abstract chemistry lab report example

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Writing a Great General Chemistry Abstract

Infographic demonstrating the parts of an abstract:.

In the infographic below, we will break down the key parts of a general chemistry abstract and then critique a three examples of abstracts and figures. *Clicking the link will open the infographic in a new tab in your browser.*

CHE Abstracts Infographic

Tips for writing your own abstract:

• What question were your trying to answer?
• Now write it as a statement instead of a question
• Avoid using phrases like “In this experiment” or “The goal of this experiment was”
• It is often easiest to start by listing all the things you did in detail to perform the experiment (this should be written down in your lab notebook).
• Now get rid of some of the details. The specific amounts (masses, volumes, etc.) used and the types of glassware or other measuring devices are generally not important. You only want to report the most important information about doing this experiment. Remember that if you aren’t sure, you can ask your lab instructor or TA to give you feedback on this step.
• Finally, condense your most important details to 1-2 sentences written in past tense (remember this experiment is already over!)
• The key result should address the goal from step 1.
• If the key result is a number, be sure to give appropriate units and significant figures.
• Write the key result as a single sentence and remember to tie it directly to the goal of the experiment.
• What was the expected result? Is your result higher, lower, or about the same as the expected result?
• If your result is higher or lower than expected, what is one possible error which could cause your result to be either higher or lower than expected?
• Write one sentence stating your comparison of the result with the expected result and no more than one sentence explaining the possible error and how this error would lead to your particular result.
• In thinking about your key result, is there a particular set of data that you collected and analyzed to find this result? If so, this data should likely be included in your figure (often a graph). If you are struggling to think about what to include in your figure, run your ideas by your TA or instructor for feedback.
• Be sure to label all axes and data in the figure appropriately and with units (if applicable). Everything should be easy to see and read.
• Caption your figure explaining what data is being shown and briefly how this data connects to the key result. Figure captions should be about 1 sentence in length.

Some additional advice on Excel, making figures, and writing abstracts:

• Excel Tips (Click for general tips on using Excel)
• Using Excel A Tutorial (Click for a guided tutorial on how to create a table, perform calculations, and create a graph in Excel)
• How to make an effective figure (Advice from Dr. Wachter on making great figures)
• Writing Abstracts CHE 1XX (Advice from Dr. Wachter on writing a general chemistry abstract)

The Laboratory Report

The Laboratory Report 1,2

Authors: M. C. Nagan and J. M. McCormick

Quick Links

Introduction

The research paper is the primary means of communication in science. The research paper presents the results of the experiment and interpretation of the data, describes the rationale and design of the experiment, provides a context for the results in terms of previous findings and assesses the overall success of the experiment(s). Scientists working in industrial laboratories do not write as many journal articles as their colleagues in academia, but they routinely write progress reports, which take the same form as a journal article. So no matter what your career goals are, it is important that you become familiar with this style of writing.

There are set rules for preparing a journal article (or a laboratory report). The style requirements vary only slightly from journal to journal, but there are far more similarities than differences in the scientific writing style.  If you are writing an article for publication in a particular journal (or preparing a laboratory report in the style of a particular journal) you should consult the Instructions to Authors section of the journal’s website (this information is also included in the journal’s first issue of each year).

There are several style guides 3, 4   and articles 5 to help scientists and students prepare their manuscripts.  The most useful of these to chemists is the American Chemical Society’s (ACS) ACS Style Guide, which may be found in the Truman library or may be purchased from the ACS web site . Because of the variation in journal styles, and the requirements for a specific course, your instructor will inform you of specific style requirements for his or her class. This guide is based on the Journal of the American Chemical Society style, 6 and is meant to provide a good starting point for writing a laboratory report.  It is not meant to be the definitive style guide; you must adjust your style to your audience and the journal in which your results will be published.

General Editorial Issues

Although we shouldn’t, all of us are swayed by first impressions.  How your paper appears to the journal editor or reviewer is their first impression of your science, and it will color their impression of your results, if you let it.  Nothing is worse than a sloppily prepared paper with no page numbers, a font that can’t be read or which is full of grammatical errors.  Remember that everyone will assume that if you did not take the time to write your paper carefully, you did not take the time to do your science carefully.

The following are some general editorial guidelines to follow that will leave a good first impression with your readers.

General Stylistic Issues

Uniformity of style is the key to scientific communication. The journal editors, the referees who review a manuscript, and the journal readers who are interested in the results presented in a paper all expect certain things to be present in a manuscript and that they are in a certain order.  Just like the sloppy-looking paper, a paper that does not adhere to the expected style reflects poorly on the author, no matter how good the science is.

Organization/Components

Sections should appear in your paper in the order described below. All sections but the title have the section explicitly labeled, usually in bold letters to differentiate it from the rest of the text, and left aligned on the page. A blank line should appear after the last word of the section to separate the various sections, but a line should not be placed after the section title.

Please note that you should not physically assemble your paper in this order. Instead, it is suggested that you compose: a) Materials and Methods, b) Figures, Figure Legends and Tables, c) Results, d) Discussion, e) Conclusions, f) Introduction and Schemes, g) Abstract, and h) Title. Then put all the sections together in the final paper in the order outlined above.

A template is available to help you organize your report.  Click here to learn more about it.

Subsections

It may be helpful to organize sections further into subsections. These subsections should have their own titles that are italicized and followed by a period.

Description of Paper Components

Title/Title Page

A title reflects the emphasis and contents of the paper. It tells the reader the paper’s topic and it also entices the reader to continue reading further. Therefore, it is not uncommon for the title to reveal the results or major conclusions of the experiment. Examples are given below. The title should be on its own page (the title page), left-aligned at the top of the page, in bold letters.  Note that in some journals the title’s font size is 2 points larger than the text (i. e., 14-point, if the rest of the paper is in a standard 12-point font).  However, this is not standardized and you should check with your instructor for which format he/she wants you to follow.

The title must be brief (2 lines maximum) and grammatically correct. Under the title, write your name and your professional address in italics ( Department of Chemistry, Truman State University, 100 East Normal, Kirksville, MO 63501 ).

The abstract is a one-paragraph summary of the paper that is written in the present tense. As the abstract is the only part of the paper that is entered into article databases, it should be able to stand alone, separate from the paper. The first one to three sentences of the abstract should briefly introduce the reader to the problem studied. Next, the scientific approach, major results and primary significance of the findings should be presented. The abstract is generally 150-200 words (less for shorter papers). This section is normally written after the body of the paper. Because the abstract is separate from the paper, all abbreviations should be written out, or defined, and any references should be written out in full.  An example of how a reference might appear in an abstract is

Note that in some journals that inclusion of the title in a reference is not required ( vide infra ).

The introduction should present the scientific problem at hand to the reader. Explain to the reader why the experiment was conducted, how it was designed and perhaps, if appropriate, what was found. Literature that is relevant should be incorporated and will help the reader understand the context of your study. A good rule of thumb is to start at the most general topic and progressively move towards the specific. Here is a general outline for an introduction:

In this section, consider including figures, schemes and equations that complement the text.

While this is similar to the information that you should have written your notebook, the introduction to a paper is different than the background that you included for an experiment (or experiments) in your notebook.  Remember that you are trying to reach a larger, more general audience with your paper, and the introduction must be structured to draw the reader in and help them focus on your important results.

Experimental

The experimental section of your paper should be a logical, coherent recount of the experiment(s) conducted. This section should be complete enough for a trained scientist to pick up your report and replicate your experiment. The experimental section in a laboratory report is more concise than the corresponding section in the laboratory notebook. It should not be a step-by-step procedure of the activities carried out during the laboratory period.

The first paragraph of the experimental section contains information on key chemicals used in the procedure.  When the chemicals are used as received, there will usually be a statement to that effect and further details are not usually necessary.   You will list the chemical supplier’s name and the substance’s purity will be noted in cases where the chemical is hard to find, it is of a special purity or if there is only one supplier.  Do not list lot numbers. If a starting material was synthesized according to a literature procedure, then state this in the opening paragraph and reference the procedure. If purification or drying of the compounds is required, it is described here, also.

The first paragraph often will also list the instruments used to characterize the newly synthesized substances. All instruments and equipment should be specified including the model number of the instrument and the name of the manufacturer (serial numbers are not included). When a spectroscopic or physical method is the focus of the report, it will be described in its own subsection. You are not required to write the experimental in this fashion. 

For common techniques, laboratory textbooks should be referenced. However, if a previously published procedure was modified, then this is stated and only the modifications performed are included. If the procedure is your own, then outline the procedure with the main points, including details that are critical to replicating the experiment. These might include the type and size of your HPLC column, the buffer or the concentrations of chemicals.

When the syntheses of substances are reported, the synthetic procedure used to make each substance is described in its own separate paragraph. The paragraph begins with the name of substance, or its abbreviation (if the abbreviation was defined earlier in the paper), in bold face. If numbers are assigned to the compounds, these are also included (in parentheses). Often the synthesis will be written out, even when a literature procedure was followed. The mass and percent yields must be reported. Some of the new compound’s characteristics are included at the end of the paragraph describing its synthesis. These include: melting point range (and literature value, if known), elemental analysis (both calculated and found), selected peaks from the mass spectrum (with assignments), selected IR peaks (also with assignments), and any NMR peaks with their chemical shift, multiplicity and integration (you will often find the observed coupling quoted and the assignment of the peaks).  The following is an example of how to report a compound’s synthesis.

The experimental section has two quirky wrinkles on the general scientific style.  These are:

In the Results section, the results are presented and summarized in a reader-friendly form. Raw data are not presented here. For instance, it is appropriate to include the average calculated concentration of a solution but not the original absorbance values that were collected from the spectrophotometer; that information is best left in your laboratory notebook.

Graphs and tables often make the data easier to interpret and more understandable (click here to review graph preparation). A graph is presented in the paper as a figure . In general, a graph or table is an appropriate representation of the data when more than 2 or 3 numbers are presented. Data that are presented in the form of a graph or table should be referred to but should not be repeated verbatim in the text as this defeats the purpose of a graph. More information on figures and  tables is presented later.

The Results section also reports comparable literature values for the properties obtained and/or calculated in the paper. Observation of trends in the numerical data is acceptable. However, interpretation of the trend should be saved for the Discussion section.

Remember, do not simply report your numerical results.  The Results section must have a narrative that describes your results.  This narrative can include a description of the data (such as spectra or data in graphs), what problems were encountered during data acquisition (and how they were resolved, or not) and a general description of how the raw data were processed to give the final results ( not a step-by-step description of everything you did).  The reader wants to know what you did, how you did it, what problems you encountered and finally what your results were.  Each of these topics must be addressed in the Results section in a way that is clear, yet concise.

This is the section where the results are interpreted. This section of the paper is analogous to a debate. You need to present your data, convince the reader of your data’s reliability and present evidence for your convictions. First, evaluate your data. Do you have good, mediocre, terrible, or un-interpretable data? Evaluate your results by comparing to literature values or other precedents. Explain what results should have been obtained and whether you obtained these expected values. Note that even if expected results were not obtained, you did not fail. Unexpected results are often the most interesting. Perhaps your hypothesis was not correct. Why is this? What new hypothesis do your data suggest? If you feel that your results are not reliable, you need to explain why. Use statistical analysis or chemical principles to support your claims. Was there a systematic error? Is the error due to the limitations of your apparatus? Does your data look the same to within a standard deviation? Evaluate the statistical significance of your data (click here to review the statistical treatment of data). After validating your data, you should interpret your results; state what you believe your results mean. How do your results help us understand the scientific problem? What do your results mean in the context of the bigger picture of chemistry, or of science? How do your results relate to the concepts outlined in the introduction? Do not assume that your experiment failed or was successful. You need to prove to the reader, with logical arguments and supporting evidence, the value of your study.

The conclusions that you wrote in your laboratory notebook are a good starting point from which to organize your thoughts.  Your paper’s discussion section is structured very similarly to the conclusions section in your notebook, and it might be good idea to review that now (click here to review the structure of the conclusions in the laboratory notebook).

Conclusions

The Conclusions section is typically a one-paragraph summary of your laboratory report. Here you summarize the goal(s) of your experiment, state whether you reached that goal, and describe briefly the implications of your study. Note that in some chemistry sub-disciplines it is acceptable to combine the Discussion and Conclusions sections. Consult your course syllabus or check with your instructor on the specific format to be used in your class.

Acknowledgements

The Acknowledgements section is where you thank anyone who helped you significantly with the project or with the manuscript. For instance, you would thank your laboratory partners if they’re not authors on the paper, anyone who helped with the design of the experiment or the preparation of the paper. You might also include funding sources such as a Truman State University summer scholarship or a National Institutes of Health grant.

Most of the ideas presented in your paper are probably not exclusively yours. Therefore, you should cite other people’s work wherever appropriate. However, you do not need to cite information that is common knowledge or is exclusively your idea. The References section is a compilation of all citations made within the paper. It is not a bibliography and therefore should not list sources that are not directly referred to in the text.

References Format

The format of references varies amongst journals. For your chemistry laboratory reports, you should follow, by default, the ACS guidelines as outlined in The ACS Style Guide and Journal of the American Chemical Society , JACS (all examples given in this handout conform to JACS format). If your professor requires you to conform to a specific journal’s format, look at articles from that journal or refer to the journal’s “Instructions to Authors.” The specifications for most ACS journals are:

Types of References

Articles . Journal articles are the primary source found in laboratory reports. An example is given below. Notice that the authors’ initials are given instead of the first and middle names. Also, there is no “and” before the last author’s name. Some journals require that the article’s title be included in the reference (check with your instructor to see if he/she wants you to use this style).  When included, the article’s title should start with a capital letter but the other words in the title, unless they are proper nouns, should not be capitalized (see below). The journal title is abbreviated (click here for a list of the ACS abbreviations for common journals). Also, the year and the comma after the year are in bold. Lastly, the reference has inclusive pagination (first and last pages are given)

The following are examples of the same journal article with the first given in style where the article’s title is included in the reference, while the second is in the style where the article’s title is omitted.

Books. Books should be cited in the following manner:

Computer Programs. Citations for computer programs vary. If a person in academia wrote the program, there is often a journal-article source. In other cases, the program is simply distributed by a company.

Websites. Journal articles are much preferred over websites. Websites are dynamic and are usually not peer reviewed. One of the only instances when a website is an acceptable reference is when it is referring to a database (however, an article is usually associated with the creation of the database). If you must use a website, the reference should include a title for the site, the author(s), year of last update and URL. It is unacceptable to use a website as a reference for scientific data or explanations of chemical processes.

Tables, Schemes and Figures

Tables, schemes and figures are all concise ways to convey your message.  As you prepare these items for your report, remember to think of your reader.  You want them to derive the maximum amount of information with the minimum amount of work. Pretend to be the reader and ask yourself, “Does this enhance my understanding?”, “Can I find everything?”, “Can I read it without being distracted?” Poorly prepared tables, schemes and figures will reflect badly on your science, and you as a scientist, so think carefully about these items as you prepare your report.

A table is a way to summarize data or ideas in a coherent, grid-like fashion. This is not simply output from a spreadsheet! You should prepare the table in a word-processor so that its formatting matches the rest of your report.  In general, tables have no more than ten rows and columns to avoid overwhelming the reader.  One common exception is in review articles (such as in Chemical Reviews ) where an author is attempting to summarize results from an entire field.  Another common exception is in the reporting of X-ray crystallography data.  These tables have their own special formatting rules, and will not be discussed here.

Tables are referred to in the text as “Table #”. Tables, schemes and figures are labeled separately, with Arabic numbers, in the order they are referred to in the paper. Tables have a table caption, which in some journals appears above the table, while in others it appears below.  In either case, the table caption is always on the same page as the table.

Don’t use lines or boxes in your table except where absolutely necessary. Use spaces between your columns instead (helpful hint: it is better to use your word processor’s table formatting tools than trying to get the columns to line up using tabs or spaces). All column or row headings should have clear subtitles and units if needed (usually in parentheses). Any numbers that are presented should have proper significant figures, and an indication of the error should be shown (click here to review how to report uncertainty in one’s data). An example table is given below.

A scheme is usually a sequence of two or more chemical reactions that together summarize a synthesis. A scheme may also show the steps in a purification with each step or reaction giving the reactants, products, catalysts, and yields.  A scheme that shows a chemical reaction may also show possible intermediates. Note that mechanisms are not usually conveyed using a scheme because they are more complicated and illustrate where electrons are proposed to move.  Mechanisms are most often placed in a figure.

It is a common convention in a scheme to write a bold number underneath chemical species referred to in the text.  Note that for the first occurrence of the bold number in the text, the chemical’s name is given, but after that only the bold number is used to identify it. This method of defining abbreviations for compounds can also be done in the experimental section, if there is no scheme.  This is very useful when a compound’s name is long or complicated.

The one-step yield is usually written to the right of the equation, although it is also proper to write the yield under the arrow.  Note also how the reaction conditions can be summarized (i. e., the first step below), which saves the reader from flipping to the experimental section for these details.

Each scheme also has a caption, which is included under the scheme.  The caption should briefly  summarize what is in the scheme.  If the scheme is from another source, the reference to this source should appear at the end of the caption.

The following is an example of a scheme that might appear in a synthetic paper.  The text below it shows how the scheme could be referred to in the body of the paper.  

Benzamide (1) was refluxed under aqueous acidic conditions for 1 hour to yield benzoic acid (2) . Acid (2) was then refluxed with SOCl 2 to yield benzoyl chloride (3) .

Sometimes a scheme may be used to illustrate a non-chemical process or how an instrument’s components are connected.  These could also be presented as figures, and there is no definitive rule that will tell you when to use a scheme and when to use a figure.  When in doubt, think of the reader and use the method that conveys the most information in the most easily understood format

Figures fall into two broad categories; those that are pictorial representations of concepts that are presented in the text, and those which summarize data. Again, it is critical to your report that your figures are clear, concise and readable, and that they support the arguments that you are making.  Remember that you must refer to and discuss every figure in the text!  If a figure is not mentioned, you don’t need it!

Figures that are pictorial representations of concepts usually appear in the Introduction , but it is also appropriate to include them in the Discussion . Use this type of figure to make your writing more concise (remember the conversion factor: 1 picture = 1 kword).  Remember, humans are very visually oriented and we can grasp complex concepts presented as picture more easily then when they are presented in words or as mathematical formulae.  Some examples of concept figures include:

Graphs are figures that present data.  You use a graph when you have more data than will fit in a table.  The general rules for preparing good figures for your notebook also apply in a laboratory report (click here to review graph preparation).  Formatting tips: do not use colored backgrounds or gridlines, and do not draw a box around the graph.

You may find it more concise to combine all your data into one graph. For example, it may be appropriate to put six lines with absorbance as a function of time, with varying concentrations of a reactant on the same graph rather than constructing six different graphs. However, when doing this, be careful not to over-clutter the graph.

Standard curves should not be included in this section unless that was the primary goal of the experiment. They should be put in the Supporting Information .

Figures have figure captions compiled in the Figure Legend section, located on a separate page at the end of the paper. Journals chose this format because of typographical issues, and it has been retained despite its inconvenience to the reader.  Each figure should appear on its own page in the order is it is discussed in the text. Figure captions appear in the Figure Legends section and do not appear on the same page as the figure. However, in the bottom, right-hand corner of the page the following identifying text appears:

Figure Legends

All figure legends (captions) should be found in the section entitled “Figure Legends”. The format for a figure legend is usually: “Figure number” (italics and bold), a short title (followed by a period) and then a description of what is in the figure. All figure legends are compiled on the same page separated by a blank line. Be sure to define in the caption any symbols used in the figure, and note whether lines that pass through data points are fits, or “guides to the eye”.

Supporting Information

This section (also known as Supplemental Material ) is where you can include information that may be helpful, but not essential, for evaluation of your data. Items in this section may include calibration curves, and spectra (from which you extracted only one absorbance value for your analysis).  Figures or tables of data whose contents were summarized in the text, or which were not critical to the conclusions, are also to be placed in the supporting information.  An example of this type of material is the table of atom positions generated in an X-ray crystal structure.

Princeton Correspondents on Undergraduate Research

How to Write An Effective Lab Report

Whether you are in lab for general chemistry, independent work, or senior thesis, almost all lab experiments will be followed up with a lab report or paper. Although it should be relatively easy to write about an experiment you completed, this is often the most difficult part of lab work, especially when the results are unexpected. In this post, I will outline the components of a lab report while offering tips on how to write one.

Understand Your Experiments Thoroughly

Before you begin writing your draft, it is important that you understand your experiment, as this will help you decide what to include in your paper. When I wrote my first organic chemistry lab report, I rushed to begin answering the discussion questions only to realize halfway through that I had a major conceptual error. Because of this, I had to revise most of what I had written so far, which cost me a lot of time. Know what the purpose of the lab is, formulate the hypothesis, and begin to think about the results you are expecting. At this point, it is helpful to check in with your Lab TA, mentor, or principal investigator (PI) to ensure that you thoroughly understand your project. 

The abstract of your lab report will generally consist of a short summary of your entire report, typically in the same order as your report. Although this is the first section of your lab report, this should be the last section you write. Rather than trying to follow your entire report based on your abstract, it is easier if you write your report first before trying to summarize it.

Introduction and Background

The introduction and background of your report should establish the purpose of your experiment (what principles you are examining), your hypothesis (what you expect to see and why), and relevant findings from others in the field. You have likely done extensive reading about the project from textbooks, lecture notes, or scholarly articles. But as you write, only include background information that is relevant to your specific experiments. For instance, over the summer when I was still learning about metabolic engineering and its role in yeast cells, I read several articles detailing this process. However, a lot of this information was a very broad introduction to the field and not directly related to my project, so I decided not to include most of it. 

This section of the lab report should not contain a step-by-step procedure of your experiments, but rather enough details should be included so that someone else can understand and replicate what you did. From this section, the reader should understand how you tested your hypothesis and why you chose that method. Explain the different parts of your project, the variables being tested, and controls in your experiments. This section will validate the data presented by confirming that variables are being tested in a proper way.

You cannot change the data you collect from your experiments; thus the results section will be written for you. Your job is to present these results in appropriate tables and charts. Depending on the length of your project, you may have months of data from experiments or just a three-hour lab period worth of results. For example, for in-class lab reports, there is usually only one major experiment, so I include most of the data I collect in my lab report. But for longer projects such as summer internships, there are various preliminary experiments throughout, so I select the data to include. Although you cannot change the data, you must choose what is relevant to include in your report. Determine what is included in your report based on the goals and purpose of your project.

Discussion and Conclusion

In this section, you should analyze your results and relate your data back to your hypothesis. You should mention whether the results you obtained matched what was expected and the conclusions that can be drawn from this. For this section, you should talk about your data and conclusions with your lab mentors or TAs before you begin writing. As I mentioned above, by consulting with your mentors, you will avoid making large conceptual error that may take a long time to address.

There is no correct order for how to write a report, but it is generally easier to write some sections before others. For instance, because your results cannot be changed, it is easier to write the results section first. Likewise, because you also cannot change the methods you used in your experiment, it is helpful to write this section after writing your results. Although there are multiple ways to write and format a lab report or research paper, the goals of every report are the same: to describe what you did, your results, and why they are significant. As you write, keep your audience and these goals in mind.

— Saira Reyes, Engineering Correspondent

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4: Formal Lab Reports

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• Page ID 126805

• Ginger Shultz
• University of Michigan

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General Information

• At the top of the report write your name, the experiment number and title, your lab section, and the names of any group members (if it was a group experiment).
• Proofread your report before turning it in. Vocabulary used in chemical laboratory reports is rarely included in spell check programs so pay particular attention to spelling.
• Double-space (or 1.5 space)
• Do not use first person tense, i.e. do not use "I".
• Write objectively, without adding personal qualifications to your analysis. Statements like "the experiment went pretty well" are not appropriate. Negative writing is not objective and should not be used. I.e. avoid making excuses for your data, rather report it as is.

The lab report should be broken into the following sections:

1. introduction.

• Should be 1-2 paragraphs in length.
• The introduction should be the T.V. guide version of the experiment. It should concisely explain to the reader what the purpose/goal of the experiment is, what general concepts are being covered, and mention any relevant laboratory techniques which are being used.
• Any good introduction, whether it be in science or fiction writing, uses a "hook". That is some bit of information or sentence that makes the reader want to keep reading. In your report this could be an interesting piece of background information.

2. Reaction Scheme

• The simple reaction scheme should include starting materials, any reagents and solvents over the reaction arrow and products.
• A reaction scheme is different from a reaction mechanism. It is a summary of the reaction, whereas a mechanism shows step-by-step what is happening using curved arrow notation.
• Use the Chemdraw chemistry drawing program for all structures in your report.

3. Experimental

• Should be written in past tense and be about 1 paragraph long (for each distinct reaction).
• Should be written in paragraph form. Do not use bulleted lists and do not include the reagents table from your lab notebook pages.
• Use proper abbreviations for amounts like grams (g), milligrams (mg), millimoles ( mmol) and millileters (mL). Note there is a space between the number and the unit.
• Use the degree symbol when reporting temperatures. A space is used between the number and the degrees sign, but not between the degrees sign and the "C". I.e. 70 ºC .
• All decimal number should have a leading zero before the decimal place (0.5 rather than .5). This is true for tables and calculations in your lab notebook as well.
• Use superscripts and subscripts appropriately.
• Do not use too many details in your experimental section. Things that would be common knowledge for the experimenter, like using a thermometer to make temperature readings, can be left out. Things like extractions are done by chemists every day so details like what layer was aqueous vs. organic are not necessary. A simple sentence such as "the product was extracted from acidic aqueous solution into diethyl ether" is sufficient.
• When giving TLC developing solvents, give them in ratios like 1:1 or 3:2, the actual volume is unimportant.
• The following is an example of an experimental section:

Ethyl 4-methoxycinnamate : 4-methoxycinnamic acid (0.60 g, 3.36 mmol) was dissolved in dry N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) in a 25 mL round-bottomed flask. Cesium carbonate (1.65 g, 5.06 mmol) followed by iodoethane (1.0 mL, 12.5 mmol) were added. The flask was vigorously stirred and slightly heated at 50 ºC for 1 hour. The product was cooled to room temperature and extracted with a 3:1 solution of hexanes:ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with MgSO 4 , and solvent removed by rotary evaporation. The crude product was recrystallized with 95% ethanol to yield a white solid (0.41 g, 2.30 mmol, 68% yield). 1 H NMR (100 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ7.66 (d, 1H, 3 J = 16.0 Hz), 7.49 (d, 2H, 3 J = 8.8 Hz), 6.91 (d, 2H, 3 J = 8.8 Hz) 6.31 (d, 1H, 3 J = 16.0 Hz), 4.26 (q, 2H, 3 J = 7.2 Hz), 3.84 (s, 3H), 1.35 (t, 3H, 3 J=7.2 Hz). IR (solid KBr, cm -1 ) ν 3406, 2959, 2933, 2874, 1711, 1636, 1605.

Reporting spectral data: in NMR the first character in paranthesis refers to the splitting (i.e. d = doublet, t = triplet etc.), the second character refers to the integration (.e. 2H means this signal corresponds to 2 hydrogents in the compound), and the final character refers to the coupling constant. If the coupling constant is note determined it need not be reported here. For IR spectroscopy you need only list those peaks which fall into the functional group region (i.e. 4000-1500 cm -1 ) unless a peak in the fingerprint region can be easily identified and is useful in identifying the structure.

4. Results and Discussion

• THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT SECTION IN THE REPORT
• An effective discussion should uniquely define your experiment while also demonstrating your abiility to select the appropriate data to include, to discuss your understanding of the results in the context of the overall experiment, and to think critically and write logically.
• Should be written in past tense and be 1-2 pages in length.
• Critically discuss your data. The majority of points in this section will be given based on your ability to write logically and to interpret your data appropriately. Talk about any data you were able to collect even if if it is just a TLC plate. If you were unable to obtain data like an IR spectrum, do not go into detail as to why it was unobtainable. A simple statement about poor yielding reaction or time constraints is sufficient. Instead, discuss what you would have expected to see if one were taken.
• Whenever possible you should look up the IR and/or NMR spectra for your starting material and product. These literature spectra should be used in discussion to confirm that the product was made or in identifying an unknown compound (experiments 1, 2 and 5).
• If you attach an IR spectrum, it should be labeled, referenced, and discussed in the report. Simply giving results without discussing, explaining, analyzing them is not sufficient.

5. Conclusion

• Should be written in present or past tense and be 1 paragraph in length.
• Highlight the important results. I.e. was the desired product was obtained and in good purity? if not, explain why.
• How might the experiment be improved if you could do it again?

6. References

• Any outside information that is used in the report should be appropriately cited and arranged in a bibliography at the end of the report.
• Citations and bibliography should be formatted consistently.
• Journals are abbreviated:
• Last name, first initial.; last name, first intitial. Journal . Year , volume , pages.

i.e. Deno, N. C.; Richey, H.G.; Liu, J.S.; Lincoln, D.N.; Turner, J.O. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965 , 87 , 4533-4538.

• J. Am. Chem. Soc. – Journal of the American Chemical Society
• J. Phys. Chem. – Journal of Physical Chemistry
• J. Phys. Chem. A – Journal of Physical Chemistry (A, B, or C)
• J. Org. Chem. – Journal of Organic Chemistry
• Org. Lett. – Organic Letters
• Phys. Rev. Lett. – Physical Review Letters
• Tetrahedron – Tetrahedron
• Tetrahedron Lett. – Tetrahedron Letters
• Acc. Chem. Res. – Accounts of Chemical Research
• Author, if available. Title of page as listed on site. Address of page (date accessed).

i.e. SDBS: IR (Liquid Film), benzene. http://riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/direct_frame_top.cgi (accessed Apr 2008).

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Chemistry Lab Resources (for CHM 1XX and 2XX Labs)

• Organizing Your Lab Notebook
• Parts of a Lab Report
• Writing Your Lab Report/Worksheet
• Graphs/Tables
• Common Calculations
• Citing Sources
• Finding Chemical Properties
• Lab techniques, instrumentation, and protocols
• Chemical Safety

General tips

Whether you are filling out lab worksheets or writing up entire lab reports, there are a few tips that will help you to create more detailed and professional documents and to assist in grading:

• Always label your units
• Show all of your calculations (don’t leave out steps)
• Use complete sentences
• Write neatly
• Strike out mistakes with a single line
• Be aware of significant figures, noting the sensitivity of the device you are using for your measurements

Why do we write lab reports in passive voice?

It’s part of the scientific point of view.  We observe and record as objectively as possible, avoiding personal bias by removing ourselves.  Using the passive voice also clarifies procedures and descriptions so they can be easily reproduced and compared.

NOTE: DO NOT write reports as directions, such as those given in your lab manual. For example, do not write, "Heat the solution until it boils." Instead, write "The solution was heated to boiling."

Write in the third person - Scientific experiments demonstrate facts that do not depend on the observer, therefore, reports should avoid using the first and second person (I,me,my,we,our, OR us.)

Using the correct verb tense - Lab reports and research papers should be mainly written in the present tense. You should limit the use of the past tense to (1) describe specific experimental methods and observations, and (2) citing results published in the past.

Tables and Figures - Should be used when they are a more efficient ways to convey information than verbal description. They must be independent units, accompanied by explanatory captions that allow them to be understood by someone who has not read the text.

Writing in the passive voice

Examples of passive voice in lab reports.

200mL of distilled water was poured into a 500 mL beaker.

I poured 200mL of distilled water in a beaker. (active voice)

Pour 200mL water in a beaker. (direction/command)

The covered crucible was mounted on a ring stand.

We put the crucible on a ring stand. (active voice)

Set the crucible on a ring stand. (direction/command)

The temperature was initially measured at 75°C.

I measured the temperature at 75°C. (active voice)

Measure and write down the temperature. (direction/command)

It's understood that all actions were done by the experimenter.

Avoiding Plagiarism

• Avoiding Plagiarism From Purdue's OWL

Passive voice information derived from original work at Delta College Teaching/Learning Center

http://www.delta.edu/files/TLC/Writing%20Lab%20Reports%2009.doc

Writing a Lab Report

Purdue students explain strategies for dividing the workload for writing a lab report.

Sample Lab Reports

• Determination of the Alcohol Content of Whiskey [Courtesy of Univ. of Oregon]
• Synthesis and Characterization of Luminol [Courtesy of Truman State Univ.]
• Production of Biodiesel [Courtesy of Univ. of Vermont]
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WashU Libraries

Chemistry writing resources, starting a lab report or research paper, general writing style information, parts of research paper or report.

• Citations and References
• Return to Main Chemistry Guide

To get started writing a research paper or laboratory report, it is important to consider if you have enough data or enough information to compose a paper.  Additionally, it is also important to consider what you want you want to report and how to report it--clear communication of results is crucial when discussing the experiments. 

This American Chemical Society (ACS) blog post on  How to Write a Research Paper provides some general guidelines to determine when to write a paper and how to get started when it comes to reporting and communicating the results of an experiment or experiments.

Every discipline has a style and format that is used for scholarly communication, and chemistry as a field has a certain format for papers as well as a a style of writing that developed as the field itself grew and information was shared and published.

General Style and Writing Guidelines:

• Chemistry is always written in the third person, in the past-tense and passive voice. 
• Pronouns like "I", "We", and "Us" are not typically used
• Be succinct when describing observations and processes
• It is not necessary to provide detailed descriptions of standard practices or techniques. 

For information on specific sections that might appear in a scholarly article or laboratory report you may wish to go to the next section in this guide that provides a summary on all the different Parts of A Research Paper and provides links to articles that provide significant detail regarding the style and content for each major section.

Note: While the resources in the guide are meant to help, it is always important to follow the guidelines of the publication or course instructor that you are writing for.

Adapted from information found in Chapter 2 of the ACS Style Guide

Additional resources and information on each sections are also provided from the journal Clinical Chemistry from the section of their journal "Guide To Scientific Writing." Click on the title for a direct link to the PDF or use the corresponding citation for each article to view the online version. All articles are open access articles.

The title should be brief and specific enough to clearly communicate the contents of the paper/research, but should not be overly technical.

• Clinical Chemistry -Guide to Scientific Writing: The Title Says it All

Thomas M Annesley, The Title Says It All, Clinical Chemistry , Volume 56, Issue 3, 1 March 2010, Pages 357–360, https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2009.141523

The byline or list of authors includes all individuals that contributed in a substantial manner to the research being reported.

Generally, the person that did the research is listed as the first author of the paper and names are traditionally formatted as "first name, middle initial, and surname"

The abstract should provide an informative and brief summary of what is written in the paper, and should allow for a reader to quickly understand the nature/purpose of the research, the methods used, the results observed, and any major conclusions that came from the research.

• Clinical Chemistry -Guide to Scientific Writing: The Abstract and the Elevator Talk: A Tale of Two Summaries

Thomas M Annesley, The Abstract and the Elevator Talk: A Tale of Two Summaries, Clinical Chemistry , Volume 56, Issue 4, 1 April 2010, Pages 521–524, https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2009.142026

An introduction puts the experiment or research into context; it should provide background regarding the question or problem being explored and using applicable scientific literature and references help explain why the question being answered or the research being pursued is relevant and/or important.

• Clinical Chemistry -Guide to Scientific Writing: It was a cold and rainy night”: Set the Scene with a Good Introduction

Thomas M Annesley, “It was a cold and rainy night”: Set the Scene with a Good Introduction, Clinical Chemistry , Volume 56, Issue 5, 1 May 2010, Pages 708–713, https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.143628

Depending upon the publication or style, this section has many different possible names; chose the correct name for the section based upon the publication to which the research is being submitted or the laboratory report is meant to emulate. 

This section should provide information regarding the techniques used in answering your research question and should say HOW the research question was probed or answered with enough information that another practitioner in the field could reproduce the experiment and results.  In order to accomplish these goals, the experimental section should  identify the materials used and must also provide sufficient details about characterization methods, experimental procedures, or any apparatus used  that is not standard for the field.

• Clinical Chemistry -Guide to Scientific Writing: Who, What, When, Where, How, and Why: The Ingredients in the Recipe for a Successful Methods Section

Thomas M Annesley, Who, What, When, Where, How, and Why: The Ingredients in the Recipe for a Successful Methods Section, Clinical Chemistry , Volume 56, Issue 6, 1 June 2010, Pages 897–901, https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.146589

The data collected or the results of the research/experiment are presented and summarized in this section often using graphs, tables, or equations.  When dealing with a large amount of data, the results section provides a summary while additional results or data can be included in a supporting information section. 

It is important to remember that in this section, the results are NOT put into context nor are the results or observations explained. 

• Clinical Chemistry -Guide to Scientific Writing: Show Your Cards: The Results Section and the Poker Game

Thomas M Annesley, Show Your Cards: The Results Section and the Poker Game, Clinical Chemistry , Volume 56, Issue 7, 1 July 2010, Pages 1066–1070, https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.148148

• Clinical Chemistry -Guide to Scientific Writing: If an IRDAM Journal Is What You Choose, Then Sequential Results Are What You Use

              IRDAM = Introduction, Results, Discussion, Methods in terms of order of sections. Many ACS Journals follow this format!

              IMRAD = Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion in terms of order of sections

Pamela A Derish, Thomas M Annesley, If an IRDAM Journal Is What You Choose, Then Sequential Results Are What You Use, Clinical Chemistry , Volume 56, Issue 8, 1 August 2010, Pages 1226–1228, https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.150961

The discussion section highlights and interprets the results or data obtained and explains how the resulting data relates to the original research question.  It explains how and why the results obtained  are significant.  It is appropriate to examine and explain why the results were observed and why the data was interpreted in a specific way. This is also the section where additional research or further work regarding the research question can be stated.

The results and the discussion can be presented as a combined "Results and Discussion" section if it makes sense to do so.

• Clinical Chemistry -Guide to Scientific Writing: The Discussion Section: Your Closing Argument

Thomas M Annesley, The Discussion Section: Your Closing Argument, Clinical Chemistry , Volume 56, Issue 11, 1 November 2010, Pages 1671–1674, https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.155358 '

Figures and tables should be included in the Results or the Results and discussion section and should support, clarify, and make your work more clear through a visual, organized, representation of the data collected.

• Clinical Chemistry -Guide to Scientific Writing: Put Your Best Figure Forward: Line Graphs and Scattergrams

Thomas M Annesley, Put Your Best Figure Forward: Line Graphs and Scattergrams, Clinical Chemistry , Volume 56, Issue 8, 1 August 2010, Pages 1229–1233, https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.150060

• Clinical Chemistry -Guide to Scientific Writing: Bars and Pies Make Better Desserts than Figures

Thomas M Annesley, Bars and Pies Make Better Desserts than Figures, Clinical Chemistry , Volume 56, Issue 9, 1 September 2010, Pages 1394–1400, https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.152298

• Clinical Chemistry -Guide to Scientific Writing: Bring Your Best to the Table

Thomas M Annesley, Bring Your Best to the Table, Clinical Chemistry , Volume 56, Issue 10, 1 October 2010, Pages 1528–1534, https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.153502

The conclusion provides a brief summary of what was accomplished in a manner similar to the abstract, but the conclusion should specifically address how the results of the research relate back to the original question or problem.

A list of the published works that were cited in the paper or report using the proper citation and reference format for the field and publication (e.g. citing and providing a reference list using the American Chemical Society guidelines).

• Clinical Chemistry -Guide to Scientific Writing: Giving Credit: Citations and References

Thomas M Annesley, Giving Credit: Citations and References, Clinical Chemistry , Volume 57, Issue 1, 1 January 2011, Pages 14–17, https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.158048

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• Phoenix College

Lab Report Writing

• Lab Report Format
• Lab Report Style

Test Yourself (Lab Report Title)

• Introduction
• Materials and Methods
• Discussion/Conclusion

One really nice thing about writing lab reports is that they almost always follow a very specific format, so there's no question about what information goes first, second, third, etc. Lab reports generally have seven main parts:

• Discussion or Conclusion
• References or Works Cited

Title The title is a brief summary of the main ideas in the paper. It should be between 5 and 12 words long. If you studied a particular species in your experiment, make sure you include that in the title. If the study was a field study done in a specific location, that should also be mentioned. The title should have enough details that any person could read it and know just what the study was about. But you don't need too many details, since you'll be talking about them in the paper itself. For example, a study on the numbers of bird species found in Phoenix parks might be called "Species of birds in Phoenix city parks." It's very simple and to the point.

Imagine you did an experiment in which you grew five different groups of rose bushes, and each group received a different amount of fertilizer.  Which of the following would be the best title for this lab report?

a. The effect of fertilizer on the growth of rose bushes. b. Rose bushes with large amount of fertilizer grow better than rose bushes with small amount of fertilizer. c. Plants and fertilizer.

A This title is short and to the point, with just the right amount of detail.

Click on the question, to see the answer.

The abstract is a short summary of the main ideas found in the lab report. It should include 1) the purpose of the study or the question being addressed by the study, 2) the procedures used in the study, 3) the major results of the study, and 4) any conclusions drawn by the author(s). The abstract should generally be between 100 and 200 words in length.

Over the past few decades, land-use and climate change have led to substantial range contractions and species extinctions. <Purpose of Study. Even more dramatic changes to global land cover are projected for this century. This study used the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios to evaluate the exposure of all 8,750 land bird species to projected land-cover changes due to climate and land-use change . <Procedures used in study. For this first baseline assessment, the authors assumed stationary geographic ranges that may overestimate actual losses in geographic range. Even under environmentally benign scenarios, at least 400 species are projected to suffer >50% range reductions by the year 2050 (over 900 by the year 2100). Although expected climate change effects at high latitudes are significant, species most at risk are predominately narrow-ranged and endemic to the tropics, where projected range contractions are driven by anthropogenic land conversions . <Results of Study.  Most of these species are currently not recognized as imperiled. The causes, magnitudes, and geographic patterns of potential range loss vary across socioeconomic scenarios, but all scenarios (even the most environmentally benign ones) result in large declines of many species. Whereas climate change will severely affect biodiversity, in near future, land-use change in tropical countries may lead to yet greater species loss. A vastly expanded reserve network in the tropics, coupled with more ambitious goals to reduce climate change, will be needed to minimize global extinctions . <Conclusion that authors have drawn.

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How to Structure an Abstract for a Lab Report (With Examples)

Introduction.

Suppose you are a researcher working on your Literature Review, and you have tons of lab reports to go through as you seek relevant materials from previous research. As such, the quickest way to evaluate the relevance of various lab reports published in your area of study is by reading the papers’ description (Commonly known as the lab report abstract).

A good lab report abstract acts as the sales page of your research paper. It is a concise summary of your research as it explains your intent, the significance of your study, your data handling and analysis methods, and the significant results of your experiment. Remember that the not so important information goes to the appendix. The laboratory report abstract describes the entire research paper in three hundred or fewer words. As such, whether you will convince readers to read your entire laboratory report is dependent on whether you have a good abstract or otherwise.

Pro Tip Before You Proceed: Always write your lab report’s abstract last. Many students get stuck with writing their research papers because they don’t know what to write in their abstract section (because it comes immediately after the title or contents page and immediately before your introduction page). However, research has proved that you are better placed to write an abstract after interacting with your data, clearly explaining your methods section, and having a comprehensive knowledge of the information contained in your paper.

Tips for writing a laboratory report abstract.

Follow these tips as you write your abstract for a lab report:

• Write your lab report in the third person point of view (The “researcher observed” in place of “I observed.”
• Present your lab report abstract in the past tense (“The researcher analyzed the enzyme activity,” which is in the past tense instead of “The researcher will observe” which is in the future tense, or “The researcher is observing,” which is in the present tense
• Give the background information of your lab experiment (Explain the relationship between the existing knowledge on your topic and what your experiment aims at solving)
• Choose your preferred lab report abstract model and stick to its specific guidelines paying particular attention to the word count (Check lab report abstract types in a few paragraphs)
• Place your abstract section immediately before the introduction page.
• Write your lab report abstract in continuous prose.

4 Basic Components of a Lab Report Abstract

Colleges and universities insist on well-written lab report abstracts that are clear, concise, and give a comprehensive summary of your entire lab report. Your abstract comes immediately after the title page, and it is the first section where prospective readers of your lab report check the essential aspects of your work.

Your lab report should answer the following questions regardless of the type of lab report you are writing:

Why did you Do the Experiment?

You probably are doing the scientific investigation because your university professor requires you to research and present your findings in a research paper. Nevertheless, students who do not give reasons that are beyond curriculum requirements are likely to fail.   

On the other hand, students who give a detailed description of how their experiment tests a scientific challenge are more likely to score highly on their lab report. Additionally, such research papers are read widely mainly because they have informational abstracts. Finally, a good laboratory abstract explains why you chose to carry out the experiment and why you think it is significant.

  Why was Your Experiment Important?

When writing your abstract, ask yourself, what is the significance of this study? How do my key findings enhance scientific reasoning?

The primary aim of scientific research is to enhance knowledge. Any prospective reader of your work will evaluate your paper with reference to how much new information your experiment generated. You, therefore, should ensure that your abstract clearly explains why the investigation is essential.

  What are Your Key Findings?

Your results section determines what your key findings are. How are they related to your hypothesis? Key findings report the behaviour of your raw data during the experiment. Suppose you did an experiment that involved boiling. In that case, you would state the change in temperature, and the increased motion of particles, among other changes.  

  Major Conclusions of Your Lab Investigation  

 A person looking for new materials to add to their research is more likely to read your lab report if you write an abstract that explains the new knowledge you gathered from your experiment. When writing an abstract, it would help if you state your conclusion, based on the results you got after using scientific methods to evaluate raw data, subjecting your samples through the experiment procedure, and analyzing the results. Sometimes, it is always important to back up the methods you used by citing them using APA or MLA styles.

Pro Tip Before You Proceed: As you write an abstract, it would help if you considered the limited number of words at your disposal. As such, your abstract should make references to your project without having to give away the contents of the entire project.

Types of lab report abstracts.

There are three major types of abstracts in academic writing:

• Descriptive Abstract
• Informative Abstract
• Critical Abstract

  Descriptive Abstract

A descriptive abstract describes the key points of your paper without giving away the results or conclusions of your experiment. It, however, explains why you did your research, why the investigation is essential, and the scope of your work. A descriptive abstract whets the reader’s appetite to read the entire lab report.

Descriptive abstracts are relatively short and can barely exceed a 100-word limit (. As such, you have no space to provide judgment of the project; it is essentially an outline of your experiment’s report.

Informational Abstract

An informative abstract is similar to a descriptive abstract, only that it is more detailed. It makes references to the results and conclusions of your experiment in addition to the purpose, significance, and scope of your investigation. An Informational abstract also makes a brief reference to your recommendations regarding the topic of research.

The significant advantage of writing an informational abstract is that it provides a self-contained summary of your lab report and attracts readers who thoroughly know the paper’s content. On the other hand, this abstract writing method gives away too much detail, and some (lazy) researchers may sample abstract information and fail to read the entire lab report.

  Critical Abstracts

As the word ‘critical’ denotes, a critical lab report abstract only makes sense when evaluating your project critically. Critical abstracts compare your research to other papers in your field. This lab report abstract states how valid, reliable, or complete your significant findings are. Critics of this model claim that the extraneous information could make readers draw conclusions about the lab report before reading its content.

You might want to check our guide on citing book chapters or even the bible , haha, if you intend to critically evaluate others will referencing their work.

  Lab Report Abstract Samples

Lab Report Abstract Example 1

  The experiment was conducted to observe and investigate the effect of fluid flow rate in the bed’s pressure drop. The data obtained is used to calculate the theoretical pressure drop compared with the practical pressure drop. An experimental or percentage error is also made to evaluate the theoretical value’s closeness from the one obtained in the experiment. Ergun concepts were used to calculate the pressure drops in air and water fluid flow experiments. The fluidization practical or experiment’s main aim was to investigate the characteristics and behaviour associated with fluids (water and then air) being forced to flow vertically from the bottom through a bed of granular material. Other experimental objectives included determining the head loss (pressure drop) as a fluid flow rate function.

Additionally, Verifying the Carman-Kozeny equation and its application as a prediction tool for the onset of fluidization, observe when fluidization begins to occur, and differentiate various characteristics associated with fluidized and fixed beds. Additionally, the experiment requires us to compare the predicted onset of fluidization with the measured pressure drop. Determining the bed height as a function of fluid velocity was the final experimental objective.

The above lab report sample is short yet informative. The abstract clearly states the objectives of the assignment, the scientific method used in the calculations and, the possibility of error is stated. This is an example of a well-written descriptive abstract, and you can use this method to write an abstract.

Abstract Example 2

The purpose of this experiment was to study the tensile properties of two samples. The tensile properties being inspected were the modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio. One of the samples was made of steel, and the other aluminum. The test was conducted using an INSTRON tensile testing machine. The samples were gripped between the two jaws of the device. Power was then supplied to the machine to increase the distance between the two jaws, thus stretching the sample. An input panel connected to the machine was used to set values of loads applied to the samples. Two VISHAY strain gauges are mounted on the sample. One was mounted axially, and the other was mounted transversely with respect to the direction of loading. These strain gauges were connected to a VISHAY strain indicator box which gave out readings of the strains being sensed by the strain gauges. The modulus of elasticity was 3 × 107 psi for the steel sample and 9 × 106 psi for the aluminum sample. Poisson’s ratio is 0.271 for the steel sample and 0.332 for the aluminum sample.

This informative lab report abstract sample is, as the name sounds, packed with details of the experiment, and the scientific method used and includes the background information of the experiment. The writer uses the abstract to explain the entire procedure used and even provides the significant results of the investigation.

Abstract Example 3

  Purpose: Staphylococcus aureus has become resistant to most antibiotics. The most notorious strain is the methicillin-resistant Staph aureus (MRSA). This paper reports an experiment that was carried out to determine the gene profiles of the virulence factors of the two strains of MRSA, CA-MRSA, and HA-MRSA and the differences in antibiotic susceptibility between the two strains.

Methods: The study was conducted using two isolates of MRSA, MRSA 522 and FPR 3757. The genes coding for virulence factors in the two strains were identified and quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The antibiotic susceptibility of the two strains was tested using the EUCAST disk diffusion test and the E-test. The EUCAST test is only qualitative and was used to group antibiotics as resistant, intermediate, or susceptible to a particular antibiotic. The E test was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using a gentamicin strip.

Results: MRSA 252 isolate gave positive results for the mecA gene and negative results for the PVL gene, while FPR 3757 gave positive results for the PVL gene and negative results for the mecA gene. MRSA 252 was susceptible to ciprofloxacin. FPR 3757 was susceptible to gentamicin, cefoxitin, fusidic acid, ciprofloxacin, and rifampin. Both strains were resistant to erythromycin. MRSA 252 was also resistant to gentamicin, cefoxitin, and rifampin. The minimum inhibitory concentration of MRSA 252 was higher than that of FPR 3757.

Conclusion: MRSA 252 is an HA-MRSA strain because the mecA gene occurs predominantly in HA-MRSA, while FPR 3757 is a CA-MRSA strain because the gene for PVL is mainly expressed in CA-MRSA. CA-MRSA is less resistant to antibiotics than HA-MRSA.

This is another example of an informative abstract, only that the writer clearly labels the various parts of a lab report abstract. Notice how the ‘subheadings’ – Purpose, Methods, Results, and Conclusion are highlighted? You can also utilize this method to write an abstract. However, it would help if you were careful not to dwell too much on one section, as you sometimes have a word limit when writing an abstract for a lab report.

Abstract Example 4

In construction projects, the geotechnical design is an essential operation conducted before the actual construction begins. The geotechnical survey is done to determine soil properties and the appropriate foundation that can be applied for the project. A Pile foundation is an alternative foundation that can be used for the deep foundation where topsoil is weak and hence, unable to accommodate the load from a structure. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how piles are designed and laboratory tests on the soil before designing the pile. In this report, the design of the pile in both clay and sand soils is discussed. The information constitutes the methodology and procedure, including the results obtained in the laboratory when testing piles in both sand and clay soils. Besides, graphs and charts have been drawn to illustrate piles’ different behaviour when exposed to other loading conditions. The equipment and apparatus used in carrying out the test have also been discussed in the report.

Students may also choose to explain the background of their investigation in the abstract section of their paper. The above abstract for a lab report clearly explains why the experiment is essential, makes a brief reference to how the research findings will be used, and even the methodology and the procedure for the investigation.

Abstract Example 5

The fluidization practical or experiment’s main aim was to investigate the characteristics and behaviour associated with fluids (water and then air) being forced to flow vertically from the bottom through a bed of granular material. Other experimental objectives included determining the head loss (pressure drop) as a fluid flow rate function. Additionally, Verifying the Carman-Kozeny equation and its application as a prediction tool for the onset of fluidization, observe when fluidization begins to occur, and differentiate various characteristics associated with fluidizer and fixed beds. Additionally, the experiment requires us to compare the predicted onset of fluidization with the measured pressure drop. Determining the bed height as a function of fluid velocity was the final experimental objective.

If you prefer descriptive abstracts for your lab reports, then you can adopt the above method. This abstract for a lab report clearly explains all lab report sections using the least possible number of words. The writer combines the investigation methods used for the investigation and the significance of the experiment to entice the reader to read through the entire paper.

Writing Perfect Lab Report Abstracts Depends on Practice

You should write (and read) as many lab report abstracts as you can. Students make the mistake of waiting until they are tasked with an experiment before starting to learn how to write a good abstract. You may, for example, go through your school’s library and read all the lab report abstracts on your area of study. Remember that each abstract should be original, and this can be achieved by methods such as paraphrasing .

Finally, it would help if you carefully considered the instructions your supervisors or teachers recommend and stick to the writing style. For instance, if your supervisor prefers informational abstracts, ensure that you provide specific details related to the particular type. Additionally, avoid mixing multiple styles when writing an abstract for a lab report, as you may end up leaving essential information or making your work seem disorganized.

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The academic scenario is transforming rapidly. The dynamics of education are not only changing the way of educating students but also altering the learning style. Students now depend on expert recommendations, academic support, and comprehensive guides for homework, assignments, creative and scientific writing tasks rather than suggestions.

Considering the challenges and failure of scientific writing in students, academic experts have conducted several studies on the challenges of chemistry lab reports writing. These studies revealed facts indicating problem statements of writing a lab report chemistry.

In this article, our team has given a comprehensive guide with tips explaining how to write a chemistry lab report for those who are facing difficulty in scientific writing. 

Chemistry Lab Reports- What Is It?

A chemistry lab report is a paper written with all the information about an experiment done in the lab. This scientific writing includes theory, instruments used for it, process, calculations, and results. Sometimes, it also states the background information for contextual purposes, if necessary.

Lab report chemistry plays a significant role in academics as it contains detailed explanations of experiments that indicate students’ grasp of the subject, conceptual clarity, and problem-solving efficiency. It is a method of documenting and interpreting all the data and communicating the outcome collected throughout your experiment.     

Comprehensive Guide On How To Do A Lab Report For Chemistry

In this guide, you will get extensive details on how to make a lab report for chemistry by following the right process and formats. Following this guide helps students to understand how to write a formal lab report for chemistry. Here, we will start with formats and the process for your lab report help to ensure that you get detailed information about acing scientific writing.  

Chemistry Lab Report Example

How To Write An Abstract For Chemistry Lab Report

Abstracts concisely summarize the entire experiment and aim to introduce the reader to the research’s purpose. It’s essential to identify the purpose of the research and present it clearly and precisely to create an effective abstract. Although abstracts are typically the first paragraph of a lab report, they should be written last. It’s important to note that not all lab reports require an abstract, but they are commonly included in more advanced reports and should be studied thoroughly. When writing an abstract, you should be able to answer the below-mentioned questions:

• Why have you done the research or experimented?
• What is the problem that has been addressed here?
• What are the results you have found from the experiment?
• What is the meaning of the results or its interpretation?
• If the problem is better understood now than before, how?

How to Write An Introduction For A Lab Report Chemistry

If you are writing the introduction of a lab report, you should present your concept and provide background information as well. Clearly communicate your purpose for experimenting. Ensure you convey the experiment’s relevance/importance to your readers. 

Make lists of parameters and mathematical formulas used for obtaining data. Explain all these parameters in detail that are being measured in your experiment. Identify the variables while discussing figures and tables in different experiment steps. It’s also suggested to include all the data and relevant information with which you have started your experimentation.  

Your chem lab report introduction is not complete without your predictions. Ensure you incorporate your hypothesis in the introduction to convince your audience that this experiment holds significance to science.

Lastly, it would be best to remember that while you pen down your lab reports, you must use the first person as you have experimented and explain the purpose in the past tense. However, experts recommend keeping the background information in the present tense.

How To Write A Procedure For A Chemistry Lab Report

The procedure also may be called methods and materials in scientific writing. When documenting your procedure, make sure it’s precise yet straightforward. As the name suggested, split your procedure into three parts. 

1st, Accumulate information about the technical equipment: Since you have experimented, mention all the specialized equipment you used during your research. You should discuss all the technical means that helped you during this process of the experiment. 

2nd, Explain the theoretical and experiment parts in detail: Remember both the theoretical part and its experiment are closely related. Theoretical knowledge helps to develop reasoning skills, while experiments help you to analyze different aspects of theoretical knowledge other than building solid understanding and sharpening your problem-solving skills. In this part, note down only your experiment’s verified, reliable, and relevant information. If you are being enquired about the specific data, make sure you have your explanations ready. 

3rd, Data analysis is a significant part of the experimental method: If we talk about the learning process, the theoretical knowledge is incomplete without the experimental process due to its detailed data analysis and calculations. Accompanying calculated values interprets the results of your experiments. The reason makes the data analysis extremely significant for scientific writing. Thus, experts suggest students conclude the result after this step. 

It’s always better for college students to give sufficient information to replicate the experiment but ensure it does not become extraneous. Be cautious while including common steps. You can exclude them if it’s just for recording or labeling data assuming that your audience is from the scientific community. They have enough sense regarding the particular subject. If yours is a multi-layered experiment that has numerous steps, you can consider making different subheadings within the procedure. It gives clarity and makes the entire procedure well-explained. 

Chemistry Lab Report Example University- How to Write Result 

The next step of the chemistry lab report is the output section of the experiment, popularly known as the “Result.” It is the section where the interpretation of figures and tables takes place. One of the important aspects is establishing the relevance of figures and tables with titles and explanations.

It not only gives your audience clarity but also convinces them about the relevancy of your experiment. Whenever you start the “Result” section, make sure that you put all your figures & tables right before the text portion. 

Our team of experts has inserted a chemistry lab report example here to ensure that you get a fair understanding.  If you feel that you need help to craft the lab report precisely, you can also turn to seasoned Homework Help USA experts in Instasolving .   

Once you have given all your data in the first section, you must put all the written results underneath your figures/tables. As per your experimental procedure, you can write one or more than two paragraphs to describe your analytical output from the data. Explain the figures, tables, and means to replicate the extract of the experiment that you are trying to communicate.

Our chemistry homework help experts suggest students refer to the data sets you have mentioned above of the written result. It enables your audience to identify what you are indicating & they get clarity to identify the patterns of your experiment. For multiple tables/figures, you can identify them with numeric values as Table 1 or Figure 1. It could help you sort the written explanation for the respective figure/table. 

When conducting an experiment, it is crucial to identify any potential sources of error and suggest improvements that could be made for future experiments you are planning to conduct. It’s always helpful to list the sources of error separately from the suggested improvements for problem-solving.

It also assists instructors in refining the experiment for future use. One more thing you should follow; avoid making interpretations based on the data collected here. Keep the interpretation for the conclusion or discussion section of the experiment.

An Overview- How To Write A Chemistry Lab Conclusion

Begin your discussion section by restating the purpose of your experiment. In this section, you interpret the data and explain its significance concerning your research question. Referring to the figures and tables throughout this section to illustrate how the results contribute to your overall conclusions is essential.

Additionally, you can acknowledge any possible discrepancies or errors that may have occurred during your experimenting period. You should also state whether your results support or refute your original predictions or hypothesis and explain why. Drawing on concepts can be helpful as it supports your conclusions. The present tense is generally preferred when discussing scientific concepts, while the past tense is used when referring to your own work.

3 Important Aspects of Chemistry Lab Report Students Must Not Forget

Data Insertion and Interpretation:  One of the important aspects of a chemistry lab report is its data insertion and its accurate interpretation. Organize your data in a logical order through tables, graphs, and charts. Every table or figure should have a distinct title and include labels for its columns, rows, and axes. Once you have processed the data, it becomes essential to interpret the collected information. Establishes the relevance of experiments with those data and discusses noteworthy trends, patterns, and relationships. Highlight if you have any significant or unexpected observations during your experiments.   

Troubleshooting and Error Analysis:  The authors discuss the error identification, analysis, and troubleshooting in the results of their lab report.   Troubleshooting activity has several steps, including stating problems, listing possibilities, checking out data, eliminating explanations, and identifying the cause. On the other hand, error analysis is a three-step procedure: error propagation, measurement of the errors, and comparison with accepted values.   Discussing common experimental errors and troubleshooting makes your chemistry lab report extremely impactful. 

Safety and Environmental Considerations:  Nobody will tell you about this point, but if you can include how you have maintained these safety considerations, your lab report will grab you more marks than your classmates. Mention how you have handled hazardous materials and chemicals in the safest manner possible while doing your experiments. Discuss which safety procedures you have taken to discard those materials. Talking about these laboratory safety and environmental impacts adds value and impresses professors.

How To Write A Post Lab Report For Chemistry

Why Collaboration and Group Work For Chemistry Lab Report Hold Significance? 

In the last decade, there has been a notable shift in the approach to laboratory work report writing. Instead of students working independently on traditional verification experiments, there’s now an emphasis on group work, fostering collaboration. Lab reporting has proven to be particularly conducive to in-depth laboratory discussions. Individual contributions can be easily tracked and replicated through collaborative chemistry lab report writing.

These reports, constantly edited, updated, and monitored by group members, possess a dynamism not found in reports produced by a single person. This collaborative approach truly engages participants, making lab report writing an interactive endeavor. Adopting this new reporting style has bolstered students’ ability to collaborate effectively, enriching the learning experience with its dynamic and expansive nature.

But Why Students Find it Difficult to Write Chem Lab Report 

Scientific writing, such as chem lab report, is one of the best ways to grab good scores. However, students often find it challenging to write one for various reasons. If you are curious to know how to write lab report in chemistry and what process and format A graders follow, you have landed at the right place. Our specialist team briefly explains everything to make you understand the secret of scientific writing.  

• Difficulty in documenting the experiment in lab report format chemistry
• Stuck with a specific step or steps of chemistry lab report format  
• Understand chemistry lab report format but lack the writing ability
• The experiment is done, but it’s confusing how to document the lab report  
• My experiment was bad, so I have got nothing to write about it 

In case you are facing the same issues mentioned in the first three-pointers, then it’s time you get to know from us how to write a formal lab report for chemistry. In this article, we have concentrated on the first three problem statements. We have briefly explained the process and format that offer students clarity to understand how to write a lab report for chemistry.   

How To Write A Chemistry Lab Report Examples By TutorBin  

When we give you how to write a chemistry lab report examples, we are actually offering you the knowledge of mastering scientific writing independently. Students can master the art, though it takes enormous time and effort. But the question is, with efficiency, how to write a lab report for chemistry high school or college students?  

If you are having the same questions, then TutorBin is one of the best options for you. This site has a strong pool of chemistry experts with extensive experience. For any chemistry lab report related homework, you can take their help. Our team not only helps you to complete your lab report writing but also ensures that you get the best score in your class. For such help, contact our TutorBin experts now. 

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Organic Chemistry Experiment Abstracts

There are two types of abstracts:  1) descriptive and 2) informative.  Informative abstracts are used most extensively in clinical and scientific publications.  Informative abstracts are used in scientific writing to concisely identify what the longer document is about.  Abstracts are constructed using complete sentences and paragraph structure, usually with no embedded headings, bullets or tables.  The third person, past tense is used.  An abstract is written after the laboratory experiment and the full write-up of the work are complete.

Students will be required to write informative abstracts as part of a post-lab assignment for some experiments.   An informative abstract for a laboratory experiment contains the following elements:

A sample abstract for a typical organic chemistry experiment is given below.  Try to identify each of the elements outlined in the table above.