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Life of Pi: Theme Analysis

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Published: Mar 16, 2024

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Storytelling.

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by Yann Martel

• Life of Pi Summary

Life of Pi tells the fantastical story of Pi Patel, a sixteen-year-old South Indian boy who survives at sea with a tiger for 227 days. Pi, born Piscine Molitor Patel , grows up in the South Indian city of Pondicherry, where his father runs the zoo. A precocious and intelligent boy, by the age of fifteen Pi—Hindu from an early age—has also adopted Christianity and Islam, and considers himself a pious devotee to all three religions.

Thanks to government upheaval that has long been distressing Pi’s father, the Patels decide to close the Pondicherry Zoo and move to Canada when Pi is sixteen. Pi, his mother, father, and brother Ravi all board the Tsimtsum along with the zoo’s animal inhabitants (who are on their way to be sold around the world).

An unexplained event causes the Tsimtsum to sink, and Pi is the only human to make it onto the lifeboat and survive. Along with Pi, the lifeboat contains a hyena, a zebra, Orange Juice the orangutan, and Richard Parker the tiger. The hyena kills and devours both the zebra and Orange Juice, before Richard Parker kills the hyena. Pi is left alone on a lifeboat with an adult male tiger.

There is no land in sight and the ocean is shark-infested, so Pi builds a raft which he attaches to the lifeboat, to keep himself at a safer distance from Richard Parker. Eventually, however, life on the raft proves too exhausting, and Pi realizes that if Richard Parker gets hungry enough, he will swim to it and kill Pi. So Pi decides that he must tame Richard Parker. Using a whistle, seasickness, and a turtle-shell shield, Pi manages to assert his authority over Richard Parker and delineate his own territory on the lifeboat, where he is comparatively safe from the tiger.

While at sea, Pi and Richard Parker face many challenges, traumas, tragedies, and miraculous occurrences. They never have sufficient food and fresh water, and the constant exposure is highly painful. A severe storm, which they miraculously survive, destroys the raft. Pi manages to capture and kill a bird. They are almost crushed by an oil tanker, which then passes by without seeing them.

During an especially severe period of starvation, Pi and Richard Parker both go blind. While blind, Pi hears a voice, and realizes that they have drawn near another lifeboat that contains a similarly starving and blind Frenchman. Pi and this man converse for a while, and bring their boats together. The Frenchman climbs onto Pi’s boat, and immediately attacks him, planning to kill and eat him. He doesn’t realize that there is a tiger on the boat, however, and accidentally steps into Richard Parker’s territory. The tiger immediately attacks and kills him. Pi, saved at the cost of his attacker’s life, describes this as the beginning of his true moral suffering.

Pi and Richard Parker come upon a weird island that is made of algae with trees protruding from it, teeming with meerkats but no other life. Pi and Richard Parker stay on the island for weeks, eating the algae and the meerkats, growing stronger, and bathing in and drinking from the fresh water ponds. They never stay on the island at night, however, Pi because he feels safer from the tiger in his delineated territory, and Richard Parker for a reason unknown to Pi. Pi eventually starts to sleep on the island, and while doing so realizes that the island is carnivorous—it emits acid at night that dissolves anything on its surface. Greatly disturbed by this, Pi takes Richard Parker, and they leave the island.

Pi and Richard Parker eventually land on the Mexican beach. Richard Parker immediately runs off into the jungle without acknowledging Pi, which Pi finds deeply hurtful. Pi is found, fed, bathed, and taken to a hospital. There, two Japanese men come to question Pi about what caused the Tsimtsum to sink. He tells his story, which they do not believe, so he offers them a more plausible version, with the animal characters replaced by other humans, which casts doubt on the original story.

Throughout the novel, the story is interrupted by the author’s notes on Pi as he is now, telling this story to the author. After recovering in Mexico he went to Canada, where he spent a year finishing high school and then studied Religion and Zoology at the University of Toronto. At some point, he got married, and he now has two children. He still thinks of Richard Parker, and is still hurt by his final desertion.

Life of Pi Questions and Answers

The Question and Answer section for Life of Pi is a great resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel.

how pi describe the hyena

"I am not one to hold a prejudice against any animal, but it is a plain fact that the spotted hyena is not well served by its appearance. It is ugly beyond redemption. Its thick neck and high shoulders that slope to the hindquarters look as...

What is flight distance? Why is this important for zookeepers to know?

Flight distance is the amount of space that one animal will allow another animal before fleeing. Zookeepers need to be aware of this distance in order to keep from frightening the animals.

Please state your question.

Study Guide for Life of Pi

Life of Pi is a novel by Yann Martel. Life of Pi study guide contains a biography of author Yann Martel, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.

• About Life of Pi
• Life of Pi Video
• Character List

Essays for Life of Pi

Life of Pi essays are academic essays for citation. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Life of Pi written by Yann Martel.

• Living a Lie: Yann Martel’s Pi and his Dissociation from Reality
• A Matter of Perspective: The Invention of a Story in Martel’s Life of Pi
• Religion as a Coping Mechanism in Life of Pi
• Hope and Understanding: Comparing Life of Pi and Bless Me, Ultima
• Religious Allegories in Life of Pi

Lesson Plan for Life of Pi

• About the Author
• Study Objectives
• Common Core Standards
• Introduction to Life of Pi
• Relationship to Other Books
• Bringing in Technology
• Notes to the Teacher
• Related Links
• Life of Pi Bibliography

Wikipedia Entries for Life of Pi

• Introduction
• Inspiration

Historical Context

By yann martel.

India's cultural diversity, religious plurality, globalisation, and colonial legacy plays a pivotal role in shaping Pi's life and journey. throughout the story. This context not only adds depth to the narrative but also serves as a powerful lens through which readers can explore the protagonist's experiences and growth.

Article written by Mizpah Albert

M.A. in English Literature and a Ph.D. in English Language Teaching.

 Yann Martel’s ‘ Life of Pi ‘ is a mesmerizing tale of survival and self-discovery. Beyond its captivating narrative, the novel’s rich historical context, set against India’s cultural diversity, religious plurality, globalization, and colonial legacy, shapes the protagonist’s life and journey.

Influence of Post-Colonial Era

Pi’s upbringing in the post-colonial era is a significant aspect of his life and plays a crucial role in shaping his character and worldview. The novel is set in the 1970s when India was still grappling with the effects of colonial rule and seeking to establish its identity as an independent nation while embracing its cultural diversity and navigating the challenges of a rapidly globalizing world. Pi’s character represents the post-colonial spirit.

The Effect of India’s Political Unrest in the 1970s

India during the 1970s was a period of significant political unrest and upheaval. It was mainly due to Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s declaration of a State of Emergency in 1975. The Emergency was a dark chapter in India’s democratic history that curtailed civil liberties and fundamental rights. Also, the prices of essential commodities led to shortages, black markets, and reduced access to goods. It profoundly impacted the day-to-day life of ordinary people. The government’s policies, including the 20-Point Program, aimed to control inflation and stabilize the economy but also led to economic hardships for ordinary people. Even though the novel does not explicitly delve into this historical aspect, it significantly impacts the novel, which is why Pi’s family decided to leave India for Canada.

India’s Unity in Diversity as a Backdrop

India is known for its diverse cultural, religious, and ethnic backgrounds. Historically, India has been a melting pot of civilizations and faith. Its ancient history includes the Vedic traditions, Jainism, and Buddhism, followed by the influence of Islam, Christianity, and Sikhism through the ages. 

India’s constitution guarantees freedom of religion, allowing citizens to practice and propagate any religion. This legal protection fosters religious diversity and pluralism. Despite this rich tapestry of religions, India has sometimes experienced religious tensions and conflicts. However, the country’s commitment to secularism and religious freedom has enabled diverse religious communities to coexist and contribute to its social fabric, making India’s multi-religious landscape a vital aspect of its identity and heritage.

The portrayal of Pi’s family and his life embodies the spirit of embracing this diversity. His character, experiences, and beliefs reflect the country’s ability to thrive amid diversity, foster tolerance, and seek harmony among different cultures, religions, and traditions. Pi’s exposure to Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam reflects the coexistence of multiple religions in India. Besides, his way of finding beauty and wisdom in each religious practice in the novel demonstrates the harmonious coexistence of various religious and cultural groups in India.

The role played by the Maritime Revolution 

The novel ‘ Life of Pi ,’ set against another historical backdrop of the Maritime Revolution in the 1970s, captures the essence and its implications through the protagonist Pi’s journey and experiences. The 1970s saw a boom in global trade, with maritime transport playing a crucial role in facilitating the movement of goods across international borders. The decade has also witnessed some high-profile maritime accidents and raised awareness about the importance of marine safety and environmental protection. This dynamic period of naval activities, with developments in trade, technology, safety, and ecological awareness, has laid the groundwork for further advancements and regulations in the maritime industry in the years to come.

Even though the novel does not explicitly focus on the maritime revolution, its influence is evident in Pi’s journey across the Pacific Ocean. The concept of containerization, which revolutionized cargo transportation, is indirectly mirrored in Pi’s voyage. Pi’s lifeboat survival emphasizes isolation and self-sufficiency, much like a container isolates and protects its contents during transit. This parallel underscores the novel’s exploration of isolation, survival, and the human capacity for adaptation in a changing world.

How did India inspire Yann Martel to write Life of Pi ?

Martel had said in an interview that “India nourished him” when he was “drying up.” Also, India’s cultural richness, spiritual diversity, and experiences during his visit inspired the creation of ‘ Life of Pi .’ Moreover, his quest to understand the “mechanism of religious faith” made him write the book. 

In what way does the historical context used in Life of Pi affect the narrative structure?

The historical context used in the novel provides a framework for Pi’s journey. The historical events and cultural influences shape Pi’s experiences and how he recounts his story, making the narrative richer and more complex.

What are the historical events referred to in Life of Pi ?

The historical contexts used in the novel contribute to the atmosphere and character development. They are not central to the narrative’s core themes but serve as a backdrop to the story. Some of the historical events dealt with in the novel include the Declaration of the State of Emergency, the Maritime Revolution, Globalisation, Migration, and Post Colonial India.

How does Martel express his fascination with the philosophical aspects of life?

Martel’s fascination with the philosophical aspects of life and the quest for meaning are evident throughout the novel. The unique blend of spirituality, storytelling, and survival challenges that he encountered in India served as a foundation for the imaginative and thought-provoking narrative of ‘ Life of Pi .’

In what ways does Martel challenge readers’ perspectives through his creativity?

Martel’s narrative is a masterful work that challenges readers to think deeply about the nature of truth and fiction. By crafting a story that demands readers consider the possibility of multiple truths, he encourages them to reflect on their beliefs, biases, and the nature of storytelling. His work is a timely reminder of the importance of critical thinking and self-reflection and a testament to the enduring power of literature to inspire, provoke, and challenge us.

Has Life of Pi been adapted into a movie?

‘ Life of Pi ‘ has been adapted into a film, play, and opera based on its critical and commercial success. Directed by Ang Lee and starred by Suraj Sharma, Irrfan Khan, Tabu, and Adil Hussain, it was praised for its stunning visual effects and faithful adaptation of the book’s story. The film won four Academy Awards, including Best Director for Ang Lee, and grossed over $600 million worldwide.

How many awards has the novel Life of Pi received?

The novel has won numerous literary awards , including the Man Booker Prize in 2002, Boeke Prize in 2003, Deutscher Buchpreis, the German Book Prize in 2004, and many other recognitions and honors.

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About Mizpah Albert

Mizpah Albert is an experienced educator and literature analyst. Building on years of teaching experience in India, she has contributed to the literary world with published analysis articles and evocative poems.

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Yann Martel

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Francis Adirubasamy first presents Pi ’s tale to the fictional author as “a story to make you believe in God,” immediately introducing religion as a crucial theme. Pi is raised in a secular, culturally Hindu family, but as a boy he becomes more devoutly Hindu and then also converts to Christianity and Islam. He practices all of these religions at once despite the protests of his three religious leaders, who each assert that their religion contains the whole and exclusive truth. Instead of dwelling on divisive dogma, Pi focuses on the stories of his different faiths and their different pathways to God, and he reads a story of universal love in all three religions. In fact, it seems that faith and belief is more important to Pi than religious truth, as he also admires atheists for taking a stand in believing that the universe is a certain way. It is only agnostics that Pi dislikes, as they choose doubt as a way of life and never choose a “better story.”

When he is stranded at sea, Pi’s faith is tested by his extreme struggles, but he also experiences the sublime in the grandiosity of his surroundings. All external obstacles are stripped away, leaving only an endless circle of sea and sky, and one day he rejoices over a powerful lightning storm as a “miracle.” After his rescue Pi returns to the concept of faith again. He tells his interviewers two versions of his survival story (one with animals and one without) and then asks which one they prefer. The officials disbelieve the animal story, but they agree that it is the more compelling and memorable of the two. Pi responds with “so it goes with God,” basically saying that he chooses to have religious faith because he finds a religious worldview more beautiful. The “facts” are unknowable concerning God’s existence, so Pi chooses the story he likes better, which is the one involving God.

Religion and Faith ThemeTracker

Religion and Faith Quotes in Life of Pi

He took in my line of work with a widening of the eyes and a nodding of the head. It was time to go. I had my hand up, trying to catch my waiter’s eye to get the bill. Then the elderly man said, “I have a story that will make you believe in God.”

Sometimes I got my majors mixed up. A number of my fellow religious-studies students – muddled agnostics who didn’t know which way was up, who were in the thrall of reason, that fool’s gold for the bright – reminded me of the three-toed sloth; and the three-toed sloth, such a beautiful example of the miracle of life, reminded me of God.

In the literature can be found legions of examples of animals that could escape but did not, or did and returned… But I don’t insist. I don’t mean to defend zoos. Close them all down if you want (and let us hope that what wildlife remains can survive in what is left of the natural world). I know zoos are no longer in people’s good graces. Religion faces the same problem. Certain illusions about freedom plague them both. The Pondicherry Zoo doesn’t exist any more. Its pits are filled in, the cages torn down. I explore it now in the only place left for it, my memory.

It was my first clue that atheists are my brothers and sisters of a different faith, and every word they speak speaks faith. Like me, they go as far as the legs of reason will carry them – and then they leap. I’ll be honest about. It is not atheists who get stuck in my craw, but agnostics. Doubt is useful for a while. We must all pass through the garden of Gethsemane… But we must move on. To choose doubt as a philosophy of life is akin to choosing immobility as a means of transportation.

I can well imagine an atheist’s last words… and the deathbed leap of faith. Whereas the agnostic, if he stays true to his reasonable self, if he stays beholden to dry, yeastless factuality, might try to explain the warm light bathing him by saying, “Possibly a f-f-failing oxygenation of the b-b-brain,” and, to the very end, lack imagination and miss the better story.

The pandit spoke first. “Mr. Patel, Piscine’s piety is admirable. In these troubled times it’s good to see a boy so keen on God. We all agree on that.” The imam and the priest nodded. “But he can’t be a Hindu, a Christian and a Muslim. It’s impossible. He must choose…” “Hmmm, Piscine?” Mother nudged me. “How do you feel about the question?” “Bapu Gandhi said, ‘All religions are true.’ I just want to love God,” I blurted out, and looked down, red in the face.

I didn’t have pity to spare for long for the zebra. When your own life is threatened, your sense of empathy is blunted by a terrible, selfish hunger for survival. It was sad that it was suffering so much… but there was nothing I could do about it. I felt pity and then I moved on. This is not something I am proud of. I am sorry I was so callous about the matter. I have not forgotten that poor zebra and what it went through. Not a prayer goes by that I don’t think of it.

I was giving up. I would have given up – if a voice hadn’t made itself heard in my heart. The voice said, “I will not die. I refuse it. I will make it through this nightmare. I will beat the odds, as great as they are. I have survived so far, miraculously. Now I will turn miracle into routine. The amazing will be seen every day. I will put in all the hard work necessary. Yes, so long as God is with me, I will not die. Amen.”

Despair was a heavy blackness that let no light in or out. It was a hell beyond expression. I thank God it always passed. A school of fish appeared around the net or a knot cried out to be reknotted. Or I thought of my family, of how they were spared this terrible agony. The blackness would stir and eventually go away, and God would remain, a shining point of light in my heart. I would go on loving.

Life on a lifeboat isn’t much of a life. It is like an end game in chess, a game with few pieces. The elements couldn’t be more simple, nor the stakes higher. Physically it is extraordinarily arduous, and morally it is killing… You get your happiness where you can. You reach a point where you’re at the bottom of hell, yet you have your arms crossed and a smile on your face, and you feel you’re the luckiest person on earth. Why? Because at your feet you have a tiny dead fish.

I was dazed, thunderstruck – nearly in the true sense of the word. But not afraid. “Praise be to Allah, Lord of All Worlds, the Compassionate, the Merciful, Ruler of Judgment Day!” I muttered. To Richard Parker I shouted, “Stop your trembling! This is miracle. This is an outbreak of divinity. This is… this is…” I could not find what it was, this thing so vast and fantastic… I remember that close encounter with electrocution and third-degree burns as one of the few times during my ordeal when I felt genuine happiness.

By the time morning came, my grim decision was taken. I preferred to set off and perish in search of my own kind than to live a lonely half-life of physical comfort and spiritual death on this murderous island.

High calls low and low calls high. I tell you, if you were in such dire straits as I was, you too would elevate your thoughts. The lower you are, the higher your mind will want to soar. It was natural that, bereft and desperate as I was, in the throes of unremitting suffering, I should turn to God.

“If you stumble at mere believability, what are you living for? Isn’t love hard to believe?... Life is hard to believe, ask any scientist. God is hard to believe, ask any believer. What is your problem with hard to believe?” “We’re just being reasonable.” “So am I! I applied my reason at every moment… Nothing beats reason for keeping tigers away. But be excessively reasonable and you risk throwing out the universe with the bathwater.”

“So tell me, since it makes no factual difference to you and you can’t prove the question either way, which story do you prefer? Which is the better story, the story with animals or the story without animals?” Mr. Okamoto: “That’s an interesting question…” Mr. Chiba: “The story with animals.” Mr. Okamoto: “Yes. The story with animals is the better story.” Pi Patel: “Thank you. And so it goes with God.”