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Copyright at UNSW

• Copyright and your thesis
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• Using copyright materials
• Copyright ownership
• Fair dealing
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• Plagiarism and contract cheating
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• Managing copyright in your thesis
• Requesting permission
• Incorporating publications into your thesis
• Depositing your thesis in UNSWorks

UNSW students generally own copyright in their own works, including UNSW postgraduate students’ research theses.  There are exceptions to these rules, and they can be found in the UNSW intellectual property policy

When researching and writing your thesis, you may include third party copyright material such as quotes, tables, photographs, illustrations or diagrams. When using third party copyright material, you must ensure that you comply with copyright law. Under the fair dealing provision for research or study , within the Copyright Act, a reasonable portion of third party copyright material can be used in the version of your thesis submitted for examination. 

If third party copyright materials are reproduced in the public version of your thesis, you generally need permission from the copyright owner.  This permission is in addition to the normal academic practice of citing resources. 

UNSW requires a digital copy of theses to be deposited into the University's open access repository, UNSWorks. As part of the depositing process, you must declare that you obtained permission from any third party copyright materials within your thesis. More information about thesis submission can be found at Graduate Research . 

For this reason, it is important for students to carefully consider what third party copyright material they include in their thesis and allow time to obtain permission from copyright owners, if required.

For more information about thesis examination processes for all higher degree research programs at UNSW, see Thesis examination procedure .

Generally, substantial third party copyright material may be included without copyright owner's permission if:

• Copyright has expired
• A fair dealing exception covers the use 
• An insubstantial portion is used
• The material has a licence to allow for re-use

When researching and writing a thesis, it is likely that third party copyright material is used. 

Generally, research students can rely on the fair dealing for research or study when using copyright materials in the version of their thesis they turn in for examination as part of their degree program.  

Deciding whether a use is ‘fair’ is determined largely by how much of the work has been copied. 

A reasonable portion is generally considered to be:

• 10% or one chapter if the work is a published edition of 10 pages or more
• 10% of the words if the work is electronic
• one article in a single edition of a periodical publication (a journal or newspaper)
• more than one article in a single edition of a periodical publication if the same subject matter

Artistic works, unpublished material, films, and sound recordings do not have the same 10% provision. To be able to use these types of materials, you need to consider whether the use is fair and reasonable.    It is generally considered ‘reasonable’ under the fair dealing for research or study to reproduce a whole of an ‘artistic works’ (including maps, diagrams, graphs, etc.) that accompany and illustrate/explain a text for research or study purposes. If including a substantial amount of material that has been sourced from e-books or e-journals provided by the Library, best practice is to check the licence terms of these resources and request permission to include these resources in both your thesis for examination as well as the public version of your thesis. 

Copyright in the public version of your thesis

While the fair dealing for research or study allows for the use of copyright materials in the version submitted for examination, the research or study exception does not cover the use of copyright materials in the public version submitted to UNSWorks (UNSW’s institutional repository). If copyright materials are reproduced and communicated in the public version of their thesis, permission is generally required, unless an exception or licence applies. 

When can copyright material be used without seeking permission?

There are some circumstances where other people’s material can be used without permission. These include:

• when the copyright has expired or the copyright owner has waived their rights (Public Domain) 
• when a fair dealing exception covers the use 
• the amount used is insubstantial (i.e. brief quote / extract from a publication). See,  Quoting materials  
• materials with a Creative Commons licence attached
• materials copied from a website where the terms and conditions allow re-use for your intended purposes
• library subscribed resources where the publisher allows for the copyright material to be included in the public version of your thesis 

When using other people’s copyright material, remember to attribute the work and abide by any terms attached to licences.

What copyright materials requires permission for reuse?

Permission is generally required if a substantial portion of the third party material has been used.  Whether a portion is considered substantial or not is judged on both a qualitative and quantitative basis.

Examples of the type of materials that require permission for the public version of your thesis are as follows:

If the use of copyright material does not fall in one of the categories mentioned above, then student would either need to seek permission or redact the copyright material from the public facing version of their thesis that is deposited into UNSWorks. Find out more about requesting permission here .  

When writing your thesis, it is important to start the process of obtaining permission as soon as possible as it can take some time to gain the necessary permissions.  There are a number of ways to approach seeking permission:

• Use Rightslink for permissions for the use  images in books/journals; journal articles and book chapters Many commercial publishers direct permission requests to the Copyright Clearance Centre – RightsLink service.  It important that when requesting permission that the intended use is to post the thesis in an open institutional repository.
• If you are unable to gain permission via RightsLink then you need to locate the copyright owner/s. A guide to locating the copyright owner can be found on the Australia Copyright Council Information Sheet: Permission How to Get It
• If the copyright owner is a publisher, then they normally would have a ‘request copyright permission’ type link on their website. 

To request permission from a copyright owner you should: 

• check to see if the publisher has an online permission form on their website 
• if the publisher does not have a form, this Copyright permission request template  can be used as a guide to request permission
• include a detailed description of material to be used and the amount of the material you wish to use 
• state clearly that you are seeking permission to use the work for non-commercial purposes and that a copy of your thesis will be made publicly available online in UNSWorks (UNSW’s institutional repository).
• be conscious that the copyright owner has the right to say no 
• be aware that a copyright owner may charge a fee or ask you to sign a licence agreement 

Remember to allow plenty of time, as it may take months for the permission to be granted.  

It also important to retain copies of permissions you have received. Copyright permission granted by publishers and copyright owners can be included in the master copy of your thesis that is submitted to the Library, however they should be removed from the public version. Refer to Depositing Your Thesis for more information. 

Removing third party copyright material from the public version of your thesis

If it is not possible to obtain permission for the reuse of certain copyright material in the public facing version of a thesis, then those material should be removed. In the place of the redacted materials, you may include a short statement such as:

• “Figure (Text/Chart/Diagram etc.) has been removed due to copyright restrictions”. 
• “Content can be access via [insert name of publication, URL etc.]”  

If you plan to incorporate your own research publications into your research, it may be possible if the research and its publication occurred during the candidature of your degree. You will need the necessary permission from the publishers and any co-authors, and if you are using a publication/s in lieu of a chapter/s in your thesis, approval from your primary supervisor and School Postgraduate Research Coordinator is also required. Some faculties may also have discipline-specific guidelines that should be consulted. 

For more information about incorporating publications into your thesis, see Thesis Examination Procedure  and the UNSW Thesis Format Guide .

Publisher agreements often assign the publisher all rights to the work, although each publisher's policy differs. If you plan to incorporate articles in your thesis, the terms can be negotiated with the publisher prior to signing the agreement. For more information, see Publishing your research . 

If you haven’t negotiated rights prior to publication and need to request permission from the publisher:

• check to see if the publisher has an online permission form on their website
• if the publisher does not have a form, this  UNSW copyright permission template  can be used to request permission
• tell them the amount of the work you wish to use (e.g. the whole work or a part/section)
• state clearly that you are seeking permission to use the work for non-commercial purposes
• consider asking permission for future use of the material (e.g. conference presentations)
• be conscious that the copyright owner has the right to say no
• be aware that a copyright owner may charge a fee or ask you to sign a licence agreement
• allow plenty of time, as it may take months for the permission to be granted

UNSWorks is the UNSW Open Access institutional repository which enables UNSW researchers to make their research outputs freely available and accessible. 

In accordance with UNSW’s Open Access Policy, when depositing your thesis into UNSWorks, you grant UNSW a licence to make the thesis freely available online under a Creative Commons licence. 

As of 1 December 2021, all deposited theses will have a Creative Commons Attribution ( CC BY ) licence applied. This licence allows users to copy, share and adapt the material provided appropriate attribution is given to the creator. The licence also allows for commercial use.

Theses submitted prior to 1 Dec 2021, will have a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives Licence ( CC BY-NC-ND ).

As the creator of the work, you retain copyright in the thesis as well as the right to use the thesis in future works (i.e. future articles, books, conference presentations).

As part of the depositing process, you must declare that you have obtained permission for any third party copyright materials within your thesis. If you have been unable to obtain permission, the third party copyright material must be removed from the public version of your thesis.

Find out more about requesting permissions for third party copyright materials within your thesis. 

UNSW staff and students can contact [email protected] for assistance with a copyright query or to arrange a copyright information session.

Related resources

Depositing your thesis

Copyright log (257KB DOCX)

Australian Copyright Council Information Sheet: Permission: How to Get It

• Last Updated: May 21, 2024 11:49 AM

Your Thesis

The goal of all higher degree research (HDR) programs is to write a thesis that demonstrates how you have made an original contribution to knowledge. While the task of writing a thesis can be daunting, there are several things you can do to stay on track and complete your thesis on time while producing your best work.  

The Graduate Research School (GRS) runs two seminars that will help you prepare for your thesis submission:

Thesis Submission Seminar   Outlines the submission and examination process

Using Publications in Your Thesis Seminar Examines how publications may be incorporated into your thesis, including how authorship is determined, and when to seek permission to use published work

The GRS also offers a weekly HDR writing group and a Thesis Writing Boot Camp to help you build a regular writing practice. For information on the seminars and events available, please visit this page .  

Can’t make it to a Seminar or event? Watch a recording of the last session and download a copy of the slides here . 

Additional Resources

UNSW Resources Thesis Submission and Examination Applying for Restricted Access   iThenticate  Thesis Format Guide Thesis Examination Procedure

Finding other HDR theses in your field UNSW digital thesis collection Trove – Australian print and digital theses ProQuest dissertations and theses global (UNSW sign in required for access) EThOS e-theses online service

Writing Your Thesis The Writing Center - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 10 Tips for writing a PhD thesis – Times Higher Education  How to write 10,000 words a day – The Thesis Whisperer

Thesis Plans Free Thesis Plan templates – iThinkwell Sample Thesis Plan - The University of Edinburgh

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Trove - Australian Theses  

Search the National Library of Australia's discovery service Trove for print and digital theses held in collecting institutions across Australia.

• Tip: Choose Advanced Search.  Select Research & Reports from the the drop down menu. Enter search terms then refine the results by selecting Thesis under the Format heading.

Union list of higher degree theses in Australian university libraries: cumulative edition to 1965  

Find theses submitted for a higher degree at Australian universities between 1959 and 1978 by searching this text.

• Tip: The link goes to the catalogue record for the cumulative edition to 1965 but there are also supplements at the same location.

New Zealand Libraries (Te Puna)  

Use this web-based search service to search for theses in New Zealand libraries and/or worldwide.

• Tip: Select Thesis/Dissertation under the Format filter to narrow your results.

nzresearch.org.nz  

Search open-access research documents produced at universities, polytechnics, and other institutions in New Zealand at this site.

• Tip: Select Thesis from the Browse by Type menu on the search page.

ProQuest Dissertations and Theses - GLOBAL 

Search this comprehensive online collection to find doctoral theses from universities in the UK and Ireland dating back to 1716.

British Library - EThOS Electronic Thesis Online Service  

Search this site for doctoral theses from the United Kingdom, including many with free full text access.

DART - Europe E-theses Portal  

Search this extensive collection to locate research theses from European countries.

Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations

Find an extensive list of international sites for locating free, electronic theses and dissertations at this site.

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Search and browse this authoritative directory of open-access repositories worldwide.

Theses Canada  

Find theses and dissertations from universities across Canada, covering the 1960s to the present, via this searchable collection.

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Search the world's most comprehensive database of information about library collections by performing a search then selecting  the Thesis/Dissertation option from the format list.

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Find UNSW theses

UNSW theses can be found using the institutional repository  UNSWorks.

Some Australian and international theses/dissertations can be found using the Academy Library collection .

• Carry out a search on your topic, author, or thesis title. 
• Refine your results by selecting the tick box next to Dissertations under the Resource Types heading. 

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• Last Updated: Nov 27, 2023 5:46 PM
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Open access

Open access makes Research Outputs permanently and freely available online. Anyone can use the full text of these articles for any lawful purpose including reading, downloading, copying, distributing, printing, searching, linking, crawling them for indexing, and passing them as data to software.

For more information see Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI)

Making UNSW research open access

UNSW is a research and teaching-intensive university committed to achieving global impact. Open dissemination of Research Outputs produced at UNSW, online and worldwide is fundamental to our role as a global leader in accelerating discovery, innovation, engagement and impact, and education.

UNSW Open Access Policy

UNSW researchers are required to make published Research Outputs openly available under a CC-BY license by deposit to UNSWorks upon publication.

This is mandatory for the following published Research Outputs:

• peer-reviewed journal articles
• peer-reviewed conference papers that meet the definition of research
• research reports commissioned by an external body that meet the definition of research
• Higher Degree Research theses (can be embargoed for up to 24 months).

We also encourage UNSW researchers, wherever possible, to make other Research Outputs including books and book chapters, non-traditional Research Outputs, published research data, code, software, and images available in UNSWorks.

For full details see the UNSW Open Access Policy

Funder policies

Many funding policies have open access requirements, UNSW researchers should check their funder's terms closely to ensure compliance.

ARC and NHMRC policies

If you receive funding from the ARC or NHMRC, you will need to comply with their respective open access policies. The most recent version of these policies can be found on the ARC website and the NHMRC website.

For full details of both policies see:

• ARC Open Access Policy
• NHMRC Open Access Policy

Deposit to UNSWorks

For information on how to deposit your thesis to UNSWorks see Depositing your thesis .

For all Research Outputs, excluding datasets and theses, deposit to the UNSW institutional repository UNSWorks via Research Outputs System (ROS). Before depositing your Research Output, it is important to check for copyright compliance and have the correct version of the output to upload. Usually, this is the Author Accepted Manuscript (AAM). An AAM is the accepted version of a journal article or monograph which has been peer reviewed but not typeset or copyedited. Unless you have published in an open access journal, the publisher’s PDF is generally not acceptable.

If you are unsure whether you have retained the right to make your Research Output open access via UNSWorks, check your publisher/author agreement. Sherpa Romeo provides information on publisher copyright and repository open access policies of journals.

For assistance regarding open access policies or depositing your research outputs into UNSWorks, contact your Outreach Librarian .

• Managing your copyright

Journal publishers are increasingly allowing authors to make a version of their work open access via an institutional repository, but this is not universal. When you submit your Research Output to a publisher, read the publisher/author agreement carefully. If the publisher does not allow you to make the Version of Record immediately openly accessible with a CC-BY licence, UNSW authors must negotiate to keep the right to deposit their Author Accepted Manuscript in UNSWorks.

Use the following text to retain your rights:

'This research was produced in whole or part by UNSW Sydney researchers and is subject to the UNSW Intellectual property policy. For the purposes of open access, the author has applied a Creative Commons Attribution CC-BY licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript (AAM) version arising from this submission.'

Once published, you may deposit the Author Accepted Manuscript in UNSWorks via ROS.

If your journal does not allow your work to be shared in an institutional repository and you have not been able to negotiate to retain these rights, you will not be able to deposit your work in UNSWorks.

For more information on author rights retention and copyright, contact your Outreach Librarian .

For more information about copyright and author agreements see:

• SPARC: Author rights

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UNSW Science PhD scholarships

Preparing science graduates for the job market  

The UNSW Science PhD scholarships, the UNSW Science PhD writing scholarship and the UNSW Science PhD non-traditional outputs scholarship, aim to better prepare Science graduates for the job market. We support Science doctoral candidates during the three-month period between submitting their thesis and receiving the examiners’ reports. This support will allow you to focus on the preparation of journal articles or other non-traditional outputs and become career-ready.

• UNSW Science PhD writing scholarship - aims to increase publication rates and allow you to focus on the preparation of journal articles.
• UNSW Science PhD non-traditional outputs scholarship - aims to benefit the scientific community or society as a whole and allow you to focus on the preparation of outputs that are not traditional peer-reviewed publications. Examples of non-traditional outputs could include but are not limited to: policy documents; programs; website, apps, or data repositories; and educational materials or tools. 

Only one scholarship may be applied for: the PhD writing scholarship  or  the non-traditional outputs scholarship. 

The chosen candidate will receive up to $7500 in support for three months or a pro-rata amount for a shorter period. The award is available for a maximum of three months.

Successful applicants are assessed on merit criteria, including (but not limited to) the level of achievement during candidature, potential to publish journal articles and support from the school or faculty. Competition is high as there are a limited number of awards available.

Current UNSW Science PhD students within their 4-year candidature period (FTE equivalent) are eligible to apply. 

To be eligible for a scholarship, applicants shouldn't hold a similar award for the same purpose. Awardees won't be able to undertake full-time or substantial regular part-time employment during the duration of the award. (More than ten hours per week is considered substantial regular part-time work).

These scholarships aren't for assisting students in the process of writing up their theses for submission. Scholarships commence when the thesis has been submitted.

If you're an international student, you'll need to ensure that your visa allows you to stay in Australia. In most cases, once your thesis is submitted, candidates are no longer enrolled as a student.

International students must also comply with any contractual obligations, including those with an employer or sponsor, and any obligations relating to the period spent in the home country following the completion of studies.

No application rounds are scheduled in 2023.

Selection criteria

The PhD thesis must be submitted within the maximum four-year candidature period and the candidature must not have lapsed at any point.

The Committee and the Associate Dean Research Training reserve the right to withhold the award in a given round if the applications received aren't satisfactory or don't meet the intended purposes of the scheme.

Applicants will be assessed on the following criteria:

• PhD research project and its significance, including a description of the research project to date and a timeline to thesis submission. 
• Publications to date, including papers emerging from the PhD research, publications from other research activities, conference presentations, and other notable achievements (awards, prizes and so on).
• Publication proposal or non-traditional outputs project details, including details of the publications or details of a non-traditional outputs project to be completed during the 3-month scholarship period. 
• Supervisor confirmation, including confirmation of the applicant's publication or project proposal and timeline. 

Note: Awards can't be deferred. They must be taken up immediately after the thesis is submitted and the exit seminar is completed. Awards may not cross calendar years.

Contact the Associate Dean Research Training team for more information.

Publication: Power System Digital Twins and Real-Time Simulations in Modern Grids

Original bundle, resource type.

Energy & Environmental Science

Defect-balanced active and stable co 3 o 4− x for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis at ampere-level current density †.

* Corresponding authors

a School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia E-mail: [email protected]

b Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Active and stable noble metal-free catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are essential for realizing large-scale hydrogen production using proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers. Herein, we discover that engineering the defect and morphology of spinel cobalt oxide allows us to obtain an optimal vacancy-rich Co 3 O 4 hollow nanocube (V o -Co 3 O 4 HNC) catalyst with exceptional activity with a low overpotential of 265 mV at 10 mA cm −2 and long-term stability for 130 h at 20 mA cm −2 in acids, far exceeding those of the benchmark catalyst RuO 2 (390 mV and < 6 h) and most reported noble metal-based catalysts. Experimental and theoretical studies reveal that introducing oxygen defects effectively regulates the reaction mechanisms and introduction of an appropriate amount of defects significantly boosts both activity and stability by optimizing the adsorption/desorption energy barrier of intermediate species and suppressing the Co dissolution via the lattice oxygen mechanism pathway, respectively. The hollow cubic structure with highly exposed active sites and a large interfacial contact area further promotes the OER to enable high current density, as evidenced by finite element simulations. The application of V o -Co 3 O 4 HNCs in PEM electrolyzers steadily at 1 A cm −2 achieves an energy consumption of 48.8 kW h kg −1 H 2 and a projected cost of ∼US $ 0.976 kg −1 H 2 (DOE's target: $2 kg −1 of H 2 by 2026), suggesting the promise of using Earth-abundant materials for PEM water electrolysis.

Supplementary files

• Supplementary information PDF (3134K)

Article information

Download citation, permissions.

Defect-balanced active and stable Co 3 O 4− x for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis at ampere-level current density

C. Rong, S. Wang, X. Shen, C. Jia, Q. Sun, Q. Zhang and C. Zhao, Energy Environ. Sci. , 2024, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D4EE00977K

To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page .

If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given.

If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page .

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content .

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