fast food nation summary chapter 2

Fast Food Nation

Eric schlosser, ask litcharts ai: the answer to your questions.

Fast Food Nation Study Guide

Chapter 2 - "your trusted friends".

In this chapter, Schlosser examines Ray Kroc and Walt Disney’s complicated relationship as well as each man’s rise to fame. This chapter also considers the intricate, profitable methods of advertising to children.

During a visit to the Ray A. Kroc Museum, Schlosser observes the Disneyesque tone that pervades the space. Schlosser claims that this is only one of many similarities shared between the McDonald’s and Walt Disney Corporations. Both Kroc and Disney were born in Illinois a year apart; they both dropped out of high school; they served together in World War I; they both moved to Southern California after the war. They both became geniuses at marketing their products to children.

Kroc had a variety of careers before he involved himself with McDonald’s. In 1954 he was selling milk-shake mixers and wondered why the McDonald brothers needed eight. Kroc convinced the brothers, who were more than happy with the money they were making at their restaurant, to sell him the right to franchise McDonald’s. Kroc sent Disney a letter, inquiring if there might be room for his restaurant in Disney’s new park. A deal never materialized.

Schlosser examines Walt Disney’s shrewd business side by demonstrating how Disney appropriated Henry Ford’s mass-production techniques in his studio. Moreover, during the 1941 strike at his studio, Disney showed no sympathy for the union. Later he appeared as a friendly witness for the House Un-American Activities Committee, served as a secret informer for the FBI, and supported the Hollywood blacklist. Ray Kroc shared some of Disney’s political philosophy--which became apparent in his support for Richard Nixon. Both Kroc and Disney advocated hard work and self-reliance.

Disney quickly developed clever and efficient marketing strategies--such as procuring corporate sponsorship, creating an atmosphere in which visitors felt as though they had escaped the real world, and coining the “synergy” strategy, which sold the rights to use Disney characters to other companies, thus increasing product recognition.

Similarly, Ray Kroc worked on his own marketing strategies--telling people he was really in show business, not the restaurant business. For example, Ronald McDonald was inspired by Bozo the Clown. Soon Ronald began to rival Mickey in name recognition. McDonald’s Corporation created more characters and added “playlands” to their restaurants.

In the final sections of Chapter 2, Schlosser discusses marketing strategies aimed at children--an industry which exploded in the 1980s. Marketing to children has become an art--aimed at urging children to persuade their guardians in specific ways as well as developing customers for life. This marketing extends well beyond television ad campaigns and includes playlands, toys, and cross-promotion. McDonald’s has gone so far as to promote itself as a “Trusted Friend,” suggesting that it cares about its customers’ well-being.

This chapter closes with attention to how fast food has become incorporated in many public schools. Fast-food companies pay to advertise in schools, while soda companies sell their product in schools. Schools badly in need of funding find themselves in a difficult position of concern for their students’ health and concern for their students’ educational needs.

Notes - In this chapter, Schlosser shows a different side of the fast-food pioneer. In comparing the rise of McDonald’s with the Walt Disney Company, Schlosser is able to depict Ray Kroc as a shrewd businessman concerned primarily, if not solely, with expanding his empire. This tale serves as a backdrop for Schlosser’s real project--which is to illuminate the machination of the contemporary fast-food nation. Schlosser effectively demonstrates how fast-food companies, which offer little in terms of nutrition, manipulate young minds in an effort sell their products. These companies go so far as to portray themselves as trusted friends and prey on school systems with declining revenue.

One should be careful to consider the sense of agency Schlosser allots (or withholds from) the American consumer. While fast-food companies actively market their product to impressionable minds, parents are the ultimate decision-makers for their children. Moreover, there is a class-element at stake in fast-food consumption. Often low-wage workers, relegated to kitchen-less hotel rooms have limited food options. For more on the relationship between low-wage workers and the fast-food industry see Barbara Ehrenreich’s Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By In America (2001).

Finally, since this book’s publication many school districts have begun to take responsibility for their students’ health in an effort to curb childhood obesity.

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Book Summary Fast Food Nation , by Eric Schlosser

Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal shows how the fast food industry has reshaped the American economic system and imprinted itself on the nation’s culture since the 1950s. The industry has profoundly reshaped how American food is produced, marketed, and consumed. The book explores fast food’s exploitative marketing and labor practices, destruction of the nation’s independent farmers, responsibility for the spread of deadly foodborne pathogens like E. coli , and creation of a national obesity epidemic. Fast Food Nation shows us how fast food has exerted a decidedly negative influence on American life.

1-Page Summary 1-Page Book Summary of Fast Food Nation

Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal tells the story of how the United States—and, increasingly, the world—has become shaped and defined by the fast food industry. From its origins in the new suburbs of California in the 1950s, fast food has spread across every corner of the nation and profoundly altered the way American food is produced, sold, and consumed . The rise of fast food has negatively impacted American life, through manipulative marketing aimed at children, exploitative labor practices, the destruction of American family farms, lax food safety standards, and a national epidemic of obesity . Below are some of the key themes and topics from Fast Food Nation .

Rise of Fast Food

Fast food began in the early 1950s in Southern California , which experienced a massive population growth in the years following World War Two. This population growth also occurred at a time when rates of automobile ownership were rising, causing the region to be heavily shaped by the car. LA’s low-density, detached-home model of growth was ideally suited for the burgeoning fast food industry , as motorists could drive through for a quick meal as they passed by the restaurants (conveniently located off the new freeways).

The McDonald’s System

In the 1950s in San Bernardino, the McDonald brothers implemented a standardized system of food preparation that increased speed, lowered prices, and boosted sales. Food preparation was divided into separate jobs done by different workers, eliminating the need for skilled and expensive short-order cooks . This was the importation of assembly line principles into a commercial kitchen. The business model was a runaway success, enabling McDonald’s to save labor costs and undercut their competition.

A businessman named Ray Kroc witnessed the success of the McDonald’s system and saw that it could be replicated on a national scale. He partnered with the McDonald brothers and began opening new franchises across the country, eventually buying them out in 1961. He established the chain’s core values—Quality, Service, Cleanliness, and Value—and understood the need to create a wholesome, clean, All-American image for McDonald’s. Critically, he understood that children would be the chain’s most valuable customers and directed the bulk of its marketing at them.

Selling to Kids

Because kids exert a strong influence over what adults purchase, marketers know that kids can be powerful surrogate salespeople for their products—and no one has internalized this lesson better than the fast food industry. They aggressively market to children, through television advertisements featuring bright and colorful mascots, on-site playgrounds, and cross-promotional campaigns with toy companies and film studios. The most famous example of the latter is the Happy Meal, within which McDonald’s packages the hottest children’s toys as a “free” promotion. Major toy crazes like Pokemon cards, Beanie Babies, Tamogotchis, and Cabbage Patch Kids have all been boosted by synergistic fast food tie-ins.

Perhaps most insidiously, fast food chains have even brokered deals with school districts, enabling them to promote their high-fat, high-sugar products directly to children through bus and hallway advertisements, endorsement deals, and even direct provision of school lunches.

Labor Exploitation

By minimizing the level of human skill that goes into food preparation, fast food chains have at their disposal a workforce that is cheap, easy to replace, and easily controlled . And they are...

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Fast Food Nation Summary Prologue: We Are What We Eat

Most Americans have eaten fast food at some time or another in their lives. As the reach of major fast food chains like McDonald’s, Wendy’s, Burger King, and Taco Bell has extended across the planet, the same can increasingly be said of most people around the world . As it has done so, fast food has come to stand as a hallmark of our civilization and our time . Just as we ponder the amphorae and marble ruins of the ancient Romans, so may future scholars study the discarded Big Mac wrappers and golden-arched fast food restaurants of our culture.

For indeed, food is one of the defining traits of a culture—it shows how we live, how our economy functions, how our political institutions operate, and what we value and prioritize as a society. Since its rise in the postwar United States, **fast food has worked its way deep into the fabric of America’s social, economic, educational, and political...

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Fast Food Nation Summary Chapter 1: SoCal Origins

The fast food industry has its roots in the risk-taking, unconventional ideas of a handful of entrepreneurs. A combination of US public policy choices and broader macroeconomic trends fostered an ideal business climate in Southern California for their success and laid the groundwork for an economic transformation of the region—one that would eventually become the prototype for the rest of the country. Taxpayer-funded irrigation projects and publicly subsidized highways were drawing people to California in droves, laying the groundwork for a mass consumer-driven retail economy (powered by the ease and convenience of the automobile) that California would export to the other 49 states.

This population explosion was also driven by another stream of federal investment in Southern California—defense spending. During World War Two and the years immediately following, the US government pumped nearly $20 billion into California, building airplane factories, steel mills, military bases, and naval ports. During the war years alone, federal spending accounted for approximately half of Southern Californians’ personal income.

If the old cities of the East Coast were shaped by the...

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Fast Food Nation Summary Chapter 2: Marketing to Kids

The McDonald brothers may have started the company and given it its famous name, but their vision for it was relatively limited. They were content being regionally successful restaurant entrepreneurs, making approximately $100,000 per year (by no means a small sum in the mid-1950s). They did not see the global potential of what they had created—that vision was Ray Kroc’s.

Kroc was an unlikely individual to emerge as one of the leading figures in a new and rising industry that was largely driven by youth culture. When he first visited the McDonald’s Self-Service Restaurant in 1954, he was already in his fifties, with a largely unremarkable career as a travelling salesman behind him.

Seeing the potential of the McDonald’s system and how it could be replicated on a national (and eventually global) scale, Kroc seized the opportunity. He bought from the McDonald brothers the right to franchise McDonald’s nationwide . Taken at face value, this deal was appealing to the brothers—they could stay at home and count their money while Kroc travelled across the country promoting the brand and taking most of the risks. But Kroc would determine the ultimate direction and shape of...

Fast Food Nation Summary Chapter 3: McJobs

The fast food industry has standardized, commodified, and homogenized the skillset of the country’s labor force. Going back to the early days of the McDonald brothers’ “Speedee Service” system, fast food has employed a low-skill, low-wage system of labor that keeps costs—and therefore, consumer prices—to a minimum . By minimizing the level of human skill that goes into food preparation, fast food leaders have at their disposal a workforce that is cheap, easy to replace, and easily controlled.

And they are always finding new ways to keep their employees from gaining any leverage in the workplace. Automatic condiment dispensers, robotic sensors at drive-throughs, digitized timers for cooking french fries, and other technological innovations ensure that McDonald’s and other fast food giants get maximum efficiency out of their employees, with paychecks as low as possible.

Commodified Product, Commodified Workforce

Anyone who’s been inside a fast food restaurant can’t help but notice that the workers behind the counter are disproportionately young—often teenagers.

(Shortform note: According to _[The...

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Shortform Exercise: Challenging the Chains

Think about how fast food’s practices might have impacted your life.

Have you ever felt exploited by an employer? If so, describe the situation in a few sentences.

Fast Food Nation Summary Chapter 4: The Rise of Big Agribusiness

Because fast food was so successful, its labor practices have been exported throughout the food service industry and up the supply chain to farmers, ranchers, and meatpackers. So much food in America is no longer a product of artisanal craftsmanship, created by a skilled cook—it is a manufactured, mass-produced commodity.

In this chapter, we’re going further up the supply chain. We’re going to explore how the economics of the fast food industry have reshaped American agriculture, examine where your fries really come from, and why they taste the way they do.

J.R. Simplot

It’s hard to tell the story of fast food’s meteoric success without telling the story of the french fry. And it’s hard to do that without telling the story of John Richard Simplot, America’s potato king.

Born in 1909, his family moved to Idaho shortly after he was born to establish a farm (made possible thanks to government-funded irrigation projects and free public land). Leaving the family’s homestead at 15, he went into the potato industry. His business grew throughout the 1920s and 1930s as he forged relationships with commodities brokers and farmers all over the country. By 1941, he was the largest...

Fast Food Nation Summary Chapter 5: In the Slaughterhouse

In the last chapter, we examined how cattle ranchers are exploited by the demands of the fast food giants and the major meatpackers. In this chapter, we’ll explore how workers (and animals) inside those meatpacking facilities are similarly harmed by the inhumane system of food production that fast food has wrought.

Meatpacking, once a heavily unionized, high-skill, and well-paying profession, has been transformed into a dangerous and low-paying job performed by some of the most vulnerable and easily exploited members of American society.

The IBP Revolution

Modern American meatpacking got its start with a man named Warren Montfort. Montfort realized that there were major advantages to feeding cattle grain instead of grass (which had been the standard up to that point)—the meat was fattier and more tender and could be eaten within days after slaughter. On top of that, New Deal-era agricultural subsidies made grain an inexpensive food for livestock. He became a major figure in the cattle-feeding industry. In 1960, he decided to go into the slaughtering business, opening a small slaughterhouse in the town of Greeley, Colorado. At this time, these were still high-paying...

Shortform Exercise: Reevaluating Your Value Meal

Think more deeply about what goes into your fast food meal.

Why do you think the major fast food chains have such a powerful economic grip over the nation’s food producers?

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Fast Food Nation Summary Chapter 6: The Jungle, Redux

In 1906, Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle , which shocked the conscience (and turned the stomach) of the nation by exposing audiences to the dangerous and unsanitary conditions in America’s slaughterhouses and meatpacking plants. Scenes that depicted tubercular hogs being led to slaughter and workers being maimed and killed on the job (and then packed into sausages) revolted and outraged readers at the dawn of the 20th century. The novel inspired the creation of the Food and Drug Administration, which was tasked with ensuring nationwide food-safety standards.

If Upton Sinclair were alive today, he would be aghast at conditions in today’s meatpacking industry and marvel at how little has changed . The meat you see at your local supermarket (or in your Big Mac) gives little hint of the gruesome and dangerous process behind how it got there.

Walking Through Blood

Truly disturbing scenes await those who visit a slaughterhouse—or the workers who toil in them. Decapitated cattle carcasses. Organs yanked out of dead animals with bare hands. Ankle-deep pools of blood. Workers severing the carotid arteries of dead cows. All of this is just part of the scenery on a typical...

Fast Food Nation Summary Chapter 7: Contamination Nation

Beyond its exploitative labor practices at every level of the supply chain, fast food has also proven an ideal vector for the spread of foodborne pathogens into America’s food system. Because of the fast food industry’s demands for highly centralized production and enormous scale, tainted meat (particularly the ground beef used in hamburgers) processed at one meatpacking plant can cause a nationwide epidemic of food poisoning—with tragic and deadly consequences.

Going Viral

Outbreaks of E. coli , a virulent pathogen primarily found in beef, have become far more common since the rise of fast food. One 1997 outbreak was traced to a single plant in Nebraska that had been built to supply ground beef to Burger King, resulting in the nationwide recall of 35 million pounds of meat (25 million of which had already been eaten). Most of the other major foodborne pathogens like Salmonella , Listeria , and Clostridium are caused by animal feces making it into the meat we eat.

Foodborne pathogens cause more than just an upset stomach. They can lead to heart disease, neurological disorders, kidney damage, and even death. And they’re becoming more common and more widespread...

Fast Food Nation Summary Chapter 8: Fast Food World

Fast food began in Southern California as a quintessentially American product, boosted by US postwar prosperity and powered by the nation’s growing rates of automobile ownership, highway construction, and suburban sprawl. From these roots, the industry expanded to take over the rest of the country. But it hasn’t stopped there: fast food is now available in almost every country on the planet. Through this global conquest, it has reshaped how the entire world eats and lives.

Fall of the Iron Curtain, Rise of the Golden Arches

The collapse of the Soviet Union, beginning with the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and ending in the final dissolution of the superpower state in 1991, was a dramatic moment in world history. All across Central and Eastern Europe, people took to the streets, refused to obey the orders of Soviet police and military officers, overthrew puppet Communist governments, and participated in free democratic elections for the first time ever. Little did they know that the fall of the Soviet empire would signal the rise of another: that of fast food.

**Just months after the fall of the Berlin Wall, McDonald’s announced that it planned to open a location in...

Shortform Exercise: Fighting Fast Food

Think through how the world can push back against the fast food chains.

Do you think fast food chains should be held responsible for the violations committed by the meatpacking plants and slaughterhouses that supply them? Explain why or why not.

Fast Food Nation Summary Epilogue: How to Fight Back

It seems like fast food is an unstoppable force as it reshapes communities and cultures, forces workers into exploitative relationships, contributes to global health problems, and despoils the environment. However, there are concrete steps that workers, activists, and elected officials can take to bring the industry to heel.

• Congress should ban companies that sell high-fat and high-sugar products from using the public airwaves to advertise to children.
• The government should eliminate tax breaks and public subsidies for fast food chains that exploit their workers through high turnover, while teaching them minimal job skills.
• States and the federal government should pass legislation that makes it easier for fast food workers to organize labor unions. This would provide a real...

Shortform Exercise: Final Takeaways

Explore the main ideas in Fast Food Nation .

Do you eat fast food? If so, will reading this summary change that? Explain why or why not in a few sentences.

Table of Contents

• Fast Food Nation Summary

by Eric Schlosser

These notes were contributed by members of the GradeSaver community. We are thankful for their contributions and encourage you to make your own.

Written by Micola Magdalena and other people who wish to remain anonymous

Eric Schlosser begins his book by explaining why he chose to focus on one group of cities in America and the reason behind this is that he sees these cities as an emblem for the economic growth that took place in the 20th century. The cities are Denver, Colorado Springs and Fort Collins and he notes that no matter their financial background, everyone orders food from the big fast-food chains. He tells the reader that he will analyze in the book how small business operate and also how big companies came to be and how they developed in time.

Schlosser starts with McDonalds that for him marks the start of a new era and trend in the food industry and that he noted that the middle-class and the working class are the ones more predisposed to consuming more fast-food.

In the second chapter, Carl Karcher ’s story is analyzed and how he ended up founding Carl’s Jr. fast-food restaurants. Carl used the people’s need to move from one place to another and also the nation’s newfound interest for cars to create drive-through restaurants to cater to those customers. At the same time, McDonalds appeared for the first time and after a period of ten years, the founders of McDonalds created a more efficient way of producing food by creating ‘’assembly lines’’ that required workers to work on only one thing and not to create a product by themselves.

Their idea was later adopted by the founders of Carl Jr., Taco Bell, KFC Burger King but notes that not all businesses had the same success in a short period of time. Carl Karcher’s rise to fame is controversial in the writer’s point of view but he tries to remain impartial and to analyze his success from an unbiased point of view. Schlosser does however reach the conclusion that hard work is not always enough for someone to be successful. Careful timing and luck are also required.

Schlosser remember one time he visited a McDonald museum and how it reminded him of Disney world. This proves that the enterprise adapted to the times and became skilled at selling their products to everyone. Ray Kroc purchased McDonald from the founding brothers and they he expanded the restaurants all over the country. Kroc tried to convince Walt Disney to let him sell McDonald products inside the parks but is rejected because at the point, the company was not big enough to be considered important enough to sell their products there.

The fast-food restaurant owners also supported different political figures hoping that one day they will benefit from others. They also envisioned a more suburban-like society and were against communism and its ideas. Walt Disney especially portrayed his vision in his park Tomorrowland and the future he envisioned was closely linked with automobiles and the sense of freedom they offer. Kroc tried to make themed parks for McDonald but eventually decided to build play spaces in the restaurants for children. This play spaces made the children spend more time in the restaurants and buy more food so it brought in a lot of profit for the owners. Also around that time, the restaurant owners began to advertise and promote their restaurants to children since they could convince their parents to spend more money in more place than another and they also started to sell small toys with their food. Schlosser points out that the moment McDonald started targeting children marked the beginning of a new era when businesses saw children as potential buyers and began to advertise excessively to them.

In 1996, McDonald and Dysney signed a contract for a period of ten years that stipulated that McDonald can sell their products inside Disney parks and McDonald will begin selling Disney themed goods and toys.

To keep their customers loyal, McDonald tried to create the image of the restaurant as a friend of the family and link it with positive memories so the customers may feel compelled to return to the restaurant and to buy their food.

The fast-food restaurants than partnered with schools that let them sell their products inside the school cafeterias and some of the headmasters even became employers of the companies they agreed to promote inside their schools.

In the third chapter, Schlosser describes the way Colorado Springs looked before being crowded by restaurants and other businesses that changed the face of the city forever. He looks back at the history of the city from the last 50 years and he notes that everything changed when more people moved to the area looking for jobs. Starting from that point, the ever-growing population attracted more businesses and fast-food restaurants began to appear along the highways. The military also found in Colorado a new area where they could relocate and an Air Force Academy was set there. Also, with an increase in population, evangelical groups saw an opportunity and they also appeared more and more.

Schlosser concludes by saying that in the 1990s, Colorado Springs already had 21 McDonald restaurants and they were expanding even more. The area also became favored when it came to testing new methods that had as their purpose making cooking process more efficient and cost-affective.

Schlosser then tells the readers about a young sixteen-year old worker named Elisa Zamot who works for McDonald. The young girl wakes up early, before 6 in the morning and then goes to work for 8 to 9 hours without being paid much. Despite the hard labor, he seems content with her wages but also know that if for some reason she will be unable to work, the company will not hesitate to find someone else to do the same job.

The fast-food industry affected the way people grow food as well because a demand for large quantities of raw products emerged and so it became necessary for the producers to be able to produce as much food as humanly possible.

The people chosen as workers are high school students or immigrants who can’t find a better job. The employers are paid less than decent wage and more than often are required to stay overtime without being paid for the extra-work they are asked to do. The wages remained almost the same as they were 30 years ago and because the companies fought hard against unions, none were formed and the workers were unable to fight for their own rights. Schlosser argues however that for some young employers, working in such an environment provides them with the means to mature and experience what working feels like and for them the job is just a temporal solution not the way they want to work for the rest of their lives.

These restaurants are often robbed by former employees who hold a grudge against their former employers and use their knowledge to steal money from the restaurant.

Schlosser then looks at a young college student working for Little Cesar. The man is named Matthew Kabong and when he is not delivering pizzas he is studying to become an engineer. The owner of the franchise is Dave Feamster but he is different from other franchise owners because he has a good relationship with his employees. Dave was a former NHL player forced to retire after a freak accident. Realizing that he played with the son of Little Cesar’s founder, Dave decided to invest into the business and open Little Cesar restaurants. Schlosser then explains how franchises work and how the companies can make money by simply lending the name of the company and the business idea to someone else.

To promote their franchises, the companies often released misleading reports showing that almost every franchise is successful. The reality is far from that notes Schlosser and many people who decided to invest in franchises suffered financial loss that did not affect however the company in any shape or way.

In chapter 4, Schlosser mentions the story of how J.R. Simplot became rich by selling potatoes. Simplot was not a rich man but he partnered with another man and they bought an expensive potato sorter. When the med decided to go their separate ways, it was hard to decide who was going to get the sorter so the two men flipped a coin and Simplot got the machine. He then started to sort potatoes, slice them, freeze them and then sell them to the public. McDonald saw an opportunity in this and began buying potatoes from him.

By the time when the book was written, three companies produces more than 80% of the potatoes sold and consumed in the US and Schlosser notes that many small farms are bought by much larger ones. Also, because of the technological developments, fewer workers are required to work in the fields so Schlosser estimated that around 1000 people were responsible for producing the potatoes consumed by the entire country. But while some hoped that the new technologies would bring them more profit, the truth is that the new inventions made the products be less expensive and thus produce less profit for the farmers.

To cut down the costs even more, the restaurants began to fry their foods in inexpensive vegetable oil and add artificial flavoring to create the impression that the fries have the same taste as they had when they were fried in beef tallow. Schlosser visits some factories where artificial flavoring and scents were produced and is amazed to see how similar are the things produced in laboratories with the natural ingredients ad flavors.

Schlosser ends his fifth chapter by describing his experience in a French fry factory and how he was amazed by how good the potatoes tasted and how out of place they seemed in the modern factory.

In the sixth chapter, Schlosser visits a potato farm run by a small farmer named Hank. While he doesn’t have the same power as the big companies, Hank’s method of farming takes the environment into consideration and he tries to do as little damage to the land as possible. But because the meat industry and agriculture in general was controlled by big businesses, surviving was hard for small business owners like Hank and they questioned more and more whether it was profitable to remain in the industry. The beef and chicken prices also dropped drastically and the appearance of the chicken nugget changed the way chicken was processed and sold and it also offered poultry farmers the opportunity to use parts that would have been otherwise thrown away.

Because the prices have plummeted, it became harder for farmers to sustain their families and thus the suicide rate among them rose drastically. Schlosser notes that farmers are three times more likely to take their own life and ends his sixth chapter by mentioning that one of the farmers who ended up committing suicide was Hank.

In the seventh chapter, Schlosser looks at the meatpacking industry and how it was affected as well. The workers are paid deplorable wages, accidents are not uncommon and the meat quality also had to suffer. Schlosser blames big companies for these changes and for creating tough working conditions for their employees. The reason why the wages dropped was because just like in the fast-food industry, the job of processing the meat was divided into much smaller and easy to deal with parts and so the workers were not required to have too many skills to perform the tasks.

Just like in agriculture, a small number of big companies bought the smaller farms and the quality of the meat also dropped as a result. Employees remained in the companies only for a short period of time and for the company in the long run it was profitable because they could then hire new workers and give them even smaller wages. These companies also hire illegal immigrants since it would have been hard for them to find jobs elsewhere.

In the ninth chapter, Schlosser visits a slaughter house and he remains moved by the conditions in which the employees work but also by the way the cattle are treated. The workers were overworked because the company wanted to maximize them and because castles are harder to breed to be the same size, manual labor is required. The company does not give their employees too much sick leave so if they do get sick, they are forced to continue working. Many workers resolve to taking drugs to keep themselves going and the female workers offer sexual favors to their superiors hoping to be transferred to another department where the work is easier.

Schlosser mentions that the ones who have to suffer the most are the cleaning team coming after everyone goes home. The cleaning teams usually work with dangerous chemicals and are forced to work in dangerous conditions for extended periods of time. When accidents do happen, the company does everything in their power to avoid paying any type of compensation.

Another problem with the meat industry is that more and more cases of infested meat appeared and many people got sick as a result. The ways in which the cattle were raised and the food they were given are listed as contributing factors to why the meat gets infested. While there are food inspectors to ensure the fact that the meat is not affected, they are not able to control every piece of meat while it is processed so the risk still exists. To ensure that their meat is not infected many plants resort to irradiating the meat to stop the bacteria from multiplying uncontrollably. Some of the infected meat ends up being served to children in schools and some people get infected because their meat is not properly cooked in the restaurants where they chose to eat.

In the last chapter, Schlosser ends by analyzing how the fast-food restaurants became o worldwide phenomenon and how Europe and other continents were seen as a new, more profitable market for the big fast-food restaurants. The restaurants brought with them new techniques and changed slowly the way people eat and think about food at a global level. For Schlosser, there restaurants are partly to blame for the rise in obesity and other disease related with a bad diet.

Despite all the arguments presented, Schlosser notes that there still exists restaurants that pay their employees a decent wage and procure their ingredients from safe and ethical sources. However, society as a whole must fight against the restaurants and establishments that put their workers and their customers in danger and that society as a whole must rethink their attitude towards food in general.

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Fast Food Nation Questions and Answers

The Question and Answer section for Fast Food Nation is a great resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel.

Identify a technical term and its definition in this passage above as defined by Schlosser:

I don't know what passage you are referring to.

Why does Schlosser include so much detail about his visit to the IFF plant in New Jersey.

The science involved in producing a pleasing aroma for shaving cream is virtually the same as that for making a palatable TV dinner, because up to 90% of taste depends on food’s aroma. Aroma and taste are the drivers of processed and fast food...

Chew on This Working in a Restaurant Essay; Short-Order Cook: by Jim Daniels

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Study Guide for Fast Food Nation

Fast Food Nation study guide contains a biography of Eric Schlosser, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.

• About Fast Food Nation
• Character List

Essays for Fast Food Nation

Fast Food Nation essays are academic essays for citation. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser.

• Unhealthy America: Critiquing the Fast Food Nation
• Muckrakers: Differing Styles in Upton Sinclair and Eric Schlosser

Wikipedia Entries for Fast Food Nation

• Introduction
• Chew on This

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In this chapter, Schlosser examines Ray Kroc and Walt Disney’s complicated relationship as well as each man’s rise to fame. This chapter also considers the intricate, profitable methods of advertising to children.

During a visit to the Ray A. Kroc Museum, Schlosser observes the Disneyesque tone that pervades the space. Schlosser claims that this is only one of many similarities shared between the McDonald’s and Walt Disney Corporations. Both Kroc and Disney were born in Illinois a year apart; they both dropped out of high school; they served together in World War I; they both moved to Southern California after the war. They both became geniuses at marketing their products to children.

Kroc had a variety of careers before he involved himself with McDonald’s. In 1954 he was selling milk-shake mixers and wondered why the McDonald brothers needed eight. Kroc convinced the brothers, who were more than happy with the money they were making at their restaurant, to sell him the right to franchise McDonald’s. Kroc sent Disney a letter, inquiring if there might be room for his restaurant in Disney’s new park. A deal never materialized.

Schlosser examines Walt Disney’s shrewd business side by demonstrating how Disney appropriated Henry Ford’s mass-production techniques in his studio. Moreover, during the 1941 strike at his studio, Disney showed no sympathy for the union. Later he appeared as a friendly witness for the House Un-American Activities Committee, served as a secret informer for the FBI, and supported the Hollywood blacklist. Ray Kroc shared some of Disney’s political philosophy--which became apparent in his support for Richard Nixon. Both Kroc and Disney advocated hard work and self-reliance.

Disney quickly developed clever and efficient marketing strategies--such as procuring corporate sponsorship, creating an atmosphere in which visitors felt as though they had escaped the real world, and coining the “synergy” strategy, which sold the rights to use Disney characters to other companies, thus increasing product recognition.

Similarly, Ray Kroc worked on his own marketing strategies--telling people he was really in show business, not the restaurant business. For example, Ronald McDonald was inspired by Bozo the Clown. Soon Ronald began to rival Mickey in name recognition. McDonald’s Corporation created more characters and added “playlands” to their restaurants.

In the final sections of Chapter 2, Schlosser discusses marketing strategies aimed at children--an industry which exploded in the 1980s. Marketing to children has become an art--aimed at urging children to persuade their guardians in specific ways as well as developing customers for life. This marketing extends well beyond television ad campaigns and includes playlands, toys, and cross-promotion. McDonald’s has gone so far as to promote itself as a “Trusted Friend,” suggesting that it cares about its customers’ well-being.

This chapter closes with attention to how fast food has become incorporated in many public schools. Fast-food companies pay to advertise in schools, while soda companies sell their product in schools. Schools badly in need of funding find themselves in a difficult position of concern for their students’ health and concern for their students’ educational needs.

In this chapter, Schlosser shows a different side of the fast-food pioneer. In comparing the rise of McDonald’s with the Walt Disney Company, Schlosser is able to depict Ray Kroc as a shrewd businessman concerned primarily, if not solely, with expanding his empire. This tale serves as a backdrop for Schlosser’s real project--which is to illuminate the machination of the contemporary fast-food nation. Schlosser effectively demonstrates how fast-food companies, which offer little in terms of nutrition, manipulate young minds in an effort sell their products. These companies go so far as to portray themselves as trusted friends and prey on school systems with declining revenue.

One should be careful to consider the sense of agency Schlosser allots (or withholds from) the American consumer. While fast-food companies actively market their product to impressionable minds, parents are the ultimate decision-makers for their children. Moreover, there is a class-element at stake in fast-food consumption. Often low-wage workers, relegated to kitchen-less hotel rooms have limited food options. For more on the relationship between low-wage workers and the fast-food industry see Barbara Ehrenreich’s Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By In America (2001).

Finally, since this book’s publication many school districts have begun to take responsibility for their students’ health in an effort to curb childhood obesity.

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Fast Food Nation

39 pages • 1 hour read

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Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Introduction-Chapter 2

Chapters 3-4

Chapters 5-6

Chapters 7-8

Chapter 9-Epilogue

Key Figures

Index of Terms

Important Quotes

Essay Topics

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