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How to Write an Abstract | Steps & Examples
Published on February 28, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on July 18, 2023 by Eoghan Ryan.
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An abstract is a short summary of a longer work (such as a thesis , dissertation or research paper ). The abstract concisely reports the aims and outcomes of your research, so that readers know exactly what your paper is about.
Although the structure may vary slightly depending on your discipline, your abstract should describe the purpose of your work, the methods you’ve used, and the conclusions you’ve drawn.
One common way to structure your abstract is to use the IMRaD structure. This stands for:
- Introduction
Abstracts are usually around 100–300 words, but there’s often a strict word limit, so make sure to check the relevant requirements.
In a dissertation or thesis , include the abstract on a separate page, after the title page and acknowledgements but before the table of contents .
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Table of contents
Abstract example, when to write an abstract, step 1: introduction, step 2: methods, step 3: results, step 4: discussion, tips for writing an abstract, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about abstracts.
Hover over the different parts of the abstract to see how it is constructed.
This paper examines the role of silent movies as a mode of shared experience in the US during the early twentieth century. At this time, high immigration rates resulted in a significant percentage of non-English-speaking citizens. These immigrants faced numerous economic and social obstacles, including exclusion from public entertainment and modes of discourse (newspapers, theater, radio).
Incorporating evidence from reviews, personal correspondence, and diaries, this study demonstrates that silent films were an affordable and inclusive source of entertainment. It argues for the accessible economic and representational nature of early cinema. These concerns are particularly evident in the low price of admission and in the democratic nature of the actors’ exaggerated gestures, which allowed the plots and action to be easily grasped by a diverse audience despite language barriers.
Keywords: silent movies, immigration, public discourse, entertainment, early cinema, language barriers.
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You will almost always have to include an abstract when:
- Completing a thesis or dissertation
- Submitting a research paper to an academic journal
- Writing a book or research proposal
- Applying for research grants
It’s easiest to write your abstract last, right before the proofreading stage, because it’s a summary of the work you’ve already done. Your abstract should:
- Be a self-contained text, not an excerpt from your paper
- Be fully understandable on its own
- Reflect the structure of your larger work
Start by clearly defining the purpose of your research. What practical or theoretical problem does the research respond to, or what research question did you aim to answer?
You can include some brief context on the social or academic relevance of your dissertation topic , but don’t go into detailed background information. If your abstract uses specialized terms that would be unfamiliar to the average academic reader or that have various different meanings, give a concise definition.
After identifying the problem, state the objective of your research. Use verbs like “investigate,” “test,” “analyze,” or “evaluate” to describe exactly what you set out to do.
This part of the abstract can be written in the present or past simple tense but should never refer to the future, as the research is already complete.
- This study will investigate the relationship between coffee consumption and productivity.
- This study investigates the relationship between coffee consumption and productivity.
Next, indicate the research methods that you used to answer your question. This part should be a straightforward description of what you did in one or two sentences. It is usually written in the past simple tense, as it refers to completed actions.
- Structured interviews will be conducted with 25 participants.
- Structured interviews were conducted with 25 participants.
Don’t evaluate validity or obstacles here — the goal is not to give an account of the methodology’s strengths and weaknesses, but to give the reader a quick insight into the overall approach and procedures you used.
Receive feedback on language, structure, and formatting
Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:
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See an example
![abstract researchgate abstract researchgate](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/dissertation-proofreading-service.png)
Next, summarize the main research results . This part of the abstract can be in the present or past simple tense.
- Our analysis has shown a strong correlation between coffee consumption and productivity.
- Our analysis shows a strong correlation between coffee consumption and productivity.
- Our analysis showed a strong correlation between coffee consumption and productivity.
Depending on how long and complex your research is, you may not be able to include all results here. Try to highlight only the most important findings that will allow the reader to understand your conclusions.
Finally, you should discuss the main conclusions of your research : what is your answer to the problem or question? The reader should finish with a clear understanding of the central point that your research has proved or argued. Conclusions are usually written in the present simple tense.
- We concluded that coffee consumption increases productivity.
- We conclude that coffee consumption increases productivity.
If there are important limitations to your research (for example, related to your sample size or methods), you should mention them briefly in the abstract. This allows the reader to accurately assess the credibility and generalizability of your research.
If your aim was to solve a practical problem, your discussion might include recommendations for implementation. If relevant, you can briefly make suggestions for further research.
If your paper will be published, you might have to add a list of keywords at the end of the abstract. These keywords should reference the most important elements of the research to help potential readers find your paper during their own literature searches.
Be aware that some publication manuals, such as APA Style , have specific formatting requirements for these keywords.
It can be a real challenge to condense your whole work into just a couple of hundred words, but the abstract will be the first (and sometimes only) part that people read, so it’s important to get it right. These strategies can help you get started.
Read other abstracts
The best way to learn the conventions of writing an abstract in your discipline is to read other people’s. You probably already read lots of journal article abstracts while conducting your literature review —try using them as a framework for structure and style.
You can also find lots of dissertation abstract examples in thesis and dissertation databases .
Reverse outline
Not all abstracts will contain precisely the same elements. For longer works, you can write your abstract through a process of reverse outlining.
For each chapter or section, list keywords and draft one to two sentences that summarize the central point or argument. This will give you a framework of your abstract’s structure. Next, revise the sentences to make connections and show how the argument develops.
Write clearly and concisely
A good abstract is short but impactful, so make sure every word counts. Each sentence should clearly communicate one main point.
To keep your abstract or summary short and clear:
- Avoid passive sentences: Passive constructions are often unnecessarily long. You can easily make them shorter and clearer by using the active voice.
- Avoid long sentences: Substitute longer expressions for concise expressions or single words (e.g., “In order to” for “To”).
- Avoid obscure jargon: The abstract should be understandable to readers who are not familiar with your topic.
- Avoid repetition and filler words: Replace nouns with pronouns when possible and eliminate unnecessary words.
- Avoid detailed descriptions: An abstract is not expected to provide detailed definitions, background information, or discussions of other scholars’ work. Instead, include this information in the body of your thesis or paper.
If you’re struggling to edit down to the required length, you can get help from expert editors with Scribbr’s professional proofreading services or use the paraphrasing tool .
Check your formatting
If you are writing a thesis or dissertation or submitting to a journal, there are often specific formatting requirements for the abstract—make sure to check the guidelines and format your work correctly. For APA research papers you can follow the APA abstract format .
Checklist: Abstract
The word count is within the required length, or a maximum of one page.
The abstract appears after the title page and acknowledgements and before the table of contents .
I have clearly stated my research problem and objectives.
I have briefly described my methodology .
I have summarized the most important results .
I have stated my main conclusions .
I have mentioned any important limitations and recommendations.
The abstract can be understood by someone without prior knowledge of the topic.
You've written a great abstract! Use the other checklists to continue improving your thesis or dissertation.
If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or research bias, make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!
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An abstract is a concise summary of an academic text (such as a journal article or dissertation ). It serves two main purposes:
- To help potential readers determine the relevance of your paper for their own research.
- To communicate your key findings to those who don’t have time to read the whole paper.
Abstracts are often indexed along with keywords on academic databases, so they make your work more easily findable. Since the abstract is the first thing any reader sees, it’s important that it clearly and accurately summarizes the contents of your paper.
An abstract for a thesis or dissertation is usually around 200–300 words. There’s often a strict word limit, so make sure to check your university’s requirements.
The abstract is the very last thing you write. You should only write it after your research is complete, so that you can accurately summarize the entirety of your thesis , dissertation or research paper .
Avoid citing sources in your abstract . There are two reasons for this:
- The abstract should focus on your original research, not on the work of others.
- The abstract should be self-contained and fully understandable without reference to other sources.
There are some circumstances where you might need to mention other sources in an abstract: for example, if your research responds directly to another study or focuses on the work of a single theorist. In general, though, don’t include citations unless absolutely necessary.
The abstract appears on its own page in the thesis or dissertation , after the title page and acknowledgements but before the table of contents .
Cite this Scribbr article
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McCombes, S. (2023, July 18). How to Write an Abstract | Steps & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved July 2, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/abstract/
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Can I post the abstract of my article on Researchgate?
One of my articles has been published by Routledge: Taylor and Francis recently under a subscription publishing model.
Can I post the abstract of my accepted article in Researchgate as shown in https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259112431_Social_Workers'_Roles_in_Addressing_the_Complex_End-Of-Life_Care_Needs_of_Elders_with_Advanced_Chronic_Disease ?
Any advice would be helpful. Thanks in advance.
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- Please clarify your specific problem or provide additional details to highlight exactly what you need. As it's currently written, it's hard to tell exactly what you're asking. – Community Bot Commented Aug 24, 2022 at 17:26
- 4 Did you ask the publisher? If not, then asking the publisher seems to me how you would find an answer to something as potentially publisher-specific as this. – Dave L Renfro Commented Aug 24, 2022 at 18:50
Sure you can. It's the abstract. You can generally read the abstracts of articles even if you don't have access to them.
This is clear enough that the Taylor & Francis sharing policies page doesn't mention it.
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Abstract: ResearchGate has emerged as a popular professional network for scientists and researchers in a very short span of time. Similar to Google Scholar, the ResearchGate indexing uses an automatic crawling algorithm that extracts bibliographic data, citations and other information about scholarly articles from various sources. However, it has been observed that the two platforms often show different publication and citation data for the same institutions, journals and authors. This paper, therefore, attempts to analyse and measure the differences in publication counts, citations and different metrics of the two platforms for a large data set of highly cited authors. The results indicate that there are significantly high differences in publication counts and citations for the same authors in the two platforms, with Google Scholar having higher counts for a vast majority of the cases. The different metrics computed by the two platforms also differ in their values, showing different degrees of correlations. The coverage policy, indexing errors, author attribution mechanism and strategy to deal with predatory publishing are found to be the main probable reasons for the differences in the two platforms.
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Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite | |
Journal reference: | Scientometrics 2022 |
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Thirteen W ays to W rite an Abstract. James Hartley 1,* and Guillaume Cabanac 2. 1 School of Psychology, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK. 2 Computer Science Department ...
An abstract is usually a standalone document that informs the reader about the. details of the manuscript to follow. It is like a trailer to a movie, if the trailer is good, it stimulates the ...
Abstract. Writing an abstract means to extract and summarize (AB - absolutely, STR - straightforward, ACT - actual data presentation and interpretation). Thousands of abstracts are submitted to ...
ResearchGate members with an institutional subscription to a journal's articles can also access subscription articles that the publisher adds to ResearchGate. Readers who don't have access to a journal's content through an institutional subscription or library access can still view a publisher preview — the abstract, figures, and first ...
Go to the item's ResearchGate page by clicking on its title. Click on the More button on the right-hand side of the page and select Edit from the drop-down list. Make the necessary changes. Click Save. Or: Go to your Research tab and scroll down to the research item. Click on the downward-facing arrow below the research item's title and ...
Not all abstracts will contain precisely the same elements. For longer works, you can write your abstract through a process of reverse outlining. For each chapter or section, list keywords and draft one to two sentences that summarize the central point or argument. This will give you a framework of your abstract's structure.
it requires you to upload the paper — Actually, the software only requires you to upload a PDF file. If you're worried about legality of uploading a paper, you can always upload a substitute PDF file containing the sentence "This paper is available from the publisher at (url/DOI)." - JeffE. Aug 30, 2015 at 18:37.
To add a publication page to your profile: Click the Add new button at the top right-hand corner of any ResearchGate page. For published work, select Published research and then the publication type. For unpublished work, select the most applicable type of research from the options shown. Follow the steps for the specific type of research you ...
One of my articles has been published by Routledge: Taylor and Francis recently under a subscription publishing model. Can I post the abstract of my accepted article in Researchgate as shown in htt...
The components of the abstract in order are 1) Introduction 2) Statement of problem 4) Justification (optional) 3) Aim / Objective of the study 4) Methodology 5) Results 6) briefly Discussion 6 ...
This limits whether the full text of an article can be posted on sites like ResearchGate (citations for any article may be posted anywhere, including RG). The guide below contains a chart with guidelines detailing whether articles from specific journals may be posted on ResearchGate.
View PDF Abstract: ResearchGate has emerged as a popular professional network for scientists and researchers in a very short span of time. Similar to Google Scholar, the ResearchGate indexing uses an automatic crawling algorithm that extracts bibliographic data, citations and other information about scholarly articles from various sources.
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Here's how: Go to the Research tab on your profile. On the left, select Preprints and locate your publication. Click Add published version under the preprint title. Select the published work you want to link to if it's already on ResearchGate, or create a new publication if it's not. Click Add published version.
A graphical abstract (GA) is a graphic a nd visual summary of the important fin dings of a scientific article [1]. A GA should enhance a reader's abili ty to remember and recall information [2 ...
Learning to perform abstract reasoning often requires decomposing the task in question into intermediate subgoals that are not specified upfront, but need to be autonomously devised by the learner. In Raven progressive matrices (RPMs), the task is to choose one of the available answers given a context, where both the context and answers are ...
Abstract This study analysed the different links that exist between the urban forest as an element of green infrastructure and green space production in megacities using an urban forest park in ...
[Show full abstract] Edelstein Educational and Scientific Production Center for Horticulture and Vegetable Growing at the Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural ...
[Show full abstract] became the basis for the proposed methodology for a comparative analysis of the statuses of senior officials of cities of federal significance (Moscow and St. Petersburg) in ...
Magnetic interpretation in three dimensions using Euler deconvolution A. B. Reid*, J. M. Allsop*, H. Granser*, A. J. Millet& and I. W. Somerton* ABSTRACT Magnetic-survey data in grid form may be ...
Join ResearchGate to contact this researcher and connect with your scientific community. ... abstract, and list of authors), clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the full-text.
M. V. Shamolin, "On rigid body motion in a resisting medium taking account of rotational derivatives of aerodynamic force moment in angular velocity," the abstract of a talk at the Workshop ...
Punctul critic, 1-2, 2024. | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Preprint PDF Available Dezamăgire și fragmentare în votul diasporei din iunie 2024?