PhD program

Waterloo’s PhD in Political Science is the most innovative program of its kind in Canada, offering students considerable flexibility in core research activities, formal professional development for both academic and non-academic career paths, an experiential option (including access to the world’s largest co-op program of its kind, or other internship/placement experiences) and a teaching option (including mentored teaching experiences and formal pedagogical training).

Students will have the opportunity to work with internationally and nationally-renowned scholars in the discipline.

Students have the option of choosing from three major fields: Canadian Politics , International Relations , and Political Economy . For their secondary field, students may choose either a second major field or create their own ‘custom concentration’ based on coursework in a designated area of the discipline (for example: comparative politics, democratic theory, public policy, gender and politics) or from a subfield of their major field (for example: security, rights, etc.).

The program includes one year of coursework featuring a mandatory, team-taught methodology course, two courses in the student’s major field, two courses in the student's second major field or custom concentration, and one elective. Students must also complete the PhD Professional Development Seminar , a series of half-day seminars offered by the Department and additional workshops delivered by campus units like the Writing and Communications Centre , Centre for Career Development , or Centre for Teaching Excellence . Professional Development training gears students to both academic and non-academic job markets, fostering skills enhancements in research methods, communications to non-academic audiences, fieldwork, conferencing best practices, and career planning.

The capstone research project (the PhD thesis) requires students to complete and defend a thesis proposal. Students may choose a traditional dissertation (ranging from 200-350 page in length), or a ‘publication model’ consisting of at least three sole-authored (submitted, in press, or published) works and including an original introduction, conclusion and any necessary bridging chapters to reflect a coherent project. In rare cases, and with the approval of the student’s supervisor and the Department Graduate Committee, students may opt for a non-traditional thesis formal that meets the standards of an original doctoral-level contribution to knowledge but in a different form (for example, a documentary). The Department is especially cognizant of the potential for alternative approaches to knowledge generation and dissemination, such as Indigenous approaches to knowledge, as something to be accommodated on a case-by-case basis. Regardless of format, the completed thesis will be subject to an oral defence before a committee, including the supervisor(s), two other political science faculty members, an internal-external examiner from another department/program at Waterloo, and an external examiner.

For further details on the program, please visit the Graduate Studies Academic Calendar .

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Each year, approximately 8-10 candidates are accepted into the PhD program. Our graduates go on to research and teach political science throughout Canada and the world.

Superior applicants, normally understood as students who are at least in the top 10 percent of their graduating class or who have a CGPA of at least 3.5 or its equivalent, will be eligible for admission into the PhD track.

For further details on Political Science PhD programs see our 2022-2023 PhD Guide or visit the Graduate Student Documents page.

For general information on graduate admissions and application procedures at McGill, see the Graduate Admissions website.

Please note that as of June 2021 GREs will no longer be required or considered for the PhD application. 

Department and University Information

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York University

The Doctoral program prepares candidates for a career in teaching, research or as an anthropologist employed in the public or private sector.

Graduates are expected to have acquired autonomy in conducting in-depth, full-scale field research projects. They are expected to be able to analyse data, write, revise and publish scholarly manuscripts. These objectives are achieved beginning with a first year of formal course work that includes the possibility of internships as well as directed reading courses. The second year of the program is geared towards developing intellectual independence and a comprehensive understanding of theory, method and area, in preparation for the degree requirements of two comprehensive examinations and a research proposal. In year 3 students conduct independent field research in diverse social and cultural settings and locales. Field sites range widely both spatially and temporally and in terms of conceptual approach, including archival and digital sites. The final phase of the program involves writing the dissertation culminating in an oral defense.

All doctoral students are encouraged to gain experience as teaching and/or research assistants and to take advantage of the teaching practicum offered by the Faculty of Graduate Studies, as well as workshops offered at the Centre for the Support of Teaching.

The program is designed to be completed in 4 years but often takes longer. All requirements for a doctoral degree must be fulfilled within 18 terms (6 years) of registration as a full-time or part-time doctoral student in accordance with Faculty of Graduate Studies Registration Policies, including the requirement of continuous registration. Terms that students register as Leave of Absence, Maternal Leave, Parental Leave, or No Course Available are not included in these time limits.

In the first year of the doctoral program, students take 2.5 graduate courses, including two required half year Theory courses and the required half-year Methods course. Two additional half-courses are selected from the theme courses in Social Anthropology, or one from a cognate discipline, with the permission of the Graduate Director. A Reading Course and/or an Internship are also options. All first-year students must also enroll in the required Graduate Seminar, which is held on a weekly basis in both the Fall and Winter terms. Students are expected to have all course work done in the first year.

The two comprehensive exams and the research proposal are designed to help students achieve expertise in specific areas of literature, prepare for fieldwork, and to move towards the conceptual work of the dissertation. During this phase students read broadly and deeply within selected areas of socio-cultural anthropology and related disciplines in preparation for fieldwork; they develop skills in compiling reading lists, framing questions, and demonstrating sustained engagement with questions posed in relation to bodies of literature; they develop analytic and synthetic skills in the writing of the exams; and finally, in the proposal, they conceptualize a research project and detail how it will be carried out.

Candidates write a dissertation under the supervision of three members from the Faculty of Graduate Studies, at least two of whom must be members of the graduate program in Social Anthropology. The final version of the dissertation is submitted to the supervisory committee for approval and then proceeds to a dissertation defence. The oral examination centres on the dissertation and is a public academic event involving an external examiner in addition to the supervisory committee.

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PhD Political Science (Canadian Politics)

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The study of Canadian politics explores all facets of the Canadian political system, from the institutional and constitutional foundations of Canada to important questions about Canadian political life.

In addition to a focus on core political institutions (such as Parliament, political parties, the electoral system, federalism, and the courts), the study of Canadian politics at McMaster enables students to explore key topics in Canadian politics including: Indigenous Politics & Indigenous-state Relations; Quebec Politics; Political Economy; Social Policy; the Politics of Migration & Citizenship; Regionalism; and the Politics of Gender, Race & Class.

About the Program

Our faculty offers graduate instruction and supervision in many of the core foci of Canadian politics including the central institutions of the Canadian state, law & public policy, Indigenous politics, political behaviour and public opinion, social policy and the welfare state and Canadian political economy. Our faculty is methodologically diverse, with the ability to support and train students in qualitative, quantitative and mixed-method research.

We prepare students in the fields of theories and approaches to Canadian politics and policy, public administration, and Canada in comparative perspective. Our students can combine Canadian politics with comparative public policy or international relations with courses in related fields such as comparative politics, globalization and the internationalization of public policy. The program prepares graduates for working in Canadian universities and colleges, as well as federal, provincial and local public services.

Research Opportunities Several faculty members in the department have funded research programs that provide potential opportunities for collaboration or research assistant positions for PhD students enrolled in political science. Potential PhD students with research interests or preparation that align with a faculty member’s research interests listed below should contact the relevant faculty member(s) as they prepare their applications for admission to the PhD program.

Faculty Specializing in Canadian Politics:

Adrienne Davidson : Federalism & Intergovernmental Relations, Social Policy (Early Years & Public Education), Indigenous Politics, Comparative Public Policy

Greg Flynn : Judicial Politics & Law, the Courts & Public Policy

Peter Graefe : Political Economy, Social Policy, Quebec Politics, Federalism & Intergovernmental Relations

Robert Innes : (cross-appointed with Indigenous Studies): Indigenous Studies, Indigenous-state Relations

Andrea Lawlor : (cross-appointed with the MPP in Digital Society): Media & Communication, the Courts & Public Policy, Judicial Politics & Law, Quantitative Methods

Stephen McBride : Political Economy, Trade & Globalization, Comparative Public Policy

In addition, several other faculty members have an interest in Canadian Politics:

Karen Bird : Diversity & Political Representation, Comparative Electoral Systems, Political Behaviour & Election Studies

Katherine Boothe : Health & Social Policy, Evidence & Policy Decision-making, Public Engagement

Maria Gintova : (cross-appointed with the MPP in Digital Society): Public Policy, Public Administration, Digital Technology & Public Policy

Clifton van der Linden : Political Behaviour & Election Studies, Digital Policy & Technology, Quantitative Methods & Computational Social Science

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Requirements & Timelines

Students are required to complete 18 units (6 half courses) of course work beyond the M.A. level.

They then prepare to write comprehensive examinations in their two fields – Canadian Politics and a second field drawn from one of Comparative Politics, Comparative Public Policy, International Relations or Political Theory. Exams are written in August of their first year and December of their second year.

Students also fulfill a language requirement to demonstrate their competency in a language other than English which is relevant to their research. This is normally done before the approval of the thesis proposal.

The remainder of the program involves preparing a thesis proposal, and then completing and defending the dissertation.

A thesis proposal will normally be submitted in April of the student’s second year. The thesis should normally be no more than 60,000 words long, and it is expected that the thesis will be finished about two years after the proposal is approved. Overall, then, full-time students are expected to take about four years to complete the program. Part-time students may take up to eight years to complete the degree but are encouraged to finish in less time.

Admissions & Applications

Admission to the PhD program will normally require a Master’s degree in political science with an average of at least an A– (A minus).

Applicants are encouraged to contact faculty members in the Department of Political Science regarding potential supervision.

Required Application Documents:

Graduate Studies Online Application

Applicants are required to complete the  Graduate Studies Online Application  which opens October 1st each year. In addition to the online application, applicants must also submit the required documents listed below. Most required documents must be submitted through the online application.

Statement of Interest 

  • An electronic statement of interest (approximately 500 words, single or double-spaced,  maximum of 1 page ).
  • The statement must be uploaded as a PDF attachment only through the online application system.
  • Your statement of interest is a crucial element of the application process.  Canadian Politics  applicants should describe the analytical problem or question about the Canadian political system that their dissertation will pursue.  Comparative Politics  applicants should emphasize the comparative elements of their project compared. C omparative Public Policy  applicants should highlight the comparative nature of their research and policy area which concerns them.  International Relations  applicants should identify the international, transnational or global elements of their research projects.  Political Theory  applicants should identify the philosophical traditions, concepts, or figures that they wish to study at the doctoral level.
  • All applicants would benefit from indicating particular  faculty members  or  research clusters  that overlap with their projects.

CV/Personal Resume 

  • An electronic copy of your CV/Resume must be uploaded as a PDF attachment through the online application system.

Official Academic Transcripts 

  • Upload a scan of ALL official university transcripts completed to date to the application system. Remember to include a copy of the transcript key/legend or scale from the transcript.  
  • Transcripts from institutions where you completed courses on Letter of Permission and/or as part of a Student Exchange Program must also be included.
  • If the official language of instruction at your institution is not English, please include both the original language document and a certified English translation.  
  • DO NOT submit an unofficial transcript or a student record prints.
  • If you receive an offer of admission further instructions will be given on how to submit formal official transcripts.  

Academic Reference 

  • Three (3)  confidential e-reference reports from instructors most familiar with your academic work.  
  • All referees are required to complete the e-Reference.
  • You will be required to include contact information and an email address for each referee.
  • The electronic referencing system will send an e-Reference request on your behalf.

English Language Proficiency (if applicable) 

  • If English is not your native language, an official copy of your English Language Proficiency score or other evidence of competency in English is required. Such applicants are required to supply this evidence as part of your application. Applicants whose university studies were complete at an institution where English is deemed the official language of instruction may be exempted from this requirement (an official letter from the institution is required).  
  • The English Proficiency exam must have been completed within 2 years of the application due date.  
  • This requirement must be met prior to an offer of admission. There will be no exceptions to the language requirement.  
  • The most common evidence is a score on the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) or the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL).
  • TOEFL: minimum score is 92 (iBT-internet based), 237 (computer based) or 580 (paper based). The McMaster University TOEFL/TSE Institution Code is 0936 and the Department Code for Political Science is 89.  
  • IELTS (Academic): minimum overall score is 6.5, with at least 5.5 in each section.  

NOTE: International students wishing to enter Canada on a study permit should also contact the nearest Canadian Embassy or Consulate for further information.

Application Fee 

The system will charg e a non-refundable application fee. Please have a valid credit card ready to pay the application fee. The fee will not be refunded or waived.

ANY LATE OR MISSING DOCUMENTS WILL DELAY YOUR APPLICATION AND NOT BE REVIEWED BY THE DEPARTMENT’S ADMISSION COMMITTEE.   

Application Deadline: 

January 14, 2024 (for September 2024 admission)  

We do not offer a Winter (January) or Spring (May) start date.

Financial Information, Scholarships & Awards

The Ellen Louks Fairclough Scholarship in Political Science

The Ellen Louks Fairclough Memorial Scholarship in Political Science was established in 2004 to commemorate the life of The Right Honourable Ellen Louks Fairclough, P.C., C.C., F.CA., L.L.D., F.R.C.G.S., D.H., U.E., Canada’s first female federal cabinet minister and lifelong advocate for women’s rights. To be awarded to a student enrolled in a graduate program in Political Science who holds an Ontario Graduate Scholarship. Preference will be given to a student with an interest in Canadian public policy.

The Political Science Travel Grant

To support research and professional development by assisting graduate students with costs related to doing field-work or attending academic conferences. This grant is open to both MA (thesis option) and PhD students. There are two rounds of applications each year with the deadlines being October 15th and January 30th.

The William Coleman Fund

The William Coleman Fund was established in 2011 by Dr. William Coleman. To support Ph.D. students in the Department of Political Science who are conducting field research.

To see additional information regarding awards and funding, please visit our Awards & Funding page.

Apply to a PhD Program in Political Science (Canadian Politics)

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Mapping the Global Dimensions of Policy Conference 13: Globalization and Public Policy

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March 08, 2024

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PhD Program

Graduate news, connaught ‘phds for public impact’ fellow.

Congratulations to Madalyn Hay, a recipient of a 2023-2024 Connaught PhDs for Public Impact Fellowship. Madalyn, one of our doctoral students, holds a BAH in Contemporary Studies and Classics from the...

Governor General’s Gold Medal for Academic Excellence

Congratulations to alumna Meaghan Williams, a recipient of the 2022-23 Governor General’s Gold Medal for Academic Excellence, the highest academic honour available to graduate students in Canada. Awarded annually by the Office of the...

Three CPSA Prizes for Political Science, U of T

Great news from the Canadian Political Science Association, which held its annual awards ceremony (online) over the weekend of June 12 & 13: Professor Stefan Rencken’s book "Private Governance and Public...

Superior Teaching Awards

Congratulations to two political science alumni now teaching at U of T who have both won Superior Teaching Awards! Igor Shoikhedbrod and Khalid Ahmed will be celebrated on May 5th at...

Vanier Scholarship win for Political Science student

Q&A with 2020 Vanier Scholar Yojana Miraya Oscco Congratulations to PhD student Yojana Miraya Oscco who has won a prestigious Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship (SSHRC). Launched in 2008, the program enables...

June Larkin Award for Pedagogical Development

Congratulations to our graduate student Kevin Edmonds who has won New College's June Larkin Award for Pedagogical Development. A PhD candidate specializing in Caribbean political economy, histories of alternative/illicit development, foreign intervention and...

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Discover current job opportunities at UBC Political Science.

Recent Job Opportunities

Call for applications: undergraduate teaching assistants for winter 2024 session, call for applications: graduate teaching assistants for winter 2024 session, call for applications: sessional lecturers for winter session 2024-25.

90 Best universities for Political Science in Canada

Updated: February 29, 2024

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Below is a list of best universities in Canada ranked based on their research performance in Political Science. A graph of 16.8M citations received by 749K academic papers made by 90 universities in Canada was used to calculate publications' ratings, which then were adjusted for release dates and added to final scores.

We don't distinguish between undergraduate and graduate programs nor do we adjust for current majors offered. You can find information about granted degrees on a university page but always double-check with the university website.

1. University of Toronto

For Political Science

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2. University of British Columbia

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3. McGill University

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4. University of Ottawa

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5. University of Alberta

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6. University of Montreal

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7. McMaster University

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8. University of Calgary

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9. Western University

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10. York University

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11. Laval University

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12. University of Waterloo

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13. Queen's University

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14. Simon Fraser University

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15. Dalhousie University

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16. University of Quebec in Montreal

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17. Carleton University

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18. University of Manitoba

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19. University of Victoria

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20. University of Saskatchewan

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21. University of Guelph

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22. Concordia University

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23. Memorial University of Newfoundland

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24. University of Sherbrooke

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25. Wilfrid Laurier University

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26. HEC Montreal

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27. Ryerson University

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28. University of Windsor

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29. Brock University

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30. University of New Brunswick

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31. University of Regina

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32. University of Quebec, Trois-Rivieres

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33. Polytechnic School of Montreal

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34. Trent University

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35. University of Lethbridge

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36. Lakehead University

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37. Saint Mary's University

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38. University of Winnipeg

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39. Ontario Tech University

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40. Laurentian University

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41. University of Moncton

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42. University of Quebec in Outaouais

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43. University of Northern British Columbia

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44. St. Francis Xavier University

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45. Acadia University

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46. School of Higher Technology - University of Quebec

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47. University of Quebec at Chicoutimi

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48. Royal Military College of Canada

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49. University of Prince Edward Island

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50. Mount Saint Vincent University

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51. MacEwan University

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52. National School of Public Administration

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53. University of Quebec in Rimouski

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54. Cape Breton University

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55. Mount Royal University

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56. Brandon University

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57. Mount Allison University

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58. University of Quebec

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59. Thompson Rivers University

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60. Royal Roads University

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61. Bishop's University

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62. Nipissing University

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63. Kings University in Canada

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64. Quest University Canada

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65. Trinity Western University

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66. Vancouver Island University

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67. University of the Fraser Valley

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68. Kwantlen Polytechnic University

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69. University of Quebec, Abitibi-Temiscamingue

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70. British Columbia Institute of Technology

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71. St. Thomas University - Canada

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72. University of Saint-Boniface

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73. Concordia University of Edmonton

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74. Algoma University

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75. OCAD University

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76. University of Sainte-Anne

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77. Redeemer University College

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78. University Canada West

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79. First Nations University of Canada

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80. University of King's College

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81. Capilano University

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82. SAIT Polytechnic

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83. Crandall University

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84. Canadian Mennonite University

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85. Ambrose University

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86. Emily Carr University of Art and Design

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87. Northern Alberta Institute of Technology

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88. Burman University

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89. Dominican University College

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90. NSCAD University

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The best cities to study Political Science in Canada based on the number of universities and their ranks are Toronto , Vancouver , Montreal , and Ottawa .

Liberal Arts & Social Sciences subfields in Canada

A millennial who went to college in his 30s when his career stalled says his bachelor's degree is 'worthless,' and he's been looking for a job for 3 years

  • A millennial quit his job in 2015 to pursue a college degree because his career growth had stalled. 
  • But he says he's struggled to land a job since graduation and is stuck with student debt. 
  • He's among the rising share of US men who've at least temporarily dropped out of the labor force. 

Insider Today

In 2015, at age 34, Dan Colflesh decided to quit his job in the customer-service industry and pursue a college degree .

"I worked my way up in a few companies, but I always hit a roadblock in promotions because I didn't have a college education," he told Business Insider via email.

By 2021, he earned an associate degree in physics from a community college in Massachusetts and a bachelor's in political science from the University of Massachusetts Amherst. But he said the additional education hadn't helped him much in the job market and had saddled him with student loans .

"No one will hire me," he said. "My bachelor's degree is pretty much worthless."

Colflesh said he'd been looking for work over the past few years and applied to more than 100 jobs. But he said there had been stretches when he felt "defeated," during which he paused his search for a few months at a time. He also said an injury delayed his search for a couple of additional months.

While the US male unemployment rate is low compared with past decades, Colflesh is among the men who have struggled to find work — or have stopped looking altogether . In 1950, about 97% of American men between the ages of 25 and 54 had a job or were actively looking for work, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. As of January, that figure had fallen to about 89%.

Among the several explanations for this trend is that in recent decades, it's become more difficult to land a high-paying job without a college degree — a development that's contributed to some men leaving the labor force . These challenges persist today for men, who now account for less than half of college enrollees , even as more companies have started hiring candidates without a degree .

Some men ages 25 and older aren't in the labor force because they're pursuing a bachelor's or advanced degree. But as Colfesh can attest to, having a degree doesn't guarantee success in the job market.

Over the past year in particular, it's become more difficult for some Americans to find high-paying jobs . A recent Vanguard report found that the hiring rate had held steady over the past year for workers who earned less than $55,000 a year but that it had fallen for workers in the top third of earners, who made more than $96,000, to its lowest level since 2014.

Today, Colflesh is still focused on finding a job. He shared the application strategies he'd tried, why he thought his job hunt had been so challenging, and what he planned to do moving forward.

Experience requirements and employment gaps could be working against him

Colflesh said he thought one of the reasons his employment search had been difficult was that the job landscape had changed in recent years.

Related stories

"Once you could have a bachelor's degree in just about anything and get some kind of good-paying job," he said, adding, "Now you have to have an insane amount of experience."

He said this made it challenging to land a job with his political-science degree, but he didn't want to take out more student debt to pursue graduate school. So he decided to plow ahead on his job hunt, he said, expanding his search and tweaking his application strategies.

He said he tried tailoring his resumes and cover letters for each employer and applied to some jobs that didn't require a degree but still had little luck. For example, he said he applied to be a cashier at two liquor stores with employee recommendations — but couldn't get an interview.

"I keep hearing employers talk about no one wanting to work, and I desperately want to work, and I can't get someone to ever sit down and talk to me," he said.

Physical limitations would make it difficult for him to do blue-collar work , he said, adding that he thought his autism could be contributing to his challenges in the job market.

"I'm always going to seem off to most non-autistics," he said. "The general lack of acceptance of autistic people makes social networking challenging, and that impacts job opportunities."

Colflesh has a few other theories for why his job search has been difficult. He said he might be being too honest on his résumés — he'd seen research that a lot of people stretch the truth . He also said that he lived in an area where "who you know matters" and that not growing up in the community had disadvantaged him. Some employment gaps on his résumé might not be doing him any favors either, he said.

Lastly, he said growing up in the Appalachian region of the US, an area that has struggled economically in recent decades, had been an additional obstacle.

"I would say that the No. 1 predictor of financial success is the zip code you grow up in," he said. Some research suggests there could be some truth to this.

Colflesh said that he, his fiancée, and his daughter lived with his future mother-in-law in Massachusetts and that his fiancée and her mother had been paying the bills.

His student loans provided him with about $5,000 each semester for living expenses, which he said he used to help his family. He also received some income from a "big crypto investment," he said.

Looking forward, Colflesh said he recently had a second interview for a job. He said he was also considering going back to the type of work he did before he went to college.

"I'll keep looking no matter how bleak it gets," he said, "because I have to."

Are you a man who's not looking for work or has struggled to find a job? Are you willing to share your story? If so, reach out to this reporter at [email protected] .

Watch: Nearly 50,000 tech workers have been laid off — but there's a hack to avoid layoffs

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The Possible Collapse of the U.S. Home Insurance System

A times investigation found climate change may now be a concern for every homeowner in the country..

Hosted by Sabrina Tavernise

Featuring Christopher Flavelle

Produced by Nina Feldman ,  Shannon M. Lin and Jessica Cheung

Edited by MJ Davis Lin

With Michael Benoist

Original music by Dan Powell ,  Marion Lozano and Rowan Niemisto

Engineered by Alyssa Moxley

Listen and follow The Daily Apple Podcasts | Spotify | Amazon Music | YouTube

Across the United States, more frequent extreme weather is starting to cause the home insurance market to buckle, even for those who have paid their premiums dutifully year after year.

Christopher Flavelle, a climate reporter, discusses a Times investigation into one of the most consequential effects of the changes.

On today’s episode

political science phd jobs canada

Christopher Flavelle , a climate change reporter for The New York Times.

A man in glasses, dressed in black, leans against the porch in his home on a bright day.

Background reading

As American insurers bleed cash from climate shocks , homeowners lose.

See how the home insurance crunch affects the market in each state .

Here are four takeaways from The Times’s investigation.

There are a lot of ways to listen to The Daily. Here’s how.

We aim to make transcripts available the next workday after an episode’s publication. You can find them at the top of the page.

Christopher Flavelle contributed reporting.

The Daily is made by Rachel Quester, Lynsea Garrison, Clare Toeniskoetter, Paige Cowett, Michael Simon Johnson, Brad Fisher, Chris Wood, Jessica Cheung, Stella Tan, Alexandra Leigh Young, Lisa Chow, Eric Krupke, Marc Georges, Luke Vander Ploeg, M.J. Davis Lin, Dan Powell, Sydney Harper, Mike Benoist, Liz O. Baylen, Asthaa Chaturvedi, Rachelle Bonja, Diana Nguyen, Marion Lozano, Corey Schreppel, Rob Szypko, Elisheba Ittoop, Mooj Zadie, Patricia Willens, Rowan Niemisto, Jody Becker, Rikki Novetsky, John Ketchum, Nina Feldman, Will Reid, Carlos Prieto, Ben Calhoun, Susan Lee, Lexie Diao, Mary Wilson, Alex Stern, Dan Farrell, Sophia Lanman, Shannon Lin, Diane Wong, Devon Taylor, Alyssa Moxley, Summer Thomad, Olivia Natt, Daniel Ramirez and Brendan Klinkenberg.

Our theme music is by Jim Brunberg and Ben Landsverk of Wonderly. Special thanks to Sam Dolnick, Paula Szuchman, Lisa Tobin, Larissa Anderson, Julia Simon, Sofia Milan, Mahima Chablani, Elizabeth Davis-Moorer, Jeffrey Miranda, Renan Borelli, Maddy Masiello, Isabella Anderson and Nina Lassam.

Christopher Flavelle is a Times reporter who writes about how the United States is trying to adapt to the effects of climate change. More about Christopher Flavelle

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