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What’s Included: The Dissertation Template

If you’re preparing to write your dissertation, thesis or research project, our free dissertation template is the perfect starting point. In the template, we cover every section step by step, with clear, straightforward explanations and examples .

The template’s structure is based on the tried and trusted best-practice format for formal academic research projects such as dissertations and theses. The template structure reflects the overall research process, ensuring your dissertation or thesis will have a smooth, logical flow from chapter to chapter.

The dissertation template covers the following core sections:

• The title page/cover page
• Abstract (sometimes also called the executive summary)
• Table of contents
• List of figures /list of tables
• Chapter 1: Introduction  (also available: in-depth introduction template )
• Chapter 2: Literature review  (also available: in-depth LR template )
• Chapter 3: Methodology (also available: in-depth methodology template )
• Chapter 4: Research findings /results (also available: results template )
• Chapter 5: Discussion /analysis of findings (also available: discussion template )
• Chapter 6: Conclusion (also available: in-depth conclusion template )
• Reference list

Each section is explained in plain, straightforward language , followed by an overview of the key elements that you need to cover within each section. We’ve also included practical examples to help you understand exactly what’s required in each section.

The cleanly-formatted Google Doc can be downloaded as a fully editable MS Word Document (DOCX format), so you can use it as-is or convert it to LaTeX.

FAQs: Dissertation Template

What format is the template (doc, pdf, ppt, etc.).

The dissertation template is provided as a Google Doc. You can download it in MS Word format or make a copy to your Google Drive. You’re also welcome to convert it to whatever format works best for you, such as LaTeX or PDF.

What types of dissertations/theses can this template be used for?

The template follows the standard best-practice structure for formal academic research projects such as dissertations or theses, so it is suitable for the vast majority of degrees, particularly those within the sciences.

Some universities may have some additional requirements, but these are typically minor, with the core structure remaining the same. Therefore, it’s always a good idea to double-check your university’s requirements before you finalise your structure.

Will this work for a research paper?

A research paper follows a similar format, but there are a few differences. You can find our research paper template here .

Is this template for an undergrad, Masters or PhD-level thesis?

This template can be used for a dissertation, thesis or research project at any level of study. It may be slight overkill for an undergraduate-level study, but it certainly won’t be missing anything.

How long should my dissertation/thesis be?

This depends entirely on your university’s specific requirements, so it’s best to check with them. As a general ballpark, Masters-level projects are usually 15,000 – 20,000 words in length, while Doctoral-level projects are often in excess of 60,000 words.

What about the research proposal?

If you’re still working on your research proposal, we’ve got a template for that here .

We’ve also got loads of proposal-related guides and videos over on the Grad Coach blog .

How do I write a literature review?

We have a wealth of free resources on the Grad Coach Blog that unpack how to write a literature review from scratch. You can check out the literature review section of the blog here.

How do I create a research methodology?

We have a wealth of free resources on the Grad Coach Blog that unpack research methodology, both qualitative and quantitative. You can check out the methodology section of the blog here.

Can I share this dissertation template with my friends/colleagues?

Yes, you’re welcome to share this template. If you want to post about it on your blog or social media, all we ask is that you reference this page as your source.

Can Grad Coach help me with my dissertation/thesis?

Within the template, you’ll find plain-language explanations of each section, which should give you a fair amount of guidance. However, you’re also welcome to consider our dissertation and thesis coaching services .

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This site is introduced for you through the OWL at Purdue (https://owl.british.purdue.edu/). When printing this site, you have to range from the entire legal notice at bottom.

Contributors: Jack Raymond Baker, Allen Brizee, Ashley Velzquez. Summary:

This handout provides detailed here is how to create research papers including discussing research papers like a genre, selecting topics, and finding sources.

There will be a period in many students’ careers when they’re assigned an investigation paper. This kind of assignment frequently creates a lot of unneeded anxiety within the student, which may lead to stalling and a sense of confusion and inadequacy. This anxiety frequently comes from the truth that all students are unfamiliar and unskilled with this particular genre of writing. Don’t worryinexperience and unfamiliarity are situations you are able to change through practice! Writing an investigation paper is a vital facet of academics and cannot be prevented due to a person’s anxiety. Actually, the entire process of writing an investigation paper may be one of the greater rewarding encounters you can encounter in academics. Furthermore, all students is constantly investigate in their careers, which is among the reasons this subject is really important.

This handout includes the next sections associated with the entire process of writing an investigation paper:

• Genre – This will give you a summary for comprehending the distinction between an analytical and argumentative research paper.
• Selecting a Subject – This will advice the student through the entire process of selecting topics, if the subject be one that’s assigned a treadmill the student chooses themself.
• Identifying a crowd – This can help a student comprehend the frequently occasions confusing subject of audience by providing some fundamental guidelines for that process.
• Where Will I Begin – This concludes the handout by providing several links to sources at Purdue, as well as provides an introduction to the ultimate stages of writing an investigation paper.

Primary and secondary sources would be the heart of the research paper, and supply its nourishment with no support of and interaction using these sources, the study paper would morph right into a different genre of writing (e.g. an encyclopedic article). The study paper serves not just to further the area that is presented, but additionally to supply a student by having an exceptional chance to improve her understanding for the reason that field. It’s also easy to identify an investigation paper by what it’s not.

An investigation paper isn’t simply an educated review of a subject by way of primary and secondary sources. It’s neither a magazine report nor a viewpoint piece nor an expository essay composed exclusively of a person’s interpretation of the text nor an introduction to a specific subject. Rather, it’s a genre that needs someone to spend some time investigating and evaluating sources using the intent to provide interpretations from the texts, and never unconscious regurgitations of individuals sources. The aim of an investigation paper isn’t to tell the readers what others are saying in regards to a subject, but to attract on which others are saying in regards to a subject and have interaction the sources to be able to attentively provide a unique perspective around the issue at hands. This is achieved through two major kinds of research papers.

Argumentative research paper:

The argumentative research paper includes an intro where the author clearly introduces the subject and informs his audience which stance he promises to take this stance is frequently recognized as the thesis statement. An essential objective of the argumentative research paper is persuasion, meaning the subject selected ought to be debatable or questionable. For instance, it might be difficult for students to effectively argue in support of the next stance.

Smoking cigarettes poses medical dangers and can lead to cancer for the smoker and individuals who experience secondhand smoke.

Possibly twenty five years ago this subject could have been debatable however, today, the assumption is that cigarette smoking is, indeed, dangerous to a person’s health. A much better thesis will be the following.

Although it has been established that smoking cigarettes can lead to sundry health issues within the smoker, the social acceptance of smoking in public areas shows that many still don’t consider secondhand smoke as harmful to a person’s health as firsthand smoke.

Within this sentence, the author isn’t challenging the present recognized stance that both firsthand and secondhand tobacco smoke is harmful rather, she’s positing the social acceptance from the latter within the former is suggestive of a cultural double-standard of sorts. A student would support this thesis throughout her paper by way of both primary and secondary sources, using the intent to influence the wedding guests that her particular interpretation of everything is viable.

Analytical research paper:

The analytical research paper frequently starts with a student asking an issue (a.k.a. an investigation question) which he’s taken no stance. This type of paper is frequently a workout in exploration and evaluation. For instance, possibly the first is thinking about that old British poem Beowulf. He’s browse the poem carefully and needs to provide a fresh studying from the poem towards the academic community. His question might be the following.

How should one interpret the poem Beowulf ?

His research may cause him to the next conclusion.

Beowulf is really a poem whose purpose it had been for everyone being an exemplum of heterodoxy for tenth- and eleventh-century monastic communities.

Though his subject might be debatable and questionable, it’s not the student’s intent to influence the crowd that his ideas are right while individuals of other medication is wrong. Rather, his goal is to provide a critical interpretation of primary and secondary sources through the paper–sources which should, ultimately, buttress his particular research into the subject. This is a good example of what his thesis statement may seem like once he’s completed his research.

Though Beowulf is frequently read like a poem that recounts the gallantry and supernatural exploits from the protagonist Beowulf, it could also be read like a poem that offered being an exemplum of heterodoxy for tenth- and eleventh-century monastic communities based in the Danelaw.

This statement doesn’t negate the standard readings of Beowulf rather, it provides a brand new and detailed studying from the poem that’ll be based on the student’s research.

It is normally not before the student has started the writing procedure that his thesis statement starts to take solid form. Actually, the thesis statement within an analytical paper is frequently more fluid compared to thesis within an argumentative paper. Such is among the advantages of approaching the subject with no predetermined stance.

The initial step associated with a research paper is perfect for a student to know a job. If this isn’t done, a student will frequently travel lower many dead-finish roads, wasting a lot of time on the way. Don’t hesitate to approach the teacher with questions if there’s any confusion. A obvious knowledge of a job will help you to concentrate on other facets of the procedure, for example selecting a subject and identifying your audience.

Students will frequently encounter 1 of 2 situations with regards to selecting a subject for any research paper. The very first situation takes place when the instructor provides a summary of topics that a student may choose. These topics happen to be considered worthy through the instructor therefore, a student ought to be positive about the subject he chooses in the list. Many first-time researchers appreciate this kind of arrangement through the instructor since it eliminates the strain of getting to determine upon a subject by themselves.

However, a student might also discover the topics which have been presented to be restricting furthermore, it’s not uncommon for that student to possess a subject in your mind that doesn’t match any one of individuals provided. If this sounds like the situation, it is usually advantageous to approach the teacher with a person’s ideas. Be sincere, and get the teacher when the subject you are interested in will be a possible research choice for a job. Remember, like a first-time investigator, your understanding of the operation is quite limited the teacher has experience, and could have very precise causes of selecting the themes she’s provided to the category. Trust that they has got the needs from the class in your mind. If she likes the subject, great! Otherwise, don’t take it personally and select the subject in the list that appears most fascinating for you.

The 2nd situation takes place when the instructor simply hands out a project sheet that covers the logistics from the research paper, but leaves the option of subject to the student. Typically, assignments by which students receive the chance to find the subject require subject to apply to some part of the course so, take this into account while you start a course that you know you will see an investigation paper close to the finish. This way, you are able to look for any subject that could appeal to you. Don’t let yourself be anxious due to a perceived insufficient authority or understanding concerning the subject selected. Rather, realize that it requires practice to get a skilled investigator for any field.

Thinking early results in beginning early. When the student begins considering possible topics once the assignment is offered, she’s already commenced the arduous, yet rewarding, task of planning and organization. Once she’s made a job important in her own mind, she may start having ideas during the day. Brainstorming is frequently a effective method for students to obtain a few of these ideas lower in writing. Seeing a person’s ideas on paper is frequently an impetus for that writing process. Though brainstorming is especially effective whenever a subject continues to be selected, it may also help the student who’s not able to narrow a subject. It includes a timed writing session where a student jots lowerfrequently in list or bulleted formany ideas which come to his mind. In the finish from the timed period, a student will peruse his list for patterns of consistency. Whether it seems that something appears to become being bold in the mind greater than others, it might be a good idea to pursue this like a subject possibility.

It’s important for that student to bear in mind that the initial subject that generate might not be the precise subject about that you simply finish up writing. Research topics are frequently fluid, and determined more through the student’s ongoing research compared to the initial selected subject. Such fluidity is typical in research, and really should be accepted among its many characteristics.

The Purdue OWL also provides many other sources on selecting and creating a subject:

Identifying a crowd

The idea of audience can be quite confusing for novice researchers. If the student’s audience be her instructor only, or should her paper make an effort to achieve a bigger academic crowd? They are two extremes around the pendulum-course that’s audience the previous is simply too narrow of the audience, as the latter is simply too broad. Therefore, it’s important for that student to articulate a crowd that falls somewhere among.

It’s possibly useful to approach the crowd of the research paper in the same manner you might while preparing to have an dental presentation. Frequently, one changes her style, tone, enunciation, etc. when presenting to various audiences. So it’s with writing an investigation paper (Actually, you may want to help your written work into an dental work when you are presenting in a conference at some point).

The teacher should be thought about just one person in the paper’s audience he belongs to the educational audience that desires students to research, research, and evaluate a subject. Attempt to imagine a crowd that might be thinking about and take advantage of your quest.

For instance: when the student is writing a twelve page research paper about ethanol and it is importance as a source of energy for the future, would she write by having an audience of elementary students in your mind? This is unlikely. Rather, she’d tailor her conntacting be around for an audience of fellow engineers and possibly towards the scientific community generally. Furthermore, she’d assume the crowd to become in a certain educational level therefore, she’d not spend some time in this short research paper defining terms and ideas already familiar to individuals within the field. However, she also needs to avoid the kind of esoteric discussion that condescends to the wedding guests. Again, a student must articulate a middle-ground.

Listed here are questions that might help a student discern further the wedding guests:

• Who’s the overall audience I wish to achieve?
• Who’s that appears to be thinking about the study I’m doing?
• What exactly is it about my subject that interests the overall audience I’ve discovered?
• When the audience I’m writing for isn’t particularly thinking about my subject, what must i do in order to pique its interest?
• Will each person in the broadly created audience accept what I must say?
• Otherwise (which will probably be the situation!) what counter-arguments must i be ready to answer?

Remember, among the purpose of an investigation paper would be to add new things towards the academic community, and also the first-time investigator should understand her role being an initiate right into a particular community of scholars. Because the student increases her participation within the field, her knowledge of the wedding guests will grow too. Once more, practice lies in the centre from the factor.

Where will i begin?

There’s neither template nor shortcut for writing an investigation paper again, the operation is, among other activities, certainly one of practice, experience, and organization, and starts with a student correctly comprehending the assignment at hands.

As numerous university students know, the author might find themself creating three quite different research papers for 3 quite different courses all simultaneously in one semester. All these papers might have different page lengths, guidelines, and expectations.

Therefore, for a student to get a skilled investigator and author, they must not just pay particular focus on the genre, subject, and audience, but should also become skilled in researching, outlining, drafting, and revising.

For any discussion of where to start a person’s research, see Research: Overview .

Outlining is an essential part of the entire process of writing. For any detailed discussion see Developing an overview .

Drafting is among the last stages while writing an investigation paper. No drafting should occur with no research question or thesis statement otherwise, a student will discover themself writing with no purpose or direction. Consider the study question or thesis statement like a compass. The study a student has completed is really a vast ocean of knowledge by which he or she must navigate with no compass, a student is going to be thrown aimlessly about through the waves of sources. Within the finish, he may uncover south america (although the journey is going to be considerably longer than needed), orand furthermore likelyhe’ll sink.

For many useful ideas in regards to the early stages of writing, see Beginning the Writing Process .

Revising is the procedure composed of:

• Major, sweeping, changes towards the various drafts of the project
• An assessment of word choice through the project
• The removal sentences and often, quite shateringly, complete pages of text
• Rethinking the entire project and reworking it as being needed

Editing is really a process thinking about the overall appearance of the text, and includes the next:

• Research into the consistency of tone and voice through the project
• Correction of minor errors in mechanics and typography
• Look at the logical flow of thought between sentences and major ideas

This method is better completed toward the ultimate stages from the project, since much of what’s written in early stages is likely to change anyway.

Proofreading may be the final stage within the writing process, and includes a detailed final reread to find any mistakes that might have been overlooked in the last revisions.

For any discussion of proofreading, see Proofreading Your Writing .

This workshop discusses techniques for getting began on the research paper, including generating questions and concepts for topics. To download the PowerPoint file, click the above link.

Please be aware that this workshop was created included in the Purdue Language and Culture Exchange (PLaCE) program for Purdue University’s West Lafayette campus. PLaCE concentrates on supplying worldwide students with a lot more linguistic and cultural support because the acclimate towards the United States greater educational context.

1995-2016 through the Writing Lab The OWL at Purdue and Purdue College. All legal rights reserved. These components might not be printed, reproduced, broadcast, re-written, or reassigned without permission. Utilization of this website constitutes acceptance in our conditions and terms of fair use .

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• Separator Design
• Chair of Geoenergy Production Engineering (550)

Research output : Thesis › Master's Thesis

Bibliographical note

• Gas Capacity
• Liquid Capacity
• Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation

Access to Document

• Volltext Final published version, 3.31 MB

T1 - Separator Design

AU - Flicker, Christoph Martin

N1 - no embargoed

N2 - A chain is only as strong as its weakest link and the same counts for the petroleum industry with its upstream, midstream and downstream sectors. Every process in the entire lifecycle has to be fully understood in order to optimize it as much as possible. Within that project, the design and sizing of oil and gas separators, which represent the last component of the so-called petroleum production system, have been examined. This thesis is an explanation and a guideline for the design of a separator from scratch. Laboratory measurements and pressure volume temperature (PVT) analysis to determine the characteristics, composition and fluid properties of the crude petroleum, which are crucial input parameters at a later stage, are the first step and hence are explained in detail. Further, the basic separator type selection and vessel configuration for the present number of phases, right application and operating conditions is advised. The four functional sections in a separator are then illustrated and the equations, which describe the physics behind the phase separation processes, are fully derived for a better understanding. The description of the sizing itself, which is based on the droplet settling theory and retention times, results in the final dimensions of the pressure vessel and the appropriate gas and liquid capacities. To prevent, avoid and counteract any possibly occurring issues, the wide variety of internals is presented and explained. Health, safety and environment (HSE) and American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) requirements have been analyzed and considered as well. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of a horizontal three-phase separator with some internals has been done in OpenFOAM and is presented at the end of the thesis. Within that, a multiphase solver for incompressible and compressible phases has been used, which has not been found for separators in the literature up to this point. Geometry and mesh grid have been created in SALOME while the post-processing has been done in ParaView for visualization purposes.

AB - A chain is only as strong as its weakest link and the same counts for the petroleum industry with its upstream, midstream and downstream sectors. Every process in the entire lifecycle has to be fully understood in order to optimize it as much as possible. Within that project, the design and sizing of oil and gas separators, which represent the last component of the so-called petroleum production system, have been examined. This thesis is an explanation and a guideline for the design of a separator from scratch. Laboratory measurements and pressure volume temperature (PVT) analysis to determine the characteristics, composition and fluid properties of the crude petroleum, which are crucial input parameters at a later stage, are the first step and hence are explained in detail. Further, the basic separator type selection and vessel configuration for the present number of phases, right application and operating conditions is advised. The four functional sections in a separator are then illustrated and the equations, which describe the physics behind the phase separation processes, are fully derived for a better understanding. The description of the sizing itself, which is based on the droplet settling theory and retention times, results in the final dimensions of the pressure vessel and the appropriate gas and liquid capacities. To prevent, avoid and counteract any possibly occurring issues, the wide variety of internals is presented and explained. Health, safety and environment (HSE) and American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) requirements have been analyzed and considered as well. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of a horizontal three-phase separator with some internals has been done in OpenFOAM and is presented at the end of the thesis. Within that, a multiphase solver for incompressible and compressible phases has been used, which has not been found for separators in the literature up to this point. Geometry and mesh grid have been created in SALOME while the post-processing has been done in ParaView for visualization purposes.

KW - Separator

KW - Separatorauslegung

KW - Gaskapazität

KW - Flüssigkeitskapazität

KW - Numerische Strömungsdynamiksimulation

KW - SALOME

KW - OpenFOAM

KW - ParaView

KW - Separator Design

KW - Gas Capacity

KW - Liquid Capacity

KW - Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation

M3 - Master's Thesis

Optimisation of Three-Phase Separator Design through Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation and Experimental Investigation

• Tariq Galadanchi Ahmed

Student thesis : Doctoral Thesis

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20.2: Design and Optimization of Separators

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• Page ID 601

• Michael Adewumi
• Pennsylvania State University via John A. Dutton: e-Education Institute

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Once oil and gas are brought to the surface, our main goal becomes that of transportion of the oil and gas from the wellhead to the refinery (for final processing) in the best possible form. All equipment and processes required to accomplish this are found at the surface production facility . Hence, all surface production starts right at the wellhead. Starting at the wellhead, the complex mixture of produced fluids makes its way from the production tubing into the flow line. Normally, many wells are drilled to effectively produce the hydrocarbons contained in the field. From each of these wells emerge one or more flow lines depending on how many layers are being produced simultaneously. Depending on the physical terrain of the area and several other environmental factors, each of the flow lines may be allowed to continue from the wellhead to a central processing facility commonly referred as a production platform or a flow station . If not, all the flow lines or several of them empty their contents into a bigger pipeline called a bulk header , which then carries the fluids to the production platform. The combination of the wellhead, the flow lines, bulk headers, valves and fittings needed to collect and transport the raw produced fluid to the production platform is referred to as the gathering system .

The gathered fluids must be processed to enhance their value. First of all, fluids must be separated into their main phasial components—namely, oil, water, and natural gas. The separation system performs this function. For this, the system is usually made up of a free water knock-out (FWKO), flow line heater, and oil-gas (two-phase) separators. We will be looking at the design of this last component.

The physical separation of these three phases is carried out in several steps. Water is separated first from the hydrocarbon mixture (by means of the FWKO), and then the hydrocarbon mixture is separated into two hydrocarbon phases (gas and oil/condensate). A successful hydrocarbon separation maximizes production of condensate or oil, and enhances its properties. In field applications, this is accomplished by means of stage separation . Stage separation of oil and gas is carried out with a series of separators operating at consecutively reduced pressures. Liquid is discharged from a higher-pressure separator into the next-lower-pressure separator. The purpose of stage separation is to obtain maximum recovery of liquid hydrocarbons from the fluids coming from the wellheads and to provide maximum stabilization of both the liquid and gas effluents.

Surface Production Facility : The physical installation where fluids coming from the wellhead are separated into three main constituents: water, oil, and natural gas.

Usually it is most economical to use three to four stages of separation for the hydrocarbon mixture. Five or six may payout under favorable conditions, when — for example — the incoming wellhead fluid is found at very high pressure. However, the increase in liquid yield with the addition of new stages is not linear. For instance, the increase in liquids gained by adding one stage to a single-stage system is likely to be substantial. However, adding one stage to a three or four stage system is not as likely to produce any major significant gain. In general, it has been found that a three stage separating system is the most cost effective. Figure 20.2 shows this typical configuration.

Under the assumption of equilibrium conditions, and knowing the composition of the fluid stream coming into the separator and the working pressure and temperature conditions, we could apply our current knowledge of VLE equilibrium (flash calculations) and calculate the vapor and liquid fractions at each stage. However, if we are looking at designing and optimizing the separation facility, we would like to know the optimal conditions of pressure and temperature under which we would get the most economical profit from the operation. In this context, we have to keep in mind that stage separation aims at reducing the pressure of the produced fluid in sequential steps so that better and more stock-tank oil/condensate recovery will result.

Separator calculations are basically performed to determine:

• Optimum separation conditions: separator pressure and temperature
• Compositions of the separated gas and oil phases
• Oil formation volume factor
• Producing Gas-Oil ratio
• API gravity of the stock tank oil

Let us look at the case of three-stage separation. In general, temperature conditions in the surface separation facility are very much determined by the atmospheric condition and incoming stream temperatures. As for pressures, the very first separator pressure is controlled by the gathering lines coming from well heads, thus there is not much room for playing with pressure in the first separator. The same arguments are valid for the last stage of separation (stock tank), which usually operates at atmospheric conditions. Therefore, we are only left with the middle separator for optimization.

As it turns out, the key to designing a three stage separation system is finding the optimum pressure at which to operate the second separator. The question that we would answer is “what is the pressure that will result in the best quality liquid going out of the stock tank for sales?” We do not want to do this empirically. This is, we do not want to play with the second stage separator pressure in the field, until we ultimately find the optimum condition. What we can do, using our phase behavior knowledge, is to find this optimum middle stage pressure applying our understanding of VLE equilibrium.

Figure 20.3 shows the typical effect of playing with the middle separator pressure on the quality and quantity of produced oil/condensate at the stock tank. Quality and quantity are measured in terms of properties, such as API and B o , and the overall GOR at the separation facility.

The optimum value of pressure for the middle stage is the one that produces the maximum liquid yield (by minimizing GOR and B o ) of a maximum quality (by maximizing stock-tank API gravity). The smaller the value of GOR and B o , the larger the liquid yield. The higher the API gravity of the stock-tank fluid, the more profitable its commercialization. From Figure 20.2, we see that this condition is found at neither extreme (low/high) values of middle stage pressure. There is, in fact, an optimal value for middle stage pressure. This is the value we are looking for.

The Phase Behavior model that we have described throughout these series of lectures provides the basic framework for the type of calculations required here. Additionally, we discussed how API and B o can be calculated using the output of the phase behavior model. While doing the calculations for a 3-stage separating system, keep in mind that we have minimal control over feed pressure, as we do not want to inhibit the well (high-pressure separator). We do not control the sales line pressure (stock-tank pressure) either. The control that we do have is the operating pressure of the middle separator.

Recall that finding the optimum pressure calls for, in part, finding the minimum gas to oil ratio (GOR, SCF/STB). We are dealing, in this case, with total GOR. The total GOR is the cumulative amount of gas from all three separators divided by the amount of liquid/condensate leaving the stock tank. During our discussion on B o -calculations, we called “n st ” the moles of liquid leaving the stock tank per mole of feed entering the separation facility. This number can be obtained by sequentially flashing 1 lbmol of feed through each of the separation stages. Recalling the definition of GOR,

\[G O R=\frac{\text { Total Volume of Gas produced (in standard cubic feet) }}{\text { Total Volume of Liquid produced (in stock-tank barrels) }}=\frac{\left(V_{g}\right)_{S C}}{\left(V_{o}\right)_{s r} 15.615} \label{20.1}\]

\[\left(V_{o}\right)_{s r}=\frac{n_{s t}\left(Z_{o}\right)_{st} R T_{s t}}{P_{s t}}\]

\[\left(V_{g}\right)_{s c}=379.4 \frac{S C F}{l b m o l} \cdot\left(n_{g}\right) T O T A L=379.4 \cdot\left(1-n_{s t}\right)\]

[basis: 1 lbmol of feed]

\[G O R=\frac{5.615}{379.4} R\left(\frac{n_{s t}}{1-n_{s t}}\right)\left(\frac{T_{s t}}{P_{s t}}\right)\left(Z_{o}\right)_{s c}[S C F / S T B] \label{20.2}\]

Usually, the stock tank is considered to operate at standard conditions (p sc , T sc ). Now you are ready to make your own surface separation design!

Contributors and Attributions

Prof. Michael Adewumi (The Pennsylvania State University). Some or all of the content of this module was taken from Penn State's College of Earth and Mineral Sciences' OER Initiative .

Two-Phase Separator Design Basics

A Separator is a type of pressure vessel that is used to separate the gas and liquid from a two-phase mixture. The two-phase separator separates the liquid and gas phases from the mixture.

Pressure vessels are widely used in the process plant industry. Pressure vessels serve various functions such as

• short-term hold-up, i.e. day tanks, surge vessels,
• pressurized storage storages, i.e. bullets, Horton spheres,
• 2-phase (V/L) / 3-phase (V/L/L) separators ,
• Special purpose vessels such as reactors , columns , and jacketed vessels.

The most common shape of pressure vessels is a cylindrical shell with dished ends. Other types of end closures such as conical, and hemispherical are also used when appropriate. For large pressurized storage, a spherical shape may be chosen. The Standard Engineering codes used for the design of 2-phase separators are GPSA guidelines, and API 12J.  

Orientation of Separators

Pressure vessels/Separators can be installed in vertical or horizontal orientation.

Vertical Pressure Vessels

Vertical orientation is preferred to horizontal orientation owing to the following advantages:

• Lower plot space required: In most cases length (or height) of pressure vessels is more than the diameter. Therefore, the layout space required is lower when a vessel is placed vertically.
• Pumps are commonly used for the transfer of liquids from pressure vessels . The vertical vessel provides a higher NPSH available for the pump , as the operating level is at a higher elevation. This is advantageous for the design of the pumps .
• The vertical installation provides better utilization of vessel volume as the working volume between the high and low operating levels. This is illustrated in Fig. 1 below:

Horizontal Pressure Vessels

A vessel may be oriented horizontally when higher mechanical strength is needed to support the weight. This is especially important in the case of high-pressure vessels and very long vessels (high L/D ratio). Horizontal vessels can be provided with two or more saddles.

Two-Phase (V/L) Separator Design

Depending on fluid phases the separators can be classified into two groups.

• Two-Phase Separator and
• Three-Phase separator

Two-phase separators handle two-phase fluids. One is the gaseous phase and the other is the liquid phase. While a three-phase separator can separate out three phases; normally a gas, oil, and water (two liquid phases and one gas phase). In the following paragraphs, we will briefly explore the design basics of two-phase separators.

Selection of Separator: Horizontal or Vertical

As a rule, a vertical drum should be chosen when the ratio of vapor to liquid volume is large (750 or more). The vertical drum is often preferred since the separation efficiency does not vary with the liquid level in the drum. Also, the plot space required is lower for the vertical drum.

The figure given below (Fig. 2) is used as guidance for the selection of the orientation of separators .

Choice of Separator Internals

Separator Internals are provided to increase the efficiency of the separator and reduce entrainment. The Internals available commercially is Demister Pads , Vane packs, Multi cyclones, or swirl decks. The size of droplets present in the two-phase flow entering the drum decides the type of internals to be used. Droplet size depends on the flow regime of the inlet pipe. The diameter of the inlet pipe should be selected to avoid dispersed, annular, or mist flow. The approximate size of droplets present in the vapor phase is given by:

Determining Separator Diameter

The design methods are based on Souder’s-Brown equation

The maximum allowable velocity of the vapor phase is given by the value of vmax calculated by the Souder’s-Brown equation. The diameter of a vertical separator is calculated based on the value of v max.

In the case of a horizontal vessel, the full cross-section area for the flow of vapor is calculated based on the value of v max. This is in turn used to calculate vessel diameter.

Typical Values of Proportionality Constant, k

Different values of the proportionality constant k are applied for the internals and orientation of the separator.

Deciding the Height of the Separator

The height of the separator or drum is calculated considering the following requirements:

• Between the high liquid level and the inlet pipe allow the larger of 0.3 vessel dia or 300 mm.
• From the top of the inlet nozzle to the tan line allow the larger of 0.9 vessel dia or 900 mm.

Fig. 4 shows a typical separator used in the oil and gas industry .

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Nisarg Sonawane

A passionate & performance driven Chemical Engineer with multifaceted personality and intellectual curiosity in process Engineering. With my refined skill sets, I bring along a Deep Conceptual understanding of Engineering Fundamentals coupled with cognitive business knowledge. Ability to effectively communicate and work in Vibrant high performing Teams to enhance delivery of strategic goals meeting the bottom-line objectives of business through high quality Engineering Deliverables and solutions.

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Nice article.However the fig-2 is not legible clearly.Can you please help with its reference .

Nice article. However, fig-2 is not legible.Can you please send me the reference?

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Potter, M. D. "Separators, coseparators and compactness." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355770.

Grimble, Thomas Alan. "Aeroacoustics of cyclone separators." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709389.

Olagunju, Moses Oladipo. "A study of efficient recovery of liquid from fine air-liquid mists of the form generated in gas turbine bearing chambers using rotating porous disc." Thesis, University of East London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265060.

Loiskekoski, Lauri [Verfasser]. "Separators of simple polytopes / Lauri Loiskekoski." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1155420810/34.

Brown, Deborah J. "Design of lammella separators : Part II." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1986. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/36469.

Subramanian, Vijay S. "Measuring medium segregation in the dense-medium cyclone using gamma-ray tomography /." [St. Lucia, Qld. : s.n.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16719.pdf.

Pogorelcnik, Romain. "Decomposition by complete minimum separators and applications." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF22301/document.

Freeman, Elisabeth A. "Geotextile separators for dust suppression on gravel roads." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4503.

Barbaris, Lucas. "Industrial and automotive applications of cyclone particulate separators." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287045.

Hoyt, Nathaniel C. "The Performance of Passive Cyclonic Separators in Microgravity." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1369334515.

Schuur, Boelo. "Enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction in centrifugal contactor separators." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2008. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/.

Akpan, Dominic George. "Performance of Internals in Three-Phase Tank Separators." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for petroleumsteknologi og anvendt geofysikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-24076.

Eow, John Son. "Electrostatic enhancement of coalescence of water drops in oil." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2002. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842815/.

Saaymans, Natalie. "Impact of degradation of the moisture separators on the overall performance of the moisture separator reheater in a nuclear power plant." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32511.

Corns, Warren Thomas. "New approaches to automated analytical instrumentation." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2194.

Ziemski, Marcin. "Modelling HTR separation /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://adt.library.uq.edu.au/public/adt-QU20030902.124611/index.html.

Sanchez, Perez Carlos Eduardo. "Decision Making Methodology for the Selection of Gas-liquid Separators." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19074.

Shen, Yijun. "Modelling the electro-acoustic characteristics of flow-through ultrasonic separators." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/47551/.

Kohmuench, Jaisen Nathaniel. "Improving Efficiencies in Water-Based Separators Using Mathematical Analysis Tools." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29202.

Hery, Travis. "Smart Membrane Separators for Enhanced Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1556886250674986.

Sahoo, Pramod Kumar. "Statistical evaluation of partition models suitable for density based separators /." Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1456294461&sid=11&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

Che, Zhuping. "Application and evaluation of spiral separators for fine coal cleaning." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10760.

Sun, Hongyan. "Circuit analysis tools for evaluating separation efficiency of dense medium separators." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4385.

Engman, Randy W. "Cyclone scale-up and radial gas concentration profiles." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29937.

Vincent, Raymond A. Jr. "Efficiency analysis of the cyclone separator using CFD techniques." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17372.

Malak, Michael C. "Full-scale operation of a tubular ultrafiltration system in the treatment of oily waste." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=475.

Lidén, Göran. "Sampling cyclones for respirable dust." Lund : Dept. of Industrial Engineering, Division of Working Environment, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University, 1996. http://books.google.com/books?id=g0ttAAAAMAAJ.

Hanafy, Shalaby Hemdan. "ON THE POTENTIAL OF LARGE EDDY SIMULATION TO SIMULATE CYCLONE SEPARATORS." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:ch1-200700133.

Odueyungbo, Oluwaseyi Abiodun. "The removal of sediment from gas-oil-water separators by fluidization." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46477.

Sveier, Marthin. "Study of the Droplet-Interface Dynamics Related to Liquid-Liquid Separators." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19340.

Cheng, Sean Jikang. "Numerical and experimental study of cyclone separators for aerosol drug delivery." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608073.

Al-Saidi, Muslem Muhamed Mahdi. "Balanced Disk Separators and Hierarchical Tree Decomposition of Real-Life Networks." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1429541936.

Adebare, Adedeji. "Optimizing the efficiency of cylindrical cyclone gas/liquid separators for field applications." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4417.

Rusten, Emile Simen Augustin. "Numerical study of the droplet-interface dynamic related to liquid-liquid separators." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for fysikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23078.

Lin, Jialu. "The continuous co-extrusion of fibrous films for application in battery separators." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1522858264345226.

Lahn, Nathaniel Adam. "A Separator-Based Framework for Graph Matching Problems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/98618.

Jacobsson-Hunt, Ulla. "Amalgam and Mercury in the Dental Setting and the Efficiency of Amalgam Separators." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9128.

Mercury is the only metal that is in liquid form at room temperature and it has over the years been used in various combinations to extract gold, in measuring devices, medicaments, paper industry, batteries and fluorescent lights as well as in dentistry as dental amalgam. Dental amalgam is a mixture of 50 % mercury and 50% of an alloy consisting of silver, tin, copper and zink particles and has been used in dentistry for many years. The environmental effect of mercury release into the sewer from dental practices and clinics, and the inability of the wastewater treatment plants to remove it from the sludge lead to the introduction of amalgam separators in Sweden in 1980. The ISO standard 11143 regulates the efficacy of the amalgam separators, which should be at a 95% level, but is based on a laboratory test rather than a clinical evaluation.

This study looks at the available amalgam separators in use in four areas of Sweden, Uppsala, Stockholm, Östergötland and Skåne and compares their clinical efficiency. The clinical efficiency ranged between 75 to 95%, with most units below the 90% mark. In Östergötland a new improved separator is being tried, the Capere unit, which is based on finely ground pine bark treated with a chelator sensitive to all metals and used in conjunction with a cotton filter and a regular amalgam separator. This was shown to be superior to the other separators, with a 99, 9% removal of even the smallest amalgam particles and ionic mercury from the wastewater before leaving the clinic. Otherwise, combining more than one amalgam separator of the brands available on the Swedish market did not improve the efficiency of them.

CHOI, JIN-WOO. "MAGNETIC PARTICLE SEPARATORS AND INTEGRATED BIOFILTERS FOR MAGNETIC BEAD-BASED BIOCHEMICAL DETECTION SYSTEM." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin990796344.

Uvwo, Ighofasan. "Expanding the operational envelope of compact cylindrical cyclone gas/liquid separators using a variable inlet-slot configuration." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3300.

Rinaldi, Karyn M. "Shipboard oil-water separators used for the treatment and disposal of ship's bilge-water." Thesis, Springfield, Va. : Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA301289.

Brown, Lewis. "A computational and experimental investigation into the performance of industrial refrigeration helical oil separators." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2013. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22733.

Meng, Guangtian. "Development if instrumentation for phase detection in oilfield conditions : primary separators and related applications." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.682828.

Yates, Katie. "Low-density cluster separators for large, high-dimensional, mixed and non-linearly separable data." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2018. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/89488/.

Piazera, de Carvalho Thiago. "Two-phase flow in open-cell metal foams with application to aero-engine separators." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/37062/.

Yusuf, Ahmed A. "The study of down-hole hydro-cyclone efficiency in oil wells using computational fluid dynamics." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4886.

Öredal, Therese. "Verksamhetsutövares egenkontroll av oljeavskiljare : Finns det brister, vilka krav kan tillsynsmyndigheten ställa samt vad kan verksamhetsutövare förbättra?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-111642.

Asathulla, Mudabir Kabir. "A Sparsification Based Algorithm for Maximum-Cardinality Bipartite Matching in Planar Graphs." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/88080.

Xu, Zhi. "Investigations on Molecular Sieve Zeolite Membranes as Proton-Selective Ion Separators for Redox Flow Batteries." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1428049733.

Xia, Yunkai. "Numerical simulation of fine particle separation in hindered-settling bed separators by computational fluid dynamics." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2004. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3544.

Coe, Benjamin Trevor. "Novel uses of magnetic separation in the nuclear industry." Thesis, University of Salford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301261.

Journal of Materials Chemistry A

The separator of polyacrylonitrile modified with prussian blue analogs for high-efficiency aqueous zinc-ion batteries.

For their safety and cost-effectiveness, aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) emerge as a promising candidate for large-scale energy storage applications. Nonetheless, Zn dendrite growth on metallic zinc anodes severely affects the cycling stability and Coulombic efficiency. Herein, a polyacrylonitrile separator modified with FeNi-based Prussian blue analog (FeNi-PBA@PAN) was rationally designed and prepared, which could serve as an ions sieve for AZIBs. Its inherent robust cationic sites hamper the mobility of SO42- anions, whereas improve the mobility of Zn2+ with a transference number of 0.81, resulting in a homogeneous Zn2+ flux and interfacial electric field on the surface of the zinc anode, thus suppressing the growth of the Zn dendrites. The assembled Zn||Zn symmetric battery using FeNi-PBA@PAN as a separator exhibits highly reversible plating/stripping behavior with a prolonged cycle life of over 2700 hours at a current density of 1 mA cm-2. Simultaneously, the Zn|FeNi-PBA@PAN|MnO2/CNT full battery shows increased specific capacity and sustained durability, showcasing an impressive capacity retention rate of 81% even after undergoing 2000 cycles at a current density of 2 A g-1. Our study paves a new avenue for the design and development of new separators for AZIBs with no zinc dendrites.

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J. Chen, Z. Bai, X. Yu, W. Zhang, T. Jiang and M. Wu, J. Mater. Chem. A , 2024, Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.1039/D4TA01262C

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2024 Best Doctoral Dissertation Advances Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Seismic Design

• by Molly Bechtel
• May 21, 2024

Sumeet Kumar Sinha is this year's recipient of the University of California, Davis, College of Engineering Zuhair A. Munir Award for Best Doctoral Dissertation. The award recognizes the methods, findings and significance of Sinha's research, which featured several first-of-its-kind approaches and analyses in the field of geotechnical earthquake engineering and is actively informing seismic design practices.   

The college established the annual award in 1999 in honor of Zuhair A. Munir, the former dean of engineering who led the college from 2000 to 2002 and acted as associate dean for graduate studies for 20 years. The award recognizes a doctoral student, their exemplary research and the mentorship of their major professor.  

A two-time Aggie alum, Sinha received his master's degree in 2017 and Ph.D. in 2022 from the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, where he was mentored by Associate Professor Katerina Ziotopoulou and Professor Emeritus Bruce Kutter . He is now an assistant professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and co-founder of BrahmaSens, a startup that specializes in the development of sensing technologies and solutions for application in various sectors including health-monitoring of civil infrastructures.  

"It's really a special honor to get this [award]," said Sinha. "It acknowledges both the depth and significance of the research I conducted during my Ph.D."   

Sinha's dissertation is of notable significance in California, where agencies like the Department of Transportation, or Caltrans, which funded his research, are eager to identify improved design methods in seismically active regions of the state.  

In " Liquefaction-Induced Downdrag on Piles: Centrifuge and Numerical Modeling, and Design Procedures ," Sinha focuses on the effects of earthquakes on deep foundations, like piles, in soils that can liquefy. Liquefaction occurs when wet sand-like soils lose their strength due to increased pore water pressure during earthquake shaking. This causes the soil to behave like a liquid, leading to significant ground deformations.   

After the shaking stops, the soil slowly regains its strength as the water drains out, but this settling and densifying process, called reconsolidation, can drag down piles downward. Additional downdrag loads have not always been properly accounted for in conventional design.   

Through centrifuge model tests at the UC Davis Center for Geotechnical Modeling , Sinha developed numerical models to evaluate scenarios. His findings include procedures for accurately estimating downdrag loads and the corresponding demands on pile foundations, as well as practical methods to design bridges in a more efficient and economical way.  

"Dr. Sinha's methods, approaches, documentation, results and overall findings have been, by any standards, novel and meticulous," said Ziotopoulou in her nomination letter. "His research represents a significant and original contribution to the field of geotechnical earthquake engineering, and his findings have already been implemented into practice by major design firms."  

Sinha's research was recognized with a DesignSafe Dataset Award , an Editor's Choice in his field's top journal and the Michael Condon Scholarship from the Deep Foundations Institute. He has published seven papers in peer-reviewed journals.  

Of perhaps greater meaning to Sinha is making improvements in the design codes to make them more informed, feasible, economical, resilient and sustainable through the complete understanding of the mechanism obtained through his findings from experiments, developed numerical models and design procedures, which are available publicly via platforms such as GitHub and DesignSafe.   

"My philosophy has always been to convert whatever I'm doing into a product, a tool which has a wider impact," explained Sinha. "During my Ph.D., I tried to go beyond the deliverables so that I maximize the impact of [my research]."  

Sinha is grateful for his mentors' and peers' influence and support during the five-year Ph.D. program at UC Davis.  

"I have learned a lot from [Professors Katerina Ziotopoulou and Bruce Kutter] academically as well as professionally," said Sinha. "The Geotechnical Graduate Student Society also had a very important role in my overall experience at UC Davis."  

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MFA Thesis Exhibit Offers Deeper Understanding of Queer, Neurodivergent Experience

• Post published: May 20, 2024

Emily Burkhead is an intermedia artist and filmmaker from Memphis, Tennessee, who graduated from Michigan State University in Spring 2024 with an MFA from the Department of Art, Art History, and Design . She is exhibiting her thesis project, Trigger/Glimmer/Something Else , as part of the 2024 Master of Fine Arts Exhibition , which runs through Sunday, May 26, at the  MSU Broad Art Museum . The Trigger/Glimmer/Something Else installation is comprised of a wall of mixed media made of faux fur, 3D filament, clear marine vinyl, and found objects. In front of the mixed media wall, there is a multichannel video installation with two text videos and one short skit video. The text videos are parts of a manifesto that describes how Burkhead’s social experiences as a queer, neurodivergent child manifest into larger institutional systems and how she came to embrace her “otherness” from a young age. The middle channel is a socio-surrealist film that uses humor and satire to examine the neurodivergent experience.  

“Through this composition, I explore my sensory ‘triggers’ and ‘glimmers,’” Burkhead said. “I take on the role of ‘Mrs. Bubblegum,’ a children’s show host whose story she reads to the audience that takes a strange turn.”

Burkhead was selected as this year’s recipient of the Master of Fine Arts Prize, which was presented during the MFA Exhibition reception on April 6. She earned the MFA Prize for her thesis project. Presenting her with the award was guest juror, Teréz Iacovino, Assistant Curator of the Katherine E. Nash Gallery at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities.

“Winning the award has been a tremendous honor,” Burkhead said. “It was a shock to say the least. I’m very grateful to everyone who helped support me on my MFA journey including my primary advisor, Lara Shipley .”

Burkhead’s journey into the world of art was unconventional. Initially driven by a deep-rooted interest in film, she tried to abandon this passion in college and pursued a bachelor’s degree in Urban Studies from Rhodes College, graduating from the program in 2020. However, her passion for art reignited during her junior year when she began taking digital art classes, leading her to work on experimental film and video. The absence of a traditional film production program at Rhodes College prompted Burkhead to seek interdisciplinary film and studio art programs, which led her to MSU’s MFA program.

Without a traditional MFA background, Burkhead spent the early part of the program honing her studio practice. During this period of hard work, she found a balance between intuitive creation and guided practice.

“I went into art and film because it helps me answer complex personal questions, but I want to make those questions accessible to others. Otherwise, how else do I learn if I’m just making things in an echo chamber?”

“I begin by following my gut, then examining the work, getting feedback, figuring out what it means, and lastly setting goals for more production, if necessary,” she said. “I went into art and film because it helps me answer complex personal questions, but I want to make those questions accessible to others. Otherwise, how else do I learn if I’m just making things in an echo chamber?” Burkhead’s work encompasses various mediums, including video art, experimental textiles, found objects, collage, and 3D printing, as she navigates existential questions and seeks a deeper understanding of herself and the surrounding social landscape within a broader cultural context.

“I follow intuitive inquiry that seeks a deeper understanding of myself within a broader cultural context,” she said. “Why am I so apprehensive to be overly or inadequately feminine? Why do I feel othered? Why am I attracted to this garish material while being afraid to wear it? Since making the shift from creating films that are structured with a beginning, middle, and end to fostering a fluid studio practice, I have found freedom following my investigation of the material wherever it leads guided by my introspective exploration.” Burkhead’s approach to translating complex emotions into visual form is rooted in vulnerability and experimentation. Embracing risk-taking in her craft, she explores new avenues of expression, allowing her work to evolve organically. She was first influenced by experimental filmmakers such as Maya Deren and Cecelia Condit. She continues to draw inspiration from their exploration of the feminine psyche and the broader artistic tradition of feminist film and art. Some of the more recently discovered artists she looks up to include Mika Rottenberg, Bonnie Lucas, Hito Steyerl, and Diana Cooper.

“In my current body of work, I’ve drawn a lot of inspiration from the queer, trans, disabled, and neurodivergent communities online,” Burkhead said. “Platforms like Instagram and TikTok have so much content that allows people like me to embrace their inner child regardless of what they may have lost while coming of age.”

MSU’s MFA program has shaped Burkhead’s artistic practice, providing opportunities for growth and interdisciplinary exploration. Looking ahead, she envisions expanding her practice to encompass mixed media, textiles, and performance art while integrating surrealist video. She aims to create art that resonates with neurodivergent, queer, trans, nonbinary, and disabled individuals, challenging societal perceptions and fostering understanding beyond social media platforms. In Trigger/Glimmer/Something Else , Burkhead hopes to reveal the complexity of neurodivergent minds and queer childhood experiences while subverting typical expectations. Through her detailed and multifaceted work, she invites viewers to contemplate the intricacies of identity and existence, sparking conversations about inclusivity and acceptance in contemporary society. For more information on the MFA Exhibition, see the  2024 MFA Exhibition web page .

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