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111 Birth control Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

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111 Birth Control Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Birth control is a highly debated and controversial topic that has been discussed for decades. With its widespread availability and various methods, birth control has become a crucial aspect of reproductive health. If you are assigned an essay on birth control, it is essential to choose a compelling topic that will engage your readers and demonstrate your knowledge on the subject. To help you get started, here are 111 birth control essay topic ideas and examples:

• The evolution of birth control methods throughout history.
• The moral and ethical implications of birth control.
• The impact of birth control on women's empowerment.
• The correlation between access to birth control and reduced abortion rates.
• The effectiveness and safety of hormonal birth control methods.
• The cultural and societal attitudes towards birth control in different countries.
• The role of birth control in family planning.
• The influence of religion on birth control decisions.
• The relationship between birth control and population control.
• The impact of birth control on sexual behavior and attitudes.
• The accessibility and affordability of birth control in low-income communities.
• The controversy surrounding emergency contraception (the morning-after pill).
• The role of male contraception in preventing unwanted pregnancies.
• The impact of birth control on mental health.
• The correlation between birth control use and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
• The benefits and drawbacks of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods.
• The influence of pharmaceutical companies on birth control accessibility.
• The impact of birth control on economic stability and career advancement for women.
• The role of birth control education in schools.
• The relationship between birth control and reproductive rights.
• The impact of birth control on maternal and infant health outcomes.
• The effectiveness of natural birth control methods (e.g., fertility awareness).
• The influence of social media on birth control decisions among young adults.
• The impact of birth control on the LGBTQ+ community.
• The role of birth control in reducing teenage pregnancy rates.
• The impact of birth control on breastfeeding and lactation.
• The correlation between birth control use and reduced menstrual pain.
• The influence of cultural norms and traditions on birth control decisions.
• The role of birth control in reducing maternal mortality rates.
• The impact of birth control on sexual satisfaction and pleasure.
• The relationship between birth control and gender equality.
• The effectiveness of male sterilization (vasectomy) as a birth control method.
• The influence of political ideologies on birth control policies.
• The impact of birth control on the environment.
• The correlation between birth control use and educational attainment.
• The role of birth control in reducing infant mortality rates.
• The accessibility and usage of birth control among marginalized communities.
• The influence of media portrayal on birth control perceptions.
• The impact of birth control on menstrual irregularities.
• The effectiveness and acceptance of non-hormonal birth control methods.
• The relationship between birth control and sexual consent.
• The role of birth control in preventing reproductive coercion.
• The impact of birth control on gender dynamics within relationships.
• The correlation between birth control use and reduced teenage substance abuse.
• The influence of healthcare policies on birth control access.
• The impact of birth control on menstrual hygiene management.
• The effectiveness of birth control education programs in schools.
• The relationship between birth control and maternal mental health.
• The role of birth control in reducing unintended pregnancies among college students.
• The impact of birth control on body image and self-esteem.
• The correlation between birth control use and reduced domestic violence rates.
• The influence of peer pressure on birth control decisions.
• The impact of birth control on the LGBTQ+ youth mental health.
• The effectiveness of hormonal birth control methods in managing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
• The relationship between birth control and sexual consent among adolescents.
• The role of birth control in reducing child marriages.
• The impact of birth control on the gender wage gap.
• The correlation between birth control use and reduced maternal depression.
• The influence of sex education programs on birth control knowledge and usage.
• The impact of birth control on women's healthcare access in developing countries.
• The effectiveness of birth control in preventing ovarian and endometrial cancers.
• The relationship between birth control and body autonomy.
• The role of birth control in reducing infant mortality among minority communities.
• The impact of birth control on menstrual migraines.
• The correlation between birth control use and reduced HIV transmission rates.
• The influence of parental consent laws on birth control access for minors.
• The impact of birth control on male fertility and reproductive health.
• The effectiveness of birth control methods for women with disabilities.
• The relationship between birth control and sexual satisfaction among older adults.
• The role of birth control in reducing maternal disabilities.
• The impact of birth control on menstrual disorders (e.g., endometriosis, fibroids).
• The correlation between birth control use and reduced gender-based violence.
• The influence of abstinence-only education on birth control decisions.
• The impact of birth control on sexual desire and libido.
• The effectiveness of emergency contraception in preventing pregnancies.
• The relationship between birth control and reproductive justice.
• The role of birth control in reducing maternal substance abuse.
• The impact of birth control on menstrual-related absenteeism in schools and workplaces.
• The correlation between birth control use and reduced maternal stress.
• The influence of healthcare provider bias on birth control access.
• The impact of birth control on sexual consent in long-term relationships.
• The effectiveness of birth control in preventing cervical and uterine cancers.
• The relationship between birth control and body positivity.
• The role of birth control in reducing infant mortality among low-income families.
• The impact of birth control on menstrual-related mood disorders (e.g., PMDD).
• The correlation between birth control use and reduced sexual coercion rates.
• The influence of sex education on birth control decisions among teenagers.
• The impact of birth control on women's career choices and opportunities.
• The effectiveness of birth control methods for women with chronic illnesses.
• The relationship between birth control and sexual satisfaction among LGBTQ+ individuals.
• The role of birth control in reducing maternal malnutrition.
• The impact of birth control on menstrual-related chronic pain.
• The correlation between birth control use and reduced adolescent substance abuse.
• The influence of religious exemptions on birth control access.
• The impact of birth control on intergenerational poverty.
• The effectiveness of birth control in preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
• The relationship between birth control and reproductive health disparities.
• The role of birth control in reducing maternal substance use disorders.
• The impact of birth control on menstrual-related sleep disorders.
• The correlation between birth control use and reduced maternal anxiety.
• The influence of cultural taboos on birth control decisions.
• The impact of birth control on menstrual-related eating disorders.
• The effectiveness of birth control methods in preventing ectopic pregnancies.
• The relationship between birth control and sexual satisfaction among survivors of sexual assault.

Remember to choose a topic that interests you and aligns with your essay's objective. Conduct thorough research, gather supporting evidence, and present a well-structured argument to effectively convey your ideas. Good luck with your birth control essay!

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Birth Control - Free Essay Samples And Topic Ideas

Birth control, a critical aspect of reproductive health, enables individuals and couples to plan if or when they want to have children. Essays might explore the various methods of birth control, the history of birth control advocacy, and the societal implications of accessible contraception. Discussions could delve into the challenges faced in promoting birth control in different cultural or religious contexts, and the impacts of birth control on gender equality, economic stability, and public health. They might also discuss the controversial political and moral debates surrounding birth control, and the role of education in fostering informed decisions regarding reproductive health. We have collected a large number of free essay examples about Birth Control you can find at Papersowl. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

Effects Birth Control have on Women

Most believe that birth control serves one purpose to prevent pregnancy. While it's very effective compared to other forms of contraceptives, the effects aren't just limited to pregnancy prevention. Its also known to be used to help treat other health concerns such as menstrual relief, skin changes, and more. Birth control has different side effects on women because of different hormone levels and each birth control carries different level of progestin and/or estrogen. Given the grueling horror stories we hear […]

The Morality of Birth Control

American Educator, birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse Margaret Sanger has written numerous pieces about women empowering. One of her most popular speeches, "The Morality of Birth Control," is intended for women and America as a nation. It is spoken for women that feel like they have no way out of the risks of sex, including pregnancy. It can also be intended for men, in order to be aware of what women go through and that they will […]

The Importance of Sex Education

“This is the real world, and in the real world, you need protection,” – Cherie Richards. Students, specifically teenagers, need correct information and the right resources to learn, help and protect themselves. When students have no knowledge whatsoever, they turn to media or even pornography to get information because their parents aren’t open enough about sex or the topic. Sex education is a type of teaching where students are taught about sexuality, contraceptive methods, how to prevent sexually transmitted diseases, […]

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Should Birth Control be Free?

Family planning is used by 57 percent of married or in-union women of reproductive age according to a study conducted in 2015 by the United Nations. This displays the impact that contraceptives have worldwide and creates a question of equality within health care, "Is birth control a fundamental right or a privilege?" Even though the use of birth control is increasing, a study by the UN estimates that over 214 million women are not using safe and effective family planning […]

The Effects of Nicotine on Child Development and Birth Control

Why is nicotine bad on physical development? Nicotine and other poisonous chemicals in tobacco products cause, diseases, heart problems, and cancer, because it makes it difficult for blood to flow throughout the body, making you tired and cranky. Not only does it harm development and the body but robs you of your money, people find themselves addicted and pay for more, these products can add up to be expensive. Your body knows you shouldn't be using it when your lungs […]

An Issue of Women’s Reproductive Rights

We hold these truths to be self-evident: that men and women are created equal (Elizabeth Cady Stanton). In America this has been the basis of what our nation stands for. It is stated that every citizen has the right to equality that shall not be stripped away, in many cases that is not true. Whether man or women you should possess the same rights, but more often than not the women's rights are taken away. There are many instances in […]

Moral Issues Birth Control

Birth control is a sensitive topic in society, especially the Catholic faith. The Catholic faith has taught that birth control is a sin for many reasons. In 1968, Pope Paul VI issued his landmark encyclical letter Humanae Vitae which reemphasized the Church's constant teaching that it is always intrinsically wrong to use contraception to prevent new human beings from coming into existence (Carr, 2004). The Catholic Church has always taught that preventing procreation in any way is wrong and that […]

The Right to Birth Control

According to the National Health Statistics Reports, in the United States as of 2013, 99 percent of sexually active women aged 15-44 have used at least one contraceptive method (Contraceptive Use in the United States). This means that of the large population of women having sexual intercourse, almost all of them use or have used contraception of some sort in their lives. The accessibility and high rates of usage were not always that high. Previous to 1972, women had substantial […]

Abortion on Teens should be Abolished

Am sure we have all heard of the girl meets boy story, where the girl falls in love with the boy despite receiving plenty of warnings and criticism from any person who has ever mattered in the girl's life. Everything is merry and life is good for the girl until one day she realizes she has missed her period and rushes to her man's home telling herself that everything will be okay. Reality checks in, hard, when the boy declines […]

One to Two Lines: Decoding Birth Control Effectiveness and Choices

Abstract This paper illustrates the different types of contraceptives available to the public. We studied each type of birth control and show the reader which method best suits their needs for protection. Throughout this paper, we cover the pros and cons of each birth control measure to give the reader a comprehensive understanding of each method. This paper discusses contraceptives available for both men and women. STDs, teenage pregnancy, and hormonal imbalances can be common if birth control is used […]

Birth Control a Mixed Issue Today

Birth control has become a mixed issue today in our society. The types of birth control that can be used vary , while the side effects aren't being explained to the women and our younger generation who use them .The most common birth controls are the pill and Depo-Provera . Both birth controls were made to prevent pregnancy but both have horrible side effects that can mess with your body in the long run . In 1960-1970 the first clinical […]

The Second Wave of Feminism

The Second Wave of feminism, also known as the Women’s Movement, gave women greater personal freedoms, such as the right to work outside of the home, political freedoms, family, and reproductive rights. The second wave also drew attention to domestic violence and rape in relationships/marriages. Even though the years of The Second Wave Movement is often argued about, it is said that the second wave officially started in 1963 and ended in the early 1980s. The Women’s Movement was influenced […]

Birth Control in Many Different Forms

According to HHS.gov, every year out of 100 women using birth control, only about 5 to 9 may become pregnant due to not using birth control correctly. Around 1960, the first oral contraceptive known as Enovid, was approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a use of contraception. (Thompson). In 1968, the FDA approved intrauterine devices (IUDs). (Thompson). In 1972, the Supreme Court legalized birth control for all citizens of the U.S. (Thompson). In the 1980s, pills with […]

Birth Controll Pills

Far and away the most common method of birth control today is the birth control pill. The pill contains a combination of two female hormones, estrogen and progestin, it prevents the body from releasing an egg from the ovary and it also thickens up the mucus at the cervix. In addition, the pill is harmless and in fact, birth control pills are even safer for teenagers than for adults. However, the pill is not relatively easy to obtain, it requires […]

Birth Control: Precaution or Deleterious Action?

Birth control, known for preventing pregnancy, takes various forms: pills, sponges, vaginal rings, patches, condoms, and more. It was legalized by the Supreme Court during the Baird V. Eisenstadt case in 1972 (Thompson). Some women were ecstatic when it was legalized, seeing it as a way to have control over their lives—not only in terms of pregnancy but also in regulating their menstrual cycles. I was in the seventh grade when I first encountered birth control. Like other girls, I […]

Birth Control Coverage a Woman’s Demanded Right

A huge part of being a woman is motherhood. It is a very precious concept that should be considered whenever a woman is capable of caring for a child emotionally, physically, and financially. However, sometimes accidents happen. Birth control is one of the most efficient and responsible solutions to avoid unwanted pregnancy especially in teens. In today's society, there has been an increase of birth control usage in the United States. Mostly all women of age to conceive who have […]

Abstinence-only Sex Education

The United States government claims that abstinence-only is the best form of sexual education, however I believe that abstinence-only programs are counterproductive. They ignore contraceptive effectiveness, disregard spreading of sexually transmitted infections, and prevent the exploration of sexuality. Abstinence-only sexual education is ideologically skewed because it focuses on teaching only about abstinence and how to maintain it. Rather than providing information about safe ways to have intercourse, it is encouraged to abstain from all sexual activities until marriage. Emphasizing abstinence […]

Birth Control Implant Implanon

Birth control implants are devices that go under the skin of a woman, they release a hormone that prevents pregnancy. Two similar implants available in the US are Implanon and Nexplanon, which is gradually replacing Implanon. Each implant is a plastic stick the size of a match. The bars contain a form of the hormone progesterone called etonogestrel. What To Expect In The Doctor's OfficeYour doctor or other health care provider will inject medicine to put your skin on the […]

Birth Control for Minors

Introduction According to the CDC, even though United States is one of the top industrial nations in the world, our nation has the most teenage pregnancies, in the latest statistics ""in 2017 a total of 194,377 babies were born to teenage mothers age 15 to 19 years old. (CDC, 2019). Unfortunately, about 50% of these teen Moms will drop out of high school and many will live in poverty. Despite these high rates of births, the question and dilemma is […]

Birth Control: a Necessity or Luxury?

Sex. Birth Control. Sex Ed. These are all words that tend to make most people uncomfortable. But, why? What is the stigma behind these small words and phrases that tends to make people jump at the mention? The reality is, most people are under-educated on these phrases. Most don’t realize how much of an impact birth control can have on people’s lives. It allows safe sex, choosing when you get to have children, relief from period pain, acne, polycystic ovary […]

Birth Control Education for Middle School Aged Adolescents

Sex is the tool used by humans to procreate. Reproduction is not the only way that sex benefits the human race. Sex has always been sold as a ware, considered a de-stressing pastime, or a physical way for two romantic partners to display their love for one another in an intimate fashion. Young adults who are only beginning to understand their bodies and the many things they can do with them tend to be illiterate in sexual education. Instead of […]

Abortion is a Choice

Abortion is a choice, but that doesn’t mean that it’s the right one. In October of 1997 a woman was told by a hospital physician that she needed to have an abortion because her son had Choroid Plexus Cysts caused by a defect in his 18th paired chromosome. They told her he wouldn’t be normal, and that if she carried him to term; he would have severe disabilities. The doctors told her that her son would be incapable of doing anything […]

Balancing Acts: Navigating the Complexities of Birth Control Choices

Birth control holds a multifaceted position in the realm of reproductive health, providing individuals with the autonomy to navigate their bodies and family planning choices. Its efficacy in preventing unintended pregnancies has earned widespread acclaim, yet birth control methods present a spectrum of advantages and drawbacks, exerting influence over personal, social, and health-related dimensions of individuals' lives. Pros of Birth Control: Empowering Family Planning: Birth control stands as a cornerstone in empowering individuals to plan and space pregnancies, offering greater […]

Why Birth Control is Important: Addressing Teen Pregnancy and STD Rates

The United States ranks first in high teen pregnancy rates and sexually transmitted diseases. Since 2011, 400,000 girls between the age of 15-19 years old have given birth every year (Stanger-Hall, and Hall). So why is nothing being done about it? Why is the government putting these programs that are not helping the statistics go down in place? The Controversy of Abstinence-Only Education While some may argue abstinence-only education is the best way to keep teens and even middle schoolers […]

Analysis of the Affordable Care Act and the Birth Control Pill

Obamacare was signed into law in March 2010. The law covers various types of health plans, benefits, and services. Just years ago millions of women were paying for or couldn't afford birth control. Now, "an estimated 27 million women are currently benefiting from Obamacare's no-cost services” (Ressler). Birth Control is an ongoing debate on whether the pill itself should be covered for by taxes due to peoples rights and beliefs about its use. Another issue about the contraception is who […]

Abortion and Adoption

Abortion is not as simple as walking into a medical office and having the procedure performed. Although Roe v. Wade made abortion legal in the United States in 1973 women often have to deal with judgment from others including not only protestors but significant others and family members, choosing between abortion and adoption, emotional stress possibly from the reason they are needing an abortion, physical complications, as well as state governments trying to take away their right to have an […]

A Minor’s Decision

A Minor’s DecisionIf a minor can make the decision to have sex, then they should be able to be allowed to make their own decision concerning the use of birth control. It is your own body, so only you can decide what happens to it. Even though it’s your child, the parents shouldn’t have a say in whether they want birth control or not because it’s not their decision. A minor can choose to discuss it with their parents if […]

Adolescents in the United States

Adolescents in the United States have an unlimited amount of access to a multitude of the different types of mass media, including television, music, movies, and the Internet practically social media sites. The majority of these adolescents tend to utilize their time focusing on the media rather than the education they receive in the school or their parents. The majority of this content idealizes being sexually active, including different types of sex messages with dialogue and content. Few of these […]

Eugenics Continued after World War II

Francis Galton first coined the term eugenics as a philosophy to improve humanity by encouraging people with presumed desirable traits to have children, while discouraging those with unwanted' attributes to refrain from reproducing. Galton's theory developed with the assistance of his increasingly famous second cousin, Charles Darwin, and his theory of evolution (Galton). Eugenics theory gained further popularity throughout the 20th century, captivating the attention of medical and government leaders. This lead to the eventual artificial replication of the survival […]

Abortion is an Exceptionally Touchy Issue

Abortion is an exceptionally touchy issue. Numerous individuals are continually discussing whether abortion should be permitted or not. Pro-life and Pro-choice has been a controversial topic since the early 1820s. A few people think fetus removal is extremely terrible and that it should not be permitted by any means. Although I may not personally participate in abortion,I believe that abortion should be a women’s choice with her body because, America is over populated and underfunded, she knows what type of […]

How to Write an Essay About Birth Control

Understanding the concept of birth control.

Before writing an essay about birth control, it's important to understand what birth control is and the various methods available. Birth control, also known as contraception, refers to methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy. Start your essay by explaining the different types of birth control methods, including hormonal contraception (like pills, patches, and injections), barrier methods (such as condoms and diaphragms), intrauterine devices (IUDs), and natural methods. Discuss the effectiveness, accessibility, and suitability of these methods for different individuals. It’s also crucial to explore the historical development of birth control and its role in the sexual and reproductive health movement.

Developing a Thesis Statement

A strong essay on birth control should be centered around a clear, concise thesis statement. This statement should present a specific viewpoint or argument about birth control. For example, you might explore the impact of birth control on women's health and rights, analyze the social and political challenges surrounding access to contraception, or argue the need for improved sex education in schools. Your thesis will guide the direction of your essay and provide a structured approach to your topic.

Gathering Supporting Evidence

To support your thesis, gather evidence from a variety of sources, including medical studies, public health data, and historical texts. This might include statistics on birth control usage, research findings on the health benefits or risks associated with various contraception methods, or analysis of policy changes affecting birth control access. Use this evidence to support your thesis and build a persuasive argument. Remember to consider different perspectives, including cultural and ethical dimensions of birth control.

Analyzing the Impact of Birth Control

Dedicate a section of your essay to analyzing the impact of birth control on society. Discuss how birth control has transformed women’s health, empowerment, and socioeconomic status. Consider the role of birth control in family planning, population control, and sexual health. Explore the challenges faced in accessing birth control, such as legal restrictions, cultural stigmas, or economic barriers.

Concluding the Essay

Conclude your essay by summarizing the main points of your discussion and restating your thesis in light of the evidence provided. Your conclusion should tie together your analysis and emphasize the importance of birth control in contemporary society. You might also want to suggest areas for future research or action needed to improve access to and understanding of birth control.

Reviewing and Refining Your Essay

After completing your essay, review and refine it for clarity and coherence. Ensure that your arguments are well-structured and supported by evidence. Check for grammatical accuracy and ensure that your essay flows logically from one point to the next. Consider seeking feedback from peers, educators, or healthcare professionals to further improve your essay. A well-written essay on birth control will not only demonstrate your understanding of the topic but also your ability to engage with complex health and social issues.

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Birth Control

1 empowerment through choice: the evolution and impact of birth control.

The Evolution of Women’s Control over Reproductive Choices It’s crazy how something so small in the past can grow to be something so massive in a short amount of time. Over time, women have been mistreated, underappreciated, and have been forced to not have control of many different situations. But over time, women have regained […]

2 Media Framing and the Birth Control Movement: Reproductive Rights Struggle

Struggles Amplified: Media’s Role in Reproductive Rights Debates In July 2018, Republican Congressman Jason Lewis’s inappropriate and sexist views about women were revealed in a CNN article. The congressman, who is known to be controversial, said that women who voted in favor of health insurance coverage for birth control “were not human beings and were […]

3 OTC Birth Control: Revolutionizing Access for Women’s Health

Executive Summary Contraception is effective in improving health and well-being in women while reducing health care costs from unintended pregnancies and abortion. Women’s access to birth control is inadequate, and oral contraception should be available over the counter in Kentucky. Introduction Contraception is recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as one of […]

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4 Navigating the Intricacies of Birth Control: Unveiling its Impact on Cardiovascular Health

Abstract: Oral Contraceptives (OC) and Birth control pills can cause a lot of side effects in the human body. Taking birth control pills increases the risk of having a stroke or heart attack. Based on the case report, a woman entered the hospital with unknown causes of how she was having artery blocking. That woman […]

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• v.9(1); Winter 2005

Four Decades of Research on Hormonal Contraception

Introduction.

The first hormonal contraceptive was approved for marketing in the United States in 1960. This contraceptive, known then and now as “the pill,” was taken orally and consisted of an estrogen and a progestin designed to be taken by women.

The combined estrogen/progestin oral contraceptive was a breakthrough in contraception for three reasons: because it was highly effective for preventing conception; because, unlike the condom and the diaphragm, the effectiveness of the oral contraceptive does not depend on its being used in conjunction with the act of intercourse; and because, unlike tubal ligation and vasectomy, the effect of the oral contraceptive is reversible. Female hormonal contraceptives administered by injection, transdermally, vaginally, and released from a subdermal implant are now available in the United States and elsewhere. All these contraceptive agents are based on the same general physiologic-biochemical principles as “the pill.” Hormonal contraceptives have been used by at least 500 million women alive today.

Kaiser Permanente (KP) became involved in oral contraceptives in the mid-1960s and has been actively involved in research on hormonal contraceptives since the late 1960s. This review describes the historical background of KP initial research on oral contraceptive safety and the contributions of KP research on hormonal contraception in the subsequent four decades.

Walnut Creek Contraceptive Drug Study

Even before oral contraceptives were marketed, concern about the noncontraceptive health effects of these drugs was acute. Similar concerns about safety have accompanied introduction of other forms of hormonal contraception.

All hormonal contraceptives designed for use by women involve exogenous administration of synthetic estrogen, progestin, or both at doses that have been termed “unphysiologic.” Administration of exogenous estrogen and progestin can alter secretion of hypothalamic, ovarian, and other hormones and thus can theoretically affect multiple organ systems and physiologic processes. As early as the 1930s, exogenous administration of estrogen was known to cause breast malignancy in some rodent species.

Soon after these drugs were first marketed, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began to receive spontaneous reports of venous thromboembolic events and stroke in users of oral contraceptives. Published reports of thromboembolic events 1, 2 heightened concern about the safety of oral contraceptives.

By the mid-1960s, the need for epidemiologic studies of the noncontraceptive effects of oral contraceptives on women's health had become apparent. The enormous popularity of “the pill” brought recognition that tens of millions of women in the United States and hundreds of millions worldwide would be exposed to exogenous hormones over many years. Thus, any effect of oral contraceptives on cancer or other health conditions had enormous public health implications.

Hormonal contraceptives have been used by at least 500 million women alive today.

In 1966, in response to concern about the safety of “the pill,” Dr James Shannon (then Director of the National Institutes of Health, NIH) transferred $3 million to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) to study this problem, and a decision was made to commission a large cohort study to evaluate the noncontraceptive health effects of oral contraceptives. Dr Philip Corfman (later to become NICHD's Director of the Center for Population Research) and Dr Daniel Siegel (an NIHCD statistician) investigated several possible sites for such an ambitious study—including the Mayo Clinic, the Health Insurance Plan of New York, and the US Department of Defense—but none appeared to have as much interest or ability as the KP Northern California Region to conduct such a study.

KP was considered a potential research site because personnel at the FDA had worked with Morris Collen, MD—a founder of The Permanente Medical Group (TPMG)—on a project to collect electronic data on prescriptions and on outpatient and inpatient diagnoses to facilitate identification of adverse drug effects. Personnel at NICHD were familiar with the capabilities of KP because they had worked with Jacob Yerushalmy, PhD, (a University of California at Berke-ley statistician affiliated with KP) on the Collaborative Perinatal Project. This was an epidemiologic study that included data collection from more than 50,000 pregnant women and long-term follow-up of outcomes in these women as well as their offspring. The KP Oakland Medical Center was a research site in the project.

In 1967, NICHD officials approached Dr Collen about KP's interest in conducting the epidemiologic cohort study. KP decision makers decided to conduct the study at the KP Walnut Creek Medical Center. The study began in 1968 with Fred Pellegrin, MD, and Irwin Fisch, MD, as the Co-Principal Investigators. Later, Drs Pellegrin and Fisch recruited Savitri Ramcharan, MD—who had trained in epidemiology at the University of California Berkeley School of Public Health under Dr Yerushalmy—to head the study, which was named the Walnut Creek Contraceptive Drug Study (WCCDS).

The first participants in the WCCDS were recruited in late 1968. From 1968 through early 1972, a total of 16,638 women aged 18 to 54 years were recruited into the follow-up study of oral contraception. An additional 1800 women who were pregnant or recently postpar-tum were recruited to a special cross-sectional study. Active follow-up of women in the WCCDS continued through 1978. From its start until its last publication, the study included analyses conducted by a number of visiting researchers, including Susan Harlap, MD (an Israeli scientist then on sabbatical), Valerie Beral, PhD (a United Kingdom scientist then on sabbatical), and Diana Petitti, MD, MPH (then an Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) officer with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]). Dr Petitti continued to work with data from the study well into the 1980s. Supplemented by data from record linkage, from chart review, and from reexamining subjects, data from the study were used in studies published as late as 1993.

The WCCDS helped to establish the reputation of KP in epidemiologic research, demonstrated KP's ability to recruit subjects for large studies …

Table 1 3–43 separately lists WCCDS publications that address issues of contraception 3–13 and that address other topics related to women's health. 14–18 The total number of these publications is large. Equally important are other contributions of the WCCDS to research in the KP Northern California Region specifically and in KP more generally. The WCCDS helped to establish the reputation of KP in epidemiologic research, demonstrated KP's ability to recruit subjects for large studies, and helped develop the infrastructure for conducting federally funded research at KP.

Kaiser Permanente studies of hormonal contraception

The Kaiser Permanente Birth Defects Study

In the early 1970s, studies from other countries raised concern about the possibility that use of hormonal contraceptives might affect a fetus in either of two circumstances: 1) when the fetus was conceived during use of oral contraceptives (which failed to prevent pregnancy) or 2) as a carry over from past exposure to hormones. Success of the WCCDS led the WCCDS team to receive an award from NICHD to conduct a study evaluating the effects of hormone exposure during early gestation on birth defects. At the first antenatal visit, the study collected information from more than 35,000 women receiving prenatal care at the KP Oakland, Hayward, Richmond, and Walnut Creek Medical Centers in Northern California. Pregnancy outcomes were ascertained by chart review.

Publications from this study—the KP Birth Defects Study—are listed in Table 1 . 19–26 As with the WCCDS, data from the Birth Defects Study were used to answer not only questions about the effect of contraceptives on birth defects but also many other questions about pregnancy outcome. In addition to its substantive contribution to knowledge about birth defects, the study further demonstrated the research capabilities of KP, enhanced the reputation of KP in the community, and contributed to the development of an infrastructure for conducting research in KP Northern California.

Vascular Disease Case-Control Studies

Epidemiologic studies conducted in the 1970s and 1980s established the increased risk of venous thromboembolism, ischemic stroke, and myocardial infarction from use of combined estrogen/progestin oral contraceptives. Shortly after reports first appeared describing vascular disease in oral contraceptive users, doses of estrogen in combined estrogen/progestin oral contraceptives were lowered in an attempt to reduce the vascular risks of oral contraceptive use. Attempts were also made to limit oral contraceptive use to women who were not at high risk for vascular disease (because of smoking or hypertension, for example). By the middle of the 1980s, confidence was high that changes in estrogen dose and in selection by clinicians of women for oral contraceptive use had successfully reduced the vascular risks of oral contraceptive use; however, empirical data to prove this point were limited.

In 1988, NICHD issued a request for proposals for case-control studies of the risk of stroke and myocardial infarction in users of low-estrogen-dose oral contraceptives. KP was successful in its bid for a contract to conduct this study. The study was a milestone for KP insofar as data collection for the research spanned both the KP Northern and Southern California Regions.

The study of stroke and myocardial infarction was followed by an identically designed study that assessed the risk of venous thromboembolic disease in users of low-estrogen-dose oral contraceptives. For the study, data were collected in both the KP Northern and Southern California Regions. These data were the subject of publications addressing the primary question at the outset of the research 27–31, 39 as well as ancillary questions 32, 33 about vascular disease epidemiology in women of reproductive age ( Table 1 ). The studies were important for establishing the success of interregional collaborative research.

Emergency Contraception Demonstration Project

As early as 1975, researchers and clinicians recognized that a high dose of combination estrogen/progestin oral contraceptives could prevent pregnancy if taken shortly after an unprotected act of intercourse. (A hormonal contraceptive drug taken this way was initially called “the morning-after pill” and was later renamed “emergency contraception.”) This practice constituted off-label use of combined estrogen/progestin oral contraceptives and was not widespread.

… contributions take many forms, including case reports, new methodology for contraceptive research, and reviews and summaries of the relevant medical literature.

Beginning in the mid-1990s, several women's advocacy groups began to promote emergency contraception and to educate the public and physicians about it. Emergency contraception was difficult to promote, in part because it required physicians to provide individualized instruction on how to break up a package of combined oral contraceptives. Moreover, combined estrogen/progestin oral contraceptives exist in many different formulations containing different amounts of estrogen and progestin. Thus, the number of pills to be taken differs for different formulations of combined estrogen/progestin oral contraceptives.

In 1996, KP was approached by the Pacific Women's Health Institute (a not-for-profit women's health research institute based in Los Angeles) about a possible joint project designed to demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of promoting hormonal emergency contraception in a community setting. External funds were secured to conduct such a project in San Diego County, but partner organizations in San Diego withdrew from the project because of concern about legal liability of promoting off-label use of a drug. The project went forward through KP in San Diego.

The project was highly successful and was the KP Southern California Region's nominee for the Vohs Award for Quality 37 as well as the basis for several publications ( Table 1 ). 34–36, 38 The success of the project at KP was influential in the decision of other organizations (for example, Planned Parenthood and various community clinics) to get involved in promoting emergency hormonal contraception.

Other Studies and Contributions

Table 1 lists other research studies on hormonal contraception conducted solely at KP. 40–42 KP researchers and KP data made additional contributions to knowledge about hormonal contraception ( Table 2 ). 44–57 These contributions take many forms, including case reports, new methodology for contraceptive research, and reviews and summaries of the relevant medical literature.

Other publications on hormonal contraception involving Kaiser Permanente members, data, and researchers

Summary and Conclusion

The availability of hormonal contraceptives spawned changes in the social relations between men and women and enabled revolutionary changes in the roles of women in society. The contribution of hormonal contraception to improving the status of women worldwide is difficult to overestimate. Studies that have established the magnitude of risks and benefits of hormonal contraception have been instrumental for developing policies regarding hormonal contraception and for providing information that helps individuals and couples to make informed choices about childbearing.

For almost four decades, KP researchers have made sustained contributions to the advancement of knowledge on hormonal contraception. Data collected in studies of hormonal contraception have been used to address a variety of other important questions about women's health. Participation in research on hormonal contraception has made important contributions to the research infrastructure of the KP Northern and Southern California Regions and at KP nationally. Research on hormonal contraception has enhanced the research reputation of KP locally, nationally, and internationally.

Acknowledgments

We wish to acknowledge the many people, both inside and outside Kaiser Permanente, who contributed to the research described here, including those who played a role in formulating scientific questions, authoring and coauthoring publications, collecting and analyzing data, and participating in the research as subjects. Special thanks to Philip A Corfman, MD, who filled in many of the details on the history of the Walnut Creek Contraceptive Drug Study.

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Birth Control Essay Titles

• Why Birth Control Regulation Should Be Health Related
• Recognizing Your Contraceptive Options
• Unaware and Unprotected: Birth Control Misconceptions
• The Various Birth Control Techniques in Contemporary Society
• Can Teenagers Get Birth Control Without Parental Permission?
• Margaret Sanger’s Margaret the Birth of Birth Control: An Essay
• The Impact of Birth Control on the HIV/Aids Epidemic in the United States
• Sanger’s Birth Control Movement’s Impact
• Discussing the Use of Birth Control With Your Family
• The Need for Teenagers to Have Easy Access to Birth Control
• Important Information About Emergency Birth Control
• The Birth Control Movement and the African American Community
• Which Is the Most Effective Method of Birth Control: Pills, a Patch, NuvaRing, or a Depo Shot?
• The Free Contraception and Birth Control Ethical Debate
• Various Birth Control Methods and Their Efficacy
• Should High Schools Offer Condoms and Birth Control Information?
• The Government and Birth Control: To Control or Not to Control?
• The Benefits of Birth Control for Parents
• Birth Control’s Social and Political Impact in England
• Birth Control Practices in Britain, 1925–1950: Uncertain Aims and Tacit Negotiation
• Male Birth Control and Taste Buds Outside the Mouth
• The Cognitive Response Theory Regarding Contraception
• The Birth Control Pill: The Drug That Transformed America

 Essay Topics on Birth Control

• Teens Who Use Birth Control Without Their Parent’s Permission
• Margaret Sanger’s Viewpoint on Birth Control
• Birth Control and Society Throughout History
• Birth Control for Minors Without Parental Consent Has Negative Effects
• Human Sexuality and Birth Control in Undergrad
• Teenage Girls Should Have Access to Birth Control Without Parental Consent.
• Birth-Control Misconceptions in Developing Nations
• Fred Pearce’s Article, “Television as Birth Control,”
• Women Bear More of the Cost of Birth Control
• Issues With Teens’ Birth Control Options in Today’s Society
• The Drawbacks and Benefits of Abstinence-Only Contraception
• Whether Using Birth Control Results in More Promiscuous Sexual Behavior
• The Lack of Significant Advances in Male Birth Control and Men’s Health
• Birth Control Pill Side Effects, Both Good and Bad
• The Benefits and Drawbacks of Over-The-Counter Birth Control
• Chinua Achebe’s Book Things Fall Apart’s Introduction to Birth Control
• The Value of Educating Teenagers About the Different Birth Control Methods
• The Importance of Birth Control for Teens to Prevent Teen Pregnancy
• Evidence From Romania on the Supply of Birth Control Methods, Education, and Fertility
• Birth Control’s Social Impact in Germany
• American Teenagers’ Use of Birth Control and Sexual Activity

 Research Questions About Birth Control

• What Justifies Teaching Birth Control in Schools?
• Should Governments Make Birth Control Free to Access?
• Why Isn’t Education About Birth Control Taught in Schools?
• What Are the Social Impacts of Birth Control?
• Should Access to Contraception Be Made Simpler for Americans?
• Why Should Parents Use Contraception?
• Should Students in Public Schools Be Given Birth Control Pills?
• Does Parental Permission for Birth Control Affect the Rates of Teen Pregnancy?
• Why Not Use Birth Control for Women?
• Should Birth Control Be Distributed in Schools?
• What Impact Would the Ban on Birth Control Have on Women’s Lives?
• Should Teenage Girls Be Able to Access Birth Control Pills?
• How Do Birth Control Pills Function?
• Should Birth Control Pills Be Available Without a Prescription?
• What Impact Have Birth Control, and Abortion Had on the 20th and 21st Centuries?
• Should High Schools Offer Condoms and Information on Birth Control?
• What Women Need to Know About Birth Control Pills
• Should Teenagers Be Able to Use Birth Control Without Their Parents’ Permission?
• Why Could Birth Control Patches Be Riskier Than Pills? 19.
• Should Teenagers Have Access to Contraception?
• Why Should Teenagers Have Easy Access to Birth Control?
• Should Health Insurance Providers Cover the Full Cost of Birth Control?
• Does School Instruction in Birth Control Aid in Preventing Teen Pregnancy?
• Is It Acceptable for Pharmacists to Refuse to Fill Emergency Contraception Prescriptions?
• What Current Birth Control Options Are Available?
• How Do State and Local Governments Implement or Oppose Federal Reproductive Health Rights Legislation?
• What Illusions Exist Regarding Health Risks Associated With Contraceptive Methods?
• Should Birth Control Be Taught in Schools to Prevent Teen Pregnancy?
• What Are a Few Religious/Ethical Issues Relating to Birth Control Use?
• What Should You Take Into Account When Choosing the Best Birth Control?

16 Ways to Help Students Who Have ...

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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Birth Control — The Effectiveness of Birth Control

The Effectiveness of Birth Control

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Essay Service Examples Health Reproductive Health

Birth Control essays

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In the 1950s Margaret Sanger made the lawful decision to devote her life to research in creating what is a right for women, a human birth control pill. What Margaret did not know was that 69 years later this would remain one of the most controversial topics on feminine care/...

In the 1950s Margaret Sanger made the lawful decision to devote her life to research in creating what is a right for women, a human birth control pill. What Margaret did not know was that 69 years later this would remain one of the most controversial topics on feminine care/ human rights. Birth control is an essential right that everyone should have access to regardless of the costs.

The most recent controversy about birth control is whether it should be free for the women who would like to receive it even without insurance. As of January ,2019 the average cost for birth control ranges between fifteen to fifty dollars monthly, which can vary between insurance coverage, in total the cost of birth control is 160-600 dollars annually, says Kimberly Palmer from https://money.usnews.com/money/blogs/alpha-consumer/2012/03/05/the-real-cost-of-birth-control. This is an astounding amount of money considering that most common women ages range between 18-24 use birth control. Considering there is more females than males in the world it would certainly make an impact with not only inducing a lower birth rate in general but might also reduce birth at younger age. Causing a health boost which may cause women to live longer and become healthier.

Birth control is not only used to prevent pregnancy but also has many other perks. Pills are the most popular contraceptive in the United States, chosen by 27.5 percent of women, says Jessica Kiley from her own article “Let’s Take a Moment to Talk About the Good Side Effects of Birth Control”. Kiley also mentions that women who take birth control have a clearer vision of when their next menstrual cycle will begin and have approximately 28 days between each period. Not only does Kiley mention that women’s menstrual cycles will be regulated she also mentions that women who participate in Oral contraceptives are less likely to get cancer of the ovaries and endometrium. According to Cancer.org and Cancer.net: With approximately 15 percent of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 63,230 women who will be diagnosed annually for endometrium cancer, having the option to prevent these cancers should be considered a right. Access to Birth control is necessary for the safety of thousands of women.

This is not the first time that someone has had the idea to make birth control universally available for all women, Laura W. Murphy strongly believes that all women should have access to birth control with coverage of insurance. Knowing the health benefits of oral contraception, it should be covered for everyone. Depending on your financial state some women can already receive birth control with no costs. Sadly, not all women are that fortunate.

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• Should Health Insurance Companies Provide Complete Coverage for Birth Control?
• Does learning about birth control in school help prevent teen pregnancy?
• Should pharmacists be allowed to refuse to fill emergency contraception prescriptions?
• Should Americans have easier access to contraception?
• What are some of the current birth control options?
• How are federal reproductive health rights legislation or denied by state and local government?
• Laws about RU-486 or "morning after pill"?
• What myths about health risks associated with contraceptive devices?
• Should birth control be taught in school as a way of preventing teen pregnancy?
• Should schools distribute birth control?
• What are some of the religious/ethical issues arising from the usage of birth control?
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10 Essential Essays About Women’s Reproductive Rights

“Reproductive rights” let a person decide whether they want to have children, use contraception, or terminate a pregnancy. Reproductive rights also include access to sex education and reproductive health services. Throughout history, the reproductive rights of women in particular have been restricted. Girls and women today still face significant challenges. In places that have seen reproductive rights expand, protections are rolling back. Here are ten essential essays about reproductive rights:

“Our Bodies, Ourselves: Reproductive Rights”

bell hooks Published in Feminism Is For Everyone (2014)

This essay opens strong: when the modern feminism movement started, the most important issues were the ones linked to highly-educated and privileged white women. The sexual revolution led the way, with “free love” as shorthand for having as much sex as someone wanted with whoever they wanted. This naturally led to the issue of unwanted pregnancies. Birth control and abortions were needed.

Sexual freedom isn’t possible without access to safe, effective birth control and the right to safe, legal abortion. However, other reproductive rights like prenatal care and sex education were not as promoted due to class bias. Including these other rights more prominently might have, in hooks’ words, “galvanized the masses.” The right to abortion in particular drew the focus of mass media. Including other reproductive issues would mean a full reckoning about gender and women’s bodies. The media wasn’t (and arguably still isn’t) ready for that.

“Racism, Birth Control, and Reproductive Rights”

Angela Davis Published in Women, Race, & Class (1981)

Davis’ essay covers the birth control movement in detail, including its race-based history. Davis argues that birth control always included racism due to the belief that poor women (specifically poor Black and immigrant women) had a “moral obligation” to birth fewer children. Race was also part of the movement from the beginning because only wealthy white women could achieve the goals (like more economic and political freedom) driving access to birth control.

In light of this history, Davis emphasizes that the fight for reproductive freedom hasn’t led to equal victories. In fact, the movements driving the gains women achieved actively neglected racial inequality. One clear example is how reproductive rights groups ignored forced sterilization within communities of color. Davis ends her essay with a call to end sterilization abuse.

“Reproductive Justice, Not Just Rights”

Dorothy Roberts Published in Dissent Magazine (2015)

Dorothy Roberts, author of Killing the Black Body and Fatal Invention , describes attending the March for Women’s Lives. She was especially happy to be there because co-sponsor SisterSong (a collective founded by 16 organizations led by women of color) shifted the focus from “choice” to “social justice.” Why does this matter? Roberts argues that the rhetoric of “choice” favors women who have options that aren’t available to low-income women, especially women of color. Conservatives face criticism for their stance on reproductive rights, but liberals also cause harm when they frame birth control as the solution to global “overpopulation” or lean on fetal anomalies as an argument for abortion choice.

Instead of “the right to choose,” a reproductive justice framework is necessary. This requires a living wage, universal healthcare, and prison abolition. Reproductive justice goes beyond the current pro-choice/anti-choice rhetoric that still favors the privileged.

“The Color of Choice: White Supremacy and Reproductive Justice”

Loretta J. Ross, SisterSong Published in Color of Violence: The INCITE! Anthology (2016)

White supremacy in the United States has always created different outcomes for its ethnic populations. The method? Population control. Ross points out that even a glance at reproductive politics in the headlines makes it clear that some women are encouraged to have more children while others are discouraged. Ross defines “reproductive justice,” which goes beyond the concept of “rights.” Reproductive justice is when reproductive rights are “embedded in a human rights and social justice framework.”

In the essay, Ross explores topics like white supremacy and population control on both the right and left sides of politics. She acknowledges that while the right is often blunter in restricting women of color and their fertility, white supremacy is embedded in both political aisles. The essay closes with a section on mobilizing for reproductive justice, describing SisterSong (where Ross is a founding member) and the March for Women’s Lives in 2004.

“Abortion Care Is Not Just For Cis Women”

Sachiko Ragosta Published in Ms. Magazine (2021)

Cisgender women are the focus of abortion and reproductive health services even though nonbinary and trans people access these services all the time. In their essay, Ragosta describes the criticism Ibis Reproductive Health received when it used the term “pregnant people.” The term alienates women, the critics said, but acting as if only cis women need reproductive care is simply inaccurate. As Ragosta writes, no one is denying that cis women experience pregnancy. The reaction to more inclusive language around pregnancy and abortion reveals a clear bias against trans people.

Normalizing terms like “pregnant people” help spaces become more inclusive, whether it’s in research, medical offices, or in day-to-day life. Inclusiveness leads to better health outcomes, which is essential considering the barriers nonbinary and gender-expansive people face in general and sexual/reproductive care.

“We Cannot Leave Black Women, Trans People, and Gender Expansive People Behind: Why We Need Reproductive Justice”

Karla Mendez Published in Black Women Radicals

Mendez, a freelance writer and (and the time of the essay’s publication) a student studying Interdisciplinary Studies, Political Science, and Women’s and Gender Studies, responds to the Texas abortion ban. Terms like “reproductive rights” and “abortion rights” are part of the mainstream white feminist movement, but the benefits of birth control and abortions are not equal. Also, as the Texas ban shows, these benefits are not secure. In the face of this reality, it’s essential to center Black people of all genders.

In her essay, Mendez describes recent restrictive legislation and the failure of the reproductive rights movement to address anti-Blackness, transphobia, food insecurity, and more. Groups like SisterSong have led the way on reproductive justice. As reproductive rights are eroded in the United States, the reproductive rights movement needs to focus on justice.

“Gee’s Bend: A Reproductive Justice Quilt Story From the South”

Mary Lee Bendolph Published in Radical Reproductive Justice (2017)

One of Mary Lee Bendolph’s quilt designs appears as the cover of Radical Reproductive Justice. She was one of the most important strip quilters associated with Gee’s Bend, Alabama. During the Civil Rights era, the 700 residents of Gee’s Bend were isolated and found it hard to vote or gain educational and economic power outside the village. Bendolph’s work didn’t become well-known outside her town until the mid-1990s.

Through an interview by the Souls Grown Foundation, we learn that Bendolph didn’t receive any sex education as a girl. When she became pregnant in sixth grade, she had to stop attending school. “They say it was against the law for a lady to go to school and be pregnant,” she said, because it would influence the other kids. “Soon as you have a baby, you couldn’t never go to school again.”

“Underground Activists in Brazil Fight for Women’s Reproductive Rights”

Alejandra Marks Published in The North American Congress on Latin America (2021)

While short, this essay provides a good introduction to abortion activism in Brazil, where abortion is legal only in the case of rape, fetal anencephaly, or when a woman’s life is at risk. The reader meets “Taís,” a single mother faced with an unwanted pregnancy. With no legal options, she researched methods online, including teas and pills. She eventually connected with a lawyer and activist who walked her through using Cytotec, a medication she got online. The activist stayed on the phone while Taís completed her abortion at home.

For decades, Latin American activists have helped pregnant people get abortion medications while wealthy Brazilians enter private clinics or travel to other countries. Government intimidation makes activism risky, but the stakes are high. Hundreds of Brazilians die each year from dangerous abortion methods. In the past decade, religious conservatives in Congress have blocked even mild reform. Even if a new president is elected, Brazil’s abortion rights movement will fight an uphill battle.

“The Ambivalent Activist”

Lauren Groff Published in Fight of the Century: Writers Reflect on 100 years of Landmark ACLU Cases (2020)

Before Roe v. Wade, abortion regulation around the country was spotty. 37 states still had near-bans on the procedure while only four states had repealed anti-abortion laws completely. In her essay, Groff summarizes the case in accessible, engaging prose. The “Jane Roe” of the case was Norma McCorvey. When she got pregnant, she’d already had two children, one of whom she’d given up for adoption. McCorvey couldn’t access an abortion provider because the pregnancy didn’t endanger her life. She eventually connected with two attorneys: Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee. In 1973 on January 2, the Supreme Court ruled 7-2 that abortion was a fundamental right.

Norma McCorvey was a complicated woman. She later became an anti-choice activist (in an interview released after her death, she said Evangelical anti-choice groups paid her to switch her position), but as Groff writes, McCorvey had once been proud that it was her case that gave women bodily autonomy.

“The Abortion I Didn’t Want”

Caitlin McDonnell Published in Salon (2015) and Choice Words: Writers on Abortion (2020)

While talking about abortion is less demonized than in the past, it’s still fairly unusual to hear directly from people who’ve experienced it. It’s certainly unusual to hear more complicated stories. Caitlin McDonnell, a poet and teacher from Brooklyn, shares her experience. In clear, raw prose, this piece brings home what can be an abstract “issue” for people who haven’t experienced it or been close to someone who has.

In debates about abortion rights, those who carry the physical and emotional effects are often neglected. Their complicated feelings are weaponized to serve agendas or make judgments about others. It’s important to read essays like McDonnell’s and hear stories as nuanced and multi-faceted as humans themselves.

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About the author, emmaline soken-huberty.

Emmaline Soken-Huberty is a freelance writer based in Portland, Oregon. She started to become interested in human rights while attending college, eventually getting a concentration in human rights and humanitarianism. LGBTQ+ rights, women’s rights, and climate change are of special concern to her. In her spare time, she can be found reading or enjoying Oregon’s natural beauty with her husband and dog.

Doctors’ Reluctance to Prescribe Birth Control Pills to Early Adolescents Problem Solution Essay

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Problem Statement

Methodology, proposed solution, works cited.

Most individuals assume that birth control pills were established in the 1960 although the activity dates back several years. A considerable number of traditional cultures developed clean portions of plants and tree bark as a form of controlling birth. Some statistics reveal that an extraction from the silphium plant was quite effective in controlling pregnancy.

Research shows that the plant was in use for over one thousand years ago. New methods were developed during the middle age where some methods were proved to be critical for women that did not realize the consequences of taking mercury or lead. However, with time, there have been improvements in medical technology that has as a result replaced such ineffective approaches of birth control.

Research has revealed that there are some doctors who do not prescribe birth control pills to teenagers or anyone under the age of eighteen (National Research Council 45). Such doctors fail to understand that most youths or teenagers within that age group are quite active sexually due to curiosity or peer pressure. This implies that when doctors refuse to prescribe birth control pills to these teenagers, they are most likely to face some harsh consequences.

For instance, absence of birth control pills means unplanned or unwanted pregnancy, early and unprepared parenthood, loss of parental assistance and dropping out of school. Some of the young women even choose to abort the child, which is illegal. Teenagers and anyone under the age of eighteen should be provided with birth control pills by doctors because such control pills help in controlling or reducing teenage pregnancies.

However, they should not encourage youths to have sex. As long as proper education is provided to these youths, they will not engage in sex every now and then. This paper seeks to find out relevant solutions that can help overcome the problem of doctors’ unwillingness to prescribe birth control pills to teenagers and anyone under the age of eighteen. This is because of the current rise in teenage pregnancies within the society and the world as a whole.

Doctors’ not prescribing birth control pills to teenagers and anyone under the age of eighteen has become a big issue in the entire world. This is because a considerable number of people think that abstinence is the best method, whereas others think that teenagers are supposed to learn how to develop responsible choices in case they plan to engage in sexual activities.

Although abstinence is the only best method to guarantee reduced immorality and unwanted pregnancies, teenage pregnancy rates are constantly increasing, which makes one to think that the abstinence awareness program is not quite effective. This proposal aims at finding solutions that could help solve the problem where doctors are not prescribing birth control pills to teenagers and anyone under the age of eighteen.

In order for the research to be successful, it needs to employ some methodologies that will provide the necessary information concerning the problem at hand. This proposal will employ interviews and questionnaires as the best methodologies in finding out why the doctors choose not to provide birth control pills to teenagers, as well as the views of parents, teachers and students concerning the issue. The results will be analyzed and possible solutions enacted depending on the views provided from the research.

According to Zonderman (67), there are laws that have been implemented in each state that grants any person under the age of eighteen or teenagers the rights to birth control pills or contraception.

It is advisable that both parents and teenagers learn about the various alternatives laws that exist within their specific dwelling locations so that they know what they are required to do in terms of accessing birth control pills from doctors. For instance, there are about twenty two states inclusive of New York and California that permit any person above the age of twelve to endorse birth control pills.

On the other hand, other nations or states only permit birth control pills to youths or minors who are already married, have accomplished their high school education or are under other programmed groups. When parents and their teenagers, as well as doctors learn and understand the laws governing them, they will both be in agreement on the best approach to take in order to help teenagers manage sexual issues and reduce early pregnancies.

In addition, rather than blaming doctors for not prescribing birth control pills to teenagers and any person under the age of eighteen, it is quite necessary that both teenagers and their parents or guardians develop a strong relationship with each other to create room for free expression between the child and the parent concerning matters of birth control pills and teenage pregnancy.

For instance, it is vital when teenagers talk to their parents because that is the best way in which they get the coverage they need concerning birth control pills. Parents will always have the knowledge on how to deal or handle their sexual active teenagers and they can choose to visit the doctor together so that they can be provided with best approaches depending with the health of the person in question.

Teenagers must check on the doctor in order to discuss their health history before commencing any prescribed birth control. This is because currently, there are a good number of birth control pills available in the market, each with its own side effects. Creating a strong connection with the health provider may result into ensuring that teenagers receive the best existing treatment that is both essential for birth control requirements and their entire health (National Research Council 46).

Furthermore, those doctors not prescribing birth control pills to teenagers will be advised not to be so strict when it comes to providing contraceptive to teenagers because of various reasons. For instance, contraceptive help in controlling unplanned for pregnancy and this will allow the teenager to continue with his or her education because they use birth control pills. Unplanned pregnancy comes with several responsibilities, which anyone under the age of 18 cannot handle.

This is because they lack enough resources such as financial resources to help support both the baby and themselves. These consequences and many others should enable doctors to help the sexually active teenagers and minors with the best methods of controlling pregnancies by accepting to prescribe the control pills to such minors after a serious medical check up. These are some of the proposed solutions that could help solve the problem of doctors not prescribing birth control pills to teenagers.

National Research Council. Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbearing . New York, NY: National Academies Press, 1987.

Zonderman, Jon. Birth control pills. New York, NY: Chelsea House, 2006.

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IvyPanda. (2018, November 6). Doctors' Reluctance to Prescribe Birth Control Pills to Early Adolescents. https://ivypanda.com/essays/a-proposal-on-doctors-not-prescribing-birth-control-pills-to-teenagers-or-anyone-under-the-age-of-18/

"Doctors' Reluctance to Prescribe Birth Control Pills to Early Adolescents." IvyPanda , 6 Nov. 2018, ivypanda.com/essays/a-proposal-on-doctors-not-prescribing-birth-control-pills-to-teenagers-or-anyone-under-the-age-of-18/.

IvyPanda . (2018) 'Doctors' Reluctance to Prescribe Birth Control Pills to Early Adolescents'. 6 November.

IvyPanda . 2018. "Doctors' Reluctance to Prescribe Birth Control Pills to Early Adolescents." November 6, 2018. https://ivypanda.com/essays/a-proposal-on-doctors-not-prescribing-birth-control-pills-to-teenagers-or-anyone-under-the-age-of-18/.

1. IvyPanda . "Doctors' Reluctance to Prescribe Birth Control Pills to Early Adolescents." November 6, 2018. https://ivypanda.com/essays/a-proposal-on-doctors-not-prescribing-birth-control-pills-to-teenagers-or-anyone-under-the-age-of-18/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Doctors' Reluctance to Prescribe Birth Control Pills to Early Adolescents." November 6, 2018. https://ivypanda.com/essays/a-proposal-on-doctors-not-prescribing-birth-control-pills-to-teenagers-or-anyone-under-the-age-of-18/.

Do hormonal contraceptives increase depression risk? A neuroscientist explains how they affect your mood, for better or worse

Associate Professor of Psychology, University of Michigan

Disclosure statement

Natalie C. Tronson receives research funding from National Institutes of Health and the Alzheimer's Association

University of Michigan provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation US.

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More than 85% of women – and more than 300 million people worldwide at any given time – use hormonal contraceptives for at least five years of their life. Although primarily taken for birth control, many people also use hormonal contraceptives to manage a variety of symptoms related to menstruation, from cramps and acne to mood swings.

For up to 10% of women , however, hormone contraceptives can increase their risk of depression. Hormones, including estrogen and progesterone, are crucial for brain health. So, how does modifying hormone levels with hormone contraceptives affect mental health?

I am a researcher studying the neuroscience of stress and emotion-related processes. I also study sex differences in vulnerability and resilience to mental health disorders. Understanding how hormone contraceptives affect mood can help researchers predict who will experience positive or negative effects.

How do hormone contraceptives work?

In the U.S. and other western countries, the most common form of hormonal contraceptive is “ the pill ” – a combination of a synthetic estrogen and a synthetic progesterone, two hormones involved in regulation of the menstrual cycle, ovulation and pregnancy. Estrogen coordinates the timed release of other hormones, and progesterone maintains a pregnancy.

This may seem counterintuitive – why do naturally occurring hormones required for pregnancy also prevent pregnancy? And why does taking a hormone reduce the levels of that same hormone?

Hormone cycles are tightly controlled by the hormones themselves. When progesterone levels increase, it activates processes in cells that shut off production of more progesterone. This is called a negative feedback loop .

Estrogen and progesterone from the daily pill, or other common forms of contraceptives such as implants or vaginal rings, cause the body to decrease production of those hormones, reducing them to levels observed outside the fertile window of the cycle. This disrupts the tightly orchestrated hormonal cycle required for ovulation, menstruation and pregnancy.

Brain effects of hormonal contraceptives

Hormonal contraceptives affect more than just the ovaries and uterus.

The brain, specifically an area called the hypothalamus, controls the synchronization of ovarian hormone levels. Although they’re called “ovarian hormones,” estrogen and progesterone receptors are also present throughout the brain.

Estrogen and progesterone have broad effects on neurons and cellular processes that have nothing to do with reproduction. For example, estrogen plays a role in processes that control memory formation and protect the brain against damage. Progesterone helps regulate emotion .

By changing the levels of these hormones in the brain and the body, hormonal contraceptives may modulate mood – for better or for worse.

Hormonal contraceptives interact with stress

Estrogen and progesterone also regulate the stress response – the body’s “fight-or-flight” reaction to physical or psychological challenges.

The main hormone involved in the stress response – cortisol in humans and corticosterone in rodents, both abbreviated to CORT – is primarily a metabolic hormone, meaning that increasing blood levels of these hormones during stressful conditions results in more energy mobilized from fat stores. The interplay between stress systems and reproductive hormones is a crucial link between mood and hormone contraceptives, as energy regulation is extremely important during pregnancy.

So what happens to someone’s stress response when they’re on hormonal contraceptives?

When exposed to a mild stressor – sticking an arm in cold water, for example, or standing to give a public speech – women using hormone contraceptives show a smaller increase in CORT than people not on hormone contraceptives.

Researchers saw the same effect in rats and mice – when treated daily with a combination of hormones that mimic the pill, female rats and mice also show a suppression of the stress response.

Hormonal contraceptives and depression

Do hormonal contraceptives increase depression risk? The short answer is it varies from person to person. But for most people, probably not.

It’s important to note that neither increased nor decreased stress responses are directly related to risk for or resilience against depression . But stress is closely related to mood, and chronic stress substantially increases risk for depression. By modifying stress responses, hormone contraceptives change the risk for depression after stress, leading to “protection” against depression for many people and “increased risk” for a minority of people. More than 9 out of 10 people who use hormonal contraceptives will not experience decreased mood or depression symptoms, and many will experience improved mood.

But researchers don’t yet know who will experience increased risk. Genetic factors and previous stress exposures increase risk for depression, and it seems that similar factors contribute to mood changes related to hormone contraception.

Currently, hormone contraceptives are usually prescribed by trial and error – if one type causes side effects in a patient, another with a different dose, delivery method or formulation might be better. But the process of “try-and-see” is inefficient and frustrating, and many people give up instead of switching to a different option. Identifying the specific factors that increase depression risk and better communicating the benefits of hormone contraception beyond birth control can help patients make more informed health care decisions.

• Mental health
• Birth control
• Contraception
• Reproductive health
• Progesterone
• Contraceptives
• Menstrual cycle
• Women's health

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U.S. Senator Says Birth Control “Should Be Free,” Investigates Insurance Companies

by Aurora DeStefano in Daily Edition | June 30, 2024

Sen. Bernie Sanders, photo: Jake Bucci , CC BY 2.0 , via Wikimedia Commons

U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders (I-VT), chair of the Senate’s Health, Education, Labor and Pensions committee, sent a letter to the Government Accountability Office asking for an investigation into insurance companies that are still charging women for birth control that, under federal law, should be free.

According to Sanders, under the Affordable Care Act, health plans are  required  to provide birth control to patients as a preventive service.

Sanders provided results of an investigation in Vermont which found that three health insurers in the state—Blue Cross Blue Shield Vermont, MVP Health Care, and Cigna Healthcare—”violated state and federal law by neglecting to provide no-cost contraceptive services to consumers,” and between 2017 and 2021, “these three companies inappropriately charged patients $1.5 million for contraceptives that should have been provided free of any out-of-pocket costs.”

According to Brittni Frederiksen of the health research organization KFF: “The intention of the policy is full coverage for women’s contraceptives, but the implementation has been complicated, just because there are so many contraceptive methods.”

Frederiksen added, “Under the law, health plans are required to cover at least one form of contraception in each category of birth control, such as oral contraception — but there are hundreds of oral contraceptive pills that providers might prescribe for their patients.”

When The New York Times reflected on Sanders’s call for an investigation and posted the headline: ‘Contraception Is Free by Law. So Why Are a Quarter of Women Still Paying for It?,’ many women responded with shock (“Since when?! I didn’t even know about this”) and personal complaints.

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One wrote: “I paid for the pill every time I picked it up. I don’t think I paid for the implant except the copay but I also switched jobs/insurance. It shouldn’t be insurance dependent or even require insurance what a scam.”

Another added: “So contraception is supposed to be free but many are paying (a lot) and abortions are expensive and inaccessible in many parts. What a time to be a woman.”  

And another: “This never made sense to me. Insurers will pay more for maternity care and birth, so why not cover birth control?”

Another complained, addressing a separate issue but related issue that creates a financial burden on women for which men have no equivalent: “Why do we have to pay for menstrual products?? Why are they taxed!!???”

This comment notably received more engagement than any other comment. NOTE: Unlike birth control, menstruation is not a choice, yet the products are not covered.

Wealth at Birth and its Effect on Child Academic Achievement and Behavioral Problems

In this article, we examine the association between family wealth and academic achievement and socioemotional behaviors of children ages 5 to 12. We examine whether wealth prior to birth and at ages 4 or 5 affects academic test scores and behavioral problems during two periods of childhood, ages 5 to 8 and ages 9 to 12, for a large and relatively recent cohort of children. We also examine associations between different forms of wealth (e.g., home equity) and child achievement and behaviors. Finally, we assess whether wealth prior to birth mediates racial/ethnic disparities in child achievement and disparities in achievement by maternal education/ability (AFQT). Results of our analysis indicate that wealth, particularly financial wealth that is the most liquid, has a modest positive association with achievement test scores. We also find that wealth is associated with fewer behavioral problems, but these results are less robust.

The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

MARC RIS BibTeΧ

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• Americans’ Views of Government’s Role: Persistent Divisions and Areas of Agreement

Wide majorities of Biden and Trump supporters oppose cuts to Social Security

Table of contents.

• Views on the efficiency of government
• Views on the government’s regulation of business
• Confidence in the nation’s ability to solve problems
• Views on the effect of government aid to the poor
• Views on government’s role in health care
• Views on the future of Social Security
• Trust in government
• Feelings toward the federal government
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• The American Trends Panel survey methodology

Pew Research Center conducted this study to understand Americans’ attitudes about U.S. government, such as its size and role.

This report is based primarily on a survey of 8,709 adults, including 7,166 registered voters, from April 8 to 14, 2024. Some of the analysis in this report is based on a survey of 8,638 adults from May 13 to 19, 2024.

Everyone who took part in these surveys is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the ATP’s methodology .

Here are the questions used for the report and its methodology .

While the economy, immigration and abortion have emerged as major issues in the 2024 election, Joe Biden and Donald Trump also have dramatically different ideas about the size and role of government.

These differences reflect decades-old divisions between Democrats and Republicans over the scope of government.

Among registered voters, large majorities of Biden supporters – roughly three-quarters or more – favor a bigger, more activist government.

• 74% say they would rather have a bigger government providing more services.
• 76% say government should do more to solve problems.
• 80% say government aid to the poor “does more good than harm.”

Trump supporters, by comparable margins, take the opposing view on all three questions.

The Pew Research Center survey of 8,709 adults – including 7,166 registered voters – conducted April 8-14, 2024, examines Americans’ views of the role and scope of government , the social safety net and long-term trends in trust in the federal government .

Democratic support for bigger government is little changed in the last five years but remains higher than it was a decade ago. Republicans’ views have shifted less over the last 10 years.

Among all adults, about three-quarters of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents favor a bigger government, up from about six-in-ten in 2014 and 2015. The share of Republicans and Republican leaners who prefer a bigger government has increased only modestly over the same period.

Democratic support for bigger government, while slightly lower than in 2021 (78%), remains at nearly its highest level in five decades. During Bill Clinton’s presidency in the 1990s, fewer than half of Democrats said they preferred a bigger government with more services.

Voters continue to express very different views about government’s role in specific areas than about the government generally.

A large majority of voters (80%) – including 82% of Biden supporters and 78% of Trump supporters – say that in thinking about the long-term future of Social Security, benefits should not be reduced in any way.

However, Biden supporters are more likely than Trump supporters to say Social Security should cover more people with greater benefits.

• 46% of Biden supporters favor expanding Social Security coverage and benefits, compared with 28% of Trump supporters.

Most Americans (65%) continue to say the federal government has a responsibility to make sure all Americans have health care coverage.

Democrats overwhelmingly (88%) say the federal government has this responsibility, compared with 40% of Republicans.

The share of Republicans who say the government has a responsibility to provide health coverage has increased 8 percentage points since 2021, from 32% to 40%.

There are wide income differences among Republicans in opinions about the government’s role in health care:

• 56% of Republicans with lower family incomes say the government has a responsibility to provide health coverage for all, compared with 36% of those with middle incomes and 29% of higher-income Republicans.

When asked how the government should provide health coverage, 36% of Americans say it should be provided through a single national program, while 28% say it should be through a mix of government and private programs. These views have changed little in recent years.

Democrats continue to be more likely than Republicans to favor a “single payer” government health insurance program (53% vs. 18%).

Other key findings in this report

• Americans’ trust in the federal government remains low but has modestly increased since last year. Today, 22% of American adults say they trust the government to do what is right always or most of the time, which is up from 16% in June 2023.
• While the public overall is divided over the nation’s ability to solve important problems, young adults are notably pessimistic about the country’s ability to solve problems . About half of Americans (52%) say the U.S. can’t solve many of its important problems, while 47% say it can find a way to solve problems and get what it wants. Roughly six-in-ten adults under age 30 (62%) say the nation can’t solve major problems, the highest share in any age group and 16 points higher than two years ago.

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Four new CSE department heads begin in 2024-25

They bring a wealth of academic, research, and leadership abilities

MINNEAPOLIS / ST. PAUL (07/01/2024)—University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering Dean Andrew Alleyne has named four new department heads in the college. All bring a wealth of academic, research, and leadership abilities to their departments.

Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science

Professor Kevin Dorfman has been appointed as the new d epartment h ead for the Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science (CEMS). Dorfman started his five-year term on July 1, 2024.

Dorfman joined the University of Minnesota faculty in January of 2006 and was quickly promoted up the ranks, receiving tenure in 2011, promotion to professor in 2015, and named a Distinguished McKnight Professor in 2020. He previously served as the director of undergraduate studies in chemical engineering from 2018-2022, where he headed a large-scale revision of the chemical engineering curriculum and saw the department through its most recent ABET accreditation. 

His research focuses on polymer physics and microfluidics, with applications in self-assembly and biotechnology. He is particularly well known for his integrated experimental and computational work on DNA confinement in nanochannels and its application towards genome mapping. Dorfman’s research has been recognized by numerous national awards including the AIChE Colburn Award, Packard Fellowship in Science and Engineering, NSF CAREER Award, and DARPA Young Faculty Award.

Dorfman received a bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering from Penn State and a master’s and Ph.D. in chemical engineering from MIT. 

Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering

Professor Archis  Ghate has been appointed as the new Department Head for the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering after a national search. Ghate will begin his five-year term on July 8, 2024. 

Ghate is an expert in operations research and most recently served as the Fluor Endowed Chair in the Department of Industrial Engineering at Clemson University. Previously, he was a professor of industrial and systems engineering at the University of Washington. He has won several research and teaching awards, including an NSF CAREER Award. 

Ghate’s research in optimization spans areas as varied as health care, transportation and logistics, manufacturing, economics, and business analytics. He also served as a principal research scientist at Amazon working on supply chain optimization technologies. 

Ghate received bachelor’s and master’s degrees, both in chemical engineering, from the Indian Institute of Technology. He also received a master’s degree in management science and engineering from Stanford University and a Ph.D. in industrial and operations engineering from the University of Michigan.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Professor Chris Hogan has been appointed as the new department head for the Department of Mechanical Engineering. Hogan started his five-year term on July 1, 2024.

Hogan, who currently holds the Carl and Janet Kuhrmeyer Chair, joined the University of Minnesota in 2009, and since then has taught fluid mechanics and heat transfer to nearly 1,000 undergraduates, advised 25+ Ph.D. students and postdoctoral associates, and served as the department’s director of graduate studies from 2015-2020. He most recently served as associate department head. 

He is a leading expert in particle science with applications including supersonic-to-hypersonic particle impacts with surfaces, condensation and coagulation, agricultural sprays, and virus aerosol sampling and control technologies. He has authored and co-authored more than 160 papers on these topics. He currently serves as the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Aerosol Science . Hogan received the University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering’s George W. Taylor Award for Distinguished Research in 2023.

Hogan holds a bachelor’s degree Cornell University and a Ph.D. from Washington University in Saint Louis.

School of Physics and Astronomy

Professor James Kakalios   has been appointed   as the new department head for the School of Physics and Astronomy. Kakalios started his five-year term on July 1, 2024.

Since joining the School of Physics and Astronomy in 1988, Kakalios has built a research program in experimental condensed matter physics, with particular emphasis on complex and disordered systems. His research ranges from the nano to the neuro with experimental investigations of the electronic and optical properties of nanostructured semiconductors and fluctuation phenomena in neurological systems.

During his time at the University of Minnesota, Kakalios has served as both director of undergraduate studies and director of graduate studies. He has received numerous awards and professorships including the University’s Taylor Distinguished Professorship, Andrew Gemant Award from the American Institute of Physics, and the Award for Public Engagement with Science from the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). He is a fellow of both the American Physical Society and AAAS. 

In addition to numerous research publications, Kakalios is the author of three popular science books— The Physics of Superheroes , The Amazing Story of Quantum Mechanics , and The Physics of Everyday Things .

Kaklios received a bachelor’s degree from City College of New York and master’s and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Chicago.

Rhonda Zurn, College of Science and Engineering,  [email protected]

University Public Relations,  [email protected]

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