başarıyla tamamlamış, araştırma sonuçlarının (doktora tezi) başarılı bir şekilde onaylanmış kişilere verilen bir ünvandır.

Sizler için en çok aratılan konular PHD nedir, PHD açılımı nedir, PHD öğrencisi ne demek, Yüksek lisans PHD farkı gibi farklı soruların cevaplarını verdik. Umarız yararlı bilgiler edinebilmişsinizdir.

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Phd Nedir? Phd Açılımı Ve Nasıl Yapılır Bilgi

Güncelleme Tarihi: Mayıs 11, 2021 00:25

Günümüzde eğitim hayatında pek çok akademik eğitimler bulunmaktadır. Üniversite mezunu olan kişiler kendilerini geliştirmek için pek çok akademik eğitimlere başvurular. Bunlardan birisi de Phd olmaktadır. Peki Phd nedir? Phd açılımı ve nasıl yapılır hakkındaki bilgileri sizlere detaylıca derledik.

Öğrencilerin en çok merak ettiği konulardan birisi de akademik eğitimlerdir. Üniversite sonrasında yüksek lisans ve doktora gibi pek çok akademik eğitimler yer almaktadır. Burada ise karşımıza Phd çıkmaktadır.

Phd akademik eğitimin son aşaması olarak bilinmektedir. Günümüzde yaygın olarak karşımıza çıkan eğitimlerden birisi de Phd doktora programıdır. Akademik eğitimlerde başarılı olan kişiler için yüksek lisans ve devamında Phd, diğer adı ile doktora programına katılmaya hak kazanmaktadırlar.

Phd Açılımı

Phd günümüzde yaygın olarak yapılan doktora akademik eğitimidir. Dünya üzerinde geçerliliği olan bu eğitime sahip olan tüm kişiler tüm üniversitelere başvurabilme hakkı kazanırlar. Doctor Of Philosophy'nin kısaltması olan Phd'ye başvuran kişiler üniversitelerde akademik kariyerlerinin yanı sıra dünya üzerinde de bir standarda sahip olabilmek için bu programı tercih ederler.

Phd Nasıl Yapılır?

Phd programına başvurmak isteyen pek çok kişi bulunmaktadır. Fakat bı programa başvurabilmek için lisans eğitimi ve ardından yüksek lisans eğitiminin tamamlanması gerekir. Fakat bazı istisnai durumlar da mevcuttur. Bu durumlardan birisi üniversitelerde başarılı lisan eğitimini yapan kişiler mezun olduktan sonra doktora programlarına katılabilirler.

Phd yapabilmek için öğrencilerin not ortalamalarının iyi olması gerekir. Not ortalaması iyi olan öğrencilerin başvurabilecekleri üniversite sayıları da artmaktadır. Bunun dışında iyi bir not ortalamasına sahip olmak iyi üniversitelerde Phd yapma imkanı da sağlamaktadır.

Doktora diğer adı ile Phd programları genellikle 3 ile 5 yıl aralığında değişmektedir. Ayrıca doktora öğrencilerin yapması gereken bir araştırma süreçleri de bulunmaktadır.

BAKMADAN GEÇME!

Lisans Ba Bs Ma Phd Nedir?

Lisans, ba, bs, ma, ve phd nedir? Bu kelimeler, eğitim dünyasında oldukça önemlidir. Lisans , üniversite öğrenimine başladığınız ilk aşamadır. Ba ise, beşeri ve sosyal bilimler alanında bir lisans derecesidir. Bs , fen bilimleri ve mühendislik alanında bir lisans derecesidir. Ma , yüksek lisans anlamına gelir ve öğrencilere daha derinlemesine bilgi sağlar. Phd , doktora derecesidir ve akademik alanda uzmanlık sağlar. Bu dereceler, kişinin kariyerinde ilerlemek ve uzmanlaşmak için önemli bir adımdır. Lisans, ba, bs, ma ve phd dereceleri, kişinin eğitim seviyesini ve uzmanlık alanını belirlemek için kullanılır.

İçindekiler

Lisans nedir?

Lisans, üniversitelerde eğitim sürecinin tamamlanmasıyla alınan bir öğrenim derecesidir. Lisans programları, genellikle 4 yıl sürer ve öğrencilere akademik bilgi ve beceriler kazandırır. Lisans eğitimi, çeşitli disiplinlerde sunulabilir, örneğin mühendislik, tıp, hukuk, işletme, sosyal bilimler gibi.

Ba, Bachelor of Arts kısaltmasıdır ve Türkçe karşılığı Sanat Yüksek Lisansı’dır. Ba derecesi, sosyal bilimler, beşeri bilimler ve güzel sanatlar gibi disiplinlerdeki lisans programlarını tamamlayan öğrencilere verilir. Ba derecesi, genellikle 3-4 yıl süren bir eğitim sürecinin sonunda elde edilir.

Bs, Bachelor of Science kısaltmasıdır ve Türkçe karşılığı Fen Yüksek Lisansı’dır. Bs derecesi, fen bilimleri, mühendislik, matematik gibi disiplinlerdeki lisans programlarını tamamlayan öğrencilere verilir. Bs derecesi, genellikle 3-4 yıl süren bir eğitim sürecinin sonunda elde edilir.

Ma, Master of Arts kısaltmasıdır ve Türkçe karşılığı Sanatta Yüksek Lisans’tır. Ma derecesi, sosyal bilimler, beşeri bilimler ve güzel sanatlar gibi disiplinlerdeki lisansüstü programları tamamlayan öğrencilere verilir. Ma derecesi, genellikle 1-2 yıl süren bir eğitim sürecinin sonunda elde edilir.

Phd, Doctor of Philosophy kısaltmasıdır ve Türkçe karşılığı Felsefe Doktorası’dır. Phd derecesi, çeşitli disiplinlerdeki lisansüstü programları tamamlayan öğrencilere verilir. Phd derecesi, genellikle 4-6 yıl süren bir eğitim sürecinin sonunda elde edilir. Phd derecesi, akademik araştırma yapma ve uzmanlaşma fırsatı sunar.

Lisansüstü eğitim nedir?

Lisansüstü eğitim, lisans derecesi sonrasında devam edilen bir eğitim sürecidir. Lisansüstü eğitim, yüksek lisans ve doktora programlarını içerir. Yüksek lisans programları, lisans derecesini tamamlamış öğrencilere daha derinlemesine bilgi ve uzmanlık sağlar. Doktora programları ise, akademik araştırma yapma ve yeni bilgi üretme amacı güden programlardır.

Yüksek lisans nedir?

Yüksek lisans, lisansüstü eğitim kapsamında verilen bir derecedir. Yüksek lisans programları, lisans derecesini tamamlamış öğrencilere daha derinlemesine bilgi ve uzmanlık sağlar. Yüksek lisans programları, genellikle 1-2 yıl süren bir eğitim sürecinin sonunda tamamlanır ve öğrencilere “Yüksek Lisans” unvanı kazandırır.

Doktora nedir?

Doktora, lisansüstü eğitim kapsamında verilen en yüksek akademik derecedir. Doktora programları, akademik araştırma yapma ve yeni bilgi üretme amacı güden programlardır. Doktora programları, genellikle 4-6 yıl süren bir eğitim sürecinin sonunda tamamlanır ve öğrencilere “Doktor” unvanı kazandırır.

Lisans eğitimi ne kadar sürer?

Lisans eğitimi, genellikle 4 yıl sürer. Ancak bazı programlarda eğitim süresi 5 veya 6 yıla kadar uzayabilir. Programın disiplinine ve üniversiteye bağlı olarak eğitim süresi değişiklik gösterebilir.

Lisansüstü eğitim ne kadar sürer?

Lisansüstü eğitim süresi, programın türüne ve seçilen disipline bağlı olarak değişiklik gösterir. Yüksek lisans programları genellikle 1-2 yıl sürerken, doktora programları 4-6 yıl sürebilir. Eğitim süresi, öğrencinin çalışma temposuna, araştırma sürecine ve tez hazırlama sürecine bağlı olarak da değişebilir.

Lisans derecesi ne işe yarar?

Lisans derecesi, öğrencilere akademik bilgi ve beceriler kazandırmanın yanı sıra çeşitli kariyer fırsatları sunar. Lisans derecesi, mezunun seçtiği alanda çalışma imkanı sağlar ve iş başvurularında avantaj sağlayabilir. Ayrıca lisans derecesi, lisansüstü eğitim yapma ve daha yüksek akademik derecelere sahip olma imkanı da sunar.

Yüksek lisans derecesi ne işe yarar?

Yüksek lisans derecesi, lisans derecesini tamamlamış öğrencilere daha derinlemesine bilgi ve uzmanlık sağlar. Yüksek lisans derecesi, mezunun seçtiği alanda daha ileri düzeyde çalışma imkanı sunar ve kariyer fırsatlarını genişletebilir. Ayrıca yüksek lisans derecesi, doktora programlarına başvurma ve akademik kariyer yapma imkanı da sağlar.

Doktora derecesi ne işe yarar?

Doktora derecesi, akademik araştırma yapma ve yeni bilgi üretme amacı güden programlardır. Doktora derecesi, mezunlara akademik kariyer yapma imkanı sunar. Doktora derecesine sahip olan kişiler, üniversitelerde öğretim görevlisi veya araştırmacı olarak çalışabilirler. Ayrıca doktora derecesi, bazı sektörlerde uzmanlık gerektiren pozisyonlara da kapı açabilir.

Lisans nasıl alınır?

Lisans eğitimi almak için öncelikle üniversiteye kayıt olmanız gerekmektedir. Üniversitelere giriş için yapılan Yükseköğretim Kurumları Sınavı (YKS) veya üniversitelerin kendi düzenlediği sınavlara başvurmanız gerekmektedir. Sınav sonucuna göre tercih yaparak bir lisans programına yerleşebilirsiniz. Lisans eğitimi süresince dersler alacak, sınavlara girecek ve mezuniyet şartlarını yerine getireceksiniz.

Yüksek lisans nasıl alınır?

Yüksek lisans eğitimi almak için öncelikle lisans derecesine sahip olmanız gerekmektedir. Yüksek lisans programlarına başvurarak kabul edilmeniz gerekmektedir. Başvuru sürecinde genellikle lisans not ortalaması, akademik başarı ve referans mektupları gibi kriterler değerlendirilir. Kabul edildikten sonra yüksek lisans programına kayıt yaptırarak eğitim sürecinize başlayabilirsiniz.

Doktora nasıl alınır?

Doktora eğitimi almak için öncelikle lisans ve yüksek lisans derecesine sahip olmanız gerekmektedir. Doktora programlarına başvurarak kabul edilmeniz gerekmektedir. Başvuru sürecinde genellikle lisans ve yüksek lisans not ortalaması, akademik başarı, tez önerisi ve referans mektupları gibi kriterler değerlendirilir. Kabul edildikten sonra doktora programına kayıt yaptırarak araştırma ve tez hazırlama sürecinize başlayabilirsiniz.

Lisans eğitimi ücretli midir?

Lisans eğitimi, devlet üniversitelerinde genellikle devlet tarafından finanse edilen bir eğitimdir ve öğrencilere ücretsiz veya düşük ücretlerle sunulur. Ancak vakıf üniversitelerinde lisans eğitimi genellikle ücretlidir ve öğrencilerden yüksek öğrenim ücreti talep edilir. Ücretler, üniversiteye ve programın türüne göre değişiklik gösterebilir.

Yüksek lisans eğitimi ücretli midir?

Yüksek lisans eğitimi, genellikle üniversiteler tarafından ücretli olarak sunulur. Yüksek lisans programlarında öğrencilerden yüksek öğrenim ücreti talep edilir. Ücretler, üniversiteye ve programın türüne göre değişiklik gösterebilir. Burs ve finansal destek imkanları da mevcut olabilir.

Doktora eğitimi ücretli midir?

Doktora eğitimi, genellikle üniversiteler tarafından ücretli olarak sunulur. Doktora programlarında öğrencilerden yüksek öğrenim ücreti talep edilir. Ücretler, üniversiteye ve programın türüne göre değişiklik gösterebilir. Burs ve finansal destek imkanları da mevcut olabilir.

Lisans eğitimi için hangi sınavlara girmek gerekmektedir?

Lisans eğitimi için Türkiye’de yapılan Yükseköğretim Kurumları Sınavı (YKS) veya üniversitelerin kendi düzenlediği sınavlara girmeniz gerekmektedir. YKS, Temel Yeterlilik Testi (TYT) ve Alan Yeterlilik Testleri (AYT) olmak üzere iki aşamadan oluşur. TYT, tüm lisans programları için ortak bir sınavdır. AYT ise, belirli programlara yönelik olarak yapılan bir sınavdır.

Yüksek lisans için hangi şartlar gerekmektedir?

Yüksek lisans programlarına başvurmak için genellikle lisans derecesine sahip olmanız gerekmektedir. Başvuru sürecinde lisans not ortalaması, akademik başarı, dil yeterliliği (bazı programlarda) ve referans mektupları gibi kriterler değerlendirilir. Programlar arasında farklılık gösterebilecek ek şartlar da bulunabilir.

Doktora için hangi şartlar gerekmektedir?

Doktora programlarına başvurmak için genellikle lisans ve yüksek lisans derecesine sahip olmanız gerekmektedir. Başvuru sürecinde lisans ve yüksek lisans not ortalaması, akademik başarı, tez önerisi, dil yeterliliği ve referans mektupları gibi kriterler değerlendirilir. Programlar arasında farklılık gösterebilecek ek şartlar da bulunabilir.

• Mezuniyet lisans programını başarıyla tamamlamayı ifade eder.
• Tez bir araştırma veya inceleme çalışmasının sonucunu raporlamaktır.
• Akademik unvanlar, üniversitelerdeki eğitim ve araştırma kariyerlerinde kullanılır.
• Başvuru sürecinde, adaylar belirli kriterlere göre üniversitelere başvururlar.
• Mezuniyet töreni mezunların üniversite diplomasını almak için düzenlenen bir törendir.

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What is the difference between a postgraduate taught master’s and a postgraduate research master’s?

Pgce, mres, ma, msc or phd if you’re considering postgraduate study, use this guide to learn the difference between the kinds of postgraduate degrees on offer.

Richard Carruthers

Postgraduate courses come in many formats, ranging from vocational diplomas and certificates through to master’s and doctoral qualifications.

The two most common categories of postgraduate study are postgraduate taught (PGT) courses and postgraduate research (PGR) courses.

As you shop around potential postgraduate courses, you may also come across the PGCE, the LLM, the MRes, the MPhil and the PhD.

But what is the difference between all these acronyms?

Below is a guide explaining the differences between all the postgraduate degrees on offer, including how the application process varies between them.

Postgraduate taught (PGT) courses

Postgraduate taught courses are sometimes called level 7 qualifications and are one of the most common kinds of master’s degrees. When people refer to master’s courses, they usually mean a postgraduate taught course.

These courses are typically one year in duration if studied full-time, or two years if studying part-time.

The course will usually comprise several months of taught classes, much like undergraduate study, followed by an intensive independent research project for the final few months.

These courses have highly specialised content, making them great launchpads for careers where specialist knowledge is required. They are also often used as a stepping stone to more advanced research degrees.

What’s the difference between an MSc and an MA?

Postgraduate taught courses will usually lead to either an MSc or an MA qualification, depending on the subject you choose.

An MSc stands for a “master of science” and will focus on advancing a particular aspect of scientific research across the sciences, engineering, mathematics or a similar field that involves logic, scientific research or numbers.

An MA refers to a “master of arts”, and covers postgraduate taught degrees in the arts and humanities, such as literature, languages, history, cultural studies and some social sciences.

Applying for a postgraduate taught course

To apply for a postgraduate taught course, you will normally be asked to provide transcripts showing your academic performance on your undergraduate degree, a personal statement and a CV.

Your CV should focus on your educational achievements and interests and discuss any project work that shows you have the technical and academic skills needed to be a successful and independent postgraduate student.

Your personal statement can be tackled in a similar way to a cover letter, where you introduce yourself and convey your interest, enthusiasm and motivation to study the subject. It is also advisable to tailor your statement to each course you apply for and to explain your interest in some of the modules offered by that specific course.

It can also be beneficial to demonstrate some thought around where the course will lead you in the future, whether that’s into a new career or towards further study.

With postgraduate taught courses, you often won’t have to submit a research proposal for your research project as part of your application, as the taught elements of the course are meant to help inform your research proposal.

However, some postgraduate master’s courses may ask for you to submit a research proposal or at least have an idea of the topic you want to do your master’s dissertation on, even if this changes later.

Applying to master’s courses is generally done through a decentralised system, meaning you apply individually to each course and university. Each institution will set different entrance and application requirements. Check the exact requirements your course is looking for, and get in touch with the institution’s postgraduate admissions office with any questions.

What are MRes and MPhil degrees?

The MPhil stands for “master of philosophy”. The MRes course option, which is relatively new but has grown in popularity in recent years, stands for a “master of research”.

Much like postgraduate taught courses, both the MPhil and the MRes are technically classified as level 7 qualifications, and typically take one year to complete.

The main difference between an MRes or MPhil and a postgraduate taught course is that MRes and MPhil courses place much more focus on individual research, with as much as 60 per cent to 100 per cent of either degree consisting of a personal research project.

Given the heavy research focus, MRes and MPhil courses tend to contain fewer taught classes, but you will usually receive training in research techniques. As a result of the research focus, an MRes or an MPhil may help prepare a student for a doctoral programme (PGR) or a career that requires specific research skills and techniques.

Applying for an MRes or MPhil course is very similar to applying for a postgraduate taught course, but you may be asked to submit a research proposal as part of your application, so it’s important to have an idea of the kind of research project you would like to pursue.

Doctorate courses

Postgraduate research (PGR) courses are sometimes called level 8 qualifications and usually refer to doctorate courses.

These courses take about three to four years of full-time study to complete, but the exact duration of a doctorate course depends on whether you get involved in teaching, how long your research takes to complete and how long it takes you to write your doctorate thesis.

Successful PhD candidates are awarded doctoral qualifications such as doctor of philosophy (PhD) or doctor of engineering (EngD), depending on their field of research.

Research is the core component of a PhD programme, and you will be expected to produce original work on a specific subject topic, usually in the form of a thesis.

Doctorate qualifications are often a prerequisite for a career as a university academic, researcher or scientist in industry.

Applying for a doctorate (PhD) programme

To apply for a doctorate degree, you’ll need to submit a personal statement and a CV, both providing evidence of your academic experiences and passion for the subject.

Some PhD programmes will expect you to have already completed a postgraduate taught programme, but this isn’t always essential.

For a PhD, you may also be asked to submit a detailed research proposal outlining a specific research question you would like to address, the subject area you will work in, and the approach you would take to solving this.

Your proposal should demonstrate your current knowledge and discuss how your research idea could develop or challenge existing knowledge. You should also mention the potential significance of your research and why it would be a useful contribution to your chosen field.

Usually, you will be expected to apply individually to each PhD programme you’re interested in. Places will usually be dependent on your academic achievements, but also on the funding available in your chosen university department and whether the university can provide an appropriate supervisor.

If you’re considering applying for a PhD, it may be worth contacting academics individually to discuss whether they’d be interested in supervising you and asking about any funding opportunities.

Other postgraduate courses

Aside from the categories discussed above, there are many other classifications of master’s degrees, including postgraduate diplomas and certificates.

Often these lead to a vocational qualification that is used to gain entry to a specific profession.

Examples include the postgraduate certificate of education (PGCE), which leads to a career in teaching, the graduate diploma in law (GDL) or master of law (LLM), which opens the door to the legal professions, or the master of business administration (MBA), which is a common choice for business professionals looking to gain entry to C-suite positions.

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What does BA, BSc, MA, MSc, PhD, DPsych, PGDip mean after a therapist’s name?

These letters refer to the therapist’s professional qualifications.

• BA  – Bachelor of Arts (BA or AB) is a bachelor’s degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences. A Bachelor of Arts is generally completed in three or four years, depending on the country and institution.
• BSc  – A Bachelor of Science (BS, BSc, SB, or ScB) is a bachelor’s degree awarded for programs that generally last three to five years.
• MA  – A Master of Arts (MA or AM) is a master’s degree in the field of humanities and social sciences awarded by universities in many countries.
• MSc  – A Master of Science (MS, M.S., MSc, M.Sc., SM, S.M., ScM or Sc.M.) is a master’s degree in the field of science awarded by universities in many countries or a person holding such a degree.
• PhD  – A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D., DPhil) is the highest university degree that is conferred after a course of study by universities in most countries. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. As an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are usually required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a thesis or dissertation, and defend their work against experts in the field.
• PsyD  – Like a PhD in Psychology, the Doctor of Psychology degree (PsyD) prepares trainees to practice psychology in a wide range of clinical settings. A PsyD, however, focuses more on clinical practice and less on research.
• PGDip  – A postgraduate diploma (PgD, PgDip, PGDip, PG Dip., PGD, Dipl. PG, PDE) is a postgraduate qualification awarded after a university degree, which supplements the original degree and awards them with a graduate diploma.

PhD Ne Demek? Açılımı Nedir? Ne Kadar Sürer? PhD MS Tanımı

PhD , lisansüstü eğitimin ardından alınan doktora eğitimini ifade eden bir kısaltmadır. PhD programları, alana göre değişmek ile birlikte genellikle 4 yıl sürmektedir.

PhD açılımı şu şekildedir; PhD, Latince Philosophie Doctor söz öbeğinin kısaltılmış halidir. Felsefe doktoru anlamına gelmektedir. Ancak bu unvanı almak için felsefe alanında doktora yapılmasına gerek yoktur, philosopie sözcüğü burada bilgi sevgisi anlamında kullanılmıştır. Yani alanı üzerinde en üst düzey araştırmaları yapan kişi manasına gelmektedir. PhD aslında tüm doktora dallarını kapsamaz, doktora programları içinde bir alt daldır. Ancak temel bilimler, mühendislik, ekonomi, hukuk gibi pek çok farklı alandaki doktora programları PhD programlarıdır.

PhD Unvanı Ne Demek?

İçindekiler

PhD unvanı, doktora eğitimini tamamlamış kişilere verilen bir unvandır. Kişinin doktora eğitiminde gereken dersleri aldığı ve kabul edilen bir doktora tezi yazdığı anlamına gelmektedir. Tıp doktoru olmayan kişiler doktor unvanını ancak PhD yaptıklarını belirterek kullanabilir.

PhD Seviyesi Nedir?

PhD seviyesi, doktora düzeyinde yürütülen eğitim faaliyetleri anlamına gelir. Aynı zamanda doktora eğitimini tamamlamış kişiler için de kullanılır. PhD seviyesinde eğitim almış kişiler, alanları hakkında detaylı dersler almış ve kapsamlı bilimsel araştırmalar yürütmüştür.

PhD Ne Kadar Sürer?

PhD programlarının süresi çalışılan alana göre değişmek ile birlikte genellikle 4 yıl sürer. 4 yıllık programların iki yılı ders, iki yılı ise tez hazırlığı aşamalarından oluşur. Bütünleşik doktora olarak bilinen PhD programları beş ila yedi yıl sürebilmektedir. Bu programlar, yüksek lisans eğitimine katılmadan doktora eğitimi alınmaya başlanan programlardır. Lisans eğitimini tamamlayan kişiler bütünleşik doktora programları aracılığı ile doğrudan PhD eğitimine başlayabilir. Bu nedenle bu programların süresi daha uzundur.

Doktora En Erken Kaç Yılda Biter?

Türkiye’deki hemen hemen tüm doktora programları dört yıllıktır. Yurtdışında ise doktora programlarının süresi üç ila altı yıl arasında değişebilmektedir. Bu nedenle Türkiye’de doktora en az dört en çok 7 yılda tamamlanırken, yurtdışı doktora programları en az üç, en çok altı yıl sürmektedir.

İngiltere’de Doktora Kaç Yıl Sürer?

İngiltere’de doktora programlarının süresi üç ila 6 yıl arasında değişebilmektedir. Doktoranın yapılacağı alana göre doktora süresi değişir. Genellikle temel bilimler ve mühendislik alanındaki doktora programları daha uzun sürelidir. Kimi doktora programları belirli araştırma ve projelere katılım biçiminde gerçekleşmektedir. Bu türden programlara kabul edilmek daha zordur, ve süreleri araştırmanın süresine göre değişebilir. Ancak bu türden programlara katılımda burs alma şansı daha fazladır.

Yüksek Lisans ve Doktora Kaç Yıl Sürer?

Ülkemizde yüksek lisans programları iki yıl, doktora programları dört yıl sürer. Yani yüksek lisans ve doktorayı hiç sene kaybetmeden 6 yılda bitirmek mümkündür. Yurtdışında yüksek lisans ve doktora programlarının uzunluğu üniversiteden üniversiteye değişmektedir. Yüksek lisans programlarının süresi bir ila üç yıl arasında değişirken, doktora programları üç ila altı yıl sürebilir.

Ülkemizde sayıları giderek azalmakla birlikte, yabancı ülkelerin bir kısmında bütünleşik doktora programları bulunmaktadır. Bu programlar lisans derecesini bitirmiş öğrencileri kabul eder. Bütünleşik doktora programlarının süresi normal doktora programından daha uzun olsa da bu program sonucu hem yüksek lisans hem de doktora derecesi elde edilebilir. Genellikle bütünleşik doktora programlarının giriş koşulları oldukça ağırdır.

Dr Öğretim Üyesi Ne Oluyor?

Dr Öğretim Üyesi, yardımcı doçentlik yerine getirilmiş bir unvandır. Üniversitede kadrolu ders veren, doktorasını tamamlamış ancak henüz doçentliğini almamış akademisyenlere doktor öğretim üyesi unvanı verilmektedir. Bu unvan 2018 yılından beri akademide kullanılmaktadır. 2018 yılından önce doktor öğretim üyesi unvanı yerine yardımcı doçent unvanı kullanılmaktaydı.

Hukuk Doktorası Kaç Yıl Sürer?

Hukuk doktorası 4 yıl yani 8 yarı yıl sürer. 4 yıl boyunca 90 akts doldurulduğunda ve “Doktora Yeterlilik Sınavına Hazırlık” dersinden 30 akts’yi doldurmuş kişiler doktorasını tamamlayabilir.

Bütünleşik Doktora Kaç Yıl Sürer?

Bütünleşik doktora yüksek lisans ve doktoranın tek çatı altında birleştirilmesidir ve 5 yıl sürmektedir. 5 yılda yeterli akts’yi alanlar doktorasını başarıyla tamamlar.

Doktora 4 Yıl Sürer Mi?

Doktora 8 dönem yani 4 yıl sürer. 4.yılın sonunda yeterli akts’yi doldurduysanız ve savunmanızı başarılı bir şekilde yaptıysanız başardınız demektir.

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• Integrated Masters with PhD – Explained
• Types of Doctorates

An Integrated Masters with a PhD (iPhD) is a four-year postgraduate level programme that combines a one-year Masters course with a three-year PhD course. They allow students to familiarise themselves with their chosen topic, research methods and academic writing techniques before embarking on their own independent research project. An Integrated Masters with a PhD is particularly popular with international students and students who initially lack specialised knowledge or research skills.

Introduction

An Integrated Masters with PhD, also commonly referred to as either just an Integrated Masters degree or an Integrated PhD, offers a relatively new way to undertake postgraduate training. They maintain the depth and focus of a conventional PhD but offer a more comprehensive doctoral training experience.

Due to their growing popularity, both the number of universities offering these newer forms of PhD and the number of students applying to them has steadily increased.

This page describes what Integrated Masters with PhDs are, who they are for, their advantages and disadvantages, how they differ from conventional PhDs and how they are structured in terms of programme, eligibility and costs. This page is for you if you are considering applying for an integrated course, or simply want to know more about them.

What is an Integrated PhD?

An Integrated PhD is a four-year postgraduate programme. They involve undertaking a one-year Masters degree (MRes or MSc) in your first year, followed by a three-year PhD programme in your second to fourth year. Although the courses run back-to-back, a student can only progress to the second year if they show satisfactory performance in their first year. The one-year Masters and the three-year PhD are considered separately in terms of qualifications; therefore, a student who completes an Integrated PhD will receive both a Masters degree (MRes or MSc) and a PhD as opposed to a single postgraduate qualification.

The aim of an Integrated PhD is to provide a structured approach to doctoral studies, combining advanced PhD research with formal teaching in relevant subjects, research methods and communication skills.

As Integrated PhDs are relatively new compared to more regular doctoral pathways such as stand-alone or MPhil-upgraded PhDs, some professors informally refer to them as ‘New Route PhDs’.

Difference Between Integrated PhD and Regular PhD

The most significant difference between an Integrated PhD and a regular PhD is the addition of the one-year Masters degree at the beginning of the programme. This results in an Integrated PhD typically lasting four years, as opposed to the three years as with regular PhDs.

Integrated PhDs are structured in such a way that they provide students with a broader range of foundational skills than a regular PhD. The first year introduces you to a combination of taught elements, practical experience and advanced research skills. In a regular PhD this mode of teaching is missing as it is assumed you already have this level of knowledge.

The last significant difference between the two types of doctoral programmes is the ‘group’ aspect associated with the Integrated version. Since the Masters programme also includes other students enrolled in Integrated PhDs, you will have a small cohort with whom you will work closely alongside during your studies.

Who are Integrated PhDs suitable for?

Integrated PhDs can be an effective pathway for any student, but they stand out in two situations:

Scenario 1: International Students

The Higher Education system differs across countries , although not by a large amount, enough to where an unfamiliar student may struggle, especially when working independently. An Integrated PhD allows you to adapt to the UK education system by offering a more guided and hands-on approach to your learning and research process before you embark on your three-year research project.

It also has visa benefits. If an international student seeking a Masters degree in the UK already knows they want to follow it up with a PhD, enrolling in an Integrated PhD will save them from having to leave the country and re-apply for a visa after completing their initial postgraduate degree.

Scenario 2: Lack of undergraduate research experience or a relevant Masters degree

An Integrated PhD is useful for students who have academic abilities but lack the necessary background to be considered for a standard-route PhD. This usually occurs under one of three scenarios:

• The applicant is currently an undergraduate student or only holds a Bachelor’s degree,
• The student has a Masters degree, but in a subject only loosely related to the discipline they wish to pursue at doctoral level,
• The student has a relevant Masters degree, but the programme lacked a research focus, leaving the student with underdeveloped research skills.

Advantages and Disadvantages of an Integrated PhD

The advantages of an Integrated PhD are strongly linked to the international and inexperienced students they cater for. They offer students an effective means of gaining more confidence, knowledge and research skills in their field before starting a doctorate, and also provide visa benefits to international students who will be undertaking prior postgraduate study.

Integrated PhDs also enable students the possibility of receiving funding for the Masters phase of their programme, as will be explained in more detail in the ‘Funding Opportunities’ section.

Integrated doctorates have no obvious disadvantages, but are generally not suitable for those who already have a Masters degree or well-developed research skills in their chosen field. For these students, the additional costs and duration of an Integrated PhD can be avoided by opting for a traditional PhD for which they will already be suited for.

Finding a PhD has never been this easy – search for a PhD by keyword, location or academic area of interest.

The programme of study is naturally divided into two parts, the first for your Masters studies and the second for your PhD studies.

Your Masters studies will usually be divided into 180 module credits, half of which will focus on taught components and the other half on research components.

The modules will be tailored to your course, but they will include a variation of:

Taught modules:

• Subject-specific module – You choose one or two modules from a predefined list of topics within your subject area. Your selection should reflect the research area you want your PhD to focus on.
• English and Communication – Academic language and communication skills will be taught to prepare you for the ‘writing-up’ phase of your doctorate. A common misconception is that this module is similar to the English language requirement tests required to apply to a iPhD. In reality, the module will focus on learning how to critically evaluate research sources, write abstracts, literature reviews and conclusions, communicate in lab-based environments and present to audiences.
• Research Techniques  – You’ll receive in-depth training to familiarise you with the different research methods and analytical techniques available to modern researchers.
• Research Proposal Development  – You’ll work with your intended PhD supervisor to prepare a research proposal for your three-year PhD research project.

Research Modules:

You will carry out one or two small laboratory research projects under supervision for practical experience.

If you complete these modules with satisfactory performance, you will be awarded a Masters degree and will be considered for the following three-year PhD programme.

Each university has its own process for making this consideration, but most invite you to an interview with the supervisor you wish to conduct research with. The interview is used to confirm that you have acquired the specialised knowledge and research skills expected at masters level, and beyond that of someone capable of completing doctoral study.

If your interview goes well, you will be enrolled in your PhD programme. From this point on, your path will be the same as a regular PhD student. During your doctoral phase, you will conduct independent research and laboratory work for two years, followed by a final year of writing up and formally submitting your findings as a thesis. Your thesis, expertise and research competence will be assessed in an oral examination known as a viva. Upon successful completion of your viva, you will be officially awarded a PhD, and your studies will come to an end.

It should be noted that aside from the above, your university may offer optional modules which can equip you with a wide range of transferable skills.

Eligibility

Entry requirements for an integrated masters degree in the UK will vary from university to university, but the typical requirement is an Upper Second Class (2:1) honours Bachelor’s degree in a relevant subject. Equivalent international qualifications are also accepted.

If you are an international student and English is your second language, most universities will require proof of your English language proficiency through an exam certificate. It’s best to check directly with the universities which certificate types they accept, but the most common English language qualification requirement is an IELTS certificate, with a minimum overall score of 6.5 with no less than 6.0 in each category.

The typical annual tuition fee for an Integrated PhD in the UK is £4,712 per academic year for home/EU students (or £2,356 for part-time study) and £19,596 per academic year for international students (or £9,798 for part-time study).

As with all doctoral programmes, there are likely to be additional costs associated with your studies, such as bench fees for lab work, travel costs for collaborating and potential write-up fees for students who need more time to submit their thesis. You can get more information about these additional costs on our cost breakdown page .

Funding Opportunities

You can obtain funding for Integrated PhDs in the same way as for regular PhDs. Funding is usually provided by one of the seven UK Research Councils  and research charity organisations such as the  Wellcome Trust ; grants, scholarships and funded opportunities can be found directly in our searchable database .

Funding can either be partial (tuition fees only) or full (tuition fees and living costs). Most funding providers also cover the tuition fee for the Masters degree programme due to being integrated with the PhD, however, you should confirm this on a case-by-case basis.

As with regular PhD funding, the fully-funded opportunities are generally limited to home and EU students.

It’s also worth noting that PhD programmes which include an integrated Masters degree are eligible for a Doctoral Loan , even if you already have a postgraduate Masters degree from a previous university. Applications for Doctoral Loans must be made directly to Student Finance England and you must first be registered for a full doctoral degree. Due to application restrictions, you won’t be able to apply for a separate Postgraduate Masters Loan for the integrated Masters phase of your degree.

Availability

You can search for Integrated PhDs in three ways:

• Our Search Page  – Search for the term ‘Integrated’ in our  comprehensive database of STEM PhDs .
• University Search Pages – Universities advertise their Integrated PhDs on their postgraduate search pages. You can find them by searching the name of the university followed by “ search postgraduate courses ” directly in Google.
• Funding Body Websites – Funding bodies which provide studentships for Integrated PhDs sometimes advertise the positions on their website. A list of the most common funding providers can be found here: PhD Studentships .

Browse PhDs Now

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MA & PhD Requirements

Ma program requirements.

The Graduate School defines the degree in terms of credits earned. Conceived in this manner, the MA in English is a 30-credit degree. The MA program requires a minimum of one year to complete, though students with graduate assistantships usually take two years, which is the department’s limit on assistantship funding at the MA level. According to Graduate School regulations, all requirements must be met within eight years, though the department reserves the right to stipulate that a student fulfill remaining requirements within a shorter period.

• Ten 3-credit courses in English, six of which must fulfill the distribution requirements for the degree (ENGL 501; one course in theory or rhetoric; two courses in pre-1800 literature in English; two courses in post-1800 literature in English), and one of which may be an independent study course leading to a Writing Project;
• A reading knowledge of a language other than English;
• Completion of a Writing Project. The Graduate School requires each student to submit an essay prior to graduation (see Graduate Degree Programs Bulletin). Students fulfill this requirement by submitting either a Master’s Essay or a revision of one of their seminar papers into article form.

The University requires graduate assistants to register for a minimum of 9 credits a semester. Credits may be earned during the summer.

The department requires graduate assistants to register for at least 1 credit of ENGL 602 (Supervised College Teaching) in each of their first two semesters.

Distribution Requirements

• English 501
• One course in literary theory or rhetoric
• Two courses in literature in English prior to 1800
• Two courses in literature in English after 1800

Note: Courses which overlap the divisions listed above may be used to fulfill requirements in one or the other area, so long as the final project addresses the period for which the distribution credit is sought, but no one course may be used to fulfill more than one requirement.

Transfer Credit. According to Graduate School regulations, a maximum of 10 credits earned in residence at another graduate institution may be used toward fulfillment of degree requirements. The transfer of credits must be approved by the Graduate Studies Committee.

Upper-level undergraduate courses (400-level) may serve to introduce students to new areas of study or to substitute for graduate courses when the latter are not available. With the approval of the Graduate Studies Committee, M.A. candidates may apply two 3-credit 400-level courses toward the fulfillment of the ten-course requirement. These courses may not, however, be used to fulfill the distribution requirements. Additionally, M.A. students considering the Ph.D. are advised that admission to the Ph.D. will be based primarily on their performance in English graduate seminars.

Proseminars are designed to introduce master’s and beginning doctoral level students to areas in which they lack sufficient breadth to enable them to perform well in specialized seminars. Their function is both to introduce students to primary texts in multiple genres and to map out the historical and critical territories surrounding those texts. Proseminars carry a heavier reading load and a lighter writing load than do seminars.

Students may register for courses in other departments, but use of any course toward fulfillment of the ten-course requirement requires approval by the Graduate Studies Committee. The committee is usually hospitable to requests that offer a coherent rationale for taking the course.

The department requires a demonstrated reading knowledge of one of the following languages: Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Spanish, Latin, or Classical Greek. Other languages may be substituted with the approval of the Graduate Studies Committee.

The language requirement may be fulfilled by one of the following:

• A grade of B or better in an intermediate- or advanced-level foreign language or literature course at Penn State.
• Successful performance on an examination administered by English department faculty (or faculty in other Liberal Arts departments) with competence in the language. (The Director of Graduate Studies will compile and update a roster or appropriate examiners.)
• A waiver granted by the Graduate Studies Committee for bilingual students, native speakers, or students whose academic records otherwise demonstrate competence (e.g., an undergraduate major or minor).

Students should begin to think about satisfying the language requirement as soon as they enter the program. There have been cases in which MA candidates have waited until their last semester and then either failed the examination or were unable to find a course to satisfy the requirement.

The Writing Project is a Graduate School requirement for a final project that will demonstrate mastery of the field. In the English department, the Writing Project may be fulfilled either by submitting a Master’s Essay or by substantially revising a seminar paper into article form.

The Master’s Essay is a 3-credit option that enables a student to conduct independent research leading to an extended essay (25-30 pages) on a single topic. The Master’s Essay is equivalent to one course and should be completed within a single semester. It must be directed by a graduate faculty adviser and one additional member of the graduate faculty chosen by the student in consultation with the principal advisor. Both faculty members and the Graduate Studies Committee must formally approve the topic before the student registers for the Independent Study Course (English 596) in which the essay will be written. Both faculty members must approve the essay in its final form before the adviser awards it a letter grade, and the student must submit a copy of the approved version of the Essay to the department’s Graduate Office.

A candidate who chooses not to write a formal Master’s Essay is required instead to present one of  their best and most extensive term papers revised into article form to the Graduate Office in fulfillment of the requirement for a “suitable essay or paper” set forth in the Graduate Degree Programs Bulletin. This paper should be approved, as fulfilling the requirement, by the faculty member for whom it was written and by the Graduate Studies Committee. The deadline to submit the essay or paper is the last day of classes for the semester of graduation.

With the approval of the graduate studies committee, a student may pursue a minor in another field. The student must take at least eight 3-credit courses in the English department, plus at least three 3-credit courses in the minor field. Thus a total of 33 credits is required for the degree (eleven 3-credit courses).

Early in the fall semester, the Graduate Office issues a memo through which second-year MA candidates may apply for admission to the PhD program. Students with both BA and MA from Penn State are discouraged from applying. Students applying to the PhD from the Penn State MA  program are required to submit a writing sample (preferably an essay from a graduate English course), a CV, and a one- to two- page statement of professional purpose. In considering candidates for the Ph.D., the Graduate Studies Committee gives highest priority to performance in graduate courses and solicits comments from all of the student’s graduate instructors. Students should make sure that they have no outstanding deferred grades at the time of application. The committee makes its decisions between October and early March.

PhD Program Requirements

The Ph.D. is expected to take four years beyond the M.A. to complete. According to Graduate School regulations, all requirements must be met within eight years, though the department reserves the right to stipulate that a student fulfill remaining requirements within a shorter period. Those interested in completing a dual-title degree should review the English partners and  The Graduate School’s dual-title degree policy .

There is no fixed number of courses or credits required for the PhD degree; however, most students take up to six courses in PhD-1. Students must fulfill the minimal course requirements listed below. These requirements  must be met by 3-credit graduate courses taken either at the MA (for students who enter at the MA level), or the PhD level (for students who are accepted directly into the PhD program).

Upon entry into the PhD program, students will consult with  the Associate Graduate Studies Director to decide which of these requirements have been fulfilled at the MA level and which have yet to be completed. Students may not count Penn State 400-level courses or equivalent undergraduate courses from elsewhere toward distribution requirements. PhD students entering from another institution will need to consult with their prospective committee to determine if more preparation is needed in areas outside the areas of specialization. These are the distribution requirements:

• one course in methods, materials, and contexts of literary study (ENGL 501 or the equivalent)
• one course in literary theory or rhetoric
• two courses in literature in English prior to 1800
• two courses in literature in English after 1800

Courses which overlap the divisions listed above may be used to fulfill requirements in one or the other area, as long as the major project in the course addresses the period for which the distribution credit is sought. .No one course may be used to fulfill more than one requirement.

Proseminars are designed to introduce master’s and beginning doctoral students to areas in which they lack sufficient breadth to enable them to perform well in specialized seminars. Their function is both to introduce students to primary texts in multiple genres and to map out the historical and critical territories surrounding those texts. Proseminars carry a heavier reading load and a lighter writing load than do seminars. While proseminars are most appropriate for master’s level students, doctoral students may also find them useful. Doctoral level students should consult with their advisers on these and other courses before registration.

At the beginning of of their  third semester in the PhD program, all PhD students will be reviewed by the Graduate Studies Committee. As part of its review, the Committee will consider the candidate’s first semester grades and instructors’ comments and will also seek the views of each candidate’s second semester instructors. Students will meet individually with the DGS to discuss the review.

For an official minor, the student must take at least 15 credits in the minor field. (For additional information on the official minor, consult the Graduate Degree Programs Bulletin .) With the approval of a student’s doctoral committee, the area of the candidate’s minor may be added to the comprehensive examinations.

A student is required to demonstrate reading knowledge of one of the following languages: Chinese, Classical Greek, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latin, Russian, Spanish, or any other language approved by the Graduate Studies Committee. Additional languages needed for individual students’ programs will be determined by their doctoral committees. (See the section above on the language requirement for the MA for information on procedures for fulfilling the language requirement.)

Purpose of Comprehensive Exam

The comprehensive exam is designed to encourage students to identify the areas of expertise that will support their research and teaching. It requires them to build reading lists for each of three areas described below in consultation with advisor(s) and committee members. In the exam itself, students will demonstrate a broad knowledge of primary texts, historical periods, methodologies, theoretical approaches, and scholarly conversations.

Examination Format

The comprehensive exam has written and oral components. The written component consists of three discrete take-home exams, each of which is to be completed within twenty-four hours. Please note that students are not meant to stay awake for 24 hours and are therefore asked to observe an upper page limit of 10-12 pages or 2500-3000 words for each exam. All three written exams will be completed within a week’s time. The oral component is designed to allow committee members to engage substantively with the answers provided in the written component, to consider the student’s understanding of relevant theory and methods, to request clarification or elaboration of assertions made in the written component, and to discuss the viability of the student’s plans for the dissertation. The two-hour oral component will stand as the Graduate School’s official record of the comprehensive exam. The date, time, and location for the oral component must be agreed upon by the entire committee and scheduled through the graduate office at the same time as the written exam is arranged.

The written component of the exam consists of three parts:

• Major Area The Major area exam encompasses a range of issues and scholarly conversations within a recognized field, broadly construed. Examples include but are not limited to: Early Modern Literature, 19th-20th Century American Literature, Rhetoric and Composition, African American Literature, Visual Culture.
• Theory and Methods The Theory and Methods exam allows students to engage a set of theoretical texts and tools, an area of interdisciplinary inquiry, or a particular set of methods. Examples include but are not limited to: science studies, historiography, feminist theory, digital studies, environmental humanities, critical theory, ethnographic methods.
• Special Topic The Special topic exam asks students to engage with a focused body of work. This topic is open and may encompass a secondary subfield. It may also engage a set of questions relevant to the student’s plans for a dissertation. The written examinations will form the basis for the two-hour oral examination.

Exam Preparation

In the fall of the second year in the PhD program, students will form a doctoral committee consisting of at least three members of the English graduate faculty and, in accordance with Graduate School regulations, at least one graduate faculty member from another department. The student must file a form in the Graduate Office establishing the committee by the end of their second semester in the Ph.D. program. The student should meet periodically with the advisor and with members of the committee in order to develop a list for each of the three exam areas. Each reading list should be accompanied by brief (250-word) rationales for the list design and purpose. Exam reading lists and rationales need to reach final form no later than one month prior to the exam. The number of items on the lists should range between 150-200 works total.

Scheduling the Exam

Steps for planning and scheduling the comprehensive examination:

•  Meet with the examination committee to determine three exam areas.
• Check with the graduate office to make sure you have no missing or incomplete grades (students must be in registered status and have all missing or incomplete grades resolved before taking exams).
• Select date to complete the written component of the comprehensive examination.
• Schedule oral examination date, time, and place with your committee. Consult with the graduate office for help reserving a room. The oral exam date should allow at least two weeks for committee members to read and consider written material.
• Two weeks prior to the beginning of the exam, notify the graduate office of the dates for the written component, and specify date, time, and location for the oral component. The date, time, and location for the oral component must be agreed upon by the entire committee, because it becomes the Graduate School’s official record of the exam.

Recommended steps for advisors:

• Meet regularly with graduate students to discuss examination areas and rationale.
• Review lists and rationale; make sure the student is consulting with committee members about lists and rationales.
• Hold an organizational meeting for committee and graduate students. This meeting will provide an opportunity for the committee to organize itself around the exam, to collaborate on questions and design.
• Gather questions from the committee and create the exam with clear instructions. Consider offering choices of questions, and please consider asking students to answer only one or two questions for each area exam.
• One week before the written exam is scheduled to take place, send exam questions to the staff assistant in the graduate office as an email attachment. Make sure it is clear which exam is to be given on which date.

At the end of the oral examination, the committee will deliberate about the student’s performance on both components of the exam. Committee members will offer feedback to the advisor, who will then offer an overview of the feedback to the student. Each committee member will also rate the candidate’s knowledge of the field and preparedness to embark on the dissertation research according to the evaluative categories that appear on the Graduate School’s “report on the doctoral comprehensive examination” form:

4 (Superior) 3 (Above Average) 2 (Average ) 1 (Below Average) 0 (Fail)

A favorable (passing) vote of at least two-thirds of the committee members is required for passing.

• Candidates should have selected a thesis topic by the time of their comprehensive exams and should submit a detailed thesis proposal after the completion of comprehensive exams (proposal forms are available upon request in the graduate office). After the proposal has been approved by all members of the student’s committee, it should be sent to the Director of Graduate Studies for final approval on the basis of the committee’s assessment. The dissertation proposal needs to be completed and approved by ninety (90) days after the completion of the comprehensive examination.
• The doctoral thesis committee will consist of the chairperson (who must be a member of the English graduate faculty), at least two members of the English graduate faculty whose special fields of interest bear some relation to the topic of the thesis, and one member of the graduate faculty from outside the department. Please note that dual title degree programs have additional requirements for committee composition. (For additional information on the membership of the doctoral thesis committee, consult the Graduate Degree Programs Bulletin .)
• Students should make sure that every member of the committee is involved in each stage of the project–from the initial proposal to the final oral defense. Students should consult with their advisers to decide whether to convene the entire committee for periodic conferences as the thesis develops.
• Upon completion of the thesis but before it is in final typed form, an oral defense should be scheduled by the committee chair, in consultation with the student and the Director of Graduate Studies, at least two weeks in advance with the Graduate Secretary (using an Exam Request Form which is also filed with The Graduate School). Before the oral defense is scheduled, all members of the thesis committee must agree that the thesis is complete and ready to be defended. After a successful defense, a clean copy of the thesis should be delivered to the department head for his or her signature.
• It is the responsibility of the chair of the thesis committee to make sure that changes and recommendations agreed upon during the oral defense are carried out by the student. It is the student’s responsibility to make sure that the copies of the thesis submitted to the Graduate School and to the English Graduate Office are absolutely clean and free of error.

This examination is taken after the thesis has been submitted to the thesis committee, but before the thesis has been typed in final form. The thesis committee acts as the examining committee. Satisfactory performance in this exam is necessary for acceptance of the thesis. The examination is oral and open to the public. Please note the following Graduate School policy in regard to the final oral examination:

The State of the Doctoral Thesis at the Time of the Final Oral Examination

Both the thesis director and the student are responsible for assuring the completion of a draft of the thesis and for adequate consultation with members of the thesis committee well in advance of the oral examination. Major revisions to the thesis should be completed before this examination. The dissertation should be in its final draft, with appropriate notes, bibliography, tables, etc., in place at the time of the oral examination; both the content and style should be correct and polished when this final draft is in the hands of the committee. Again, there should be an adequate period of time (at least two weeks) between the delivery of the final draft of the thesis to committee members and the scheduled oral examination.

Graduate School Requirements for Residency and Credits

There is no required minimum of credits or semesters of study, but over some twelve-month period during the interval between admission to candidacy and completion of the PhD program the candidate must spend at least two semesters (which may include the semester in which the candidacy examination is taken) as a registered full-time student.

After a student has passed the comprehensive examination and met the two-semester residence requirement, no further registration for credit will be required by the Graduate School. However, status as a student must be maintained by registering continuously (for each semester, beginning with the first semester after both of the requirements mentioned above have been met) until the thesis is accepted by the doctoral committee. This registration may be for noncredit ENGL 601 or 611, with payment of the special thesis preparation fee; students who want to combine course work with thesis preparation must register for ENGL 600 or 611 (not 601 which is full-time thesis preparation ) plus course registration at the regular per-credit fee.

ALL STUDENTS ARE EXPECTED TO ASSUME FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR KNOWING THESE REQUIREMENTS, THE REGULATIONS AND PERTINENT PROCEDURES OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL AS SET FORTH IN THE GRADUATE DEGREE PROGRAMS BULLETIN, THE THESIS INFORMATION BULLETIN , AND THE GRADUATE HANDBOOK OF THE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT. NOTHING IN THE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT REQUIREMENTS SHOULD BE UNDERSTOOD TO SUPERSEDE ANY REGULATIONS OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL.

The doctoral committee serves several functions: 1) to advise the student on all matters relating to his or her program; 2) to administer the comprehensive examination; and 3) to supervise and approve the doctoral dissertation. Every entering PhD student assembles a doctoral committee upon formal admission to candidacy (by passing the candidacy review). The committee bears the principal responsibility for guiding and assessing the student’s progress through the program.

The Guidelines for Doctoral Committees is designed to help faculty and students adjust to the department’s policy of establishing doctoral committees early in the PhD program. It should be read in conjunction with the Graduate School’s regulations concerning doctoral committees ( Graduate Degree Programs Bulletin ) and the English department’s general requirements and procedures for the PhD program.

• Establishing the Committee
• Every entering student should begin to consider the field or combination of fields on which he or she wishes to focus. Soon after admission to the program, the student should arrange to meet with the graduate director or associate director to identify areas of interest and faculty who work in these areas. Penn State M.A.s are encouraged to begin this process as soon as they are admitted to the PhD; M.A.s from other institutions will begin the process early in the second semester in the program.
• By the end of the first year of the program, the student should have his or her doctoral committee assembled and one member of the committee identified as the chair. A committee consists of at least three members of the Department of English, and in accordance with Graduate School regulations, at least one graduate faculty member from another department. If the student is pursuing a PhD minor field, then the external member must be from that field. All students must file a form in the English Graduate Office establishing their committee by the end of their second semester in the PhD program. After choosing a committee, the student should then meet with committee members to develop a specific course of study leading to the comprehensive examination and subsequent research. Committees should meet together at least once–preferably more often–before the student takes the comprehensive examination.
• Changes in the committee membership should be done in consultation with the committee chair. If a student wishes to change the chair of the committee, he or she should consult with the Graduate Director.
• Comprehensive Examinations
• Every student should work with the doctoral committee to develop a coherent program of study that looks forward to the comprehensive examination and beyond to the doctoral dissertation and other professional research. The student should consult with individual committee members on a regular basis and arrange periodic meetings of the entire committee.
• By the beginning of the second year, students should have selected their examination areas. The committee may tailor readings and exams to the student’s individual needs, but should follow some general guidelines: a) no examination area should be a mere subset of another area–for example, if Renaissance is the major field and poetry a secondary field, the latter should not be confined to Renaissance poetry; b) the examination area should not be defined too narrowly–for instance, readings in a historical period should cover the range of genres, and genre preparation in all areas should include not only primary texts but also acquaintance with the relevant historical contexts and current critical debates. If the committee decides that its existing membership is not fully qualified to guide the student in a particular area, then it may consider adding an additional member for the purpose of the examination.
• Full-time students are expected to take the comprehensive examination no later than the end of the second year in the program. Any extension beyond that point requires a petition with full justification to the Graduate Studies Committee. All curricular requirements for the degree must be fulfilled by the end of the semester in which the student is taking the exam. The student, in agreement with the doctoral committee, sets the precise date, but the exam must be scheduled at least three weeks prior to the last day of classes for the semester. The English Graduate Office must be notified by the student at least two weeks prior to the exam in order to process Graduate School forms. The student must be registered for at least 1 credit in the semester during which the exam is taken. Summer session is included if exams are scheduled during this time.
• The structure of the examination is laid out in the Graduate Student Handbook. Individual members of the committee may be responsible for preparing specific areas of the examination, but the entire committee should review the exam before it is administered, and should read all of the student’s work once it is completed.
• After the examination the committee chair should notify the English Graduate Office of the results. In the event that the student fails one or more parts of the exam, the doctoral committee will decide whether the student should retake the exam in its entirety or only those parts that he or she has failed. It may also recommend against retaking the exam and ask the graduate studies committee to review the student’s overall performance in the program.

III. Doctoral Dissertation

• After passing the comprehensive examination, the student may modify committee membership to suit the specific needs of thesis research. Such changes should be made as quickly as possible.
• Students who have passed the comprehensive exam should turn immediately to the doctoral dissertation. Thesis proposal forms are available upon request from the Graduate Office and proposals must be approved by the doctoral committee and submitted to the graduate office no later than ninety (90) days after the completion of the comprehensive exams.
• Guidelines for writing the thesis and taking the final oral examination appear on pp. 8-9 of the graduate handbook.

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MA/PhD Program in English Requirements

All students pursuing their PhD in English must complete the following major components of our MA/PhD program:

• Graduate coursework, including language requirement
• Advising meeting, portfolio project and preliminary program of study
• Final program of study 

Candidacy exam

• Dissertation prospectus
• Dissertation
• Final oral exam (dissertation defense)

The accordions below provide information about how students may fulfill each of these components. For an overview of the program, please see the representative timelines below that show roughly when in a graduate student’s career they can expect to pass each milestone.  

Program requirements

Each student must take a minimum total of 36 credit hours to earn an MA in English on the way to the PhD. Students who enter the program with a BA typically earn the MA at the end of their second year. Specific course requirements include the following:

• English 6700.01: Introduction to Graduate Study in English (three credits)
• A course in critical theory (three credits)
• Two courses to fulfill the breadth requirement (six credits)
• English 6781: Introduction to the Teaching of First-Year English (three credits)
• English 8903: Teaching College English (three credits, repeatable)
• English 6998: Research in English: Portfolio Preparation (variable credit hours)
• English 8193: Graduate Workshop (one credit)

Critical theory requirement

Students must take at least one course in critical theory (three credits); this course must be taken for a letter grade. The critical theory requirement can be fulfilled through English 6760, 6761, 6776.01, 6776.02, 6790, 6791, 7861, 7876, 7890, 7891, or 8888. Additional courses in English or other departments can be petitioned to count.

Breadth requirement

Each student must complete two courses to add breadth to the student’s program (six credits total). These courses must be taken for a letter grade and conform to the following guidelines:

• Students concentrating on literature or theory after 1800: Two courses in pre-1800 literature, rhetoric, folklore, etc.
• Students concentrating on literature or theory before 1800: Two courses in post-1800 literature, rhetoric, folklore, film, etc.
• Students concentrating in non-literary fields: Two courses to add breadth as determined in consultation with the faculty advisor and the director of Graduate Studies

Graduate workshop requirement

In addition to their regular coursework, MA/PhD students must complete two graduate workshops by the end of their fourth year in the program (preferably before candidacy).

The graduate workshops provide opportunities to enrich the department's formal graduate curriculum by regularly bringing in scholars from other institutions to discuss their recently-published and current work with students and faculty. Typically, the department is able to offer three to five workshops per academic year, which rotate among fields. Each workshop is organized by a faculty coordinator, and students enroll by signing up with the Graduate Studies office.  

The visiting speaker participates in two events: a public lecture or other kind of formal presentation, open to all members of the department and university community; and a closed session with graduate students who have enrolled in the workshop. For the smaller workshop, the visiting speaker assigns a text or group of texts for discussion (their own work or some other work relevant to the speaker's current interests). Students read the assigned texts on their own and submit short position papers to the faculty coordinator. The completion of these short essays, in combination with student participation, determine whether a student receives a grade of "S" (satisfactory) or "U" (unsatisfactory) for the workshop.

S/U grading guidelines

Individual faculty set the specific guidelines for S/U versions of graduate courses. The typical expectation for a grade of "S" (satisfactory), however, is that students complete readings, contribute meaningfully to class discussion and satisfactorily complete readings-related assignments that enrich discussion (e.g., writing brief reading responses, posting comments to Carmen discussions and/or leading in-class discussions on readings). Students taking a graduate course for S/U credit will typically not be expected to write longer papers or to complete and present on independent research projects.

Independent study

Graduate Independent Study courses require the approval of the director of Graduate Studies. Students interested in pursuing an independent study should consult with the appropriate faculty member at least a semester in advance. The faculty member should then prepare a one-page request that briefly outlines 1) the rationale for the independent study (e.g., why the student is unable to pursue similar work in regularly-scheduled courses) and 2) the syllabus for the independent study (e.g., list of readings, schedule of meetings, specific assignments or projects to be completed).

Students who enter with an MA from another program or another institution will typically transfer 30 hours, which means they will typically need to earn a minimum of an additional 56 credit hours for the PhD. Specific course requirements include the following:

• English 6700: Introduction to Graduate Study in English (three credits)     
• Critical theory requirement (three credits)
• Breadth requirement #1 (three credits)
• Breadth requirement #2 (three credits)
• English 8996: Research in English: Candidacy Exam (variable credit hours)
• English 8999: Research in English: Dissertation (variable credit hours)

Students must take at least one course in Critical Theory (three credits); this course be taken for a letter grade. Students may fulfill this requirement through coursework completed at their MA institution. The critical theory requirement can be fulfilled through English 6760, 6761, 6776.01, 6776.02, 6790, 6791, 7861, 7876, 7890, 7891, or 8888. Additional courses in English or other departments can be petitioned to count.

Each student must complete two courses to add breadth to the student’s program (six credits total). These courses must be taken for a letter grade and conform to the following guidelines:

• Students concentrating on literature or theory after 1800: Two courses in pre-1800 literature, rhetoric, folklore, etc.

Students may fulfill this requirement through coursework completed at their MA institution.

The graduate workshops provide opportunities to enrich the department's formal graduate curriculum by regularly bringing in scholars from other institutions to discuss their recently-published and current work with students and faculty. Typically, the department is able to offer three to five workshops per academic year, which rotate among fields. Each workshop is organized by a faculty coordinator, and students enroll by signing up with the graduate studies office.  

Independent Study

Graduate Independent Study courses require the approval of the director of Graduate Studies. Students interested in pursuing an independent study should consult with the appropriate faculty member at least a semester in advance. The faculty member should then prepare a one-page request that briefly outlines 1) the rationale for the independent study (e.g., why the student is unable to pursue similar work in regularly scheduled courses) and 2) the syllabus for the independent study (e.g., list of readings, schedule of meetings, specific assignments or projects to be completed).

Language Proficiency Coordinator: Galey Modan ( [email protected] )

The graduate program in the Department of English requires that students demonstrate current proficiency in a natural language other than English. (Natural languages are all languages, including ASL, that have evolved naturally among humans through use and repetition; natural languages do not include constructed languages such as Klingon or computer programming languages.) There are multiple reasons that language proficiency is required. These include the following: 


• Extensive and technical familiarity with a language other than English constitutes a powerful way for graduate students to gain an understanding of the distinctive characteristics of English language structure. 
• Proficiency in a language other than English allows students access to primary and secondary texts composed in that language. Graduate students in all areas of English studies with even a modest level of proficiency benefit from this access.
• To fulfill our department’s commitment to diversity, it is vital for students to gain proficiency in languages other than English. To gain a basic understanding of multilingual and non-English-speaking communities requires a familiarity with the languages of those communities.
• As English itself is an increasingly culturally- and geographically-differentiated language, deep familiarity with the languages that English comes into contact with is vital to an understanding of English’s global manifestations.

Doctoral research in some specialties (such as Medieval, Renaissance or U.S. ethnic literatures) may require proficiency in additional languages beyond the one that satisfies the departmental requirement. Students therefore must discuss the language requirement with faculty in their chosen area of specialization as soon as possible.

There is no set list of languages approved for PhD candidates in English. The expectation is that students will choose a language pertinent to their research interests.

Native speakers of languages other than English may use their native languages to fulfill the departmental requirement, unless their area of study requires knowledge of other particular language(s).

For doctoral students, the language requirement(s) should be met by the end of the first year of enrollment beyond the MA and must be met before any part of the candidacy examination may be scheduled.


Students can fulfill the language proficiency requirement in any of the following six ways: 

Method #1: Multimedia computer-adaptive placement test

Students wishing to fulfill the requirement with Spanish, German, French, Arabic, Hebrew, Italian or Swahili may take a multimedia computer-adaptive placement test administered by the  Center for Languages, Literatures, and Cultures . These exams test both comprehension and production. To fulfill the language requirement through a placement test, students must do one of the following:

• If the student and their advisor decide that both comprehension and production are necessary for their further research, the student must achieve a score sufficient for placement into a 2000-level language class on both sections.

• If the student and their advisor decide that comprehension alone is suitable, the student must achieve a score sufficient for placement into a 2000-level language class on the comprehension portion of the exam. Please note: Students will need to be in contact with the language proficiency coordinator prior to taking the exam if just a “comprehension” score is necessary, as the exams do not automatically produce a score solely for comprehension. The coordinator will need to confirm with the Center for Languages, Literature and Cultures that the exam is set up correctly for the student. This option involves more paperwork to set up, so the comprehension and production option above is preferred.

Method #2: Department-administered placement test

If the requirement is to be met with a language not listed above, students may take a placement test administered by an Ohio State department that teaches the language in question. As with the CLLC option, students must place into a 2000-level class. This is the method of choice for ASL and other signed languages. If the language in question is not taught at Ohio State, the student will meet with the language proficiency coordinator to set up a testing process. (Note: if the language is one tested through the CLLC, that option must be chosen.)

Method #3: Year of university-level language classes

Students may take a year's worth of university-level language classes and get at least a grade of 'B' in both semesters. Students must consult the appropriate language department for course offerings. Since sequences often begin only in the autumn semester, students should be sure to check well ahead of time when the courses will be offered. 

Method #4: Graduate reading course

Students may complete a graduate reading course offered by an Ohio State language program with a grade of 'B' or higher (see below for more information on departments offering reading courses).

Method #5: Translation test

In consultation with the student’s advisor and the language proficiency coordinator, students may take a translation test (typically a translation with the aid of a dictionary) administered by an Ohio State language program, qualified faculty member of the English department or qualified faculty member at another university, as approved by the language proficiency coordinator. Students intending to take a translation exam administered by another department should note that each language department has its own set of deadlines that must be met in order to enroll for the exam. Students should contact the relevant language department during the semester before they intend to take the exam in order to ensure that they do not miss the exam registration date. 


Method #6: Oral proficiency test

Students may take an   oral proficiency test. Students can show proficiency based on the following the criteria:

• Comprehension: The examinee understands the content of an oral text such as a radio or broadcast news story. The content may be on current events or on a topic relevant to a student’s research. The examinee must show ability to 1) summarize a given text in a cohesive and coherent manner without prompting, 2) produce a statement summarizing their own view, and 3) answer follow-up questions in a cohesive and coherent manner. 

• Production: The examinee shows ability to describe the text in a comprehensible way, producing extended, connected discourse in all major time frames (past, present, and future). The reference point for ‘comprehension’ is a speaker who does not speak other languages that the examinee is proficient in. Vocabulary may be primarily generic in nature. However, if the examinee must use the language under examination for their scholarly work, they must also show command of relevant vocabulary when dealing with topics of interest. This will be decided in consultation with the student's advisor. Circumlocution and rephrasing are to be expected. Speech must be clear and not lead to confusion. Pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and discourse structure should not be so faulty as to prevent comprehension by a speaker not proficient in the other languages in which the examinee is proficient. Discourse may reflect the information structure of the examinee’s own language/s, rather than that of the target language.

In cases where an examiner cannot be located, students can take the Oral Proficiency Interview, as administered by Ohio State Testing Center and described  here .   The department may pay the fees associated with the OPI upon approval. 

Reading courses and exam information for common language choices

Below you will find information about German, French, Spanish and Italian reading proficiency classes and testing procedures. In the past, these have been the most common choices made by students, and these departments have the most structured systems for assessing proficiency. If another language is more appropriate for your research, see above for assessment procedures.

• German:  Courses that satisfy graduate reading proficiency include German 6102 and German 6202. Contact Natascha Miller ( [email protected] ) with questions about coursework prerequisites. If you choose to take the reading exam to demonstrate proficiency, you must schedule it in cooperation with your advisor and the English department’s language proficiency coordinator. Your advisor should select a passage for you to translate and submit it, along with a completed exam scheduling form, as directed on the  exam website . Information about testing dates is usually updated the third or fourth week of the semester; visit the  exam website  to view testing dates and download the exam scheduling form.
• French:  Courses that satisfy graduate reading proficiency include French 6571 and French 6572. Contact Joan Obert ( [email protected] ) with questions about coursework prerequisites. If you choose to take the reading exam to demonstrate proficiency, you must schedule it in cooperation with your advisor and the English department’s language proficiency coordinator. The Department of French and Italian provides a detailed overview of the test, as well as information on exam preparation, evaluation, dates and registration on their  website .
• Spanish:  The Department of Spanish and Portuguese does not offer courses to demonstrate reading proficiency in Spanish. If you would like to take a translation test, you must schedule the reading exam in cooperation with your advisor and the English department’s language proficiency coordinator. The Department of Spanish and Portuguese provides a detailed overview of the test, as well as information on exam preparation, dates and registration on their  website . 
• Italian : The Department of French and Italian does not offer courses to demonstrate reading proficiency in Italian. If you choose to take the reading exam to demonstrate proficiency, you must schedule the reading exam in cooperation with your advisor. The Department of French and Italian provides an overview of the test on their  website . Contact Joan Obert ( [email protected] ) to schedule the exam and to request more detailed information on testing dates and procedures.

English 8903 is a teaching internship with a faculty member, which students must complete before they can be assigned to teach any of the 2000-level literature, language or folklore courses. English 7881.02: Teaching Basic Writing, 7881.03: Teaching of College Composition in English as a Second Language and 7881.04: Teaching Business and Professional Communication may be substituted for English 8903 by students whose teaching interests include basic writing, ESL and/or business and professional writing. However, English 8903 will be a prerequisite for teaching the relevant 2000-level courses (just as the English 7881 series is now a prerequisite for teaching the specialized writing courses).

English 8903 carries one to three credit hours. The course may be repeated. In order to coordinate their teaching interests with scheduled courses, students planning on taking English 8903 should also consult the undergraduate course offerings and faculty teaching them.

Faculty and students will have considerable flexibility in constructing the day-to-day details of the apprenticeship, but a typical pattern would look something like this:

• Student and professor agree to do English 8903 in an upcoming semester.
• When the book order requests are distributed, the professor and student meet to discuss which books they will use and why. 
• At some point before the course starts, the professor and student meet to discuss the course syllabus. They consider such matters as the objectives of the course and how best to design the schedule of readings, the students' writing assignments and the classroom atmosphere so that those objectives can be met.
• Before each class, the professor and student meet to talk about the session's goals and the pedagogical means they will use to meet them. In addition, they consider how the goals of the upcoming session fit in with the overall goals of the course. (For all class sessions but the first, this meeting might occur an hour or so before walking into the session.)
• Before each writing assignment (including exams), professor and student discuss what they want to achieve and how they might design the assignment to reach those goals.
• The professor must take responsibility for all grades assigned in the course, but the student may assist in grading by reading, commenting and assigning possible grades to a subset of the papers or exams. Since the student is an apprentice and not a TA, however, the point of this work is not to lighten the faculty member's load but rather to provide the occasion for discussion of criteria for different grades, how to address students in commentary and so on. In all cases, the professor must read the papers marked by the apprentice and assign the final grades.
• The student takes primary responsibility for some teaching, in the range of four to six hours of instruction over the course of the semester.
• After the course is over, the professor and student read the student evaluations and discuss them as well as their own assessments of what worked and what didn't.
• The course is graded S/U. The faculty member should also be prepared to write a letter of recommendation for the student's dossier.
• The student writes a report on the apprentice experience, reflecting on how their thinking about pedagogy has been influenced by English 8903.

In general, the idea of the internship is to give the student the opportunity to work closely with a faculty member on everything from the design of a course to its day-to-day operations, from its goals and purposes to its grading and evaluation.

Students may work with a professor in any undergraduate course. No more than two students may sign up for English 8903 with the same professor and the same course in any one semester. Students must take English 8903 before they are assigned their own sections of 2000-level courses, but they need to take English 8903 only once as a general preparation for that teaching. In other words, students do not have to take a new English 8903 for every new 2000-level course they teach.

Of course, students will generally gravitate toward courses in their areas and in the areas where they would most like to teach. Below are the usual links between English 8903 experiences and the assignment of undergraduate courses, but graduate students should have considerable leeway in choosing their apprenticeships and those assigning graduate students to 2000-level courses should have some flexibility in making those assignments. For example, English 4520.01 will count for 2200 and 2201; English 4560 for 2260; English 4561 for 2261; English 4550 and English 4551 for 2290.

When students are assigned their own 2000-level class, they will consult with a faculty mentor (ideally the person whose class they observed, but possibly the course director or their advisor) on the preparation of the syllabus and other issues relating to the class. The faculty member will observe the class at least once and write a report for the course director.

The advising meeting is a critical step in the process toward the PhD and, for students who enter the program with a BA, it is the formal mechanism for awarding the MA. Typically, the advising meeting will take place at the end of the spring semester of the second year for all students who enter with a BA and at the end of the spring semester of the first year for all students who enter with an MA. 

The advising meeting will include a faculty committee composed of the student's selected advisor, who serves as chair; a second faculty member chosen from a list of three submitted by the student; and a third member selected by the director of Graduate Studies or their designee. The advising meeting will last for at least one hour but for no longer than two hours. During the meeting, the student and faculty committee will consider the student's plans for completing the PhD as reflected in the Preliminary Program of Study. Students will also answer and ask questions about items included in the portfolio project.

After the advising meeting, the chair of the faculty committee will write a brief report of the meeting for the student's file. In addition to a short summary of the conversation, for students who enter with a BA, this report will include the committee's recommendation to award the MA degree based on satisfactory completion of all MA requirements. For all students, the report should also include recommendations about the composition of the student's committee for the candidacy exam and dissertation.

By week seven of the spring semester, the student will prepare a portfolio that includes:

• A Preliminary Program of Study, signed by the student’s advisor.
• A short statement about the student’s pursuit of interests outside the regular curriculum and the major field (e.g., attendance at workshops, lectures, readings and other such activities).
• A research project, which can be a traditional academic essay, a new media composition and so forth, as determined in consultation with the student's faculty advisor.

Typically, the research project will have begun in a course and been subsequently revised with a broader academic audience in mind and with a clear articulation of how its argument and methodologies fit within ongoing conversations in the relevant field or fields. The student should be working toward potential publication of the project, and/or toward its integration into her or his dissertation.

Students who enter the program with an MA may use a project begun in a course in their MA program.

The Preliminary Program of Study consists of three components:

• A description and short rationale for the student’s intended major field and minor field or fields for the candidacy exam. (See description of Final Program of Study for explanation of field areas.)
• A summer reading list of about 15 works related to one or both of these areas.
• A brief discussion of teaching and other GA work, completed and planned.

The Preliminary Program of Study should be designed in consultation with the student's faculty advisor and must be signed by the advisor in preparation for the advising meeting.

A copy of the Final Program of Study and letter of endorsement from the advisor should be submitted electronically to the graduate program coordinator ( [email protected] ) by 4 p.m. on the due date.  The Final Program of Study has two main purposes: to establish parameters for the candidacy examination and to present a detailed map of the student's path toward earning the PhD. The Final Program of Study must be completed, approved by the student's candidacy examination committee and then approved by the Graduate Studies Program and Policy Committee before the student may schedule their exam. It is important to keep in mind that the POS has multiple audiences: the student's exam chair and exam committee, but also the Graduate Studies Program and Policy Committee, which is made up of faculty who represent the various areas of specialization in the department as a whole. The POS needs to be written so that it is accessible to non-specialists in the student's specific area.  

Program of Study Components

• A list of the chair and other faculty members of the student's candidacy examination committee. The Graduate School requires four members, and the chair must hold "P" status (typically, this means a tenured associate or full professor). This committee is formed specifically to administer the candidacy exam and is not the same as the dissertation committee.
• The major field should be broadly rather than narrowly defined. Typically, the major field will be an academic job category.
• The reading list for the major field should consist of between 75 and 85 works (primary and secondary) and should both provide coverage of the broad field and locate the student’s specific interests within it.
• The reading list should not include works of criticism authored by any member of the student's exam committee as it is difficult for students to be examined impartially about material written by an examiner.
• The minor field can be primarily a supplement to the major field (e.g., a second academic job category), or
• The minor field can partially overlap with the major field, or
• The minor field can be a body of theory that is broader than but relevant to the student’s location within the major field.
• The reading list for the minor field should consist of between 40 and 45 works (primary and secondary). For two minor fields, the lists should consist of between 22 and 25 works for each.
• The draft of the dissertation prospectus should be submitted to the committee one week before the student begins the written portion of the candidacy exam.
• A concise list of completed coursework for the MA/PhD , organized by date of completion, including grades received. Please provide a one-sentence description for independent study projects.
• A concise statement of the student's teaching experience thus far , plans for taking English 8903 and plans for future teaching in the department.
• A concise timeline for the student's progress toward graduation . The timeline should be organized by year and semester, and it should indicate the projected dates for the completion of all PhD requirements, including coursework, language requirement, English 8903(s), graduate workshops, candidacy exam, dissertation prospectus, dissertation research and writing, and the job application process.
• Reading lists for the major and minor fields.

Letter of endorsement

The Final Program of Study must be submitted to the Graduate Studies Program and Policy Committee with a letter of endorsement from the student's chair for the candidacy exam committee. The letter of endorsement should confirm that the student has worked with the entire committee and that the entire committee has approved the POS; briefly contextualize the membership of the committee, with more context if the committee includes faculty from outside the department; and articulate the chair's confidence in the student's rationales for the major and minor fields.

The candidacy examination must be taken no later than two semesters after the completion of required coursework. Students must register for English 8996 with the chair of the exam committee while preparing for the candidacy exam.

The candidacy exam consists of a take-home written portion and a two-hour oral portion. The Application for Candidacy must be filed with the Graduate School at least two weeks before the oral examination. The application can be filled out on the Graduate School's forms webpage . The written portion is a three-day take-home exam, with an upper limit of no more than 5,000 words total. Failure to adhere to the word limit constitutes failure of the entire candidacy examination. No notes of any kind are permitted (i.e., no footnotes or endnotes), but in their answers to the exam questions, students should cite relevant primary and secondary works from their reading lists and use parenthetical citations.

• Written exam: The written portion of the candidacy exam should address two questions, one of which is dedicated to the student's major field and one of which is dedicated to the student's minor field or fields. The questions are written by the student's exam chair in consultation with the other members of their committee. The questions are given to the student only at the time the written exam is administered. The written exam must be taken over a seventy-two hour period; it can be sent via email or picked up by 4 p.m. on the first day and turned in to the committee and the English Graduate Studies office via email by 4 p.m. on the last day of that period. Students may opt to start the exam on a Monday, Tuesday or Friday so that it is due in the English Graduate Studies office, respectively, the following Thursday, Friday or Monday.
• Oral exam: The oral portion of the exam must follow no sooner than one week but within two weeks (i.e., 7-14 days) after the written portion is completed and turned in. The written exam should be regarded as the beginning of a discussion that will be continued during the oral exam. Prior to the oral, the student should meet with the candidacy exam chair to clarify expectations for the oral exam; at this meeting, it is expected that the chair will ask a few sample questions to assist the student with their preparations. The oral exam lasts two hours, and it covers both the candidate's major field and minor field or fields. The chair of the committee should ensure that at least 60 minutes are devoted to the major field. The final 30 minutes of the exam can include a discussion of the draft dissertation prospectus.

Candidacy Examination Committee

The Candidacy Examination Committee consists of four faculty members, chaired by a member of the graduate faculty who holds "P" status (typically, a tenured associate or full professor). The student selects the members of her or his committee in consultation with the chair. The committee must include faculty representation for both the major field and the minor field or fields. Typically, this will mean two faculty members representing the major field and two faculty members representing the minor field, or two faculty members representing the major field and one faculty member representing the first minor field and one faculty member representing the second minor field. Only in unusual circumstances should a faculty member represent both the major and a minor field for the purposes of the candidacy exam. The committee meets with the student prior to the exam to discuss the reading lists for the major and minor fields.

Students are responsible for distributing the following materials to all members of the Committee at least one week before the written exam:

• The draft Dissertation Prospectus.

Students are responsible for distributing the following materials to all members of the Committee at least one week before the oral exam :

• The Final Program of Study
• The written exam
• The student's Major Field and Minor Field or Fields reading lists (if updated from the POS)
• The official description of the Candidacy Exam; please refer faculty to the information on this page (optional).

Candidacy exam assessment

Failure of the candidacy examination occurs if the committee considers either of the following to be the case:

• The written and/or oral portions of the exam indicated that the candidate is not ready to proceed to a dissertation, owing to insufficient knowledge of the field, 
• The candidate is insufficiently focused on a dissertation project, which makes it unlikely that they will be able to submit an approved prospectus within two months. In case of failure, the committee can specify the nature of a repeat examination, but it, too, must contain a written and an oral portion. A second failure means dismissal from the PhD program (see Graduate School Handbook).

A successful pass must be a unanimous decision of the committee. The chair of the committee is required to submit a written report on the candidacy examination to the director of Graduate Studies. Failure, in whole or in part, may occur if any one member of the committee is not satisfied with the results. In the case of failure, each individual faculty member of the committee may specify areas or material on which a re-examination must take place and so instruct the student. The chair of the committee will then submit a written account of what will be required of the student to repeat the exam. The Graduate School will assign an outside representative for all second examinations.

Time limits for candidacy

If a candidate fails to complete the dissertation and final oral examination within five years after the candidacy examination, admission to candidacy is canceled. To be re-admitted to candidacy, the student must take a supplemental candidacy examination. The examination committee is comprised of the advisor and at least three other authorized graduate faculty members, and the examination must include a written and an oral portion that last approximately two hours. A graduate faculty representative is appointed if a prior unsatisfactory examination result is on record. All other rules pertaining to candidacy examination must be followed.  The supplemental examination will typically be tied to the student's dissertation and may consist of the presentation and oral defense of a chapter or a substantial part of a chapter. In short, the purpose of requiring the supplemental examination is not to punish the student but to help move them along to completion of the PhD and to ensure that they have kept up with the current scholarship in the field. On passing the supplemental examination, the student is readmitted to candidacy and must complete the dissertation and final oral examination within two years.

Dissertation prospectus process

There are three steps in the dissertation prospectus process:

• The student presents a draft of the dissertation prospectus to their candidacy exam committee at least one week prior to the written portion of the exam.
• The student then presents a revised dissertation prospectus to their dissertation committee in a prospectus conference, typically no more than six weeks after the completion of the candidacy exam.
• The student presents a final version of the dissertation prospectus, approved by their dissertation chair, to the director of Graduate Studies, typically no more than two weeks after the prospectus conference. The approved final version of the prospectus should be submitted together with a  Prospectus Approval Form .

Dissertation prospectus content

The Dissertation Prospectus should:

• State the problem that the candidate proposes to solve;
• Explain the significance of the project and its relation to current scholarship in the field;
• Describe the candidate's current knowledge of the subject;
• Indicate the direction the candidate's investigation will take;
• Reflect the candidate's familiarity with relevant bibliographical materials and critical methods.

Students and faculty should keep in mind that the prospectus is a preliminary project, not a mini-dissertation. It is meant to help students move on to the dissertation writing stage of their programs. Typically, the prospectus should be no longer than eight to twelve double-spaced pages, plus a working bibliography.

Dissertation committee

The dissertation committee consists of three faculty members, chaired by a faculty member who holds "P" status (typically, a tenured associate or full professor). This committee is constituted separately from the candidacy exam committee and can include faculty members who did not serve on the examination committee.

Prospectus conference

The prospectus conference is a meeting of the student and all members of their dissertation committee to discuss the revised prospectus and the student's plans for researching and writing the dissertation. The prospectus conference also provides an opportunity for the student and the committee to set guidelines for their working relationship.

Because graduate students pursue a wide range of research and writing projects in the Department of English, there are no department-wide guidelines for the dissertation. Students should work with their advisors and committees to determine the relevant parameters for projects in their specific fields and areas of interest.

Finalizing the dissertation manuscript

All doctoral candidates must submit the final draft of the dissertation electronically; students are no longer required to submit a final paper copy to the Graduate School. However, hard copies of the dissertation are still required for distribution to the student's committee and to the outside representative. For more details about the electronic submission process, including how to delay internet dissemination of the dissertation (strongly recommended) and how to format the dissertation, visit the Graduate School website.

Final approval

Final approval of the dissertation cannot occur until the final oral examination has been passed. Each dissertation committee member must sign the Final Approval Form. This form must be submitted no later than one week before commencement.

Students should be aware that the deadlines imposed by the Graduate School do not always allow enough time for their committees to evaluate their work.  Most committees will need to have a complete draft of the dissertation at least two or more months before all formal requirements are met, so that sufficient time for revision will be assured. A student who does not present a draft of the dissertation until the semester of anticipated graduation may encounter obstacles and delays. No faculty member is obliged to sign the Draft Approval Form until they are satisfied that the work is ready for scrutiny at the final oral examination.

This two-hour examination is held after the dissertation committee has approved the dissertation by signing the Draft Approval Form, available from the Graduate School. The Draft Approval Form must be submitted to the Graduate School no later than two weeks before the date of the final oral examination. At the time the student submits the Draft Approval Form, they must also present a hard copy of the approved dissertation draft to both the Graduate School (for the purposes of format check) and the dissertation committee members.

The oral examinatio n  deals intensively with the candidate's field of specialization and need not be confined exclusively to the dissertation defense. A successful examination is one that is awarded a "pass" by the entire examining committee, including the outside representative, who is appointed by the Graduate School. This representative must receive a hard copy of the approved dissertation draft at least one week in advance of the examination.

If a candidate fails to complete the dissertation and final oral examination within five years after the candidacy examination, admission to candidacy is canceled. To be re-admitted to candidacy the student must take a supplementary candidacy examination. This supplementary examination will typically be tied to the student's dissertation and may consist of the presentation and oral defense of a chapter or a substantial part of a chapter. In short, the purpose of requiring the supplemental candidacy examination is not to punish the student but to help move them along to completion of the PhD and to ensure that they have kept up with the current scholarship in the field. On passing the supplementary candidacy examination, the student is re-admitted to candidacy and must complete the dissertation and final oral examination within two years.

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Developing research capacity is a core feature of our postgraduate programmes since it is a hallmark of professional practice to be able to produce evidence-based research in a specialist area. Graduates are thus able to contribute to the knowledge base of their professional fields. Furthermore, career opportunities abound for graduates who want to work as researchers both in South Africa and abroad. Our graduates are being prepared to undertake research using appropriate methods depending on the purposes of their chosen area of study. A qualified team of research lecturers provides the theoretical underpinnings of research at Honours, Masters and Doctoral levels in a variety of formats.

For further information contact Mrs Amanda Manqoyi-Ouamba (Postgraduate Research Coordinator) at 021 650 3494 or email [email protected]  

The Department of  Social Work & Social Development, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701; Fax: 021 689 2739; Website:

Postgraduate Funding Enquiries: http://www.students.uct.ac.za/students/fees-funding/postgraduate-degree-funding/contact

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MA/PhD in English Language and Literature

Program Overview

Our MA/PhD in English Language and Literature is an integrated program that allows students to earn an MA on the way to the PhD. We do not admit students for a terminal MA degree. The program receives over 250 applications of admission each year and typically enrolls an entering class of 10-14 students, all of whom receive funding.   

The MA/PhD program offers two tracks: one in Literature and Culture, the other in Language and Rhetoric. Within each track, students will develop individualized programs of study in close consultation with faculty mentors. Intellectually, there is substantial connection between work in these areas of the department: faculty teaching in the Language and Rhetoric track are certainly thinking about matters of culture, just as faculty teaching in Literature and Culture clearly attend to the nature and politics of language. Students in either track can and do take courses in the other.

However, these two tracks offer distinct forms of professional training and accreditation: students in the Literature and Culture track are trained to conduct research and to teach in literary and cultural studies (e.g., in fields such as Victorian literature, ecocritism, or contemporary speculative fiction). Students in the Language and Rhetoric track are trained to conduct research and to teach in areas broadly related to language-in-use (e.g., in fields such as composition studies, rhetoric, history of English, applied linguistics, literacy, and writing pedagogy). Their research might study practices in the composition classroom or might address topics in discourse analysis, language policy, and translingualism. On completion of the PhD, Literature and Culture students are qualified to apply for jobs teaching in their area of literary or cultural study; students in Language and Rhetoric are qualified to apply for jobs in rhetoric and composition studies, applied linguistics, or writing program administration. When applying to the program, applicants must choose between these two tracks and may not apply to both simultaneously.

Department faculty work across a range of historical periods (Medieval, Early Modern, 19 th , 20 th , and 21 st centuries) and methodological frameworks with a focus on the study of discourse, literacy, textuality, genre (including speculative fiction and SF), gender and sexuality, race and ethnicity, postcoloniality, indigeneity, disability, environment, media, and public culture. For a fuller snapshot of the work we do, please consult our faculty profiles . 

Application Information

Application materials are due December 1. (If December 1 falls on a Saturday or Sunday, then the deadline is the following Monday.)  Offers of admission are usually made by mid-March.  

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For frequently asked questions, please see our  MA/PhD FAQ  page. 

Funding Opportunities

We offer a funding package to all admitted MA/PhD students. The funding package includes a tuition waiver, health insurance, and a monthly stipend during the academic year through an Academic Student Employee position. In general, duties include teaching one English class, assisting in a large lecture and leading quiz sections, or assisting in program administration.

PhD students also have opportunities to compete for fellowships and scholarships offered through the Department of English.

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MA/PhD Degree Requirements

MA/PhD degree requirements can be found here: PhD Degree Requirements .

Students who enter our PhD program without a related master’s degree will be required to complete an MA in the first two years. More information can be found here:  MA/PhD Degree Requirements: Master's Degree .

Placement & Alumni

A recent survey of our graduates from 2008-2018 showed the following employment rates:

• 43% in tenure-track positions
• 43% in other academic positions (not tenure-track)
• 8% in professional careers

Dissertation abstracts from recent graduates can be found here: Graduate Research .

Check out our  PhD Alumni Spotlight page where recent alumni have shared their current job placements, highlights from their time at UW, and advice for current and prospective students. 

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• We welcome questions and correspondence from prospective graduate students at  [email protected]
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