phd thesis referee report

The Author ensures that the research has been conducted responsibly and ethically with adherence to all relevant regulations. read more..

• Plagarism Policy
• Peer Review Process
• Article Publishing Charges
• Grant Cover Letter

Join as Editor

Join as Associate Editor

• Join as Reviewer
• Manuscript Guidelines

•   NRS Home
•   Editorial Board
•   Archive

Novel Research in Sciences

Writing a High-Quality Referee Report for Academic Research Papers

Djoko Susanto* and Adi Masli

1 Professor at YKPN School of Business, Indonesia

2 Associate Professor and Koch Fellow, University of Kansas, USA

*Corresponding author: Djoko Susanto, Professor at YKPN School of Business, Indonesia

Submission: September 19, 2020; Published: September 28, 2020

DOI: 10.31031/NRS.2020.04.000599

Volume4 Issue5 September, 2020

• Introduction
• Effect of Heat on Human Body

The scientific peer-review process is essential for the advancement of academic research. In this opinion article, we provide some thoughts and suggestions for writing a high-quality referee report. Our views are accumulated from many years of experience reviewing research papers submitted to various peer-reviewed academic journals. We intend for academic referees to use our opinion article as a checklist when reviewing a research paper. Our catalog may not be a comprehensive list of all of the possible points for referees to consider. Nevertheless, it can be a useful guide for referees to improve the quality and completeness of their review report. Finally, our viewpoints are based on experience serving as referees for academic research in the subject of business (e.g., accounting, information systems, etc.). Hence, some of our thoughts may not be applicable to research in all subject areas.

Keywords: Body heat; Heatstroke; Dehydrated; Sunburn; Fatigue; Sweating etc.

The scientific peer-review process is essential for the advancement of academic research. In this opinion article, we provide some thoughts and suggestions for writing a high-quality referee report. Our views are accumulated from many years of experience reviewing research papers submitted to various peer-reviewed academic journals. We intend for academic referees to use our opinion article as a checklist when reviewing a research paper. Our catalog may not be a comprehensive list of all of the possible points for referees to consider. Nevertheless, it can be a useful guide for referees to improve the quality and completeness of their review report. Finally, our viewpoints are based on experience serving as referees for academic research in the subject of business (e.g., accounting, information systems, etc.). Hence, some of our thoughts may not be applicable to research in all subject areas.       

To start the referee report, we suggest writing an introductory paragraph (or two) that summarizes the research paper being reviewed.  The paragraph would summarize the paper’s research questions or hypotheses, how the authors executed the study (e.g., data used, research methods, etc.), the findings of the study, and the authors’ arguments for how the study contributes to the literature.  Presenting this opening paragraph would demonstrate to the editor and the authors that you have a good understanding of the research paper. Then, you can proceed to provide comments and criticisms.

Referees structure the ordering (or ranking) of their comments differently. Some reviewers may order the comments by listing the most crucial concerns first and the least important concerns last. Some reviewers may order their comments based on the order of the sections presented in the research paper. In this case, the referee would list the comments about the Introduction section first, followed by comments about the Background & Hypothesis section, and so forth. There is no single best way, so we suggest that you follow the approach that suits you best.

Some referees go straight into their criticisms about the research paper. Other reviewers point out the strengths of the research paper first and then proceed to write their concerns about the study. We prefer to discuss the strengths of the research paper first before diving into the list of concerns. For example, you can first discuss the aspects of the study that you find interesting or commend the authors for collecting new and insightful data. Stated differently, try to bring up the positive attributes of the study before listing the negative attributes. This way, you can acknowledge the work and effort that the authors have already put into the study. 

You can provide significant value as a referee by offering constructive suggestions, guidance, and advice for how the authors can address your specific concerns and criticisms. Even if you ultimately recommend rejection for the paper, you can help the authors improve their work for submission to another academic journal. Hence, after writing a point of criticism, make an effort and take the time to suggest possible ways for the authors to address your concern. Here, you do not necessarily need to provide a detailed or step-by-step instruction; you can simply lead the authors in the right direction or provide general thoughts to consider.

Below, we provide a list of concepts and thoughts that referees can consider when writing a referee report. We divide the list into six main categories:

• sufficiency of contribution,
• motivation of the study,
• scope of the study,
• theoretical argument and hypotheses development,
• execution of the study, and
• writing issues.
• Assessing contribution requires a subjective call and judgment. The sufficiency of contribution can depend on the journal for which the paper is being submitted. The threshold for contribution is higher for “top-tier” journals compared to lower-tiered journals.
• Does the paper contribute to the literature based on the prior studies that have been published? Here, you will need to have a thorough understanding of what has been done in the literature. Do a web search (e.g., Google Scholar, ProQuest, etc.) to investigate what studies have been published on the topic. It is also a good idea to search for working papers (i.e., unpublished works) related to the topic.
• Is the authorship team covering all of the bases regarding citing the relevant literature (i.e., is there a comprehensive coverage of the prior literature)?
• Based on what we can already learn from prior literature, does the research paper provide new and important insights?
• Does the paper appeal to a broad readership for the journal? Can you envision many people being interested in reading the paper? Would academics and practitioners care about the findings?
• Are the results interesting? Are results counter-intuitive? Are the results too obvious where we do not need to research to know the finding? Are the findings just mechanical in nature?
• Can the research study make a difference in the real-world? If yes, has the authorship team talked enough about it?
• Look for the contribution paragraphs in the Introduction section. Usually, they are located in the last paragraphs of the Introduction section. Evaluate these paragraphs in terms of effectiveness. Are the paragraphs convincing? Is there a convincing discussion about the paper’s contribution to academic research as well as contribution to business practice?
• Look for this in the Introduction section (usually located in the beginning paragraphs of the paper). It is not enough for the authorship team to discuss what they are researching; the team needs to explain why the research is important and interesting to conduct.
• Is the research paper addressing a real-world problem? For example, does the research have the potential to change how certain business practices are being conducted? Is the research addressing an issue that is timely and relevant to the current environment?
• Does the authorship team explain why the study is important to disseminate? Beyond just mentioning that the study is the first one to tackle the question? Remember, it is not enough for the authorship team to simply say that they are the first to study a particular issue. Perhaps no prior study has tackled the research question because the topic is not important or interesting to tackle. The authorship team should convince the editor and referee that the issue is worth researching in the first place.  
• Does the authorship team make an interesting case about why we should read further beyond the first few pages?
• If the discussion on motivation is lacking, explain why you think this is the case. Offer some suggestions as to how the authorship team can improve their discussion about the study’s motivation.
• Assessing the scope or coverage of the research paper requires a subjective call and judgment
• Evaluating the scope of the paper can be dependent on the journal. Higher-tiered journals demand papers that are of a broader scope than lower-tiered journals.
• Is the authorship team doing enough in the research paper? Are the findings too limited in order to generate a broad appeal?
• Has the authorship team conducted enough analyses to answer the research question(s) comprehensively?
• Are there other hypotheses or research questions (relevant to the study) that have not been addressed in the study?
• Adding scope is one way is to enhance the contribution of the study. Consider suggesting ways for the authorship team to expand their study if the contribution of the work is a concern.
• At the same time, we need to consider that a research paper has limits. There are obviously things that can be beyond the scope of the study. However, go ahead and propose ideas that extend the scope of the current paper. It will be up to the authors to argue about whether the referee’s suggestion is beyond the scope of the paper. The editor will also make a judgment call as to whether the author ought to follow the suggestion to expand the scope.
• Showing significant statistical associations (i.e., significant p-values) is not enough. There must be sound theoretical arguments underlying the hypotheses.
• Does the underlying theoretical mechanism for the findings make sense?
• Is the argument for the theoretical mechanism detailed enough? Or is it just scratching the surface?
• Do you accept all of the arguments that the authors put forth? Put on your skepticism hat! When appropriate, think about counterarguments that could challenge the author’s line of reasoning.
• Are the theoretical arguments complete? Has the authorship team thought about the issues from all angles? Are there alternative explanations and/or arguments that the authors are not discussing? Some authors may present arguments that only validate their findings (i.e., making one-sided arguments that help their cause). Be aware of this issue.
• It is not enough for the author to simply provide a laundry list of citations and references to the prior literature. Authors need to discuss how those prior studies support the paper’s arguments and help make the case.
• Overall question: Is the study competently done in terms of analyses and execution?
• Does the authorship team measure the variables correctly? Are the variable measurements consistent with prior literature?
• Often times, there are multiple ways to measure a particular construct. Has the authorship team considered alternative ways to measure the constructs?
• Are the models complete? Are there any missing control variables that are important to include?
• Think about how you would model the research design and see if the approach that the authorship team has taken vastly differs from your approach. Are there alternative approaches that the authors should consider?
• Are there potential endogeneity concerns that can materially affect the documented results? Does the authorship team perform any methods to help reduce the concern of endogeneity?
• Often times, referees would suggest the authors perform additional analyses and robustness tests. It is certainly fair game to propose these additional tests to corroborate the main findings.
• Is the authorship team providing enough details/information in the Tables?
• Does the paper flow well?
• Is the paper easy to read? Readability is crucial to attracting a broad readership to the article.
• It is easy for the authors to have repetitions, especially between the Introduction and the Hypotheses Development sections. Be on the lookout for this.
• Are there sentences that are too wordy or unnecessarily too long?
• Do you observe an abnormal amount of grammar errors?
• It is fair game to point to the authors certain passages in the paper that do not read well. Ask the authors to revise those sections.

Sometimes, it is easy to spot instances when multiple co-authors write different sections independently and then simply merge the pieces together. The problem is that writing styles can be different between co-authors and the overall flow of the paper suffers. Be aware of this potential issue.

Electromagnetic Field (EM)

The organization of any biological system is established by a complex electromagnetic field. This EM field is determined by its atomic physiochemical components and their behavior andorientation. The holographic model of reality emerging from this principle provides a scientific explanation of psychoenergetic phenomena. The human body vibrates between 4 and 10Hz with amplitudes of 10 mm. The physiologic functions of the lungs and joints and bones of the body can be influenced directly by certain combinations of sound and music vibratory levels through which the human body becomes a musical instrument. Measurement of the internally produced magnetism can reveal basic physiological functions connected with internal organs from a new perspective in the development of new pathways in electromedicine by using the latent energies of the body [5].

Nonlocality

The principle of nonlocality refers to the potential for remote relationships between separate particles regardless of how large or small the system is where one part can affect the whole system concurrently and without direct connectivity. Nonlocal influences do not diminish with distance, and no known form of energy being exchanged. The principle of nonlocality can be applied to explore distant healing and prayer between individuals across space and time. Nonlocality may underlie bioenergetic aspects of human biology and can explain how the mind–body connection is impacted by intuition and intention. In the case of injury to the brain, the construction of reality by mind is seen in terms of deficits that may persist even though the related sensory information reaches the brain. For example , in agnosia, the failure of recognition that is not due to impairment of the sensory input or a general intellectual impairment, the visual agnosic patient will be unable to tell what he is looking at, although it can be demonstrated that the patient can see the object. Or prosopagnosic patients, that are neither blind nor intellectually impaired, can interpret facial expressions and recognize their friends and relatives by name or voice, yet they do not recognize specific faces, not even their own in a mirror. Electrodermal recordings show that the prosopagnosic patients respond to familiar faces without awareness, but subconsciously registers the significance of the faces. Quantum theory has reached the point where the source of all matter and energy is a vacuum, a nothingness containing all the possibilities of everything that have ever existed or could exist [6].

Entanglement

The principle of entanglement refers to how separate, objects are actually interconnected even though their spacial distance excludes this possibility. Microscopic particles that have been in contact with one another and become entangled can be observed at a distance as mirroring and providing information about the others movement or spin. When individual particles interact, a new property of the multi-particle system emerges and no longer they can be considered separate-regardless of distance. In addition, the well-documented psycho-physiological impact of the placebo effect has also been associated with the principle of entanglement. Placebo is a mind-setting psychological mechanism that could yield not only psychological but also physiological health benefits. The acute affective benefits of exercise (and some other passive treatments) may be linked to the mental interpretation of the activity that the participant is engaged in. Since the engagement in a pleasant activity is expected to yield positive effects, all life experience perceived as pleasant or beneficial may trigger global positive changes. Belief and positive expectation can modify the stress response and may lead to placebo responsiveness of many psychophysiological disorders such as hypertension, angina, inflammatory bowel disease, and asthma. Some exercisers who pursue a rigorous exercise programs often seek information about how to maximize the effect of their training. This information shapes their exercise behavior and eventually yields health and performance benefits that could be related to both altered training routine (action) and the placebo effect stemming from thoughtshaping information (expectancy). The placebo effect is a mind-set based on classical conditioning and trusted information from social resources or the media. The invigorating feeling after exercise and the abundant media information about the benefits of exercise shape the individuals’ expectancy mediating the psychological effects of exercise. The placebo effects are psychobiological events attributable to the overall therapeutic context. These psychosocially induced biochemical changes in a patient’s brain and body may affect the course of a disease and the response to the therapy [7].

Phase Locking/Coupling

Phase locking establishes coherent oscillation among atoms and molecules in order to facilitate long-range interactions and energy storage as a key principle of energy resonance and information transfer in humans. In quantum field theory, phase locking facilitates order, coherence and collective modes of communication as an internal antenna that enables a person to exhibit self-awareness and coordination. The electrical activity of neurons oscillating simultaneously at the same frequency in separate parts of the brain is an example of phase locking. The principle of phase locking has demonstrated the role of neural synchronicities as a mechanism for neural integration of cognitive tasks. Synchronization has become one of the major scientific tools to explain biological order at many levels of organization. Synchronized subthreshold and suprathreshold oscillatory neuronal activity within and between distributed neuronal assemblies is acknowledged as a fundamental mode of neuronal information processing. Coherent neuronal oscillations correlate with all basic cognitive functions, and mediate local and long-range neuronal communication and affect synaptic plasticity [8].

Coupled states refer to the condition wherein “two uniquely different kinds of physical substances begin to significantly interact with each other.” Purposeful coupling of matter and waves occurs in sub-cellular fields, resulting in self-organization. The advent of quantum information devices, and coherent ordering in the cell cytoplasm suggest that microtubules may function as quantum computational devices, and that mesoscopic and macroscopic quantum states are characteristic for living systems. Coupling is recognized as a key mechanism in information transfer between the energetic mind and the particulate brain. The exceptional electrical polarity of biological objects and long-range interactions play a basic role in the endogenous electromagnetic field generated by the excited longitudinal polar oscillations in microtubules in eukaryotic cells. The electrodynamic field has an important role in the establishment of coherence, directional transport, organization of morphological structures, interactions, information transfer, and brain activity. Cancer transformation is a pathological reduction of the coherent energy state. Malignancy, i.e. local invasion and metastasis is a direct consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction, disturbed microtubular polar oscillations and the generated electromagnetic field [9].

Bioholography

Complex information encoded in electromagnetic (EM) fields are used for coding and decoding of television and radio signals. Even more complex information can be encoded in holographic images. DNA acts as a holographic projector of acoustic and EM information which contain the informational quintessence of the bio hologram. Only 3% of human DNA encodes the physical body. The remaining 97% of the 3 billion base pair genome contains over a million genetic structures called transposons, that have the capacity to jump from one chromosomal location to another. The individuality is expressed in three million small variations in the cells, called single nucleotide polymorphisms, since 99.9% are alike in genetic legacy. Creative , novel and enriching psychotherapeutic experiences relevant to biophysics, medicine, psychobiology, psychotherapy and the holistic healing arts can lead to neurogenesis , gene expression and healing by facilitating mind body communication and its long-term transformative effect on the whole person for optimizing health, wellbeing and even selfrealization [10].

The distribution of the character frequency in genetic texts is fractal, so the nucleotides of DNA molecules are able to form holographic pre-images of biostructures. This process of reading and writing the matter of human being manifests from the genome’s associative holographic memory in conjunction with its quantum non-locality. The system works as a wave biocomputer. Quantum non-locality of the genetic information is directly related to laser radiation from chromosomes (coherent light), which jitterbugs its polarization plane to radiate or occlude photons. DNA and the genome as active laser like environments can be considered as a liquid crystal gel-like state that acts on the incoming light in the manner of a solitonic lattice. A soliton is an ultra-stable wave train that arises in the context of non-linear wave oscillation. The DNA reading process can be modeled as a complex mechanical oscillator, a kind of rotary pendulum capable of producing solitonic wave transmissions and can be simulated as a chain of non-linear oscillators.

The DNA can Project a field that would be experienced by other DNA in the body. The DNA molecules included in chromosomes possess a substance-wave duality similar to dualism of elementary particles and they are linked together and also to their own cell, via mechanisms of RNA transfer and enzymatic action in the cell. DNA and the RNA are in non-local communication. The entangled photons retain a mutual informational bond even at a distance through polarization and allow a kind of quantum teleportation, which has finally been experimentally verified. DNA codes an organism in two ways, both with the assistance of DNA matter and by DNA sign wave functions, including coding at its own laserardiaiton level.

The DNA in a particular cell is not totally active. It has been determined that as little as 1 %of the DNA present in nucleus of the cell acts as the determinant for the structure of the cell. The nervous sytem has the highest percentage of operating DNA of any cell system in the body, up to at least 10% of the DNA in the brain cells. The neuron nuclei are most active. The genetic apparatus is non-local at the molecular level (holographic memory of a chromosome continuum) in compliance with the Einstein -Podolsky -Rosen effect , which means that the genome, genetic and other regulatory wave information are recorded at the polarization level of its photons and are non-locally (everywhere and in no time) transferred throughout the entire space of a biosystem by the polarization code parameter able to set a quick response , information contact among billions of cells constituting the organism. The genome on the whole and the individual nucleus of the cells can generate and recognize a text associated with the regulatory structures, the application of a background principle, holography and quantum non-locality [11].

Acoustical Holography

Another process of holography called acoustical holography employs sound waves to create a movement and an optical hologram on the surface. A gene has a holographic memory (typically distributed, associative and non-local) to be read by electromagnetic acoustic fields which carry the gene-wave information beyond the limits of the chromosome structure. The non-locality of its dualistic material wave nature is valid for the holographic memory of the cerebral cortex. DNA carries a copy of itself and its own blueprint written in the genetic texts. The mechanism engineering the DNA replication is the bio photonic electromagnetic field while the letters of the genetic texts A, G, C, U are held invariant. In replication of the organism the blueprint creates the acoustic field which mechanically constructs/engineers the organisms out of the available matter, in accordance with the information held in the electromagnetic field holograms. Both the quantum entanglement and quantum teleportation can be related to quantum holography, through solitons, resonance effects and superconductivity. As a liquid crystal DNA influences the polarization of a weak bio photonic, mitogenic radiation or light emission so called biophotons known to exist in cells. Endogenous intracellular coherent light is emitted by the DNA molecule itself. The superposed coherent waves of different types in the cells are interacting to form diffraction patterns, first in the acoustic domains and then in the electromagnetic domain. This is a kind of quantum hologram. Interactions of solitonic oscillations in the liquid crystal structure of DNA and the polarization vector of the ultraweak but highly coherent bio photonic light can be a mechanism of translation between holograms in the acoustic frequency domain of short range effects and the electromagnetic domain , or vice versa [12].

Quantum Holographic Dna-Wave Biocomputer Theory

The polarization of chromosome laser photons is connected nonlocally and coherently to polarization of radio waves in which the signal can be read out without any loss of the essential formation. The liquid crystal phases of the chromosome apparatus (laser mirror analogues) can be considered a fractal environment which stores the localized photons. This creates a coherent continuum of non-locally distributed polarized radio wave genomic information. The genetic wave information from DNA recorded within the polarizations of connected photons, constitutes a broadband radio wave spectrum correlated by means of polarizations with the photons. This is the main information channel of DNA, photons and radio waves.

Fractal comes from the Latin word fractus, which means broken or fragmented. Fractals delienate a whole new way of thinking about structure and form – even the forms of the disease which take root organically in the body. Their essential fluidity of life corresponds with the fluidity of the electronic cloud in conjugated molecules. Such systems may be considered as both the cradle and the main backbone of life. Conjugate bonded molecules may interact in a variety of ways, such as the interpenetration of electron orbitals which permit an electromagnetic coupling so that activated electron energy passes from one molecule to another in the same way as a radio transmitting a message to a radio receiver. There is also the possibility of the transfer of an entire electron which is known as a charge transfer. Physiologically unassigned random biological energies’ psychosomatic directing can be beneficial or deleterious to the organism.

Heisenberg explored the possible relevance of the quantum indeterminacy of elementary particles for biological systems, especially for human systems and stated that there are two places in the human system where the quantum indeterminacy of a single particle can have a profound influence: the first important effect is the mutation in the genetic code. The second important influence is the alteration of the behavior of neurons during human thought processes [13].

Tien has conceptualized the mind as a mass at relative motion and the brain as energy at relative electrical charges in motion, as if the electrons bombarding a television screen. The personality seen as a time series of scintillating frames of consciousness, becomes a reverbating input-output pattern of self-creation, seeking information or patterns of energy from the environment as well as from its own memories. The stability of any given personality of its identity is maintained by feedback upon the principle of most similarity. In this sense the personality never creates itself but creates only a close approximation due to the principle of constancy as being the same. The phenomena of unique individuality and personal continuity depend on memory. Personality transformation becomes energy pattern modification of not only scintillating consciousness but also of recent circulating memories and older stored memories of childhood [14].

The right frequencies of non-linear energies have profound healing properties according to Stanford researcher Glen Rein. Due to non-linear nature of biological systems, scalar waves are biologically more active than their linear electromagnetic counterparts. Scalar energy is transduced into linear electromagnetic energy in the body by liquid crystals in the cell membrane and solid crystals found in the blood and in several biological tissues. Clinical healing may occur several months after the initial exposure to scalar waves. A direct action of scalar energy on the body causes a subsequent change in the brain state. The scalar energy directly affects individual cells as well as the mind resulting in an altered psychological outlook which results in clinical improvement. Behavioral states modulate certain patterns of gene expression. Interaction between the genetic and behavioral levels is a two-way street. Genes and behavior are related in cybernetic loops of mind body communication [15].

Researchers have found that at the moment of ovulation there is a shift in the electrical fields of the body of the woman. The membrane in the follicle bursts and the egg passes down the fallopian tube. The sperm is negative with respect to the egg. When the sperm and egg unite, the membrane around the egg becomes hyperpolarized, shutting out other sperms. It is at this moment that the electromagnetic entity is formed. The fertilized egg cell contains all the information necessary to create a complete operational human being. The bioholgram begins to function at conception and ceases only at death. The DNA at the center of each cell creates the multicellular creature hologram by expressing the DNA in the center of the cells. The biohologram projected by the embryonic nervous system forms a three-dimensional pattern of structures that electromagnetically behave as the acoustic material waves acting as field guides to flowing matter and energy.

In the Quantum Holographic DNA-wave biocomputer theory , DNA is a self-calibrating antenna working by phase conjugate adaptive resonance capable of both receiving and transmitting quantum holographic information stored in the form of diffraction patterns (quantum holograms) which carry the essential holographic information necessary for the development of the embryo. The quantum holographic theory requires that the DNA consists of two antiparallel (phase conjugate) helices between which are located hologram planes where the necessary three spatial dimensional holographic image the data of the organism are stored. Endogenous laser illumination can turn the DNA into a series of active adaptive phase conjugate mirrors/holographic transducers. DNA functions as an antenna capable of both encoding and decoding holographic information. There is a predominance of non-linear processes in biological systems [16].

Electromagnetic coupling is a mechanism of information transfer between individuals. Psychophysiological coherence refers to a state of synchronization between positive emotions, and the cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, and nervous systems. From a cardiovascular perspective, it is characterized by a heart rhythm pattern of elevated amplitude in low frequency heart rate variability of around 0.1Hz, indicating harmony between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. From a respiratory perspective, it relates to an optimal respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) of about 5-7 breaths per minute. From an immune and hormonal system perspective, it is associated with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), recognized as an energy renewing growth hormone that balances the stress hormone of cortisol. From a neurophysiological perspective, it synchronizes with the alpha bandwidth on the electroencephalograph. Psychophysiological coherence has emotional, social, mental, ecological and performance benefits. The heart generates the most powerful, comprehensive, rhythmic electromagnetic field. The analogy is invoked of the orchestra conductor who synchronizes neurological, biochemical, biophysical and energetic information of nerve impulses, neurotransmitters, hormones, pressure waves and electromagnetic field interactions. Derived from the Latin term movere [to move], the word “emotion” literally means “energy in motion”. In phenomenological terms, emotion is the experience of energy moving through the bodies that generate ANS related physiological and mental reactions, experienced in such strong feelings such as love, joy, sorrow or anger. Feelings generally refer to a vast array of more subtle conscious experiences and sensations. In itself, emotional energy is neutral. Physiological reactions, feelings and thoughts give the meaning to the emotion. Scientific research has confirmed that reactive emotional energy manifests in brain activity before thought. In simple terms, humans tend to evaluate everything emotionally, perceive first and think later. From a physiological perspective, the brain, heart and intestines contain biological oscillators known as pacemaker cells, whose rhythms can be altered through conscious intentionality. The synchronized activity underlies conscious experience itself. For the brain and nervous system to function, the neural activity, which encodes information, must be stable and coordinated and the various centers within the brain must be able to dynamically synchronize their activity in order for information to be smoothly processed and perceived.

Coherence is also used to describe the coupling and degree of synchronization between different oscillating systems. When two or more oscillatory systems operate at the same basic frequency, they can become either phase or frequency locked. This type of coherence is called cross-coherence. In physiology, cross coherence occurs when two or more of the body’s oscillatory systems, such as respiration and heart rhythms, become entrained and operate at the same frequency. However, global coherence does not mean that everyone or all the parts are doing the same thing simultaneously. In complex globally coherent systems, such as human beings, there is an incredible amount of activity at every level of magnification or scale that span more than two thirds of the 73 known octaves of the electromagnetic spectrum. In living systems, there are micro-level systems, molecular machines, protons and electrons, organs and glands each functioning autonomously, doing very different things at different rates, yet all working together in a complex harmoniously coordinated and synchronized manner. The brain rhythms operate over a wide range of frequencies, exhibiting various degrees of synchronized activity with the heart, which has much slower rhythms than the brain. For example, when heart rate increases, the activity and amplitude of the brain waves also tends to increase. When the heart rhythm is coherent, heart-brain synchronization tends to increase.

The term auto-coherence describes coherent activity within a single system that exhibits sine wave like oscillations. The more stable the frequency, amplitude and shape, the higher the degree of coherence. When coherence is increased in a system that is coupled to other systems, it can pull the other systems into increased synchronization for more efficient function. For example, frequency pulling and entrainment can be seen between the heart, respiratory and blood-pressure rhythms as well as between very low frequency brain and craniosacral rhythms, and electrical potentials measured across the skin. The coherent state has been correlated with a general sense of well-being, and improvements in cognitive, social and physical performance. Coherence naturally emerges and harmony increases in the energetic system (referring to the functions that cannot be directly measured, touched or seen) with the activation of heart-felt positive emotions such as appreciation, compassion, care and love. This increased coherence and alignment facilitate the body’s natural regenerative processes. Physiological coherence, also referred as heart coherence, cardiac coherence or resonance is a functional mode, measured by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis wherein a person’s heart rhythm pattern becomes more ordered and sine-wave like at a frequency of around 0.1Hz (10 seconds).Another aspect of the coherence mode is the phenomenon of resonance. Resonance occurs in an oscillatory system when there is a large sudden increase in amplitude at a specific frequency. The frequency at which this large increase in amplitude occurs is defined as the resonance frequency of the system. The resonance frequency of the human cardiovascular system is determined by the feedback loops between the heart and the brain. In humans and in many animals, the resonance frequency of the system is approximately 0.1Hz. Actually, coherence and resonance are characteristic of the natural physiological state associated with heart-felt positive emotions [17]. The term physiological coherence describes the degree of order, harmony and stability in the various rhythmic activities within living systems over any given time period. This harmonious order signifies a coherent system, whose efficient or optimal function is directly related to the ease and flow in life processes. By contrast, an erratic, discordant pattern of activity denotes an incoherent system whose function reflects stress and inefficient utilization of energy in life processes. Positive emotions such as appreciation and compassion, as opposed to negative emotions such as anxiety, anger, and fear, are reflected in a heart rhythm pattern. Emotions alter the activity of the body’s physiological systems, and beyond their pleasant subjective feeling, heart-felt positive emotions and attitudes provide a number of benefits that enhance physiological, psychological, and social functioning [18]. The term physiological coherence embraces several related phenomena – auto-coherence, cross-coherence, synchronization, and resonance – all of which are associated with increased order, efficiency, and harmony in the functioning of the body’s systems. When one is in a coherent state, it reflects increased synchronization and resonance in higher-level brain systems and in the activity occurring in the two branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), as well as a shift in autonomic balance toward increased parasympathetic activity. Psychologically, coherence reflects increased emotional and perceptual stability and alignment among the physical, cognitive, and emotional systems.

Coherence and resilience are closely related on physiological and psychological processes and both are states rather than traits that vary over time as demands, circumstances and level of maturity change. Resilience is related to self-management and efficient utilization of energy resources across four domains: physical, emotional, mental and spiritual. Physical resilience is basically reflected in physical flexibility, endurance and strength, while emotional resilience is reflected in one’s ability to self-regulate the degree of emotional flexibility, positive emotions and relationships. Mental resilience is reflected in our attention span, mental flexibility, an optimistic world view and ability to integrate multiple points of view. Spiritual resilience is typically associated with the commitment to core values, intuition, and tolerance of others’ values and beliefs. In a coherent state, the increased physiological efficiency and alignment of the mental and emotional systems accumulate resilience across all four energetic domains. Having a high level of resilience is important for not only recoupling from challenging situations, but for preventing unnecessary stress reactions (frustration, impatience, anxiety) that deplete the physical and psychological resources. [19]. The concept of coherence pertains to the homeostatic balance present in a healthy individual, representing harmonious interactions of the body’s subsystems, external relationships, and interactions. Coherence implies a global order, structure, harmony, and alignment within and amongst systems. A commonly understood concept in physics is that coherent electromagnetic fields can form stable patterns. Coherence refers to the patterns of biological rhythms that are in coupled states, resulting in synchronized oscillations. Many bio communicative processes in biology rely on coherent oscillations to induce biochemical reactions [20].

• Gharibi V, Khanjani N, Heidari H, Ebrahimi MH, Hosseinabadi MB (2020) The effect of heat stress on hematological parameters and oxidative stress among bakery workers. Toxicology and Industrial Health 36(1): 1-10.
• Coker NA, Wells AJ, Gepner Y (2020) Effect of heat stress on measures of running performance and heart rate responses during a competitive season in male soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 34(4): 1141-1149.
• Yu Y, Liu J, Chauhan K, Dear DR, Niu J (2020) Experimental study on convective heat transfer coefficients for the human body exposed to turbulent wind conditions. Building and Environment 169 p.106533.
• Guan M, Zhang H, Li J, Spano F, Camenzind M, et al. (2020) Development of a sweating thermal skin simulant for heat transfer evaluation of clothed human body under radiant heat hazard. Applied Thermal Engineering 166 p.114642.
• Hooper HB, Silva PDS, Oliveira SA, Meringhe GKF, Lacasse P, et al. (2020) Effect of heat stress in late gestation on subsequent lactation performance and mammary cell gene expression of Saanen goats. Journal of Dairy Science 103(2): 1982-1992.
• Qader IN, Kök M, Dağdelen F (2019) Effect of heat treatment on thermodynamics parameters, crystal and microstructure of (Cu-Al-Ni-Hf) shape memory alloy. Physica B: Condensed Matter 553 pp.1-5.
• Liu X, Shi H, Liu Z, Wang J, Huang J (2019) Effect of heat stress on heat shock protein 30 (Hsp30) mRNA expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 19(8): 681-688.
• Verma N, Alyethodi RR, Kathuria A, Alex R, Hussain S, et al. (2020) Effect of heat stress on superoxide anion production in native and crossbred cattle under in vitro whole blood culture model. Journal of Thermal Biology 87 p.102457.
• Takagi S, Nakamura T, Fujisato T (2018) Effect of heat stress on contractility of tissue-engineered artificial skeletal muscle. Journal of Artificial Organs 21(2): 207-214.
• Lee JY, Tokumoto M, Hwang GW, Satoh M (2018) Effect of heat shock protein gene expression on cadmium toxicity in human proximal tubular cells. Fundamental Toxicological Sciences 5(3): 93-97.
• Ngadze RT, Verkerk R, Nyanga LK, Fogliano V, Ferracane R, et al. (2018) Effect of heat and pectinase maceration on phenolic compounds and physicochemical quality of Strychnos cocculoides juice. PloS one13(8): p. e0202415.
• Latha R, Kumar BR, Makinde OD (2018) Effects of heat dissipation on the peristaltic flow of Jeffery and Newtonian fluid through an asymmetric channel with porous medium. In Defect and Diffusion Forum 387: 218-243.

© 2020 Djoko Susanto. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.

Submit Query

Pubmed indexed articles.

• Dendrimer-Based Nanomedicine (Paramagnetic Nanoparticle, Nanocombretastatin, Nanocurcumin) for Glioblastoma Multiforme Imaging and Therapy PMID: 35237758
• Glioblastoma: Targeting Angiogenesis and Tyrosine Kinase Pathways PMID: 32924014
• The Conflict in East Ukraine: A Growing Need for Addiction Research and Substance Use Intervention for Vulnerable Populations PMID: 32363331

Track Your Article

Editor in chief.

Hirotada TSUJII

Ph.D in Agriculture from Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University

Approaches in Poultry, Dairy & Veterinary Sciences

Maria Kuman

Research Professor, PhD, Holistic Research Institute

Advances in Complementary & Alternative Medicine

Tomasz Karski

MD PhD, Professor, Vincent Pol University

Orthopedic Research Online Journal

Jiexiong Feng

Professor, Chief Doctor, Director of Department of Pediatric Surgery, Associate Director of Department of Surgery, Doctoral Supervisor Tongji hospital, Tongji medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology

Research in Pediatrics & Neonatology

Muhammad Atiqullah

Senior Research Engineer and Professor, Center for Refining and Petrochemicals, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

Research & Development in Material Science

Ian James Martins

Fellow of International Agency for Standards and Ratings (IASR), Edith Cowan University, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute

Advancements in Case Studies

Thomas F George

Chancellor Emeritus / Professor Emeritus of Chemistry and Physics, University of Missouri–St. Louis

Annals of Chemical Science Research

Jose Crisologo de Sales Silva

Ph.D in Science from the Federal University of Alagoas, UFAL, Brazil

Naglaa Sami Adbel Aziz Mahmoud

Assistant Professor in College of Architecture, Art and Design

Academic Journal of Engineering Studies

Tong-Ching Tom Wu

Interim Dean, College of Education and Health Sciences, Director of Biomechanics Laboratory, Sport Science Innovation Program, Bridgewater State University

Research & Investigations in Sports Medicine

Dr. Jose Luis Turabian

Professor of numerous training courses in Family Medicine

Associative Journal of Health Sciences

Dariusz Jacek Jakóbczak

Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Computer Science

COJ Electronics & Communications

Önder Pekcan

Emeritus Professor of Physics, Kadir Has University, Turkey

Polymer Science: Peer Review Journal

Latest News & Events

Signup for Newsletter

Quick Links

Refer a Friend

Suggested By

Referrer Details

Advertise With Us

Our recent edition.

Modern Concepts & Developments in Agronomy

Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies

Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science

Top Editors

Zhengcai Lou

Wenzhou Medical University, China

Fooyin University, Taiwan

Volkan Sarper Erikci

Saglik Bilimleri University, Turkey

Vincent Pol University, Poland

Thamil Selvam

National Defence University of Malaysia, Malaysia

Tarik Baykara

Dogus University, Turkey

Steven Smith

Hope College, USA

Stanislav Grigoriev

Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia

Southern Cross University, Australia

Shewikar Farrag

Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia

City University of New York, USA

Praveen K Maghelal

Khalifa University of Science & Technology, United Arab Emirates

Hebei Normal University, China

Nawal Mohamed Khalafallah

Alexandria University, Egypt

N K Kishore

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India

Muzzalupo Innocenzo

Council for Agriculture Research and Analysis of Agri Economy (CREA), Italy

King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia

Mohamed A Rashed

King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia

Maurice E Morgenstein

University of Oregon, USA

Martin Sweatman

University of Edinburgh, Scotland

University of Tennessee, USA

Manuel Velasco

Central University of Venezuela, Venezuela

Majid Monajjemi

Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Iran

Luisetto Mauro

Tourin University, Italy

Lloyd Arthur Jenkins

Teaching & Public Speaking, Spain

Leonardo Milella

Paeditric Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Italy

Kanakis Dimitrios

University of Nicosia, Cyprus

Jose Luis Clua Espuny

Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Spain

John Korstad

Oral Roberts University, USA

Jinliang Zhang

Beijing Normal University, China

Irina Koretsky

Howard University, USA

Edith Cowan University, Australia

Hamid Yahiya Hussain

Dubai Health Authority, UAE

Gundu HR Rao

University of Minnesota, USA

GP Karmakar

Ghassan George Haddad

Serhal Hospital, Lebanon

George Gregory Buttigieg

University of Malta, Malta

Fumihiko Hinoshita

National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan

Freida Pemberton

Molloy College, USA

Francisco Welington de Sousa Lima

Federal University of Piauí, Brazil

Florian Bert

Krankenhaus Nordwest Hospital, Germany

Fathi Habashi

Laval University, Canada

Dora Alicia Cortes Hernandez

Cinvestav-Unidad Saltillo, Mexico

Daniel Kinem

UPMC Hamot Neuroscience Institute, USA

Conxita Mestres Miralles

Ramon Llull University, Spain

Barry Kraynack

White Bear Associates, LLC, USA

Arkady S Voloshin

Lehigh University, USA

Alireza Heidari

California Southern University, USA

Alex Guskov

Institute of Solid State Physics of RAS, Russia

Alan Diego Briem Stamm

University of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Ahmed Nasr Ghanem

Mansoura University, Egypt

Afaf K El Ansary

King Saud University, Saudi Arabia

A Bernardes

University of Coimbra, Portugal

Financial Support

Latest e-Books

Latest video.

AskAuckland

Your online help and support centre, references for doctoral application, rate this answer.

You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser to improve your experience.

• Future Students
• Current Students
• Apply to UWI
• Programme Search
• Campus Life
• Research & Innovation
• Faculties/Academics

Online Systems

• Student Administration System
• Student Portal
• Bursary Online Student System (BOSS)
• Online Tuition Payment
• Online Transcript Request
• ASKMONA: Library Virtual Reference Service

Student Services

• Office of Student Financing
• Mona Information Technology Services
• Campus Registrar
• Campus Security
• Guild of Students
• Graduate Studies & Research Information Portal
• Health Services
• The Office of Student Services

Registration & Fees

• Undergraduate Fees
• Graduate Fees
• Financial Aid

Online Support

• Password Self Service
• Five Islands
• Global Campus
• St. Augustine
• Business with UWI

The University of the West Indies, Mona

• Recruitment
• Request Information
• Forms & Documents

Office of Graduate Studies and Research

Forms and Documents

Full documentation and regulations governing studies at the University are available from the Document Library. These documents are in PDF format and can be downloaded for printing.

• Application for Leave of Absence from the University
• Application Package
• Application for Postgrad Housing
• Application for Marlene Hamilton Hall (The Studios)
• Application for Special Admission, Occassional, Exchange and Study Abroad Programmes
• Application for Examination of Thesis
• Application for Examination of Research Paper/Project
• Emolument Form
• Graduate Awards for Student
• Guidelines for Graduate Awards Student Form
• Guidelines for R & P Staff Form
• Graduate Scholarship Application Form
• Graduate Scholarship Referee Form
• Library Form
• Referee Report Form (for DM applicants only)
• Declaration Form for the Reproduction of Thesis/Research Paper/Project
• Recommendations for the Titles and examiners of theses and Research papers (Nomination of Examiners form)
• Referee Report Form
• R & P Student Form
• Supervisors Report Form
• Regular Status Letter
• Express Status Letter
• Certificate of Completion of Thesis, Research Paper, Project Report, Casebook, Clinical Research
• Proposal Checklist
• Procedural Guidelines for the Upgrading of an MPhil Registration to the PhD
• Guidelines for examining a Professional Doctorate thesis
• Regulations for Professional Doctorates
• Revised Level 1 Plagiarism procedures
• GPA Regulations for Graduate Certificates Diplomas Taught Masters and Professional Doctorate Programmes
• A Policy on Intellectual Property Management and Communication
• UWI Policy and Procedures on Research Ethics
• A New Policy and Procedure for the Examination of MPhil and Doctoral Theses
• Registration Package
• Extension of Time Limit for Submission
• Regulations for Postgraduate Clinical Programmes
• Graduate Coursework Accountability Statement
• Graduate Studies Guide for Students and Supervisors
• Guideline for Msc. Nursing Portfolio
• Manual of Procedures for Graduate Diplomas and Degrees
• Regulations for Certificates, Graduate Diplomas and Degrees (these regulations are applicable to students who were admitted prior to 2021/2022 academic year)
• Supplement Msc. Counselling
• Thesis Guide
• Guidelines for Submission of new/revised Taught Graduate Programmes
• Template for submission of new/revised graduate course
• University Regulations on Plagiarism
• Guidelines for Examining PhD Theses
• Guidelines for Manuscript-based Theses
• New Course Definition
• Template - Summary of New Graduate Programme
• Template - Summary of Revised Graduate Programme
• Faculty of Law Graduate Handbook 2020/20201
• Faculty of Sport - Graduate Prospectus
• Graduate Handbook 2020 IGDS
• Faculty of Engineering
• Faculty of Social Sciences
• Faculty of Humanities and Education
• Faculty of Medical Sciences
• Faculty of Science and Technology

Useful Links

• Graduate Studies Thesis Tracker User Guide
• Guidelines and FAQs for Graduate Studies Thesis Tracker Application
• Guidelines Student Request for Change of Major Status
• Automated Student Request System Guidelines
• User Mannual for Change of Address
• Automation of Student Requests for Graduate Students
• Online Request for Change of Major or Enrolment Status
• Update Address &/Or Phone Number on Students' Records
• Electronic Submission of Projects - ESPRO
• Regulations for Graduate Certificates, Diplomas and Degrees

Campus Contacts

• Campus Registrar's Office
• Mona School of Business and Management
• Undergrad Admissions
• International Students Office
• Western Jamaica Campus
• Examinations Section

Emergency Contacts | Campus Contacts | MITS Helpdesk

The University of the West Indies Mona, Jamaica

Tel: (876) 927-1660-9 Fax: (876) 927-2765

• Undergraduate Students
• Graduate Students
• Faculty & Staff
• Mona Business Hub
• Support UWI
• Media Centre

Our 7 faculties and 12 professional schools offer more than 200 programmes to some 18,000 graduate, undergraduate and continuing studies students.

The UWI, Mona ranks first in Jamaica among accredited tertiary-level programmes. In 2012, the University was again one of Jamaica’s Top 100 Employers.

Disclaimer | Privacy Statement

About Stanford GSB

• The Leadership
• Dean’s Updates
• School News & History
• Commencement
• Business, Government & Society
• Centers & Institutes
• Center for Entrepreneurial Studies
• Center for Social Innovation
• Stanford Seed

About the Experience

• Learning at Stanford GSB
• Experiential Learning
• Guest Speakers
• Entrepreneurship
• Social Innovation
• Communication
• Life at Stanford GSB
• Collaborative Environment
• Activities & Organizations
• Student Services
• Housing Options
• International Students

Full-Time Degree Programs

• Why Stanford MBA
• Academic Experience
• Financial Aid
• Why Stanford MSx
• Research Fellows Program
• See All Programs

Non-Degree & Certificate Programs

• Executive Education
• Stanford Executive Program
• Programs for Organizations
• The Difference
• Online Programs
• Stanford LEAD
• Seed Transformation Program
• Aspire Program
• Seed Spark Program
• Faculty Profiles
• Academic Areas
• Awards & Honors
• Conferences

Faculty Research

• Publications
• Working Papers
• Case Studies

Research Hub

• Research Labs & Initiatives
• Business Library
• Data, Analytics & Research Computing
• Behavioral Lab

Research Labs

• Cities, Housing & Society Lab
• Golub Capital Social Impact Lab

Research Initiatives

• Corporate Governance Research Initiative
• Corporations and Society Initiative
• Policy and Innovation Initiative
• Rapid Decarbonization Initiative
• Stanford Latino Entrepreneurship Initiative
• Value Chain Innovation Initiative
• Venture Capital Initiative
• Career & Success
• Climate & Sustainability
• Corporate Governance
• Culture & Society
• Finance & Investing
• Government & Politics
• Leadership & Management
• Markets & Trade
• Operations & Logistics
• Opportunity & Access
• Organizational Behavior
• Political Economy
• Social Impact
• Technology & AI
• Opinion & Analysis
• Email Newsletter

Welcome, Alumni

• Communities
• Digital Communities & Tools
• Regional Chapters
• Women’s Programs
• Identity Chapters
• Find Your Reunion
• Career Resources
• Job Search Resources
• Career & Life Transitions
• Programs & Services
• Career Video Library
• Alumni Education
• Research Resources
• Volunteering
• Alumni News
• Class Notes
• Alumni Voices
• Contact Alumni Relations
• Upcoming Events

Admission Events & Information Sessions

• MBA Program
• MSx Program
• PhD Program
• Alumni Events
• All Other Events
• Operations, Information & Technology
• Classical Liberalism
• The Eddie Lunch
• Accounting Summer Camp
• Videos, Code & Data
• California Econometrics Conference
• California Quantitative Marketing PhD Conference
• California School Conference
• China India Insights Conference
• Homo economicus, Evolving
• Political Economics (2023–24)
• Scaling Geologic Storage of CO2 (2023–24)
• A Resilient Pacific: Building Connections, Envisioning Solutions
• Adaptation and Innovation
• Changing Climate
• Civil Society
• Climate Impact Summit
• Climate Science
• Corporate Carbon Disclosures
• Earth’s Seafloor
• Environmental Justice
• Operations and Information Technology
• Organizations
• Sustainability Reporting and Control
• Taking the Pulse of the Planet
• Urban Infrastructure
• Watershed Restoration
• Junior Faculty Workshop on Financial Regulation and Banking
• Ken Singleton Celebration
• Marketing Camp
• Quantitative Marketing PhD Alumni Conference
• Presentations
• Theory and Inference in Accounting Research
• Stanford Closer Look Series
• Quick Guides
• Core Concepts
• Journal Articles
• Glossary of Terms
• Faculty & Staff
• Researchers & Students
• Research Approach
• Charitable Giving
• Financial Health
• Government Services
• Workers & Careers
• Short Course
• Adaptive & Iterative Experimentation
• Incentive Design
• Social Sciences & Behavioral Nudges
• Bandit Experiment Application
• Conferences & Events
• Get Involved
• Reading Materials
• Teaching & Curriculum
• Energy Entrepreneurship
• Faculty & Affiliates
• SOLE Report
• Responsible Supply Chains
• Current Study Usage
• Pre-Registration Information
• Participate in a Study

How to Write an Effective Referee Report and Improve the Scientific Review Process

The review process for academic journals in economics has grown vastly more extensive over time. Journals demand more revisions, and papers have become bloated with numerous robustness checks and extensions. Even if the extra resulting revisions do on average lead to improved papers—a claim that is debatable—the cost is enormous. We argue that much of the time involved in these revisions is a waste of research effort. Another cause for concern is the level of disagreement amongst referees, a pattern that suggests a high level of arbitrariness in the review process. To identify and highlight what is going right and what is going wrong in the reviewing process, we wrote to a sample of former editors of the American Economic Review, the Journal of Political Economy, the Quarterly Journal of Economics, Econometrica, the Review of Economic Studies, and the Journal of Financial Economics, and asked them for their thoughts about what might improve the process. We found a rough consensus that referees for top journals in economics tend to make similar, correctable mistakes. The italicized quotations throughout this paper are drawn from our correspondence with these editors and our own experience. Their insights are consistent with our own experiences as editors at the Journal of Finance and the Review of Financial Studies. Our objective is to highlight these mistakes and provide a roadmap for how to avoid them.

• Priorities for the GSB's Future
• See the Current DEI Report
• Supporting Data
• Research & Insights
• Share Your Thoughts
• Search Fund Primer
• Affiliated Faculty
• Faculty Advisors
• Louis W. Foster Resource Center
• Defining Social Innovation
• Impact Compass
• Global Health Innovation Insights
• Faculty Affiliates
• Student Awards & Certificates
• Changemakers
• Dean Jonathan Levin
• Dean Garth Saloner
• Dean Robert Joss
• Dean Michael Spence
• Dean Robert Jaedicke
• Dean Rene McPherson
• Dean Arjay Miller
• Dean Ernest Arbuckle
• Dean Jacob Hugh Jackson
• Dean Willard Hotchkiss
• Faculty in Memoriam
• Stanford GSB Firsts
• Certificate & Award Recipients
• Teaching Approach
• Analysis and Measurement of Impact
• The Corporate Entrepreneur: Startup in a Grown-Up Enterprise
• Data-Driven Impact
• Designing Experiments for Impact
• Digital Business Transformation
• The Founder’s Right Hand
• Marketing for Measurable Change
• Product Management
• Public Policy Lab: Financial Challenges Facing US Cities
• Public Policy Lab: Homelessness in California
• Lab Features
• Curricular Integration
• View From The Top
• Formation of New Ventures
• Managing Growing Enterprises
• Startup Garage
• Explore Beyond the Classroom
• Stanford Venture Studio
• Summer Program
• Workshops & Events
• The Five Lenses of Entrepreneurship
• Leadership Labs
• Executive Challenge
• Arbuckle Leadership Fellows Program
• Selection Process
• Training Schedule
• Time Commitment
• Learning Expectations
• Post-Training Opportunities
• Who Should Apply
• Introductory T-Groups
• Leadership for Society Program
• Certificate
• 2023 Awardees
• 2022 Awardees
• 2021 Awardees
• 2020 Awardees
• 2019 Awardees
• 2018 Awardees
• Social Management Immersion Fund
• Stanford Impact Founder Fellowships and Prizes
• Stanford Impact Leader Prizes
• Social Entrepreneurship
• Stanford GSB Impact Fund
• Economic Development
• Energy & Environment
• Stanford GSB Residences
• Environmental Leadership
• Stanford GSB Artwork
• A Closer Look
• California & the Bay Area
• Voices of Stanford GSB
• Business & Beneficial Technology
• Business & Sustainability
• Business & Free Markets
• Business, Government, and Society Forum
• Second Year
• Global Experiences
• JD/MBA Joint Degree
• MA Education/MBA Joint Degree
• MD/MBA Dual Degree
• MPP/MBA Joint Degree
• MS Computer Science/MBA Joint Degree
• MS Electrical Engineering/MBA Joint Degree
• MS Environment and Resources (E-IPER)/MBA Joint Degree
• Academic Calendar
• Clubs & Activities
• LGBTQ+ Students
• Military Veterans
• Minorities & People of Color
• Partners & Families
• Students with Disabilities
• Student Support
• Residential Life
• Student Voices
• MBA Alumni Voices
• A Week in the Life
• Career Support
• Employment Outcomes
• Cost of Attendance
• Knight-Hennessy Scholars Program
• Yellow Ribbon Program
• BOLD Fellows Fund
• Application Process
• Loan Forgiveness
• Contact the Financial Aid Office
• Evaluation Criteria
• GMAT & GRE
• English Language Proficiency
• Personal Information, Activities & Awards
• Professional Experience
• Letters of Recommendation
• Optional Short Answer Questions
• Application Fee
• Reapplication
• Deferred Enrollment
• Joint & Dual Degrees
• Entering Class Profile
• Event Schedule
• Ambassadors
• New & Noteworthy
• Ask a Question
• See Why Stanford MSx
• Is MSx Right for You?
• MSx Stories
• Leadership Development
• Career Advancement
• Career Change
• How You Will Learn
• Admission Events
• Personal Information
• Information for Recommenders
• GMAT, GRE & EA
• English Proficiency Tests
• After You’re Admitted
• Daycare, Schools & Camps
• U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents
• Requirements
• Requirements: Behavioral
• Requirements: Quantitative
• Requirements: Macro
• Requirements: Micro
• Annual Evaluations
• Field Examination
• Research Activities
• Research Papers
• Dissertation
• Oral Examination
• Current Students
• Education & CV
• International Applicants
• Statement of Purpose
• Reapplicants
• Application Fee Waiver
• Deadline & Decisions
• Job Market Candidates
• Academic Placements
• Stay in Touch
• Faculty Mentors
• Current Fellows
• Standard Track
• Fellowship & Benefits
• Group Enrollment
• Program Formats
• Developing a Program
• Diversity & Inclusion
• Strategic Transformation
• Program Experience
• Contact Client Services
• Campus Experience
• Live Online Experience
• Silicon Valley & Bay Area
• Digital Credentials
• Faculty Spotlights
• Participant Spotlights
• Eligibility
• International Participants
• Stanford Ignite
• Frequently Asked Questions
• Founding Donors
• Location Information
• Participant Profile
• Network Membership
• Program Impact
• Collaborators
• Entrepreneur Profiles
• Company Spotlights
• Seed Transformation Network
• Responsibilities
• Current Coaches
• How to Apply
• Meet the Consultants
• Meet the Interns
• Intern Profiles
• Collaborate
• Research Library
• News & Insights
• Program Contacts
• Databases & Datasets
• Research Guides
• Consultations
• Research Workshops
• Career Research
• Research Data Services
• Course Reserves
• Course Research Guides
• Material Loan Periods
• Fines & Other Charges
• Document Delivery
• Interlibrary Loan
• Equipment Checkout
• Print & Scan
• MBA & MSx Students
• PhD Students
• Other Stanford Students
• Faculty Assistants
• Research Assistants
• Stanford GSB Alumni
• Telling Our Story
• Staff Directory
• Site Registration
• Alumni Directory
• Alumni Email
• Privacy Settings & My Profile
• Success Stories
• The Story of Circles
• Support Women’s Circles
• Stanford Women on Boards Initiative
• Alumnae Spotlights
• Insights & Research
• Industry & Professional
• Entrepreneurial Commitment Group
• Recent Alumni
• Half-Century Club
• Fall Reunions
• Spring Reunions
• MBA 25th Reunion
• Half-Century Club Reunion
• Faculty Lectures
• Ernest C. Arbuckle Award
• Alison Elliott Exceptional Achievement Award
• ENCORE Award
• Excellence in Leadership Award
• John W. Gardner Volunteer Leadership Award
• Robert K. Jaedicke Faculty Award
• Jack McDonald Military Service Appreciation Award
• Jerry I. Porras Latino Leadership Award
• Tapestry Award
• Student & Alumni Events
• Executive Recruiters
• Interviewing
• Land the Perfect Job with LinkedIn
• Negotiating
• Elevator Pitch
• Email Best Practices
• Resumes & Cover Letters
• Self-Assessment
• Whitney Birdwell Ball
• Margaret Brooks
• Bryn Panee Burkhart
• Margaret Chan
• Ricki Frankel
• Peter Gandolfo
• Cindy W. Greig
• Natalie Guillen
• Carly Janson
• Sloan Klein
• Sherri Appel Lassila
• Stuart Meyer
• Tanisha Parrish
• Virginia Roberson
• Philippe Taieb
• Michael Takagawa
• Terra Winston
• Johanna Wise
• Debbie Wolter
• Rebecca Zucker
• Complimentary Coaching
• Changing Careers
• Work-Life Integration
• Career Breaks
• Flexible Work
• Encore Careers
• Join a Board
• D&B Hoovers
• Data Axle (ReferenceUSA)
• EBSCO Business Source
• Global Newsstream
• Market Share Reporter
• ProQuest One Business
• Student Clubs
• Entrepreneurial Students
• Stanford GSB Trust
• Alumni Community
• How to Volunteer
• Springboard Sessions
• Consulting Projects
• 2020 – 2029
• 2010 – 2019
• 2000 – 2009
• 1990 – 1999
• 1980 – 1989
• 1970 – 1979
• 1960 – 1969
• 1950 – 1959
• 1940 – 1949
• Service Areas
• ACT History
• ACT Awards Celebration
• ACT Governance Structure
• Building Leadership for ACT
• Individual Leadership Positions
• Leadership Role Overview
• Purpose of the ACT Management Board
• Contact ACT
• Business & Nonprofit Communities
• Reunion Volunteers
• Ways to Give
• Fiscal Year Report
• Business School Fund Leadership Council
• Planned Giving Options
• Planned Giving Benefits
• Planned Gifts and Reunions
• Legacy Partners
• Giving News & Stories
• Giving Deadlines
• Development Staff
• Submit Class Notes
• Class Secretaries
• Board of Directors
• Health Care
• Sustainability
• Class Takeaways
• All Else Equal: Making Better Decisions
• If/Then: Business, Leadership, Society
• Grit & Growth
• Think Fast, Talk Smart
• Spring 2022
• Spring 2021
• Autumn 2020
• Summer 2020
• Winter 2020
• In the Media
• For Journalists
• DCI Fellows
• Other Auditors
• Academic Calendar & Deadlines
• Course Materials
• Entrepreneurial Resources
• Campus Drive Grove
• Campus Drive Lawn
• CEMEX Auditorium
• King Community Court
• Seawell Family Boardroom
• Stanford GSB Bowl
• Stanford Investors Common
• Town Square
• Vidalakis Courtyard
• Vidalakis Dining Hall
• Catering Services
• Policies & Guidelines
• Reservations
• Contact Faculty Recruiting
• Lecturer Positions
• Postdoctoral Positions
• Accommodations
• CMC-Managed Interviews
• Recruiter-Managed Interviews
• Virtual Interviews
• Campus & Virtual
• Search for Candidates
• Think Globally
• Recruiting Calendar
• Recruiting Policies
• Full-Time Employment
• Summer Employment
• Entrepreneurial Summer Program
• Global Management Immersion Experience
• Social-Purpose Summer Internships
• Process Overview
• Project Types
• Client Eligibility Criteria
• Client Screening
• ACT Leadership
• Social Innovation & Nonprofit Management Resources
• Develop Your Organization’s Talent
• Centers & Initiatives
• Student Fellowships

Navigation Menu

Search code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests..., provide feedback.

We read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.

Saved searches

Use saved searches to filter your results more quickly.

To see all available qualifiers, see our documentation .

• Notifications

referee_report_final.pdf

Latest commit, file metadata and controls.