conclusion example for project

How to Write a Good Conclusion Paragraph (+30 Examples)

A good conclusion paragraph is the lasting impression you want to leave with your reader.

Here is a quick summary of how to write a good conclusion paragraph:

Write a good conclusion paragraph by summarizing key points, restating your thesis, and providing a final thought or call to action. Ensure it wraps up your main ideas, reinforces your argument, and leaves the reader with something to ponder.

This ultimate guide will walk you through the steps to craft an effective conclusion, along with 30 examples to inspire you.

5 Steps for Writing a Good Conclusion Paragraph

Table of Contents

There are five main steps to writing a good conclusion.

Let’s go through each step

1. Understand the Purpose

The conclusion is your final opportunity to leave an impact.

It should tie together your main ideas, reinforce your message, and give the reader a sense of closure.

Wrap Up Your Main Ideas

The conclusion should succinctly wrap up the main points of your writing. Think of it as a summary that captures the essence of your arguments without going into detailed explanations.

This helps reinforce what you have discussed and ensures that the reader remembers the core message.

Reinforce Your Thesis

Your thesis statement is the foundation of your writing.

In the conclusion, restate it in a new way to reinforce your central argument. This reminds the reader of the purpose of your writing and underscores its significance.

Give a Sense of Closure

A good conclusion gives a sense of closure to the reader. It signals that the discussion has come to an end and that all points have been addressed. This helps the reader feel that the piece is complete and that their time was well-spent.

Leave the Reader with Something to Think About

The best conclusions go beyond merely summarizing the content.

They leave the reader with a final thought or reflection that stays with them. This could be a call to action, a prediction about the future, or a thought-provoking question that encourages further reflection on the topic.

2. Summarize Key Points

Briefly summarize the key points discussed in the body of your text.

Avoid introducing new information. This helps the reader recall the main ideas.

Brief Summary

The summary should be concise and to the point. Highlight the main ideas discussed in your writing without going into detailed explanations. This helps refresh the reader’s memory of your key points.

Avoid New Information

Introducing new information in the conclusion can confuse the reader. The conclusion is not the place to present new arguments or data. Stick to summarizing what has already been discussed.

Recall Main Ideas

Summarizing the key points helps the reader recall the main ideas of your writing. This reinforces the message and ensures that the reader takes away the most important information from your piece.

“In conclusion, adopting sustainable practices, reducing waste, and promoting renewable energy are essential steps towards a greener future.”

3. Restate the Thesis

Restate your thesis in a new way. This reinforces your argument without sounding repetitive.

Restate, Don’t Repeat

Restating the thesis means expressing it in a new way.

Avoid repeating it verbatim.

Instead, rephrase it to reinforce your argument and show that you have successfully argued your point throughout the piece.

Reinforce the Argument

Restating the thesis helps reinforce your central argument. It reminds the reader of the purpose of your writing and underscores its significance.

Provide Closure Restating the thesis in the conclusion gives a sense of closure.

It signals that the discussion has come full circle and that you have addressed your initial argument.

“By implementing these strategies, we can significantly reduce our carbon footprint and protect our planet for future generations.”

4. Provide a Final Thought

Offer a final thought or reflection to leave a lasting impression. This could be a call to action, a prediction, or a thought-provoking question.

Final Thought or Reflection

A final thought or reflection can leave a lasting impression on the reader.

It shows that you are not just summarizing your points but also offering a deeper insight or perspective.

Call to Action

A call to action encourages the reader to take the next step.

It motivates them to act based on the information or arguments presented in your writing.

Prediction or Question

A prediction about the future or a thought-provoking question can engage the reader and encourage further reflection. This leaves the reader with something to think about even after they have finished reading.

“As we move forward, it’s crucial to remember that every small effort counts. Together, we can make a difference.”

5. Use a Call to Action (if applicable)

If your piece is meant to persuade or encourage action, include a call to action. This motivates the reader to take the next step.

Motivate the Reader

A call to action motivates the reader to take the next step.

It encourages them to act based on the information or arguments presented in your writing.

Encourage Action

Including a call to action is especially important in persuasive writing. It encourages the reader to act on the information provided and make a change or take a specific action.

Provide Clear Steps

A good call to action provides clear steps for the reader to follow.

It should be specific and actionable, guiding the reader on what to do next.

“Join us in making a positive change. Start today by reducing your plastic use and spreading awareness about environmental conservation.”

Check out this video about how to write a good conclusion:

How to Write a Good Conclusion for an Essay

Writing a good conclusion for an essay involves summarizing your main points, restating your thesis, and providing a final thought or reflection.

Here’s how:

• Summarize Main Points : Briefly recap the key points discussed in the body of your essay.
• Restate Thesis : Paraphrase your thesis statement to reinforce your argument.
• Final Thought : Offer a final insight, question, or call to action to leave a lasting impression.

This approach ensures your essay feels complete and leaves the reader with a clear understanding of your argument.

How to Write a Good Conclusion for an Argumentative Essay

A strong conclusion for an argumentative essay should not only summarize the main points and restate the thesis but also emphasize the importance of your argument.

Follow these steps:

• Summarize Arguments : Briefly outline the main arguments presented.
• Restate Thesis : Rephrase your thesis to highlight its significance.
• Address Counterarguments : Acknowledge opposing viewpoints and reinforce why your argument is stronger.
• Call to Action : Encourage the reader to take action or reconsider their position.

How to Write a Good Conclusion for a Research Paper

Crafting a good conclusion for a research paper involves summarizing your findings, discussing their implications, and suggesting future research.

Here’s a guide:

• Summarize Findings : Recap the key results of your research.
• Discuss Implications : Explain the significance of your findings and how they contribute to the field.
• Restate Research Question : Reiterate the research question and how your findings address it.
• Suggest Future Research : Propose areas for further investigation.

This format provides a comprehensive and thoughtful conclusion that underscores the importance of your research and its potential impact.

30 Examples of Good Conclusion Paragraphs

Let’s explore some good examples of good conclusions.

Example 1: Environmental Essay

“In conclusion, the preservation of our natural resources is not just a necessity but a responsibility we owe to future generations. By taking small steps today, we can ensure a healthier planet tomorrow.”

Example 2: Technology Article

“As we embrace the advancements in technology, it is vital to remain vigilant about privacy and security. Staying informed and proactive can help us navigate the digital landscape safely.”

Example 3: Health and Wellness Blog

“Ultimately, achieving a balanced lifestyle requires dedication and mindfulness. By prioritizing our well-being, we can lead healthier and more fulfilling lives.”

Example 4: Business Report

“In summary, the market analysis indicates a positive trend for our product. With strategic planning and execution, we can capitalize on these opportunities and drive growth.”

Example 5: Education Essay

“In the end, fostering a love for learning in students is the key to their success. By creating engaging and supportive educational environments, we can inspire the next generation of leaders.”

Example 6: Travel Blog

“To conclude, exploring new destinations enriches our lives and broadens our perspectives. Embrace the adventure and discover the beauty of our world.”

Example 7: Personal Development Article

“In the final analysis, personal growth is a lifelong journey. Embrace challenges, learn from experiences, and continue striving to become the best version of yourself.”

Example 8: Marketing Case Study

“In closing, the data clearly shows that targeted marketing strategies significantly improve customer engagement and sales. By refining our approach, we can achieve even greater success.”

Example 9: Historical Analysis

“In conclusion, the events of the past continue to shape our present and future. Understanding history is essential to making informed decisions and avoiding past mistakes.”

Example 10: Scientific Research Paper

“Ultimately, the findings of this study contribute to our understanding of the subject and open the door for further research. Continued exploration in this field is vital for advancing knowledge.”

Example 11: Political Commentary

“In the end, civic engagement is crucial for a functioning democracy. Stay informed, participate in discussions, and exercise your right to vote.”

Example 12: Fashion Blog

“To wrap up, fashion is a powerful form of self-expression. Embrace your unique style and let your wardrobe reflect your personality.”

Example 13: Food Blog

“In conclusion, cooking at home not only saves money but also allows you to experiment with flavors and ingredients. Start your culinary journey today and discover the joys of homemade meals.”

Example 14: Sports Article

“Ultimately, teamwork and perseverance are the foundations of success in sports. Keep pushing your limits and strive for excellence on and off the field.”

Example 15: Literature Analysis

“In summary, the themes explored in this novel resonate with readers and offer valuable insights into the human condition. Its timeless message continues to inspire and provoke thought.”

Example 16: Parenting Blog

“In the end, raising children requires patience, love, and commitment. Cherish the moments, and remember that every effort you make shapes their future.”

Example 17: Finance Article

“To conclude, financial planning is essential for securing your future. Start today by setting clear goals and creating a budget that aligns with your aspirations.”

Example 18: Career Advice Blog

“In conclusion, building a successful career takes time and dedication. Stay focused, seek opportunities for growth, and never stop learning.”

Example 19: Fitness Blog

“Ultimately, regular exercise and a balanced diet are key to maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Stay motivated, and remember that every step counts towards your fitness goals.”

Example 20: DIY Blog

“In summary, DIY projects are a rewarding way to personalize your space and learn new skills. Get creative and start your next project today.”

Example 21: Relationship Advice

“In the end, strong relationships are built on communication, trust, and mutual respect. Nurture your connections and strive for harmony in your interactions.”

Example 22: Pet Care Blog

“To wrap up, responsible pet ownership involves understanding your pet’s needs and providing them with a loving home. Invest in their well-being, and they’ll reward you with unconditional love.”

Example 23: Environmental Science Paper

“In conclusion, addressing climate change requires global cooperation and immediate action. Every effort counts, and together we can create a sustainable future.”

Example 24: Technology Review

“Ultimately, this gadget offers impressive features that enhance convenience and efficiency. Consider it for your next tech upgrade.”

Example 25: Psychology Article

“In summary, understanding human behavior is crucial for improving mental health and well-being. Continue exploring this fascinating field for more insights.”

Example 26: Gardening Blog

“In the end, gardening is a therapeutic and rewarding hobby that connects us with nature. Start your garden today and enjoy the benefits of fresh produce and beautiful blooms.”

Example 27: Home Improvement Article

“To conclude, home improvement projects can significantly enhance your living space and increase property value. Plan carefully and enjoy the transformation.”

Example 28: Social Media Marketing

“In conclusion, effective social media marketing requires consistency, creativity, and engagement. Develop a strategy that resonates with your audience and watch your brand grow.”

Example 29: Automotive Review

“Ultimately, this vehicle combines performance, style, and safety. Take it for a test drive and experience its capabilities firsthand.”

Example 30: Music Blog

“In summary, music has the power to evoke emotions and bring people together. Explore different genres and find the soundtrack to your life.”

Tips for Writing a Strong Conclusion

Here are some simple but good tips for writing a powerful conclusion:

• Keep it Concise – A good conclusion should be short and to the point. Avoid unnecessary details and focus on wrapping up your main ideas.
• Use Clear Language – Ensure your language is clear and easy to understand. Avoid jargon and complex sentences.
• Be Consistent – Maintain the same tone and style as the rest of your text. Consistency helps create a seamless reading experience.
• End on a Positive Note – Whenever possible, end with a positive or uplifting message. This leaves the reader with a good impression.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

There are some common mistakes that many writers make when crafting their conclusions.

• Introducing New Information – Don’t introduce new ideas or arguments in the conclusion. This can confuse the reader and dilute your main points.
• Being Vague – Avoid vague statements that don’t add value. Be specific and clear in your summary.
• Repetitiveness – Don’t repeat the same points over and over. Restate your thesis and key points in a new way.
• Ignoring the Thesis – Make sure to tie your conclusion back to your thesis. This reinforces your argument and gives a sense of closure.

Final Thoughts: How to Write a Good Conclusion Paragraph

Writing a good conclusion paragraph is essential for creating a cohesive and impactful piece of writing.

By summarizing key points, restating the thesis, providing a final thought, and using a call to action, you can craft a strong conclusion that leaves a lasting impression.

Use the 30 examples provided to inspire your own writing and ensure your conclusions are always effective and engaging.

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Get science-backed answers as you write with Paperpal's Research feature

How to Write a Conclusion for Research Papers (with Examples)

The conclusion of a research paper is a crucial section that plays a significant role in the overall impact and effectiveness of your research paper. However, this is also the section that typically receives less attention compared to the introduction and the body of the paper. The conclusion serves to provide a concise summary of the key findings, their significance, their implications, and a sense of closure to the study. Discussing how can the findings be applied in real-world scenarios or inform policy, practice, or decision-making is especially valuable to practitioners and policymakers. The research paper conclusion also provides researchers with clear insights and valuable information for their own work, which they can then build on and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field.

The research paper conclusion should explain the significance of your findings within the broader context of your field. It restates how your results contribute to the existing body of knowledge and whether they confirm or challenge existing theories or hypotheses. Also, by identifying unanswered questions or areas requiring further investigation, your awareness of the broader research landscape can be demonstrated.

Remember to tailor the research paper conclusion to the specific needs and interests of your intended audience, which may include researchers, practitioners, policymakers, or a combination of these.

Table of Contents

What is a conclusion in a research paper, summarizing conclusion, editorial conclusion, externalizing conclusion, importance of a good research paper conclusion, how to write a conclusion for your research paper, research paper conclusion examples.

• How to write a research paper conclusion with Paperpal? 

Frequently Asked Questions

A conclusion in a research paper is the final section where you summarize and wrap up your research, presenting the key findings and insights derived from your study. The research paper conclusion is not the place to introduce new information or data that was not discussed in the main body of the paper. When working on how to conclude a research paper, remember to stick to summarizing and interpreting existing content. The research paper conclusion serves the following purposes: 1

• Warn readers of the possible consequences of not attending to the problem.
• Recommend specific course(s) of action.
• Restate key ideas to drive home the ultimate point of your research paper.
• Provide a “take-home” message that you want the readers to remember about your study.

Types of conclusions for research papers

In research papers, the conclusion provides closure to the reader. The type of research paper conclusion you choose depends on the nature of your study, your goals, and your target audience. I provide you with three common types of conclusions:

A summarizing conclusion is the most common type of conclusion in research papers. It involves summarizing the main points, reiterating the research question, and restating the significance of the findings. This common type of research paper conclusion is used across different disciplines.

An editorial conclusion is less common but can be used in research papers that are focused on proposing or advocating for a particular viewpoint or policy. It involves presenting a strong editorial or opinion based on the research findings and offering recommendations or calls to action.

An externalizing conclusion is a type of conclusion that extends the research beyond the scope of the paper by suggesting potential future research directions or discussing the broader implications of the findings. This type of conclusion is often used in more theoretical or exploratory research papers.

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The conclusion in a research paper serves several important purposes:

• Offers Implications and Recommendations : Your research paper conclusion is an excellent place to discuss the broader implications of your research and suggest potential areas for further study. It’s also an opportunity to offer practical recommendations based on your findings.
• Provides Closure : A good research paper conclusion provides a sense of closure to your paper. It should leave the reader with a feeling that they have reached the end of a well-structured and thought-provoking research project.
• Leaves a Lasting Impression : Writing a well-crafted research paper conclusion leaves a lasting impression on your readers. It’s your final opportunity to leave them with a new idea, a call to action, or a memorable quote.

Writing a strong conclusion for your research paper is essential to leave a lasting impression on your readers. Here’s a step-by-step process to help you create and know what to put in the conclusion of a research paper: 2

• Research Statement : Begin your research paper conclusion by restating your research statement. This reminds the reader of the main point you’ve been trying to prove throughout your paper. Keep it concise and clear.
• Key Points : Summarize the main arguments and key points you’ve made in your paper. Avoid introducing new information in the research paper conclusion. Instead, provide a concise overview of what you’ve discussed in the body of your paper.
• Address the Research Questions : If your research paper is based on specific research questions or hypotheses, briefly address whether you’ve answered them or achieved your research goals. Discuss the significance of your findings in this context.
• Significance : Highlight the importance of your research and its relevance in the broader context. Explain why your findings matter and how they contribute to the existing knowledge in your field.
• Implications : Explore the practical or theoretical implications of your research. How might your findings impact future research, policy, or real-world applications? Consider the “so what?” question.
• Future Research : Offer suggestions for future research in your area. What questions or aspects remain unanswered or warrant further investigation? This shows that your work opens the door for future exploration.
• Closing Thought : Conclude your research paper conclusion with a thought-provoking or memorable statement. This can leave a lasting impression on your readers and wrap up your paper effectively. Avoid introducing new information or arguments here.
• Proofread and Revise : Carefully proofread your conclusion for grammar, spelling, and clarity. Ensure that your ideas flow smoothly and that your conclusion is coherent and well-structured.

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Remember that a well-crafted research paper conclusion is a reflection of the strength of your research and your ability to communicate its significance effectively. It should leave a lasting impression on your readers and tie together all the threads of your paper. Now you know how to start the conclusion of a research paper and what elements to include to make it impactful, let’s look at a research paper conclusion sample.

How to write a research paper conclusion with Paperpal?

A research paper conclusion is not just a summary of your study, but a synthesis of the key findings that ties the research together and places it in a broader context. A research paper conclusion should be concise, typically around one paragraph in length. However, some complex topics may require a longer conclusion to ensure the reader is left with a clear understanding of the study’s significance. Paperpal, an AI writing assistant trusted by over 800,000 academics globally, can help you write a well-structured conclusion for your research paper. 

• Sign Up or Log In: Create a new Paperpal account or login with your details.  
• Navigate to Features : Once logged in, head over to the features’ side navigation pane. Click on Templates and you’ll find a suite of generative AI features to help you write better, faster.  
• Generate an outline: Under Templates, select ‘Outlines’. Choose ‘Research article’ as your document type.  
• Select your section: Since you’re focusing on the conclusion, select this section when prompted.  
• Choose your field of study: Identifying your field of study allows Paperpal to provide more targeted suggestions, ensuring the relevance of your conclusion to your specific area of research. 
• Provide a brief description of your study: Enter details about your research topic and findings. This information helps Paperpal generate a tailored outline that aligns with your paper’s content. 
• Generate the conclusion outline: After entering all necessary details, click on ‘generate’. Paperpal will then create a structured outline for your conclusion, to help you start writing and build upon the outline.  
• Write your conclusion: Use the generated outline to build your conclusion. The outline serves as a guide, ensuring you cover all critical aspects of a strong conclusion, from summarizing key findings to highlighting the research’s implications. 
• Refine and enhance: Paperpal’s ‘Make Academic’ feature can be particularly useful in the final stages. Select any paragraph of your conclusion and use this feature to elevate the academic tone, ensuring your writing is aligned to the academic journal standards. 

By following these steps, Paperpal not only simplifies the process of writing a research paper conclusion but also ensures it is impactful, concise, and aligned with academic standards. Sign up with Paperpal today and write your research paper conclusion 2x faster .  

The research paper conclusion is a crucial part of your paper as it provides the final opportunity to leave a strong impression on your readers. In the research paper conclusion, summarize the main points of your research paper by restating your research statement, highlighting the most important findings, addressing the research questions or objectives, explaining the broader context of the study, discussing the significance of your findings, providing recommendations if applicable, and emphasizing the takeaway message. The main purpose of the conclusion is to remind the reader of the main point or argument of your paper and to provide a clear and concise summary of the key findings and their implications. All these elements should feature on your list of what to put in the conclusion of a research paper to create a strong final statement for your work.

A strong conclusion is a critical component of a research paper, as it provides an opportunity to wrap up your arguments, reiterate your main points, and leave a lasting impression on your readers. Here are the key elements of a strong research paper conclusion: 1. Conciseness : A research paper conclusion should be concise and to the point. It should not introduce new information or ideas that were not discussed in the body of the paper. 2. Summarization : The research paper conclusion should be comprehensive enough to give the reader a clear understanding of the research’s main contributions. 3 . Relevance : Ensure that the information included in the research paper conclusion is directly relevant to the research paper’s main topic and objectives; avoid unnecessary details. 4 . Connection to the Introduction : A well-structured research paper conclusion often revisits the key points made in the introduction and shows how the research has addressed the initial questions or objectives. 5. Emphasis : Highlight the significance and implications of your research. Why is your study important? What are the broader implications or applications of your findings? 6 . Call to Action : Include a call to action or a recommendation for future research or action based on your findings.

The length of a research paper conclusion can vary depending on several factors, including the overall length of the paper, the complexity of the research, and the specific journal requirements. While there is no strict rule for the length of a conclusion, but it’s generally advisable to keep it relatively short. A typical research paper conclusion might be around 5-10% of the paper’s total length. For example, if your paper is 10 pages long, the conclusion might be roughly half a page to one page in length.

In general, you do not need to include citations in the research paper conclusion. Citations are typically reserved for the body of the paper to support your arguments and provide evidence for your claims. However, there may be some exceptions to this rule: 1. If you are drawing a direct quote or paraphrasing a specific source in your research paper conclusion, you should include a citation to give proper credit to the original author. 2. If your conclusion refers to or discusses specific research, data, or sources that are crucial to the overall argument, citations can be included to reinforce your conclusion’s validity.

The conclusion of a research paper serves several important purposes: 1. Summarize the Key Points 2. Reinforce the Main Argument 3. Provide Closure 4. Offer Insights or Implications 5. Engage the Reader. 6. Reflect on Limitations

Remember that the primary purpose of the research paper conclusion is to leave a lasting impression on the reader, reinforcing the key points and providing closure to your research. It’s often the last part of the paper that the reader will see, so it should be strong and well-crafted.

• Makar, G., Foltz, C., Lendner, M., & Vaccaro, A. R. (2018). How to write effective discussion and conclusion sections. Clinical spine surgery, 31(8), 345-346.
• Bunton, D. (2005). The structure of PhD conclusion chapters.  Journal of English for academic purposes ,  4 (3), 207-224.

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Conclusions

What this handout is about.

This handout will explain the functions of conclusions, offer strategies for writing effective ones, help you evaluate conclusions you’ve drafted, and suggest approaches to avoid.

About conclusions

Introductions and conclusions can be difficult to write, but they’re worth investing time in. They can have a significant influence on a reader’s experience of your paper.

Just as your introduction acts as a bridge that transports your readers from their own lives into the “place” of your analysis, your conclusion can provide a bridge to help your readers make the transition back to their daily lives. Such a conclusion will help them see why all your analysis and information should matter to them after they put the paper down.

Your conclusion is your chance to have the last word on the subject. The conclusion allows you to have the final say on the issues you have raised in your paper, to synthesize your thoughts, to demonstrate the importance of your ideas, and to propel your reader to a new view of the subject. It is also your opportunity to make a good final impression and to end on a positive note.

Your conclusion can go beyond the confines of the assignment. The conclusion pushes beyond the boundaries of the prompt and allows you to consider broader issues, make new connections, and elaborate on the significance of your findings.

Your conclusion should make your readers glad they read your paper. Your conclusion gives your reader something to take away that will help them see things differently or appreciate your topic in personally relevant ways. It can suggest broader implications that will not only interest your reader, but also enrich your reader’s life in some way. It is your gift to the reader.

Strategies for writing an effective conclusion

One or more of the following strategies may help you write an effective conclusion:

• Play the “So What” Game. If you’re stuck and feel like your conclusion isn’t saying anything new or interesting, ask a friend to read it with you. Whenever you make a statement from your conclusion, ask the friend to say, “So what?” or “Why should anybody care?” Then ponder that question and answer it. Here’s how it might go: You: Basically, I’m just saying that education was important to Douglass. Friend: So what? You: Well, it was important because it was a key to him feeling like a free and equal citizen. Friend: Why should anybody care? You: That’s important because plantation owners tried to keep slaves from being educated so that they could maintain control. When Douglass obtained an education, he undermined that control personally. You can also use this strategy on your own, asking yourself “So What?” as you develop your ideas or your draft.
• Return to the theme or themes in the introduction. This strategy brings the reader full circle. For example, if you begin by describing a scenario, you can end with the same scenario as proof that your essay is helpful in creating a new understanding. You may also refer to the introductory paragraph by using key words or parallel concepts and images that you also used in the introduction.
• Synthesize, don’t summarize. Include a brief summary of the paper’s main points, but don’t simply repeat things that were in your paper. Instead, show your reader how the points you made and the support and examples you used fit together. Pull it all together.
• Include a provocative insight or quotation from the research or reading you did for your paper.
• Propose a course of action, a solution to an issue, or questions for further study. This can redirect your reader’s thought process and help them to apply your info and ideas to their own life or to see the broader implications.
• Point to broader implications. For example, if your paper examines the Greensboro sit-ins or another event in the Civil Rights Movement, you could point out its impact on the Civil Rights Movement as a whole. A paper about the style of writer Virginia Woolf could point to her influence on other writers or on later feminists.

Strategies to avoid

• Beginning with an unnecessary, overused phrase such as “in conclusion,” “in summary,” or “in closing.” Although these phrases can work in speeches, they come across as wooden and trite in writing.
• Stating the thesis for the very first time in the conclusion.
• Introducing a new idea or subtopic in your conclusion.
• Ending with a rephrased thesis statement without any substantive changes.
• Making sentimental, emotional appeals that are out of character with the rest of an analytical paper.
• Including evidence (quotations, statistics, etc.) that should be in the body of the paper.

Four kinds of ineffective conclusions

• The “That’s My Story and I’m Sticking to It” Conclusion. This conclusion just restates the thesis and is usually painfully short. It does not push the ideas forward. People write this kind of conclusion when they can’t think of anything else to say. Example: In conclusion, Frederick Douglass was, as we have seen, a pioneer in American education, proving that education was a major force for social change with regard to slavery.
• The “Sherlock Holmes” Conclusion. Sometimes writers will state the thesis for the very first time in the conclusion. You might be tempted to use this strategy if you don’t want to give everything away too early in your paper. You may think it would be more dramatic to keep the reader in the dark until the end and then “wow” them with your main idea, as in a Sherlock Holmes mystery. The reader, however, does not expect a mystery, but an analytical discussion of your topic in an academic style, with the main argument (thesis) stated up front. Example: (After a paper that lists numerous incidents from the book but never says what these incidents reveal about Douglass and his views on education): So, as the evidence above demonstrates, Douglass saw education as a way to undermine the slaveholders’ power and also an important step toward freedom.
• The “America the Beautiful”/”I Am Woman”/”We Shall Overcome” Conclusion. This kind of conclusion usually draws on emotion to make its appeal, but while this emotion and even sentimentality may be very heartfelt, it is usually out of character with the rest of an analytical paper. A more sophisticated commentary, rather than emotional praise, would be a more fitting tribute to the topic. Example: Because of the efforts of fine Americans like Frederick Douglass, countless others have seen the shining beacon of light that is education. His example was a torch that lit the way for others. Frederick Douglass was truly an American hero.
• The “Grab Bag” Conclusion. This kind of conclusion includes extra information that the writer found or thought of but couldn’t integrate into the main paper. You may find it hard to leave out details that you discovered after hours of research and thought, but adding random facts and bits of evidence at the end of an otherwise-well-organized essay can just create confusion. Example: In addition to being an educational pioneer, Frederick Douglass provides an interesting case study for masculinity in the American South. He also offers historians an interesting glimpse into slave resistance when he confronts Covey, the overseer. His relationships with female relatives reveal the importance of family in the slave community.

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

Douglass, Frederick. 1995. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself. New York: Dover.

Hamilton College. n.d. “Conclusions.” Writing Center. Accessed June 14, 2019. https://www.hamilton.edu//academics/centers/writing/writing-resources/conclusions .

Holewa, Randa. 2004. “Strategies for Writing a Conclusion.” LEO: Literacy Education Online. Last updated February 19, 2004. https://leo.stcloudstate.edu/acadwrite/conclude.html.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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In a short paper—even a research paper—you don’t need to provide an exhaustive summary as part of your conclusion. But you do need to make some kind of transition between your final body paragraph and your concluding paragraph. This may come in the form of a few sentences of summary. Or it may come in the form of a sentence that brings your readers back to your thesis or main idea and reminds your readers where you began and how far you have traveled.

So, for example, in a paper about the relationship between ADHD and rejection sensitivity, Vanessa Roser begins by introducing readers to the fact that researchers have studied the relationship between the two conditions and then provides her explanation of that relationship. Here’s her thesis: “While socialization may indeed be an important factor in RS, I argue that individuals with ADHD may also possess a neurological predisposition to RS that is exacerbated by the differing executive and emotional regulation characteristic of ADHD.”

In her final paragraph, Roser reminds us of where she started by echoing her thesis: “This literature demonstrates that, as with many other conditions, ADHD and RS share a delicately intertwined pattern of neurological similarities that is rooted in the innate biology of an individual’s mind, a connection that cannot be explained in full by the behavioral mediation hypothesis.”  

Highlight the “so what”  

At the beginning of your paper, you explain to your readers what’s at stake—why they should care about the argument you’re making. In your conclusion, you can bring readers back to those stakes by reminding them why your argument is important in the first place. You can also draft a few sentences that put those stakes into a new or broader context.

In the conclusion to her paper about ADHD and RS, Roser echoes the stakes she established in her introduction—that research into connections between ADHD and RS has led to contradictory results, raising questions about the “behavioral mediation hypothesis.”

She writes, “as with many other conditions, ADHD and RS share a delicately intertwined pattern of neurological similarities that is rooted in the innate biology of an individual’s mind, a connection that cannot be explained in full by the behavioral mediation hypothesis.”  

Leave your readers with the “now what”  

After the “what” and the “so what,” you should leave your reader with some final thoughts. If you have written a strong introduction, your readers will know why you have been arguing what you have been arguing—and why they should care. And if you’ve made a good case for your thesis, then your readers should be in a position to see things in a new way, understand new questions, or be ready for something that they weren’t ready for before they read your paper.

In her conclusion, Roser offers two “now what” statements. First, she explains that it is important to recognize that the flawed behavioral mediation hypothesis “seems to place a degree of fault on the individual. It implies that individuals with ADHD must have elicited such frequent or intense rejection by virtue of their inadequate social skills, erasing the possibility that they may simply possess a natural sensitivity to emotion.” She then highlights the broader implications for treatment of people with ADHD, noting that recognizing the actual connection between rejection sensitivity and ADHD “has profound implications for understanding how individuals with ADHD might best be treated in educational settings, by counselors, family, peers, or even society as a whole.”

To find your own “now what” for your essay’s conclusion, try asking yourself these questions:

• What can my readers now understand, see in a new light, or grapple with that they would not have understood in the same way before reading my paper? Are we a step closer to understanding a larger phenomenon or to understanding why what was at stake is so important?  
• What questions can I now raise that would not have made sense at the beginning of my paper? Questions for further research? Other ways that this topic could be approached?  
• Are there other applications for my research? Could my questions be asked about different data in a different context? Could I use my methods to answer a different question?  
• What action should be taken in light of this argument? What action do I predict will be taken or could lead to a solution?  
• What larger context might my argument be a part of?  

What to avoid in your conclusion  

• a complete restatement of all that you have said in your paper.  
• a substantial counterargument that you do not have space to refute; you should introduce counterarguments before your conclusion.  
• an apology for what you have not said. If you need to explain the scope of your paper, you should do this sooner—but don’t apologize for what you have not discussed in your paper.  
• fake transitions like “in conclusion” that are followed by sentences that aren’t actually conclusions. (“In conclusion, I have now demonstrated that my thesis is correct.”)
• picture_as_pdf Conclusions

Reference management. Clean and simple.

How to write an excellent thesis conclusion [with examples]

Restate the thesis

Review or reiterate key points of your work, explain why your work is relevant, a take-away for the reader, more resources on writing thesis conclusions, frequently asked questions about writing an excellent thesis conclusion, related articles.

At this point in your writing, you have most likely finished your introduction and the body of your thesis, dissertation, or research paper . While this is a reason to celebrate, you should not underestimate the importance of your conclusion. The conclusion is the last thing that your reader will see, so it should be memorable.

A good conclusion will review the key points of the thesis and explain to the reader why the information is relevant, applicable, or related to the world as a whole. Make sure to dedicate enough of your writing time to the conclusion and do not put it off until the very last minute.

This article provides an effective technique for writing a conclusion adapted from Erika Eby’s The College Student's Guide to Writing a Good Research Paper: 101 Easy Tips & Tricks to Make Your Work Stand Out .

While the thesis introduction starts out with broad statements about the topic, and then narrows it down to the thesis statement , a thesis conclusion does the same in the opposite order.

• Restate the thesis.
• Review or reiterate key points of your work.
• Explain why your work is relevant.
• Include a core take-away message for the reader.

Tip: Don’t just copy and paste your thesis into your conclusion. Restate it in different words.

The best way to start a conclusion is simply by restating the thesis statement. That does not mean just copying and pasting it from the introduction, but putting it into different words.

You will need to change the structure and wording of it to avoid sounding repetitive. Also, be firm in your conclusion just as you were in the introduction. Try to avoid sounding apologetic by using phrases like "This paper has tried to show..."

The conclusion should address all the same parts as the thesis while making it clear that the reader has reached the end. You are telling the reader that your research is finished and what your findings are.

I have argued throughout this work that the point of critical mass for biopolitical immunity occurred during the Romantic period because of that era's unique combination of post-revolutionary politics and innovations in smallpox prevention. In particular, I demonstrated that the French Revolution and the discovery of vaccination in the 1790s triggered a reconsideration of the relationship between bodies and the state.

Tip: Try to reiterate points from your introduction in your thesis conclusion.

The next step is to review the main points of the thesis as a whole. Look back at the body of of your project and make a note of the key ideas. You can reword these ideas the same way you reworded your thesis statement and then incorporate that into the conclusion.

You can also repeat striking quotations or statistics, but do not use more than two. As the conclusion represents your own closing thoughts on the topic , it should mainly consist of your own words.

In addition, conclusions can contain recommendations to the reader or relevant questions that further the thesis. You should ask yourself:

• What you would ideally like to see your readers do in reaction to your paper?
• Do you want them to take a certain action or investigate further?
• Is there a bigger issue that your paper wants to draw attention to?

Also, try to reference your introduction in your conclusion. You have already taken a first step by restating your thesis. Now, check whether there are other key words, phrases or ideas that are mentioned in your introduction that fit into your conclusion. Connecting the introduction to the conclusion in this way will help readers feel satisfied.

I explored how Mary Wollstonecraft, in both her fiction and political writings, envisions an ideal medico-political state, and how other writers like William Wordsworth and Mary Shelley increasingly imagined the body politic literally, as an incorporated political collective made up of bodies whose immunity to political and medical ills was essential to a healthy state.

Tip: Make sure to explain why your thesis is relevant to your field of research.

Although you can encourage readers to question their opinions and reflect on your topic, do not leave loose ends. You should provide a sense of resolution and make sure your conclusion wraps up your argument. Make sure you explain why your thesis is relevant to your field of research and how your research intervenes within, or substantially revises, existing scholarly debates.

This project challenged conventional ideas about the relationship among Romanticism, medicine, and politics by reading the unfolding of Romantic literature and biopolitical immunity as mutual, co-productive processes. In doing so, this thesis revises the ways in which biopolitics has been theorized by insisting on the inherent connections between Romantic literature and the forms of biopower that characterize early modernity.

Tip: If you began your thesis with an anecdote or historical example, you may want to return to that in your conclusion.

End your conclusion with something memorable, such as:

• a call to action
• a recommendation
• a gesture towards future research
• a brief explanation of how the problem or idea you covered remains relevant

Ultimately, you want readers to feel more informed, or ready to act, as they read your conclusion.

Yet, the Romantic period is only the beginning of modern thought on immunity and biopolitics. Victorian writers, doctors, and politicians upheld the Romantic idea that a "healthy state" was a literal condition that could be achieved by combining politics and medicine, but augmented that idea through legislation and widespread public health measures. While many nineteenth-century efforts to improve citizens' health were successful, the fight against disease ultimately changed course in the twentieth century as global immunological threats such as SARS occupied public consciousness. Indeed, as subsequent public health events make apparent, biopolitical immunity persists as a viable concept for thinking about the relationship between medicine and politics in modernity.

Need more advice? Read our 5 additional tips on how to write a good thesis conclusion.

The conclusion is the last thing that your reader will see, so it should be memorable. To write a great thesis conclusion you should:

The basic content of a conclusion is to review the main points from the paper. This part represents your own closing thoughts on the topic. It should mainly consist of the outcome of the research in your own words.

The length of the conclusion will depend on the length of the whole thesis. Usually, a conclusion should be around 5-7% of the overall word count.

End your conclusion with something memorable, such as a question, warning, or call to action. Depending on the topic, you can also end with a recommendation.

In Open Access: Theses and Dissertations you can find thousands of completed works. Take a look at any of the theses or dissertations for real-life examples of conclusions that were already approved.

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Research Paper Conclusion – Writing Guide and Examples

Table of Contents

Research Paper Conclusion

Definition:

A research paper conclusion is the final section of a research paper that summarizes the key findings, significance, and implications of the research. It is the writer’s opportunity to synthesize the information presented in the paper, draw conclusions, and make recommendations for future research or actions.

The conclusion should provide a clear and concise summary of the research paper, reiterating the research question or problem, the main results, and the significance of the findings. It should also discuss the limitations of the study and suggest areas for further research.

Parts of Research Paper Conclusion

The parts of a research paper conclusion typically include:

Restatement of the Thesis

The conclusion should begin by restating the thesis statement from the introduction in a different way. This helps to remind the reader of the main argument or purpose of the research.

Summary of Key Findings

The conclusion should summarize the main findings of the research, highlighting the most important results and conclusions. This section should be brief and to the point.

Implications and Significance

In this section, the researcher should explain the implications and significance of the research findings. This may include discussing the potential impact on the field or industry, highlighting new insights or knowledge gained, or pointing out areas for future research.

Limitations and Recommendations

It is important to acknowledge any limitations or weaknesses of the research and to make recommendations for how these could be addressed in future studies. This shows that the researcher is aware of the potential limitations of their work and is committed to improving the quality of research in their field.

Concluding Statement

The conclusion should end with a strong concluding statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader. This could be a call to action, a recommendation for further research, or a final thought on the topic.

How to Write Research Paper Conclusion

Here are some steps you can follow to write an effective research paper conclusion:

• Restate the research problem or question: Begin by restating the research problem or question that you aimed to answer in your research. This will remind the reader of the purpose of your study.
• Summarize the main points: Summarize the key findings and results of your research. This can be done by highlighting the most important aspects of your research and the evidence that supports them.
• Discuss the implications: Discuss the implications of your findings for the research area and any potential applications of your research. You should also mention any limitations of your research that may affect the interpretation of your findings.
• Provide a conclusion : Provide a concise conclusion that summarizes the main points of your paper and emphasizes the significance of your research. This should be a strong and clear statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.
• Offer suggestions for future research: Lastly, offer suggestions for future research that could build on your findings and contribute to further advancements in the field.

Remember that the conclusion should be brief and to the point, while still effectively summarizing the key findings and implications of your research.

Example of Research Paper Conclusion

Here’s an example of a research paper conclusion:

Conclusion :

In conclusion, our study aimed to investigate the relationship between social media use and mental health among college students. Our findings suggest that there is a significant association between social media use and increased levels of anxiety and depression among college students. This highlights the need for increased awareness and education about the potential negative effects of social media use on mental health, particularly among college students.

Despite the limitations of our study, such as the small sample size and self-reported data, our findings have important implications for future research and practice. Future studies should aim to replicate our findings in larger, more diverse samples, and investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the association between social media use and mental health. In addition, interventions should be developed to promote healthy social media use among college students, such as mindfulness-based approaches and social media detox programs.

Overall, our study contributes to the growing body of research on the impact of social media on mental health, and highlights the importance of addressing this issue in the context of higher education. By raising awareness and promoting healthy social media use among college students, we can help to reduce the negative impact of social media on mental health and improve the well-being of young adults.

Purpose of Research Paper Conclusion

The purpose of a research paper conclusion is to provide a summary and synthesis of the key findings, significance, and implications of the research presented in the paper. The conclusion serves as the final opportunity for the writer to convey their message and leave a lasting impression on the reader.

The conclusion should restate the research problem or question, summarize the main results of the research, and explain their significance. It should also acknowledge the limitations of the study and suggest areas for future research or action.

Overall, the purpose of the conclusion is to provide a sense of closure to the research paper and to emphasize the importance of the research and its potential impact. It should leave the reader with a clear understanding of the main findings and why they matter. The conclusion serves as the writer’s opportunity to showcase their contribution to the field and to inspire further research and action.

When to Write Research Paper Conclusion

The conclusion of a research paper should be written after the body of the paper has been completed. It should not be written until the writer has thoroughly analyzed and interpreted their findings and has written a complete and cohesive discussion of the research.

Before writing the conclusion, the writer should review their research paper and consider the key points that they want to convey to the reader. They should also review the research question, hypotheses, and methodology to ensure that they have addressed all of the necessary components of the research.

Once the writer has a clear understanding of the main findings and their significance, they can begin writing the conclusion. The conclusion should be written in a clear and concise manner, and should reiterate the main points of the research while also providing insights and recommendations for future research or action.

Characteristics of Research Paper Conclusion

The characteristics of a research paper conclusion include:

• Clear and concise: The conclusion should be written in a clear and concise manner, summarizing the key findings and their significance.
• Comprehensive: The conclusion should address all of the main points of the research paper, including the research question or problem, the methodology, the main results, and their implications.
• Future-oriented : The conclusion should provide insights and recommendations for future research or action, based on the findings of the research.
• Impressive : The conclusion should leave a lasting impression on the reader, emphasizing the importance of the research and its potential impact.
• Objective : The conclusion should be based on the evidence presented in the research paper, and should avoid personal biases or opinions.
• Unique : The conclusion should be unique to the research paper and should not simply repeat information from the introduction or body of the paper.

Advantages of Research Paper Conclusion

The advantages of a research paper conclusion include:

• Summarizing the key findings : The conclusion provides a summary of the main findings of the research, making it easier for the reader to understand the key points of the study.
• Emphasizing the significance of the research: The conclusion emphasizes the importance of the research and its potential impact, making it more likely that readers will take the research seriously and consider its implications.
• Providing recommendations for future research or action : The conclusion suggests practical recommendations for future research or action, based on the findings of the study.
• Providing closure to the research paper : The conclusion provides a sense of closure to the research paper, tying together the different sections of the paper and leaving a lasting impression on the reader.
• Demonstrating the writer’s contribution to the field : The conclusion provides the writer with an opportunity to showcase their contribution to the field and to inspire further research and action.

Limitations of Research Paper Conclusion

While the conclusion of a research paper has many advantages, it also has some limitations that should be considered, including:

• I nability to address all aspects of the research: Due to the limited space available in the conclusion, it may not be possible to address all aspects of the research in detail.
• Subjectivity : While the conclusion should be objective, it may be influenced by the writer’s personal biases or opinions.
• Lack of new information: The conclusion should not introduce new information that has not been discussed in the body of the research paper.
• Lack of generalizability: The conclusions drawn from the research may not be applicable to other contexts or populations, limiting the generalizability of the study.
• Misinterpretation by the reader: The reader may misinterpret the conclusions drawn from the research, leading to a misunderstanding of the findings.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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How to Write a Good Conclusion (With Examples) 

• Smodin Editorial Team
• Published: May 31, 2024

Students often spend a great deal of time crafting essay introductions while leaving the conclusion as an afterthought. While the introduction is one of the most vital aspects of an essay, a good conclusion can have just as much of an impact on its effectiveness. Knowing how to write a good conclusion is crucial, as it encapsulates your main points and leaves a lasting impression on the reader.

A well-crafted conclusion should serve as the final pitch for your arguments. Your reader should walk away with a clear understanding of what they just read and how it applies to the core of your thesis. With the right approach, your conclusion can transform a good essay into a great one, making it both memorable and impactful.

This article will guide you through four simple steps of writing compelling conclusions. Each step is designed to help you reinforce your thesis and articulate your final thoughts in a way that will resonate with your teacher or professor. With a bit of practice, you can learn how to stick the landing and give every essay the finale it deserves.

What Is the Purpose of the Conclusion Paragraph?

Understanding the purpose of the conclusion paragraph is essential for effective essay writing. The conclusion paragraph should be more than just a summary of your essay. It should consolidate all your arguments and tie them back to your thesis.

Remember, all good writing inspires emotion. Whether to inspire, provoke, or engage is up to you, but the conclusion should always leave a lasting impression.

If in doubt, Smodin’s AI Chat tool can be handy for gauging the emotional impact of your conclusion.

By mastering the art of writing a powerful conclusion, you equip yourself with the tools to ensure your essays stand out. Whether it’s the first or last essay you’re writing for the class, it’s your chance to leave a definitive mark on your reader.

How to Write a Good Conclusion

This approach ensures your conclusion adds value and reinforces your arguments’ coherence. Here are three simple and effective practices to help you craft a solid conclusion.

Restating Your Thesis

Restating your thesis in the conclusion is a common practice in essay writing, and for good reason. It helps underscore how your understanding has deepened or shifted based on the evidence you provided.

Just understand that a restatement of your original thesis doesn’t mean a complete word-for-word repeat. You should rephrase your original thesis so that it elucidates the insights you touched on throughout the essay. Smodin’s AI Rewriter can help refine your restatement to ensure it is fresh and impactful.

Here are a few tips to effectively restate your thesis

• Show Complexity : If your essay added layers or nuances to the original statement, be sure to articulate that clearly.
• Integrate Key Findings : Incorporate the main findings of your essay to reinforce how they supported or refined your thesis.
• Keep It Fresh : Again, you want to avoid repeating the same things twice. Use different wording that reflects a nuanced perspective.

Finally, always ensure that the restated thesis connects seamlessly with the rest of your essay. Always try to showcase the coherence of your writing to provide the reader with a strong sense of closure.

Using AI tools like Smodin’s Outliner and Essay Writer can ensure your writing flows smoothly and is easy to follow.

Providing an Effective Synthesis

Providing an effective synthesis should enhance your original thesis. All good arguments should evolve and shift throughout the essay. Rather than simply summarizing these findings, you should integrate critical insights and evidence to demonstrate a deeper or more nuanced understanding.

Draw connections between the main points discussed and show how they collectively support your thesis. Also, reflect on the implications of these insights for the broader context of your subject. And once again, always use fresh and engaging language to maintain the reader’s interest.

The last thing you want is for your reader to view your essay as a collection of individual points. A good essay should read as a unified whole, with all the pieces tying together naturally. You affirm your argument’s significance when you tie all the pieces together in your conclusion.

Providing New Insights

Also, think of this step as your opportunity to propose future research directions based on your findings. What could a student or researcher study next? What unanswered questions remain? If you’re having trouble answering these questions, consider using Smodin’s research tools to expand your knowledge of the topic.

That isn’t to say you can leave open-ended or unanswered questions about your own thesis. On the contrary, your conclusion should firmly establish the validity of your argument. That said, any deep and insightful analysis naturally leads to further exploration. Draw attention to these potential areas of inquiry.

(Optional) Form a Personal Connection With the Reader

Forming a connection with the reader in the conclusion can personalize and strengthen the impact of your essay. This technique can be powerful if implemented correctly, making your writing more relatable, human, and memorable.

That said, slime academics discourage using “I” in formal essays. It’s always best to clarify your teacher’s or professor’s stance before submitting your final draft.

If it is allowed, consider sharing a brief personal reflection or anecdote that ties back to the main themes of your essay. A personal touch can go a long way toward humanizing your arguments and creating a connection with the reader.

Whatever you choose, remember that your conclusion should always complement the analytical findings of your essay. Never say anything that detracts from your thesis or the findings you presented.

Examples of Good Conclusions

Let’s explore some examples to illustrate what a well-crafted conclusion looks and sounds like. The following are two hypothetical thesis essays from the fields of science and literature.

• Thesis Topic: The Impact of Climate Change on Coral Reefs
• Introduction: “Coral reefs act as the guardians of the ocean’s biodiversity. These underwater ecosystems are among the most vibrant and essential on the entire planet. However, the escalating impact of climate change poses a severe threat to their health and survival. This essay aims to dissect specific environmental changes contributing to coral degradation while proposing measures for mitigation.”
• Conclusion: “This investigation into the impact of climate change on coral reefs has revealed a disturbing acceleration of coral bleaching events and a significant decline of reef biodiversity. The findings presented in this study establish a clear link between increased sea temperatures and coral reef mortality. Future research should focus on the resilience mechanisms of coral species that could influence conservation strategies. The fate of the coral reefs depends on humanity’s immediate and concentrated action to curb global emissions and preserve these vital ecosystems for future generations.”

Notice how the conclusion doesn’t simply restate the thesis. Instead, it highlights the definitive connection between climate change and coral health. It also reiterates the issue’s urgency and extends a call of action for ongoing intervention. The last sentence is direct, to the point, and leaves a lasting impression on the reader.

If you’re struggling with your closing sentence (or any sentence, for that matter), Smodin’s Rewriter can create hundreds of different sentences in seconds. Then, choose the sentences and phrases that resonate the most and use them to craft a compelling conclusion.

• Thesis Topic: The Evolution of the American Dream in 20th-Century American Literature
• Introduction: “The American Dream was once defined by prosperity and success. However, throughout the 20th century, the representation of the American Dream in popular literature has undergone significant changes. Are these representations indicative of a far-reaching sentiment that lay dormant among the American public? Or were these works simply the result of disillusioned writers responding to the evolving challenges of the times?”
• Conclusion: “Works by F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Steinbeck, and Toni Morrison illustrate the American Dream’s evolution from unbridled optimism to a more critical examination of the American ethos. Throughout modernist and post-modernist literature, the American Dream is often at odds with core American values. These novels reflect broader societal shifts that continue to shape the national consciousness. Further research into contemporary literature could provide greater insight into the complexities of this concept.”

You will know exactly what this essay covers by reading the introduction and conclusion alone. It summarizes the evolution of the American Dream by examining the works of three unique authors. It then analyzes these works to demonstrate how they reflect broader societal shifts. The conclusion works as both a capstone and a bridge to set the stage for future inquiries.

Write Better Conclusions With Smodin

Always remember the human element behind the grading process when crafting your essay. Your teachers or professors are human and have likely spent countless hours reviewing essays on similar topics. The grading process can be long and exhaustive. Your conclusion should aim to make their task easier, not harder.

A well-crafted conclusion serves as the final piece to your argument. It should recap the critical insights discussed above while shedding new light on the topic. By including innovative elements and insightful observations, your conclusion will help your essay stand out from the crowd.

Make sure your essay ends on a high note to maximize your chances of getting a better grade now and in the future. Smodin’s comprehensive suite of AI tools can help you enhance every aspect of your essay writing. From initial research to structuring, these tools can streamline the process and improve the quality of your essays.

When you choose to publish with PLOS, your research makes an impact. Make your work accessible to all, without restrictions, and accelerate scientific discovery with options like preprints and published peer review that make your work more Open.

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• How to Write Discussions and Conclusions

The discussion section contains the results and outcomes of a study. An effective discussion informs readers what can be learned from your experiment and provides context for the results.

What makes an effective discussion?

When you’re ready to write your discussion, you’ve already introduced the purpose of your study and provided an in-depth description of the methodology. The discussion informs readers about the larger implications of your study based on the results. Highlighting these implications while not overstating the findings can be challenging, especially when you’re submitting to a journal that selects articles based on novelty or potential impact. Regardless of what journal you are submitting to, the discussion section always serves the same purpose: concluding what your study results actually mean.

A successful discussion section puts your findings in context. It should include:

• the results of your research,
• a discussion of related research, and
• a comparison between your results and initial hypothesis.

Tip: Not all journals share the same naming conventions.

You can apply the advice in this article to the conclusion, results or discussion sections of your manuscript.

Our Early Career Researcher community tells us that the conclusion is often considered the most difficult aspect of a manuscript to write. To help, this guide provides questions to ask yourself, a basic structure to model your discussion off of and examples from published manuscripts. 

Questions to ask yourself:

• Was my hypothesis correct?
• If my hypothesis is partially correct or entirely different, what can be learned from the results? 
• How do the conclusions reshape or add onto the existing knowledge in the field? What does previous research say about the topic? 
• Why are the results important or relevant to your audience? Do they add further evidence to a scientific consensus or disprove prior studies? 
• How can future research build on these observations? What are the key experiments that must be done? 
• What is the “take-home” message you want your reader to leave with?

How to structure a discussion

Trying to fit a complete discussion into a single paragraph can add unnecessary stress to the writing process. If possible, you’ll want to give yourself two or three paragraphs to give the reader a comprehensive understanding of your study as a whole. Here’s one way to structure an effective discussion:

Writing Tips

While the above sections can help you brainstorm and structure your discussion, there are many common mistakes that writers revert to when having difficulties with their paper. Writing a discussion can be a delicate balance between summarizing your results, providing proper context for your research and avoiding introducing new information. Remember that your paper should be both confident and honest about the results! 

• Read the journal’s guidelines on the discussion and conclusion sections. If possible, learn about the guidelines before writing the discussion to ensure you’re writing to meet their expectations. 
• Begin with a clear statement of the principal findings. This will reinforce the main take-away for the reader and set up the rest of the discussion. 
• Explain why the outcomes of your study are important to the reader. Discuss the implications of your findings realistically based on previous literature, highlighting both the strengths and limitations of the research. 
• State whether the results prove or disprove your hypothesis. If your hypothesis was disproved, what might be the reasons? 
• Introduce new or expanded ways to think about the research question. Indicate what next steps can be taken to further pursue any unresolved questions. 
• If dealing with a contemporary or ongoing problem, such as climate change, discuss possible consequences if the problem is avoided. 
• Be concise. Adding unnecessary detail can distract from the main findings. 

Don’t

• Rewrite your abstract. Statements with “we investigated” or “we studied” generally do not belong in the discussion. 
• Include new arguments or evidence not previously discussed. Necessary information and evidence should be introduced in the main body of the paper. 
• Apologize. Even if your research contains significant limitations, don’t undermine your authority by including statements that doubt your methodology or execution. 
• Shy away from speaking on limitations or negative results. Including limitations and negative results will give readers a complete understanding of the presented research. Potential limitations include sources of potential bias, threats to internal or external validity, barriers to implementing an intervention and other issues inherent to the study design. 
• Overstate the importance of your findings. Making grand statements about how a study will fully resolve large questions can lead readers to doubt the success of the research. 

Snippets of Effective Discussions:

Consumer-based actions to reduce plastic pollution in rivers: A multi-criteria decision analysis approach

Identifying reliable indicators of fitness in polar bears

• How to Write a Great Title
• How to Write an Abstract
• How to Write Your Methods
• How to Report Statistics
• How to Edit Your Work

The contents of the Peer Review Center are also available as a live, interactive training session, complete with slides, talking points, and activities. …

The contents of the Writing Center are also available as a live, interactive training session, complete with slides, talking points, and activities. …

There’s a lot to consider when deciding where to submit your work. Learn how to choose a journal that will help your study reach its audience, while reflecting your values as a researcher…

Conclusion for English Project | How to Write | With Sample

Conclusion is an essential part of any English project as it serves multiple purposes. It provides closure to the project by summarizing the main points discussed in the body of the work. This helps to reinforce the key arguments and ideas presented throughout the project.

The conclusion allows the writer to make a final statement or offer a concluding thought on the topic being discussed. This helps to leave a lasting impression on the reader and ensure that the main takeaways from the project are clear and well-defined.

Another important purpose of the conclusion is to tie everything together and provide a sense of completion to the project. It acts as a final wrap-up that brings the project to a satisfying end and leaves the reader with a sense of closure. In essence, the conclusion is where the writer can make their final stand and leave a lasting impact on the reader.

Here, I will show you how to create a good conclusion for your English project, and I will also provide some sample examples.

How to Write Conclusion for English Project

When it comes to writing a conclusion for an English project, it is important to keep in mind a few key points to ensure that your conclusion is effective and serves its purpose. Here are some tips on how to write a conclusion for your English project:

Length: Your conclusion should be concise and to the point, typically around 3-5 sentences in length. It should summarize the main points of your project and leave a lasting impression on the reader.

What to include: In your conclusion, you should restate your thesis statement and summarize the key points of your project. You may also want to include a call to action or suggest further research related to your topic. This will help tie everything together and leave a lasting impact on your audience.

What not to include: Avoid introducing new information or arguments in your conclusion. This is not the place to bring up new ideas or points that were not previously discussed in your project. Stick to summarizing what you have already presented and leave your reader with a clear understanding of your main points.

By following these guidelines, you can write a strong conclusion for your English project that effectively wraps up your work and leaves a lasting impression on your audience. Remember to keep it concise, summarize your main points, and avoid introducing new information to ensure your conclusion is impactful and memorable.

English Project Conclusion

For my English project I read the book The Giver by Lois Lowry. It is about a boy named Jonas who lives in a society without feelings. Jonas is selected to be the Receiver of Memories. He learns the truth about his society. The Giver shows how important feelings and memories are. I enjoyed reading this book and thinking about the message.

Conclusion for Project (Keeping Quite)

The “Keeping Quiet” project was a great success. We learned the importance of taking time to listen and reflect, rather than always speaking. By practicing silence, we were able to improve our focus and reduce stress. This project has shown us the benefits of quiet time and we plan to continue incorporating it into our daily routine.

Also Check:   Conclusion of Pollution Essay or Project

Conclusion for English Language Project

In conclusion, this English project has been a challenging yet rewarding experience. Through researching and analyzing various literary works, I have gained a deeper understanding of different writing styles and techniques. Additionally, presenting my findings to my classmates has helped me improve my communication skills and gain confidence in public speaking.

Conclusion for English Project Example

The project successfully achieved its objectives by analyzing various literary works, conducting in-depth research on the chosen topic, and presenting the findings in a coherent and compelling manner. Through this project, we have demonstrated the ability to critically analyze literature, synthesize information, and effectively communicate our ideas. Furthermore, the project has allowed us to develop our writing, research, and analytical skills, which will undoubtedly benefit us in our academic and professional pursuits.

Also Check:   Conclusion of Consumer Rights and Awareness

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The 4 best agency pricing models (with real examples)

• 13 min read

Why it’s important to choose the right agency pricing model

• core agency pricing models to learn from

What is the best agency pricing model for me?

Pricing is one of those things that can be daunting for every business owner just starting out.

Knowing how much to charge, and how often, will set the stage for how healthy of a business you’ll be able to create. I mean, after all, without getting paid, you won’t have a business.

So if you want to run a lean, competitive, and financially stable business — and why wouldn’t you? — one of the first things you need to figure out is your agency pricing model.

In this article, we’ll take a deep dive into the best pricing models so you can choose the best option for your agency.

Choosing the right agency pricing model is about far more than just getting paid. It also influences a lot of other important aspects of your business, too. Before we share the most popular models that agencies around the world use to charge clients, let’s explore the reasons why you need to get your pricing right.

Business operations

Your agency pricing model has a significant effect on your revenues. However, you need to think beyond what you take home each tax year. Setting your prices and your model dictates how you can cover costs, pay for employees and contractors, and how much money you have to reinvest in your business for things like equipment, marketing agency tools , and human capital.

Perception of value

Your agency pricing model affects your client’s perception of whether your service provides value. For example, charging an hourly rate or a flat monthly fee, and your client will focus on what you achieve within that time, with no promise that your work will make an impact. However, if you embrace a performance-based model, clients only pay for the results you generate.

Competition

Competing on price is one thing; competing on pricing models is another. It’s hard to compete against other agencies in your niche, which is why many businesses slash their prices. The problem with that approach is that you’re stuck trying to cover costs and make a profit on tight margins.

If you want to stand out against rival agencies, offering an alternative business model can work. For example, if other agencies use an hourly or day rate to charge their clients, you can compete with a flat monthly subscription with clearly defined deliverables. In some situations, that type of model will prove more attractive to your clients.

Client relationships

Your pricing model can even play a role in client relationships. Part of this is about the perception of value, which we’ve discussed above. The other part is about providing transparency and clarity. For example, a productized or subscription service business model outlines the client’s expectations in no uncertain terms, which can help foster trust and loyalty.

Time and resource allocation

Whichever agency pricing model you choose will also dictate what sort of contracts or arrangements you choose. For example, if you charge hourly, it’s natural to seek work that allows you to maximize your billable hours. On the other hand, a value-based model means you will identify contracts where you can have a measurable impact on revenue and take a cut.

Getting paid per hour or by project is difficult to scale because you can only bill for so much time per month. However, other models, like retainer or performance-based payments, are more amenable to scale. So, think about your business objectives over the long term when you’re picking the right model for you.

Ok, now that you understand the impact that agency pricing models can have on you, your clients, and your business objectives, it’s time to study the different models you can apply as an agency.

4 core agency pricing models to learn from

Here are the four main agency pricing models:

• Hourly pricing
• Performance-based
• Project-based

Alright, let’s go through examples and the pros and cons of each of these models.

1. Hourly pricing

Hourly pricing is one of the most common cost structures among agencies. It works fairly simply, which explains some of the appeal. An agency sets a predetermined hourly price for their service and invoices their client based on how long a project or set of projects takes.

The good thing about hourly pricing is that you ensure you get compensated for the actual time you spend on a project. This arrangement makes it easier to deal with things like scope creep or unexpected additional work on a project.

However, you do need to find a way to justify each hour of work. You can do this by keeping a work diary. Alternatively, there are lots of project management tools that come with time-tracking capabilities. These tools provide value for both you and your clients because you can automate your hours and invoices, and your clients can easily control their budgets. So, make sure they are part of your agency tech stack.

A big advantage of the hourly pricing model is its flexibility. Your clients can easily add tasks or adjust projects and pay for the additional work they receive, making it ideal for ongoing and one-off projects.

Of course, no model is perfect. One of the big issues with hourly pricing is that monthly or annual revenues are irregular and hard to predict. However, there are alternative models that are more geared toward recurring revenue, which we will share later in this article.

Pros and cons of hourly pricing

• This pricing model is very simple to understand and implement.
• Clients don’t need to pay a large fee upfront.
• Hourly pricing offers a lot of flexibility and works well in scenarios with unpredictable workloads.
• Clients might have questions about how productive you are during each hour.
• Hourly pricing pits your profitability against your clients.
• This model is challenging to scale without hugely boosting your efficiency.

How to set your hourly price

There are lots of different factors that go into setting your hourly rate. Let’s look at the two most common approaches.

Market-based pricing

In industries with a lot of competition, market-based pricing might be your best bet. While many clients want quality at any cost, others are more interested in getting as much value as possible from their agency. As such, other agencies can influence the hourly rate you charge.

If you’re just starting out, you can find the average cost via competitor analysis. This research can help you gauge your pricing, but it’s not an exact science.

Cost-based pricing

Cost-based pricing looks at what it costs you to deliver your service and adds an acceptable profit margin on top. For smaller agencies, costs can be fairly minimal and constitute things like utilities, equipment, and, of course, your time. However, once you start adding in employees and office rents, costs can rise dramatically.

Agencies in coastal cities typically charge more to reflect higher costs of living, rents, and salaries. As such, their cost-based hourly rate will be more than, for example, a Midwestern business. Of course, as remote work has emerged, it does represent an opportunity to compete with companies around the nation, but without the typical costs of doing business.

Example of the hourly pricing model

If you need a good example of the hourly pricing model, look no further than freelancers or small agencies on Upwork . These agencies typically have a standard hourly rate that they use to attract clients.

However, it’s important to note that Upwork also provides flexibility to bid per project or milestone, too.

2. Retainer

The retainer pricing model typically involves clients paying a monthly or quarterly fee to “retain” your agency's service during that time. That monthly or quarterly fee will usually contain something like:

• An agreed set of hours.
• Specific tasks.
• A clearly delineated scope of work.

When compared to hourly charges, there is a bit more discussion to trash out with the client. However, once you’ve ironed out an agreement, there is less admin involved.

One interesting way to cut back on admin while offering a retainer service is by adopting a productized service business model. These models work because they establish clear boundaries around what each client can expect from your service. What’s more, these packages are sold like a product, which makes invoices and billing very straightforward.

Overall, the retainer agency pricing model will only work for specific scenarios. It’s a good choice for agencies that offer services that are built on consistency and long-term relationships, such as SEO or digital marketing. These arrangements mean agencies and clients can build deeper relationships and better, more fruitful collaborations.

Pros and cons of retainer pricing

• Helps agencies secure consistent and predictable revenue, making it easier to manage resources.
• Agencies with predictable revenue can focus more on delivering value for their clients and spend less time on sales and marketing.
• Retainers help agencies focus time on retention and developing stronger relationships.
• For a variety of reasons, clients come and go, and sometimes abruptly. Overreliance on a retainer for a big client might leave your agency in a vulnerable spot if you lose their business.
• Scope creep becomes an issue if clients want to request more work than initially anticipated.
• If your roster gets too full, it means you’ll need to turn down ad-hoc work and potentially miss out on developing other relationships with clients.

How to set your retainer rate

Setting retainer pricing is a little tricky for new or inexperienced agencies. However, you can use this method to set your retainer prices.

Firstly, work out your hourly or per-project rate. Add in your overheads, such as staff, software subscriptions, rent, utilities, and so on. From there, estimate how much time and resources each retainer service will cost you to deliver, factoring in any additional value you offer, such as expertise, specialist knowledge, or experience.

From there, you can build various tiers based on the scope of work, deliverables, potential clients' budgets, and so forth. Ideally, you want to leave a little wriggle room to ensure you can deliver great service without overextending yourself and taking too much time away from other projects or clients.

Example of the retainer/subscription pricing model

ViralCuts is a video-editing service that connects clients with first-rate video editors around the world. It’s a great option for teams that produce a lot of videos and don’t have the time to find and assess new editors for each one.

Understandably, ViralCuts is the perfect type of business for a retainer pricing model. They offer different tiers of productized services based on editors' experiences. Each retainer gives a client 40 hours per week with a dedicated editor.

3. Performance-based

The performance-based pricing model ties your agency fees to a metric or set of metrics that measure the impact of your work. These arrangements are dramatically different from hourly or project-based work. However, they do introduce a level of unpredictability into your work, which means they won’t work for every agency.

Some examples of performance-based agencies include things like payment based on the number of sales or leads generated by the marketing agency each month. Instead of paying a flat or hourly fee, your client pays for each opportunity.

Performance-based models are a bit of a double-edged sword. In the worst-case scenario, this model can mean your agency invests a lot of time and resources into working for a client but for little reward. In other cases, you can generate revenue well in excess of your effort if a campaign takes off. Either way, it means abandoning thoughts of predictable revenue and, instead, betting on yourself or your agency.

For clients, there is a lot of appeal about working with a performance-based agency. In particular, it removes an element of risk because if the agency does not perform well, they don’t get paid. As such, it’s only advisable to adopt this financial model if you have absolute confidence to deliver impactful results.

Another important thing to consider is that some KPIs and metrics are hard to track and attribute. For example, let’s say you are a digital marketing agency, and you charge based on revenue generated by your campaign. Accurately tracking which of your actions led to sales can be difficult. What’s more, you’ll need to trust your client to report revenues to ensure you get your cut accurately.

Pros and cons of performance-based pricing

• Potential to earn high volumes of revenue if you can deliver great results for your client.
• Performance-based pricing is a great idea for clients because they only pay for results.
• Ensures that agencies stay focused on generating tangible results.
• Revenue is not assured, which means poor luck or unforeseen market changes might leave your agency struggling financially.
• This model will only work for certain situations and industries, which means you’ll have a far narrower base of potential clients.
• This model can occasionally lead to prioritizing short-term success over more long-term and sustainable actions.

How to set your performance-based pricing rates

Determining performance-based pricing seems complicated at first glance. However, it’s fairly straightforward to do with the right kind of planning.

For starters, agree to outline the KPIs and metrics that you will measure to determine success. That can be leads, sales, web traffic, or whatever custom metrics work for your client. From there, you need to establish your client’s current performance as a baseline and then set realistic targets for what you can do.

Next up, you must determine what each conversion is worth to your client. From there, you can take a percentage of this value, or agree to a flat rate based on averages. If you go with a flat rate, you might want to work in a way that will give you a bonus for larger deals or for exceeding expectations.

Finally, in the interests of transparency, you’ll need to work out a way to have some visibility over results. Analytics platforms with shared dashboards can work out very well in these situations.

Example of the performance-based pricing model

MVF Global is a marketing and market research company that helps connect businesses with relevant leads and customers. They work across a wide range of industries and are well-known for generating high-quality leads.

Instead of charging clients per hour or per campaign, they use a performance-based pricing model that takes a share of profits generated from their campaigns. It takes some confidence in your ability to produce consistent results to offer this service. For established names like MVF with solid operating models and a track record of success, it makes all the sense in the world.

4. Project-based

The project-based agency pricing model is frequently used across a diverse set of industries. This model is fairly straightforward and involves charging a fixed fee for a project or a deliverable.

While it’s not necessarily standard across the industry, web design is a good way to show how the project-based agency business model works. For example, let’s say a client contacts you to say they have a new business and they need a website.

Now, each website is different. So, while you could offer a productized service based on a standardized website, it might not provide enough customization for each client. Instead, the best way to estimate the cost for this project is by sitting down with the client, establishing what they want, and working out the costs based on delivering that site.

The project-based pricing model works for clients because they pay a flat fee for the job. However, this underlines the importance of outlining expectations and deliverables.

Pros and cons of project-based pricing

• Project-based prices are predictable for clients and agencies. 
• Delivering projects as efficiently as possible becomes an operational priority.
• Project management, budgeting, and financial planning become more straightforward.
• If the project scope changes, it can introduce a few issues with charging.
• Margins hinge on your ability to price jobs accurately.
• Lacks the predictable revenue associated with other agency pricing models.

How to set your project-based pricing rates

Project-based pricing comes with a few complexities. However, with enough experience, you’ll soon get a sense of how you should set your rates, particularly if projects have similar features.

If you’re just starting out, here is a good process to follow to set project-based rates.

Firstly, calculate the staff hours, resources, and materials you need to complete the project. Then, consider your desired profit margins and add them to your budget. However, there are other things that you need to think about, too.

Much of the same advice on setting hourly rates applies here, too. While we’ve shared a cost-based pricing model above, depending on your market, expertise, and experience, you might be able to take a more value-based pricing approach. In effect, if you can offer your clients the kind of service or results they’ll struggle to get elsewhere, you can charge a premium.

Example of the project-based pricing model

Sandwich is a Silicon Valley-based creative studio. They work in marketing and have made video ads for some huge startups. Understandably, budgets and objectives vary wildly from client to client, which is reflected in their agency pricing model.

While not every agency makes commercials, the principles of Sandwich’s project-based pricing are transferable: figure out what each client needs and tell them how you can deliver it and with what budget.

If you’re worried about scope creep’s effect on your margins, draw up a legal agreement that clearly defines the deliverables and establishes a price for extra work. Trust us, it will help you avoid some awkward situations and conversations over the long term.

The best agency pricing model for any business depends on a few different factors, including your service, agency size, competition, target audience, and even your business goals. In other words, there is no “right” pricing model. Each model has its own pros and cons, which we have shared with you above.

The most important thing, especially when you are starting out, is to try to strike a balance between providing value and getting paid. While tightening your profit margins so you can win market share from your rivals is a tried-and-tested approach, beware of committing yourself to projects that just aren’t worth it.

Getting your agency pricing model sorted is a vital step for any new business. However, managing your agency efficiently is just as important. Copilot comes with a wide range of tools that are tailor-made for agency management, including automated contracts and onboarding, a sophisticated billing app, and a polished, white-label client portal for managing document sharing and messaging.

Start your 14-day free trial today to see why agencies across the land are turning to Copilot to help them manage their business and provide superb client experiences.

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How to Ignore any ‘bin’ Directory on a Git Project?

In software projects, particularly those with compiled languages, the ‘bin’ directory stores compiled binaries or executables. Since these files are generated during builds and aren’t part of the source code, it’s common practice to exclude them from version control. Git enables easy exclusion of these directories using a .gitignore file.

Steps to Ignore the Bin Directory

Step 1: create or open the .gitignore file.

The .gitignore file is where you specify patterns for files and directories that Git should ignore. This file can be located at the root of your repository or in any subdirectory.

Note: If your project doesn’t already have a .gitignore file, create one at the root of your repository. If the file already exists, open it using a text editor.

Step 2: Add the Ignore Pattern for bin Directories

To ignore all bin directories in your project, regardless of their location, add the following line to your .gitignore file:

This pattern matches any directory named bin at the root level. If you want to ignore bin directories at any depth, use:

• /bin/: Ignores the bin directory only at the root level of the repository.
• **/bin/: Ignores all bin directories, regardless of their location in the directory tree.

Step 3: Ensure Existing bin Directories are Untracked

If the bin directories are already tracked by Git, simply adding them to .gitignore won’t suffice. You need to remove them from the index. Follow these steps:

Remove bin Directories from Git Tracking:

Use the git rm command with the –cached option to remove the bin directories from the index without deleting them from your filesystem.

Commit the Changes:

After removing the directories from tracking, commit the changes.

Step 4: Verify the Changes

After updating the .gitignore file and removing the bin directories from tracking, it’s a good idea to verify that the directories are being ignored as expected.

Check Git Status:

Use git status to ensure that the bin directories are not listed under “Changes not staged for commit” or “Untracked files.”

Test Ignoring a New Bin Directory:

Create a new bin directory in any subdirectory and check if Git ignores it.

Example .gitignore File

Here’s an example of a .gitignore file that ignores bin directories at any depth and also includes some other common ignore patterns:

Ignoring the bin directory in a Git project is a straightforward process that involves updating the .gitignore file and ensuring that existing bin directories are removed from tracking. By following the steps outlined in this guide, you can ensure that your repository remains clean and free of unnecessary binary files, which can help in maintaining a more manageable and efficient version control system.

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How to Write a Dissertation Conclusion | Checklist and Examples

Published on 9 September 2022 by Tegan George and Shona McCombes. Revised on 10 October 2022.

The conclusion is the very last part of your thesis or dissertation . It should be concise and engaging, leaving your reader with a clear understanding of your main findings, as well as the answer to your research question .

In it, you should:

• Clearly state the answer to your main research question
• Summarise and reflect on your research process
• Make recommendations for future work on your topic
• Show what new knowledge you have contributed to your field
• Wrap up your thesis or dissertation

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Table of contents

Discussion vs. conclusion, how long should your conclusion be, step 1: answer your research question, step 2: summarise and reflect on your research, step 3: make future recommendations, step 4: emphasise your contributions to your field, step 5: wrap up your thesis or dissertation, full conclusion example, conclusion checklist, frequently asked questions about conclusion sections.

While your conclusion contains similar elements to your discussion section , they are not the same thing.

Your conclusion should be shorter and more general than your discussion. Instead of repeating literature from your literature review , discussing specific research results , or interpreting your data in detail, concentrate on making broad statements that sum up the most important insights of your research.

As a rule of thumb, your conclusion should not introduce new data, interpretations, or arguments.

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Depending on whether you are writing a thesis or dissertation, your length will vary. Generally, a conclusion should make up around 5–7% of your overall word count.

An empirical scientific study will often have a short conclusion, concisely stating the main findings and recommendations for future research. A humanities topic or systematic review , on the other hand, might require more space to conclude its analysis, tying all the previous sections together in an overall argument.

Your conclusion should begin with the main question that your thesis or dissertation aimed to address. This is your final chance to show that you’ve done what you set out to do, so make sure to formulate a clear, concise answer.

• Don’t repeat a list of all the results that you already discussed
• Do synthesise them into a final takeaway that the reader will remember.

An empirical thesis or dissertation conclusion may begin like this:

A case study –based thesis or dissertation conclusion may begin like this:

In the second example, the research aim is not directly restated, but rather added implicitly to the statement. To avoid repeating yourself, it is helpful to reformulate your aims and questions into an overall statement of what you did and how you did it.

Your conclusion is an opportunity to remind your reader why you took the approach you did, what you expected to find, and how well the results matched your expectations.

To avoid repetition , consider writing more reflectively here, rather than just writing a summary of each preceding section. Consider mentioning the effectiveness of your methodology , or perhaps any new questions or unexpected insights that arose in the process.

You can also mention any limitations of your research, but only if you haven’t already included these in the discussion. Don’t dwell on them at length, though – focus on the positives of your work.

• While x limits the generalisability of the results, this approach provides new insight into y .
• This research clearly illustrates x , but it also raises the question of y .

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You may already have made a few recommendations for future research in your discussion section, but the conclusion is a good place to elaborate and look ahead, considering the implications of your findings in both theoretical and practical terms.

• Based on these conclusions, practitioners should consider …
• To better understand the implications of these results, future studies could address …
• Further research is needed to determine the causes of/effects of/relationship between …

When making recommendations for further research, be sure not to undermine your own work. Relatedly, while future studies might confirm, build on, or enrich your conclusions, they shouldn’t be required for your argument to feel complete. Your work should stand alone on its own merits.

Just as you should avoid too much self-criticism, you should also avoid exaggerating the applicability of your research. If you’re making recommendations for policy, business, or other practical implementations, it’s generally best to frame them as ‘shoulds’ rather than ‘musts’. All in all, the purpose of academic research is to inform, explain, and explore – not to demand.

Make sure your reader is left with a strong impression of what your research has contributed to the state of your field.

Some strategies to achieve this include:

• Returning to your problem statement to explain how your research helps solve the problem
• Referring back to the literature review and showing how you have addressed a gap in knowledge
• Discussing how your findings confirm or challenge an existing theory or assumption

Again, avoid simply repeating what you’ve already covered in the discussion in your conclusion. Instead, pick out the most important points and sum them up succinctly, situating your project in a broader context.

The end is near! Once you’ve finished writing your conclusion, it’s time to wrap up your thesis or dissertation with a few final steps:

• It’s a good idea to write your abstract next, while the research is still fresh in your mind.
• Next, make sure your reference list is complete and correctly formatted. To speed up the process, you can use our free APA citation generator .
• Once you’ve added any appendices , you can create a table of contents and title page .
• Finally, read through the whole document again to make sure your thesis is clearly written and free from language errors. You can proofread it yourself , ask a friend, or consider Scribbr’s proofreading and editing service .

Here is an example of how you can write your conclusion section. Notice how it includes everything mentioned above:

V. Conclusion

The current research aimed to identify acoustic speech characteristics which mark the beginning of an exacerbation in COPD patients.

The central questions for this research were as follows: 1. Which acoustic measures extracted from read speech differ between COPD speakers in stable condition and healthy speakers? 2. In what ways does the speech of COPD patients during an exacerbation differ from speech of COPD patients during stable periods?

All recordings were aligned using a script. Subsequently, they were manually annotated to indicate respiratory actions such as inhaling and exhaling. The recordings of 9 stable COPD patients reading aloud were then compared with the recordings of 5 healthy control subjects reading aloud. The results showed a significant effect of condition on the number of in- and exhalations per syllable, the number of non-linguistic in- and exhalations per syllable, and the ratio of voiced and silence intervals. The number of in- and exhalations per syllable and the number of non-linguistic in- and exhalations per syllable were higher for COPD patients than for healthy controls, which confirmed both hypotheses.

However, the higher ratio of voiced and silence intervals for COPD patients compared to healthy controls was not in line with the hypotheses. This unpredicted result might have been caused by the different reading materials or recording procedures for both groups, or by a difference in reading skills. Moreover, there was a trend regarding the effect of condition on the number of syllables per breath group. The number of syllables per breath group was higher for healthy controls than for COPD patients, which was in line with the hypothesis. There was no effect of condition on pitch, intensity, center of gravity, pitch variability, speaking rate, or articulation rate.

This research has shown that the speech of COPD patients in exacerbation differs from the speech of COPD patients in stable condition. This might have potential for the detection of exacerbations. However, sustained vowels rarely occur in spontaneous speech. Therefore, the last two outcome measures might have greater potential for the detection of beginning exacerbations, but further research on the different outcome measures and their potential for the detection of exacerbations is needed due to the limitations of the current study.

Checklist: Conclusion

I have clearly and concisely answered the main research question .

I have summarized my overall argument or key takeaways.

I have mentioned any important limitations of the research.

I have given relevant recommendations .

I have clearly explained what my research has contributed to my field.

I have  not introduced any new data or arguments.

You've written a great conclusion! Use the other checklists to further improve your dissertation.

In a thesis or dissertation, the discussion is an in-depth exploration of the results, going into detail about the meaning of your findings and citing relevant sources to put them in context.

The conclusion is more shorter and more general: it concisely answers your main research question and makes recommendations based on your overall findings.

While it may be tempting to present new arguments or evidence in your thesis or disseration conclusion , especially if you have a particularly striking argument you’d like to finish your analysis with, you shouldn’t. Theses and dissertations follow a more formal structure than this.

All your findings and arguments should be presented in the body of the text (more specifically in the discussion section and results section .) The conclusion is meant to summarize and reflect on the evidence and arguments you have already presented, not introduce new ones.

For a stronger dissertation conclusion , avoid including:

• Generic concluding phrases (e.g. “In conclusion…”)
• Weak statements that undermine your argument (e.g. “There are good points on both sides of this issue.”)

Your conclusion should leave the reader with a strong, decisive impression of your work.

The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation shouldn’t take up more than 5-7% of your overall word count.

The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation should include the following:

• A restatement of your research question
• A summary of your key arguments and/or results
• A short discussion of the implications of your research

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

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Creative Examples of CSS Flip Cards in Action

Discover engaging examples of css flip cards, master crafting interactive web designs, and elevate your ui with our in-depth guide..

Picture this: a sleek, interactive component on your webpage that flips with a smooth, captivating motion. That’s the magic of  CSS flip cards . In the digital realm, these dynamic elements not only enhance user engagement but also elevate the aesthetic of any web design.

In this article, you’ll dive deep into the world of CSS flip cards. From the basics of HTML5 and CSS3 to more advanced techniques involving JavaScript and 3D transformations, you’ll learn to craft flip cards that are not just visually appealing but also responsive and accessible across different devices.

Whether you are a front-end novice eager to experiment or a seasoned developer looking to refresh your toolkit, this guide is tailored to broaden your skill set.

Expect to explore:

• Step-by-step creation : Starting from scratch? No worries. Get detailed instructions on coding your first flip card.
• Innovative design tips : Push the boundaries with creative ideas and tips on enhancing your flip cards.
• Practical examples and resources : Apply what you learn with real-world examples and downloadable resources to practice your skills.

By the end of this read, you’ll not only master the art of creating CSS flip cards but will also be equipped to incorporate them effectively within your projects, ensuring they stand out in the vast sea of digital content.

CSS Flip Cards Examples

Card Flip CSS Animation by TJ Egan

This design inspires users to engage and discover hidden content or insights.

3D Flip Business Card by Elena Nazarova

Elena Nazarova’s flip card integrates a company logo into a business card format, leaving a memorable and professional impression.

Pricing – Pure CC by Ivan Grozdic

This web development endeavor makes effective use of HTML and CSS to craft visually attractive pricing cards responsive across major browsers.

Interactive Business Card by Daniel Destefanis

Featuring a bootstrap CSS-based interactive business card, this design flips upon hover, offering easy backside customization.

Design visually attractive and high-performing websites without writing a line of code

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Business Card by Nicholas Dobie

A distinct flip card crafted by Nicholas Dobie.

CSS Flip Card Hover Effect by Keith

Keith brings an enticing hover effect with this CSS Flip Card, which includes three demonstration cards for marketing and is downloadable for blog implementation.

Card Flip Reflection by alphardex

This project demonstrates an engaging flip effect and cutting-edge CSS techniques for dynamic styling and animation.

Flip Card by Andy McFee

Andy McFee successfully employs HTML and SCSS to generate cards with a 3D flip effect, aiming for user engagement and compatibility with multiple browsers.

Send A Gift Card With Animation by Ian Hazelton

Enhance your online platform with an Apple-like gift card animation that elevates the user experience.

Interactive and Responsive Card with Space Theme by ha.fa

Utilizing advanced CSS, this space-themed card maintains functionality across various devices, perfect for web applications.

3D Card Flip – Using CSS3 Transformations by smashtheshell

Explore how CSS-driven 3D card flips can effectively present information within your digital environment.

Flip Card by 101 Computing

Modify your flip card’s appearance through tailored CSS adjustments for a refreshing look.

3D flip card Hover Effect using CSS by Santosh Goswami

Santosh Goswami’s project provides a gripping 3D hover effect, ideally featuring super-hero themes, for blogs and story websites.

Day 14 – Near Miss by Ethan

Focused on minimalist design principles, this project leverages HTML and CSS for creating clean and effective web elements.

3D Flip Card Effect by Samet Erpik

Crafting interactive web components, this project uses a combination of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to deliver a captivating visual experience.

FlippyCards by Kayleigh Foley

Kayleigh Foley’s design brings a polished flip effect and modern aesthetic, integrating cleanly across different site styles.

Flipping card effect by Kniw Studio

Kniw Studio’s creation utilizes CSS for a dynamic card effect, enhancing user interfaces while remaining browser-friendly.

Fallout 76 CSS Slugger Perk Card by Jonno Witts

Jonno Witts presents a card featuring character profiles and ratings, activated through a user-initiated flip animation, with simplicity for adaptations in web applications.

Figure Flip Card by Brad Bodine

This design features an image on the front and a caption on the flip side, tailored specifically for dynamic display and not for static HTML content.

Parallax Card by Hakkam Abdullah

Engage your audience with a “Parallax Card” that adds visual depth and interactive elements using straightforward HTML and CSS techniques.

3D Profile Flip Card by Nick Hempsey

Nick Hempsey enhances digital interactions with 3D profile cards that demonstrate strong visual and functional design across all devices.

React – Flip Cards Design by Adam

Adam’s implementation in React for creating actor-themed flip cards increases user engagement through an attractive and interactive interface.

3D Product Cards by Zac

Experience the charm of 3D cards that expand and flip within your webpage, offering users a visually impressive exploration of content.

UI – Flip Card by Abubaker Saeed

Abubaker Saeed’s design from 2019 creates a user-interactive field with flip cards, showcasing ease of use with available demos for practical application.

Day One (Pure CSS) by Henry Desroches

Henry Desroches employs a toggle for flipping cards, utilizing a minimalistic and clear color scheme for easy integration.

Tilt And Flip Playing Cards By Manjit Karve

Explore the concept of “Tilt, Then Flip” cards that provide a novel way of presenting additional information on compact cards.

Teach CSS – Card Flip by Ben

Ben demonstrates proficient use of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript through his interactive and educational “Card Flip” project.

Cross-Browser Flip Card by Rodrigo Hernando

Rodrigo Hernando’s robust design ensures flawless functionality across different internet browsers with its 3D flip card effect.

3D Flipping Cards by Rita Bradley

Craft unique and personalized 3D flip cards, adapting them to meet your specific aesthetic and functional demands.

Flipping Card by Dmitry Korobov

This project offers an engaging user experience with its flipping card effect, easily integrated into varied web platforms.

Animated card – flip on hover by James Gillen

James Gillen enhances online interactions with a hover-triggered card flip featuring distinct shadow effects, perfect for a variety of digital uses.

CSS Flip Card (content with JS) by Diego Bruno Rodrigues

Diego Bruno Rodrigues employs JavaScript content within a CSS flip framework, creating an engaging and dynamic card flip experience.

Pure CSS clickable flip cards by Kacper Parzęcki

Kacper Parzęcki’s approach uses solely HTML, CSS, and some JavaScript to craft interactive flip cards, provided on CodePen for accessible learning and implementation.

React Flipping Card with Tutorial by Alex Devero

Alex Devero presents a straightforward method to devise interactive flipping cards with a React framework, enhancing web usability across platforms.

Flip – card memory game by Codrin Pavel

Delve into Codrin Pavel’s web-based memory game which utilizes interactive cards to challenge user memory and provide continuous skill progression.

Realistic Flip Card by Nicola Mihaita

Designed with professionalism, Nicola Mihaita’s card showcases groundbreaking style.

3D Flip Cards Pure CSS and HTML by Arash Rasteh

In this 2018 project, Arash Rasteh demonstrates 3D flip cards crafted solely with CSS, ensuring wide compatibility and interactivity without JavaScript.

Card Flip Form by Kelly H

Enhance user interface design, particularly in mobile contexts, with animated cards incorporating functional elements like sliders and easy-to-dismiss buttons.

Card flip 2 by Aakash Thakur

This design takes on a hover-triggered flipping mechanism, simplifying user interaction for various applications.

CSS Business Card by Keith Pickering

Keith Pickering introduces a modern, interactive method to display personal and professional information with an engaging CSS-based business card.

Half flip cards 3D by David Foliti

David Foliti’s project innovatively uses 3D transformations to enhance user interaction and visual appeal, complete with a demonstrative version for developers.

Card Flip by Marcos Paulo

Experience a unique 3D concept that incorporates a flip action through a simple button press, augmenting the user’s digital encounter.

Card Flip by Charles Ojukwu

Charles Ojukwu’s project offers an engaging 3D flip effect through straightforward HTML and CSS, improving user engagement and device adaptability.

Pure CSS Card Flip by Eddy Sims

Eddy Sims crafts a card with a slow-reverse flip animation and customizable hover effects, making it a versatile addition to any web space.

Holiday Feature Folding Cards [Pure CSS] by Madalena

Madalena creates a compelling holiday-themed flip animation using purely CSS, demonstrating a straightforward yet creative implementation ideal for festive occasions.

Ampersand flash card | css knockout text + flip animation by Eina O

Featuring innovative CSS knockout text and engaging flip animations, Eina O’s project highlights the ampersand symbol in a unique interactive display.

Style Flip-card Menu by Aaron Snowberger

Aaron Snowberger’s interactive card design enhances menu functionality in limited spaces, using flip effects to engage and retain users.

Valentine’s day (flip card 🙂 by Thea

This design by Thea introduces a romantic Valentine’s Day theme into an interactive flip card, perfect for holiday-themed websites.

Flip on click without JS by Ruud Burger

Ruud Burger’s creation excludes JavaScript, featuring a card that flips on click, suitable for news cards or title displays, with easy customization options.

Simple flip card CSS by TOMAZKI

Thomas Podgrodzki leverages simplicity and power in this profile-themed flip card design, seamlessly integrating into any professional or personal website.

Social Flip Cards by Charlotte Dann

Charlotte Dann uses HTML and SCSS to create playful and experimental social media interactive cards, demonstrating the fun side of web design.

Journalist Flip Card by Anders Schmidt Hansen

This project by Anders Schmidt Hansen introduces an animated press card that boosts user interaction, facilitating an engaging online experience.

FAQ On CSS Flip Cards

What exactly is a css flip card.

A CSS flip card is a dynamic web element that rotates on an axis to reveal information on the opposite side when interacted with, such as hovered over or clicked. They are a popular choice for their engaging visual appeal and ability to neatly contain information in a small space.

How do you create a basic flip card using just HTML and CSS?

To build a basic flip card, you’ll need two containers: one for the front and one for the back. Apply CSS  transform  properties to rotate the card. Use  :hover  or a similar pseudo-class to trigger the flip effect when the card is interacted with.

Can CSS flip cards be responsive?

Absolutely! Make CSS flip cards responsive by using relative units like percentages for width and height, and employing media queries to adjust layout or styles based on the device’s screen size. This ensures they look great on any device.

Are JavaScript libraries needed to implement flip card animations?

Not necessarily. While JavaScript libraries can add advanced interactivity, CSS3 alone can achieve smooth and visually appealing flip effects using transitions and transformations, making external libraries optional depending on the complexity of your design.

What are some creative uses for flip cards in web design?

Flip cards excel in scenarios where space is at a premium but information density cannot be compromised. For example, they’re fantastic for product cards in e-commerce, interactive business cards, or quick info flips in educational web applications.

How do you handle browser compatibility for CSS flip cards?

To ensure compatibility, use vendor prefixes for CSS properties like  transform  and  transition . Additionally, include fallback styles for older browsers that might not support advanced CSS features.

Techniques like progressive enhancement ensure basic functionality across a range of web browsers.

What’s the best way to enhance accessibility in CSS flip cards?

Prioritize accessibility by ensuring that flip cards are keyboard accessible, use ARIA attributes where necessary, and maintain high color contrast ratios. Additionally, provide alternatives or descriptions for users who are visually impaired and might not see the card flip.

How can you make flip cards work on touch devices?

For touch device compatibility, ensure that flip cards activate not only on hover but also on tap events. Use JavaScript or CSS’s  @media (hover: none) and (pointer: fine)  media query to adjust interactive triggers specifically designed for touch navigation.

Can flip cards include content other than text, like images or videos?

Indeed, flip cards are versatile; they can house a variety of content types, including but not limited to text, images, or videos. The key is to ensure that the content is properly optimized to maintain performance, especially when dealing with media-heavy flip cards.

What are some common issues developers face when creating CSS flip cards?

Common challenges include managing the card’s flipping smoothly without flickering, ensuring content on both sides of the card is properly aligned and readable, and handling events like the card flipping back when not desired.

Solving these often requires precise control over CSS properties and sometimes JavaScript intervention.

Exploring  examples of CSS flip cards  has unveiled a spectrum of creative and practical applications, from enhancing UI designs to providing interactive content experiences. Whether integrating rollover effects or constructing interactive galleries, these tools are indispensable for modern web design.

To cap it off:

• Embrace the power of CSS3 : Utilize transitions and transformations to craft visually engaging flip cards.
• Incorporate accessibility : Always consider keyboard navigation and screen reader compatibility.
• Test responsiveness : Ensure your flip cards look stunning on any device.

Implementing these strategies ensures that the flip cards not only serve as eye-catching elements but also contribute effectively to the user experience. As we’ve seen, from simple hover effects to complex 3D transformations, the potential to innovate is boundless. Now, armed with this knowledge and inspiration from diverse examples, the next step is to infuse creativity and technical precision into your projects, ensuring your web components stand out brilliantly in the digital landscape.

If you liked this article about  CSS flip cards , you should check out these articles also:

• Unique Website Design Examples To Use As Inspiration
• Great Video Slider Examples Used In Websites
• The Best Designed Parallax Scrolling Websites (108 Examples)

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Informative Speech on DIY Home Improvement

Ai generator.

Good evening, everyone,

Today, I am excited to talk about a topic that can add value to your home, save you money, and give you a great sense of accomplishment: DIY home improvement. Whether you’re a seasoned DIYer or just starting out, there are many tips and tricks that can help you successfully complete various home improvement projects. Let’s explore some essential advice for tackling these projects.

Benefits of DIY Home Improvement

Before diving into specific tips and tricks, let’s briefly discuss the benefits of DIY home improvement:

• Cost Savings : Doing it yourself can save you a significant amount of money compared to hiring professionals.
• Personal Satisfaction : Completing a project on your own provides a great sense of achievement and pride.
• Customization : DIY projects allow you to customize your home exactly to your liking.
• Skill Development : You gain valuable skills and knowledge that can be applied to future projects.

Tips and Tricks for Various Home Improvement Projects

1. painting a room.

• Preparation : Proper preparation is key to a successful paint job. Clean the walls, fill any holes or cracks with spackle, and sand the surfaces for a smooth finish. Use painter’s tape to protect trim, windows, and door frames.
• Quality Supplies : Invest in high-quality paint, brushes, and rollers. Cheap materials can result in a poor finish and more work in the long run.
• Technique : Use a “W” pattern to apply paint with a roller, which ensures even coverage. Start with the ceiling, then walls, and finish with trim.

2. Installing Shelves

• Measure and Mark : Measure the space and mark where the brackets will go. Use a level to ensure your marks are even.
• Anchors : Use wall anchors if you’re installing shelves on drywall to provide additional support and prevent them from falling.
• Stud Finder : If possible, install shelves into wall studs for maximum stability. A stud finder can help you locate them.

3. Tiling a Backsplash

• Planning : Plan your layout before starting. Lay out the tiles on a flat surface to determine the best arrangement and minimize cuts.
• Surface Prep : Ensure the wall is clean, dry, and smooth. Apply a tile adhesive with a notched trowel and press the tiles firmly into place.
• Grouting : After the adhesive has set, apply grout with a rubber float, pressing it into the gaps between tiles. Wipe off excess grout with a damp sponge.

4. Fixing a Leaky Faucet

• Identify the Problem : Determine where the leak is coming from. Common issues include worn-out washers, O-rings, or seals.
• Turn Off Water : Always turn off the water supply before starting any plumbing work to prevent flooding.
• Replacement Parts : Take the old parts to the hardware store to find exact replacements. Follow manufacturer instructions to install the new parts correctly.

5. Building a Deck

• Permits and Codes : Check local building codes and obtain necessary permits before starting your deck project.
• Foundation : A solid foundation is crucial. Use concrete footings or deck blocks to support the deck structure.
• Materials : Choose durable, weather-resistant materials like pressure-treated wood or composite decking. Regularly treat or seal wood decks to extend their lifespan.

General Tips for Successful DIY Projects

• Safety First : Always prioritize safety. Wear appropriate protective gear, such as gloves, goggles, and masks. Follow safety guidelines for using tools and equipment.
• Research and Plan : Thoroughly research your project and create a detailed plan. Watch tutorials, read guides, and understand the steps involved before you begin.
• Start Small : If you’re new to DIY, start with smaller projects to build your skills and confidence. Gradually take on more complex tasks as you gain experience.
• Tool Investment : Invest in quality tools that will last and perform well. Basic tools every DIYer should have include a hammer, screwdriver set, drill, level, tape measure, and utility knife.
• Ask for Help : Don’t hesitate to ask for help or advice from experienced friends, family members, or online DIY communities. Collaboration can make projects more enjoyable and successful.
• Patience and Persistence : DIY projects can be time-consuming and sometimes frustrating. Be patient, take breaks when needed, and stay persistent to see your project through to completion.

DIY home improvement projects can be incredibly rewarding, offering a sense of accomplishment and the opportunity to personalize your space. By following these tips and tricks for various projects like painting, installing shelves, tiling, fixing faucets, and building a deck, you can enhance your home while developing valuable skills. Remember to prioritize safety, plan thoroughly, and enjoy the process.

Thank you for your attention, and happy DIY-ing!

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Configure SOAP web services with Apache Camel on Quarkus

This article explores how to integrate SOAP and REST services using Quarkus and Apache Camel . Through practical examples, we will learn how to create a Quarkus project, configure and consume SOAP services, and expose RESTful endpoints. Additionally, we will see how to manage JSON data serialization and deserialization using Camel Quarkus.

Quarkus project creation

For project configuration, it is required to create the application named code-with-quarkus-camel-soap , which will be using Quarkus 3.2 with Apache Camel version 4.0 .

Review the compatibility matrix .

There are two options to carry out this configuration, detailed below.

Creation through the web interface

Access the link https://code.quarkus.redhat.com and fill in the required information as shown in Figure 1. Then, click the Generate your application button to download the application's base source.

Configuration of the settings.xml and creation via command line

Another alternative is to configure the settings.xml file to add version 3.2 of Quarkus and then create the application using the command line:

Create the project code-with-quarkus-camel-soap :

Quarkus Camel configuration

Once the project is created, it's necessary to generate the Java classes from the Web Services Description Language (WSDL).

Within the project directory, create the src/generated/java folder where the Java classes will be generated from XML files and schemas.

Next, create the src/main/resources/wsdl folder where the WSDL file will be stored.

Now, it's necessary to configure the pom.xml file to generate the Java classes from the CalculatorService.wsdl file.

This command uses Maven to automatically generate the necessary Java classes based on the provided WSDL in your project.

Then, add the dependency camel-quarkus-cxf-soap , which is a Camel Quarkus extension that provides capabilities to integrate SOAP web services using Apache CXF.

Finally, create the SoapClientConfiguration.java class to automatically map the required configuration properties. This class will facilitate configuring the SOAP client in your application.

Update the application.properties file with the corresponding values:

To enable the implementation of RESTful services using Apache Camel with Quarkus, it is necessary to add the camel-quarkus-rest dependency. With this extension, you can easily create REST endpoints and efficiently handle HTTP requests in your Quarkus application.

Furthermore, to log important messages and events during your application's execution and effectively diagnose issues, it is recommended to add the camel-quarkus-log dependency.

If you want to enable message routing within the same JVM, you can add the camel-quarkus-direct dependency.

Finally, to leverage existing CDI beans in your Quarkus application and use them within your Camel routes to process messages flexibly and efficiently, it is recommended to add the camel-quarkus-bean dependency.

Create the SoapClientResource.java class for consuming the SOAP service.

Run the following command to consume a REST service that internally calls the SOAP service:

We review the logs:

To facilitate JSON serialization and deserialization, add the camel-quarkus-jackson dependency.

Create the RequestSoapDao.java class to perform mapping of the fields that will be used as the request body.

Update the configure() method to receive a JSON and convert it into a POJO using the RequestSoapDao.java class. Respond with a JSON containing the sum of the values.

Run the following command to consume the REST service that internally calls the SOAP service:

The response from the service will be:

Configuring SOAP web services with Apache Camel on Quarkus offers a robust and efficient solution for integrating services into modern applications. Through the practices shared in this article, developers can effectively create Quarkus projects, consume SOAP services easily, and expose RESTful endpoints agilely. The combination of Apache Camel and Quarkus provides a versatile platform for building scalable and flexible applications. With integrated management of JSON data serialization and deserialization, developers can build comprehensive solutions that meet the needs of their projects.

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Rubio Spreads Debunked 2020 Election Fraud Claims

By Eugene Kiely

Posted on May 23, 2024

In a May 19 interview on NBC News’ “Meet the Press,” Sen. Marco Rubio made misleading and unsubstantiated claims about election fraud in states lost by then-President Donald Trump in 2020:

• Rubio said “liberal groups” in Georgia “were paying people $10 per vote.” A conservative group made this claim in November 2021, but failed to provide evidence to state investigators.
• The Florida senator claimed there were “over 500 illegal drop box locations” in Wisconsin. He apparently is referring to a state Supreme Court ruling in 2022 that said state law doesn’t allow for ballot drop boxes, but there was no evidence of fraud.
• Rubio said “200,000 ballots” in Arizona had “signatures [that] didn’t match.” This allegation has been made about Maricopa County, but a state investigation found no improper procedures, no criminality and no fraud in the county’s signature-verification process.

Rubio, who is reportedly under consideration as Trump’s possible vice presidential running mate, brought up discredited claims of election fraud in the 2020 election during a lengthy exchange with “Meet the Press” host Kristen Welker. After Rubio said he might not accept the results of the 2024 election, Welker played a clip of the senator on Jan. 6, 2021, saying, “Democracy is held together by people’s confidence in the election and their willingness to abide by its results.”

“So by your own definition, are Donald Trump’s claims undermining Americans’ confidence in democracy?” Welker said, referring to Trump’s repeated false claims that Democrats stole the 2020 election.

In response, Rubio said, in part: “I think what undermines people’s confidence in the election is when you have places like Wisconsin with over 500 illegal drop box locations, when you have places like Georgia where liberal groups were paying people $10 per vote.”

Let’s first take a look at the Georgia claim.

We asked Rubio’s office where the senator got the information about the $10 payments, but we received no response. However, True the Vote, a conservative organization, filed a complaint with Georgia election officials in late November 2021 claiming to have proof of a massive “ballot trafficking scheme.” The complaint identified the group’s unnamed source as “John Doe,” who claimed participants in this operation were paid “typically at a rate of $10 per ballot.”

Catherine Engelbrecht, a founder of True the Vote, spoke about the alleged scheme in the controversial film “2000 Mules,” which was produced by conservative activist Dinesh D’Souza. As we wrote in our article “ Evidence Gaps in ‘2000 Mules ,'” Engelbrecht said in the film that “mules” were paid “generally $10 a ballot” for each ballot that was collected from one of the unidentified nonprofit organizations and deposited in designated drop box locations. Engelbrecht said in the film that the information about the payments came from unnamed “people who shared information with us.”

In January 2022, the Georgia State Election Board launched an investigation into True the Vote’s claim, and issued a subpoena that asked True the Vote to produce, among other things, “witness interviews” and “contact information,” including for the John Doe. After True the Vote failed to provide the information, citing confidentiality agreements with its sources, the state board sued and obtained a court order to compel the group to comply.

In May 2023, True the Vote attempted to withdraw its complaint, which the election board chairman refused to accept. In December, the group responded to the court order by saying , “TTV does not have in its possession, custody, or control such identity and contact information.” True the Vote also acknowledged that it did not have confidentiality agreements that it previously cited as a reason for not complying with the subpoena.

The state board’s investigation, which is “all but officially ‘closed,'” has produced no evidence of ballot harvesting in Georgia, Mike Hassinger, a spokesman for Georgia’s Republican secretary of state, told us in an email.

“It has uncovered zero evidence of the allegations made by True the Vote but did expose True The Vote as a mendacious and deceptive enterprise that it is untrustworthy and unable to provide a shred of evidence for a single one of their fairy-tale allegations,” Hassinger said. “Like all the lies about Georgia’s 2020 election, True The Vote’s fabricated claims of ballot harvesting have been repeatedly debunked, and anyone who repeats them … is either a willful dunce or a co-conspirator.”

As for Rubio’s claim that Wisconsin had “over 500 illegal drop box locations,” the senator appears to be referring to a 2022 state Supreme Court ruling that said state law does not authorize the use of ballot drop boxes.

Under state law, “absentee ballots ‘shall be mailed by the elector, or delivered in person, to the municipal clerk issuing the ballot or ballots.’ The prepositional phrase ‘to the municipal clerk’ is key and must be given effect,” the court said in a 4-3 ruling. “An inanimate object, such as a ballot drop box, cannot be the municipal clerk.”

The ruling said Wisconsin used 528 ballot drop boxes in the 2020 general election — matching Rubio’s description of “over 500 illegal drop box locations” in the state.

But the existence of drop boxes in the 2020 election isn’t evidence of fraud.

In a concurring opinion, Justice Brian Hagedorn — a conservative who ruled against Trump in other 2020 election-related rulings — said the case wasn’t about fraud, but rather how to apply the law.

“The principal issue in this case involves the lawfulness of ballot drop boxes. This case is not about the risk of fraudulent votes being cast or inspiring confidence in elections,” Hagedorn wrote. “This case is about applying the law as written; that’s it.”

Hagedorn also urged the Legislature to address the issue of drop boxes.

“[T]he election law statutes we are asked to consider are by no means a model of clarity. Many of the controlling provisions were originally enacted over 100 years ago and have been layered over with numerous amendments since,” he wrote. “Significant questions remain despite our decision in this case, especially as absentee voting has become increasingly common. Although our adjudication of this case will provide some assistance, the public is better served by clear statutes than by clear judicial opinions interpreting unclear statutes.”

In the interview, Rubio cited Arizona as another example of why Americans are losing confidence in U.S. elections.

“They look at what happened in Arizona, 200,000 ballots that the signatures didn’t match,” he said. “People lose confidence.”

There is no evidence to support the senator’s claim that 200,000 signatures didn’t match in Arizona — let alone that those votes were fraudulent or that they were cast for Biden.

Again, the senator’s office did not respond to our questions about this and other statements he made on “Meet the Press.” However, state Republicans, including then-Attorney General Mark Brnovich, raised concerns about the signature-verification process in Maricopa County, which Biden narrowly won with 50% of the vote.

On April 6, 2022, Brnovich released an interim report on the 2020 election that questioned the county’s signature-verifying process, saying the process was “insufficient to guard against abuse.” As evidence, the report noted that the county received nearly 2 million early voting ballots in 2020, but relatively few ballots were rejected because of missing (1,455 ballots) or mismatched (587 ballots) signatures.

“We have reached the conclusion that the 2020 election in Maricopa County revealed serious vulnerabilities that must be addressed and raises questions about the 2020 election in Arizona,” the AG’s report, addressed to Senate President Karen Fann, said.

However, Brnovich’s own investigators found no improper procedures after reviewing the county’s signature-verification process, according to internal documents that weren’t released until after he left office.

Days before the report was released, the chief special agent in the AG’s Special Investigators Section sent an April 1, 2022, email to top officials in the AG’s office with the subject line “Additional Considerations for Draft Interim Report.” A marked-up copy of the draft report that was attached to the email said the Special Investigations Section, or SIS, found no evidence of fraud, noting that the Maricopa County Recorder’s Office, or MCRO, followed its signature-verification process.

“(Investigators examined the policy and procedures followed by the MCRO relative to signature verification. SIS staff concluded the MCRO followed its policy/procedures as they relate to signature verification; we did not uncover any criminality or fraud having been committed in this area during the 2020 general election),” the marked-up version of the draft report said.

That observation by investigators was not included in the interim report that was released to the public by Brnovich. It wasn’t made public until February 2023 by his successor, Kris Mayes, a Democrat.

In a March 2022 interim report summary , which was also released by Mayes, the attorney general’s SIS staff explained the county’s signature-verification process: All mail-in and drop-box ballots in Maricopa County are scanned and then those images are “run through the Signature Verification Application,” where signatures on the ballots are compared with “historical reference signatures.” Ballots without signatures or those that cannot be electronically verified are then reviewed by county election staffers in a process called “curing.”

“No improper Election Procedures were discovered during the Signature Verification review,” the March 2022 summary said about the county’s process.

So, where did Rubio get his figure of 200,000 ballots with signatures that didn’t match? It likely came from a February 2022 “pilot study” funded by the Republican-controlled Arizona Senate. That study estimated “that more than 200,000 ballots with mismatched signatures in Maricopa were counted without being reviewed” for accuracy during the curing process — according to a report in Just the News.

The pilot study , which was done by a firm calling itself the Election Systems Integrity Institute, was based on 499 images of early voting mail ballot, or EVB, envelopes. The study compared signatures on the envelopes with signatures on public deeds.

But the pilot study didn’t claim that there were 200,000 fraudulent ballots. It said, “Based on this Study, over 204,430 early EVBs should have been cured vs. the 25,000 that the County actually cured; and, using the County’s 2.3% post-curing rate, 5,277 EVBs should have been disallowed.”

Even the 5,277 figure is an extrapolation based on this firm’s review of 499 signatures – a review that didn’t follow the same process as the county. And, as we said, state investigators reviewed the county’s signature-verification process in 2020 and found no improper procedures, no criminality and no fraud.

We’ve debunked many claims about fraud in the 2020 election, and once again, Rubio’s supposed examples don’t show evidence of any widespread illegality. In fact, his claims don’t show evidence of voter fraud at all.

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